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555Timer
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1.Pinconnections
2.Astablecircuits
3.Astablecomponentselection
4.Moreastables
5.RESETinput
6.CONTROLVOLTAGEinput
7.Monostablecircuits
8.Moreabouttriggering
9.Retriggerablemonostable
10.555asatransducerdriver
11.Insidethe555
12.Links

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2:LogicGates
3:Astables
4:Monostables

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DOCTRONICSSafetyLightsconstructionkit

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1.Pinconnections

555timerpinconnections
The555timerisanextremelyversatileintegratedcircuitwhichcanbeusedtobuildlots
ofdifferentcircuits.Youcanusethe555effectivelywithoutunderstandingthefunction
ofeachpinindetail.
Frequently,the555isusedinastablemodetogenerateacontinuousseriesofpulses,
butyoucanalsousethe555tomakeaoneshotormonostablecircuit.The555can
sourceorsink200mAofoutputcurrent,andiscapableofdrivingwiderangeofoutput
devices.

2.Astablecircuits
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Astablecircuitsproducepulses.Thecircuitmostpeopleusetomakea555astablelooks
likethis:

555astablecircuit
The buttonallowsyoutoopenasimulationofthiscircuitinYenka,theelectronics
simulationprogramfromCrocodileClipsLimited.Tousetheprogram,youneedto
downloadandinstalltheYenkaplugin.
Atthemoment,Yenkaisavailableforfreedownloadtohomeusersfrom
http://www.yenka.com/.ThisisafantasticofferfromthecreatorsofYenka:don't
missit!
Asyoucansee,thefrequency,orrepetitionrate,oftheoutputpulsesisdeterminedby
thevaluesoftworesistors,R1andR2andbythetimingcapacitor,C.
Thedesignformulaforthefrequencyofthepulsesis:

Theperiod,t,ofthepulsesisgivenby:

TheHIGHandLOWtimesofeachpulsecanbecalculatedfrom:

Thedutycycleofthewaveform,usuallyexpressedasapercentage,isgivenby:

AnalternativemeasurementofHIGHandLOWtimesisthemarkspaceratio:

Beforecalculatingafrequency,youshouldknowthatitisusualtomakeR1=1k
becausethishelpstogivetheoutputpulsesadutycyclecloseto50%,thatis,theHIGH
andLOWtimesofthepulsesareapproximatelyequal.
Rememberthatdesignformulaeworkinfundamentalunits.However,itisoftenmore
convenienttoworkwithothercombinationsofunits:
resistance

capacitance

period

frequency

Hz

Hz

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ms

kHz

WithRvaluesinMandCvaluesinF,thefrequencywillbeinHz.Alternatively,withR
valuesinkandCvaluesinF,frequencieswillbeinkHz.
Supposeyouwanttodesignacircuittoproduceafrequencyofapproximately1kHzfor
analarmapplication.WhatvaluesofR1,R2andCshouldyouuse?
R1shouldbe1k,asalreadyexplained.Thisleavesyouwiththetaskofselecting
valuesforR2andC.Thebestthingtodoistorearrangethedesignformulasothatthe
Rvaluesareontherighthandside:

NowsubstituteforR1andf:

YouareusingRvaluesinkandfvaluesinkHz,soCvalueswillbeinF.
Tomakefurtherprogress,youmustchooseavalueforC.Atthesametime,itis
importanttorememberthatpracticalvaluesforR2arebetween1kand1M.Suppose
youchooseC=10nF=0.01F:

Thatis:

and:

ThisiswithintherangeofpracticalvaluesandyoucanchoosevaluesfromtheE12
rangeof68kor82k.(TheE12rangetellsyouwhichvaluesofresistorare
manufacturedandeasilyavailablefromsuppliers.)
Atestcircuitcanbesetuponprototypeboard,asfollows:

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Prototypeboardlayoutfor555astablecircuit

WiththevaluesofR1,R2andCshown,theLEDshouldflashataround10Hz.How
wouldyouslowtherateofflashingto1Hz?Experimenttofindasolution.
WhathappensifyoureplaceR2withanLDRorathermistor?Thisgivesanastable
whichchangesfrequencyinresponsetolightintensity,orwithtemperature.
Clickingthe buttonunderthediagrammovesyouontothenextprototypeboard
layoutonthispage.Clicking opensthedrawinginanewwindowwhichyoucan
maximisetofillthescreen:there'snoexcuseforputtingawirelinkinthewrongplace!
Clicking opensasmallwindowshowingthepinlayoutforthe555,sothatyoucan
remindyourselfwhichpiniswhich.Thepinswindowremainsopenandcanbebrought
tothefrontfromthetaskbaratthebottomofthescreen,unlessyouchoosetocloseit.
Astablesturnupinallsortsofplaces,asyoucanseefromtheHalloweentoyskullwith
flashingredLEDeyes.

3.Astablecomponentselection
Withalittlepractice,itisquiteeasytochooseappropriatevaluesfora555timer
astable.Tomakethingseveneasier,youmightliketodownloadtheDOCTRONICS555
timercomponentselectionprogram.
TheprogramworkswithallversionsofWindowsfromWindows95throughto
WindowsVistaandlookslikethis:

Todownloadtheprogram(~210K),clickonitsimage.Youcansavetheprogramtoyour
owncomputertousewheneveryouwant.

4.Moreastables
4.1.Extendeddutycycleastable
Anextremelyusefulvariationofthestandardastablecircuitinvolvesaddingadiodein
parallelwithR2:

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Extendeddutycycleastable
Thissimpleadditionhasadramaticeffectonthebehaviourofthecircuit.Thetiming
capacitor,C,isnowfilledonlythroughR1andemptiedonlythroughR2.
Thedesignequationfortheoutputpulsefrequencyis:

HIGHandLOWtimesarecalculatedfrom:

Withthiscircuit,thedutycyclecanbeanyvalueyouwant.IfR1>R2,thedutycycle
willbegreaterthan50%(equivalenttoamarkspaceratioofmorethan1.0).Onthe
otherhand,ifR1<R2,thedutycyclewillbelessthan50%(markspaceratiolessthan
1.0).
Thisistheversionofthe555astableisusedintheDOCTRONICSsafetylightsproject:
BuyusingPayPal
price:3.20+P&P

DOCTRONICSsafetylightsconstructionkit
Youcanseetheextendeddutycycleastableinactionbybuildingitonprototypeboard:

Extendeddutycycleastable

Thecomponentsusedherearenotthesameasthoseinthetestcircuitforthenormal
versionoftheastable.R1=10k,R2=47k,andthetimingcapacitorC=22F.
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Withthediodeinplace,theHIGHtime,whentheLEDisON,shouldbearound
0.69(0.01x22)=0.15s(0.01is10kconvertedtoM).TheLOWtimeshouldbevisibly
longer,0.69(0.047x22)=0.71s(0.047is47kconvertedtoM).Whathappensifyou
temporarilyremovethediodefromthecircuit?
ReplacethediodeandthenreplaceR2witha100kora1Mpotentiometeras
indicatedinthenextprototypeboardlayout:

Addingapotentiometer

The1kinserieswiththepotentiometer,usedhereasavariableresistor,preventsyou
fromadjustingR2tozero.Youneedtosoldersinglecorewiretothepotentiometer
terminals:twistingthewireroundtheterminaldoesn'tmakeaneffectiveconnection.
AsyouadjustR2,theONtimeoftheLEDremainsconstant,whiletheOFFtimevaries.
Unlikethenormalversionofthe555astable,theONtimecanbeshortcomparedwith
theOFFtime.

4.2Minimumcomponentastable
Thisisacheapandcheerfulastableusingjustoneresistorandonecapacitorasthe
timingcomponents:

Minimumcomponentastable
Notethatthereisnoconnectiontopin7andthatR1islinkedtotheoutput,pin3.
Thedesignequationforthecircuitis:

TheHIGHandLOWtimesaresupposedtobeequal,givingadutycycleof50%
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(equivalenttoamarkspaceratioof1.0):

However,ifyoubuildthiscircuit,itisprobablethattheHIGHtimewillbelongerthan
theLOWtime.(Thishappensbecausethemaximumvoltagereachedbytheoutput
pulsesislessthanthepowersupplyvoltage.)Thingswillgetworseiftheoutputcurrent
increases.
Onprotoytpeboard,thecircuitlookslikethis:

Minimumcomponentastable

Withthevaluesshown,thefrequencyshouldbearound2.2Hz.
Ifyouneedanastablecircuitwhichcanbeadjustedtogiveanaccuratefrequency,this
circuitisnottheonetochoose.

4.3Diminishingfrequencyastable
Theexcitementandrealismofelectronicgames,includingroulette,canbeincreased
usinganastablecircuitwhichistriggeredtoproducerapidpulsesinitially,butwhich
thenslowsdownandeventuallystopsaltogether.
Itiseasytomodifythebasic555astablecircuittoproducethisresult:

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Diminishingfrequencyastable
Whenthe'go'buttonispressed,the47Fcapacitorinparallelwiththetimingnetwork,
R1,R2andC,chargesupveryquicklythroughthe100resistor.Whenthebuttonis
released,theastablecontinuestooscillatebutthechargestoredslowlyleaksaway,with
theresultthatittakeslongerandlongertochargeupthetimingcapacitor.Totrigger
thenextpulse,thevoltageacrossCmustincreasetotwothirdsofthepowersupply
voltage.Afterawhile,thevoltageacrossthe47Fdropsbelowthisvalueandthe
pulsesstop.
Withthevaluesshown,theinitialfrequencyisabout100Hzandtheoutputpulsescoast
toastopafteraround40seconds:

Diminishingfrequencyastable

Theinitialfrequencycanbecalculatedfromthedesignequationforthebasic555
astable.Togivearealisticcoastingtime,youshoulduselargevaluesfortheresistors
R1andR2.Thecoastingtimeisdeterminedbythe47Fcapacitor.Experimentwith
differentvaluesuntilyougettheeffectyouwant.

5.RESETinput
IftheRESETinput,pin4,isheldHIGH,a555astablecircuitfunctionsasnormal.
However,iftheRESETinputisheldLOW,outputpulsesarestopped.Youcaninvestigate
thiseffectbyconnectingaswitch/pulldownresistorvoltagedividertopin4:

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InvestigatingtheRESETinput
Hereisthecircuitonprototypeboard:

InvestigatingtheRESETinput

Usethedesignformula,ortheDOCTRONICScomponentselectorprogramtocalculate
thefrequencyofpulsesyouwouldexpecttoobtainwiththiscircuit.Monitortheoutput
pulseswithanoscilloscopetocheckthatyourcalculationiscorrect.
Inanelectronicdie,providedtheoutputpulsesarefastenough,itisimpossibleto
'cheat'byholdingdownthebuttonforadefinitelengthoftime.Thisisthecircuitusedin
theDOCTRONICSelectronicdieconstructionkit:

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Thinkabouthowyoucouldusethiscircuittogetherwithabistableaspartofaburglar
alarm.Undernormalconditions,theoutputofthebistableisLOWandtheastableis
stopped.Ifthealarmistriggered,theoutputofthebistablegoesHIGHandthepulses
start,soundingthealarm.

6.CONTROLVOLTAGEinput
ByapplyingavoltagetotheCONTROLVOLTAGEinput,pin5,youcanalterthetiming
characteristicsofthedevice.Intheastablemode,thecontrolvoltagecanbevariedfrom
1.7Vtothepowersupplyvoltage,producinganoutputfrequencywhichcanbehigher
orlowerthanthefrequencysetbytheR1,R2,Ctimingnetwork.
TheCONTROLVOLTAGEinputcanbeusedtobuildanastablewithafrequency
modulatedoutput.Inthecircuitbelow,oneastableisusedtocontrolthefrequencyofa
second,givinga'policesiren'soundeffect:

UKpolicesirensoundeffect
Hereistheprototypeboardlayout:

UKpolicesirensoundeffect

Inmostapplications,theCONTROLVOLTAGEinputisnotused.Itisusualtoconnecta
10nFcapacitorbetweenpin5and0Vtopreventinterference.Youdon'tneedtodothis
inbuildingatestcircuit,althoughitisshownintheprototypeboardlayouts,butthis
'bypass'capacitorshouldbeincludedinyourfinalcircuit.

7.Monostablecircuits
Amonostable,oroneshot,circuitproducesasinglepulsewhentriggered.Thetwo
questionsaboutmonostablesyouimmediatelyneedtoaskare:
Howcanthecircuitbetriggeredtoproduceanoutputpulse?
Howistheduration,orperiod,oftheoutputpulsedetermined?

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Thecircuitusedtomakea555timermonostableis:

555monostablecircuit
Asyoucansee,thetriggerinputisheldHIGHbythe10kpullupresistorandispulsed
LOWwhenthetriggerswitchispressed.Thecircuitistriggeredbyafallingedge,thatis,
byasuddentransitionfromHIGHtoLOW.
Thetriggerpulse,producedbypressingthebutton,mustbeofshorterdurationthanthe
intendedoutputpulse.
Theperiod,t,oftheoutputpulsecanbecalculatedfromthedesignequation:

Rememberagainaboutcompatiblemeasurementunits:
resistance

capacitance

period

ms

WithR1=1MandC=1F,theoutputpulsewilllastfor1.1s.
Youcanbuildatestversionofthe555monostableasfollows:

555monostablecircuit

Byclickingonthemonostabletab,the555componentselectionprogramcanbeusedto
investigatetheeffectofdifferentR1andCvalues:

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Todownloadtheprogram(~210K),clickonitsimage.

8.Moreabouttriggering
Forasimple555monostable,thetriggerpulsemustbeshorterthantheoutputpulse.
Sometimesyouwanttotriggerthemonostablefromalongerpulse:

Addingatriggernetwork
AsyoucanseeintheV/tgraphsbelow,thevoltageatXisnormallyheldHIGH.A
positivegoing'spike'wouldbegeneratedontherisingedgeoftheVinsignal,butthisis
suppressedbythediode.Ontheotherhand,thetriggernetworkdetectsthefallingedge
attheendofeachVinpulse,producingashortnegativegoingspikewhichtriggersthe
monostable:

V/tgraphsformonostablewithtriggernetwork
TheperiodofthemonostablepulseisshorterthantheperiodoftheVinpulses.
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Ifyouwanttotriggerthemonostablefromarisingedge,youneedtoaddatransistor
NOTgatetothetriggercircuit:

Triggeringfromarisingedge
Ifyoubuildthesecircuits,itisinterestingtoinvestigatetheactionofthetriggernetwork
usinganoscilloscope.

9.Retriggerablemonostable
Anotherversionofthemonostablecircuitallowsyoutoinitiateanewmonstablepulse
beforeanyongoingpulsehasbeencompleted:

Retriggerablemonostable
Asyoucansee,aPNPtransistor,BC557B,hasbeenaddedtothetriggercircuit.To
understandhowthecircuitworksclick'play'intheanimation:

Waveformsforretriggerablemonostable
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Thefirsttriggerpulseresultsinanormalouputpulsewithaperioddeterminedby
t=1.1RC.Notethatthetimingcapacitorisfullydischargedduringthetriggerpulse:the
timingperiodstartswhenthetriggerinputgoesHIGH.
Thesecondtriggerpulseisfollowedbyathirdandthenafourthbeforethenormal
outputperiodhasbeencompleted.Theadditionaltriggerpulsesdischargethetiming
capacitor,givinganextendedoutputpulse.
Toseethiscircuitinaction,theprototypeboardlayoutforthestandard555monostable
canbemodified,asfollows:

Retriggerablemonostablecircuit

Operatethepushswitch.Thenormaloutputofthemonostableshouldbearound5s.
WhentheLEDswitchesOFF,pressthepushswitchagainandthenpressisoncemore
after23s.
Providedyoukeeppressingtheswitchatintervalsoflessthan5s,theoutputLED
remainsON.
Iftheinputvoltagedividerisreplacedbyasourceofpulses,thiscircuitcanbeusedasa
'missingpulse'or'lowrate'detector.Anydecreaseinthefrequencyoftheinputpulses
belowthedesignlevel,willallowthemonostabletocompleteitscycle,drivingthe
outputLOW.

10.555asatransducerdriver
Atransducerisasubsytemwhichconvertsenergyfromoneformintoanother,where
oneoftheformsiselectrical.Inanoutputtransducer,forexample,electricalenergycan
beconvertedintolight,sound,ormovement.
Theoutputofa555timercansourceorsinkupto200mAofcurrent.Thismeansthat
outputtransducersincludingbuzzers,filamentlamps,loudspeakersandsmallmotors
canbeconnecteddirectlytotheoutputofthe555,pin3.
Youcanusethe555asatransducerdriver,thatis,asanelectronicswitchwhichturns
thetransducerONorOFF:
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555asatransducerdriver
ThiscircuithasaninvertingSchmitttriggeraction.The'inverting'partofthisdescription
meansthatwhenVinisLOW,theoutputisHIGH,andwhenVinisHIGH,theoutputis
LOW.
InaSchmitttriggercircuittherearetwodifferentswitchingthresholds.IfVinisslowly
increasedstartingfrom0V,theoutputvoltagesnapsfromHIGHtoLOWwhenVin
reachesalevelequalto2/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage.Oncethislevelhasbeen
exceeded,decreasingVindoesnotaffecttheoutputuntilVindropsbelow1/3ofthe
powersupplyvoltage.(Ifaninputchangeinonedirectionproducesadifferentresult
fromachangeintheoppositedirection,thecircuitissaidtoshowhysteresis.)
Ifafilamentlampisconnectedbetweenthepositivepowersupplyrailandtheoutput,
asshownabove,currentflowsthroughthelampwhentheoutputvoltageisLOW.In
otherwords,thelamplightswhentheinputvoltageisHIGH.
Ifyouconnectthelampbetweentheoutputand0V,thecircuitwillstillwork,butthe
lampwilllightwhentheinputvoltageisLOW:

555asatransducerdriver
Notethat,inbothversionsofthecircuitpins2and6arejoinedtogether.Thecircuitcan
besimplifiedbyomittingthe10nFbypasscapacitor,andwillcontinuetoworkwhenthe
RESETinput,pin4isleftunconnected.
Somepeopleareveryfondofthiscircuitanduseitwheneveratransducerdriveris
required.However,withaHIGH/LOWdigitalinputsignalthesameresultcanbe
achievedmoreobviouslyandatlowercostusingatransistorswitchcircuit.

11.Insidethe555
Youcanusethe555timerwithoutknowinganythingatallaboutitsinternalcircuit.On
theotherhand,youmightliketoknowsomethingaboutwhatisgoingoninside.
Thediagrambelowshowsthe555timerinastablemodewiththeinternalcircuitshown
inblockdiagramform:

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555Internalblockdiagram
Insidethe555youcanseethreeresistors,labelledR.Theseresistorsareequalinvalue
andformavoltagedivider,providingreferencevoltagesat1/3and2/3ofthepower
supplyvoltage,VCC.
Thereferencevoltagesareconnectedtooneinputofeachoftwocomparators,whichin
turncontrolthelogicstateofabistable,orflipflopstage.
Pin2ofthe555isthetriggerinput.Whenthevoltageconnectedtopin2islessthan
1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputofthelowercomparatorforcesthelogic
stateoftheflipfloptoLOW.Theoutputstagehasaninvertingaction.Inotherwords,
whentheoutputoftheflipflopisLOW,theoutputofthe555goesHIGH.
Nowthinkaboutwhathappenswhenthepowersupplyisfirstconnectedtotheastable
circuit.Initially,timingcapacitorCisdischarged.Thevoltageatpin2is0Vandthe
outputofthe555isdrivenHIGH.CstartstochargethroughresistorsR1andR2.Note
thatCisalsoconnectedtopin6,thethresholdinputofthe555.
WhenthevoltageacrossCgoespast1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputofthe
lowercomparatorsnapsanewlevel.Thisdoesn'tchangethelogicstateoftheflipflop:
itsoutputremainsLOW.
Theinputstothesecondcomparatorarethevoltageatpin6,thethresholdinput,and
2/3VCCfromtheinternalvoltagedivider.
WhenthevoltageacrossCgoespast2/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,theoutputofthe
secondcomparatorsnapstoanewlevel,theflipflopchangesstate,itsoutputbecomes
HIGHandtheoutputofthe555goesfromHIGHtoLOW.
Insidethe555,theflipflopisconnectedtoanNPNtransistor,thecollectorofwhichis
connectedtopin7,thedischargepinofthe555.Whentheoutputoftheflipflopgoes
HIGH,thetransistorisswitchedON,providingalowresistancepathfromthedischarge
pinto0V.Thetimingcapacitor,C,startstoemptythroughR2andthevoltageacrossit
decreases.
NotethatthecapacitorchargesthroughR1andR2,butdischargesonlythroughR2.
WhenthevoltageacrossCdecreasesbelow1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage,thelower
comparatorsnapstoanewlevel,theflipflopchangesstateandtheoutputofthe555
goesHIGHonceagain.
Thegraphbelowshowshowthevoltageacrossthetimingcapacitor,VC,changeswith
theoutputvoltageofthe555,Vout:

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555astablevoltages
TheinitialouptutpulseislongerthansubsequentpulsesbecauseCiscompletely
dischargedwhenthepowersupplyisfirstconnected.SubsequentHIGHandlowtimes
correspondtohalfcharge/dischargetimes,eitherfrom1/3to2/3ofthepowersupply
voltage,orfrom2/3to1/3ofthepowersupplyvoltage.
TheHIGHtimeisgivenby:

Remember,CchargesthroughbothR1andR2.
TheLOWtimeisgivenby:

CdischargesonlythroughR2.
Theperiod,t,ofthe555astableisgivenby:

Thefrequency,f,isgivenby:

Try10.69onyourcalculatortoconfirmthatitdoesequal1.44.
Thedesignformulaforthe555astablefollowsfromthebehaviourofRCnetworksand
fromthetwoswitchingthresholdsofthevoltagedividerinsidethedevice.
Ina555monostable,onlytheupperthresholdisusedtodeterminetheperiod,sothe
formulacorrespondstoa2/3chargetime:

Youcanfindfurtherdetailsabouttheinternalcircuitofthe555inthedatasheets
providedinthenextsection.

12.Links
10.1Datasheets
Agreatlittlebook
forjust4.99...

Thelinksbelowallowyoutodownloaddocumentsin AdobeAcrobat,PDF,format.
Intheunlikelyeventthatyoudon'talreadyhaveAcrobatReader,youcandownloadthe
latestversiondirectfromAdobe:

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555datasheet(PhillipsSemiconductors,1994)
555applicationnote(PhilipsSemiconductorsAN170,1988)

10.2Internetresources
555TimerTutorial(TonyvanRoon,UniversityofGuelph,Canada)
555timerIC(fromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopaedia)

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