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INTRODUCTION
Numerical Control (NC) is one in which
the functions and motions of a machine
tool are controlled by means of a
prepared program containing coded
alphanumeric data.
Numerical control (NC) machines are
used in manufacturing tasks, such as
milling, turning, punching,drilling and
welding
NC OPERATION
CNC stands for Computer Numerical
Control
The functions of a CNC Controller are:
INDUSTRIAL APPLICATION
Metal Machining
Metal Forming
Assembly Joining
Finishing
Punching and
nibbling
Guillotines
Flame cut and
profiling
Folding
Pipe bending
Metal spinning
CNC AXIS
Milling
Turning/lathe
Linear Axes
Rotary Axes
Secondary Linear
Interpolation
NC MACHINE UNIT
machine tool
Machine
control unit
(MCU)
Machine
control system
NC PROGRAMMING
- Job Planning
Job Planning
Sketch the part
Ascertain featuring
Identify, specific:
1. Tools needed.
2. Speed and feed data
3. Tool change points
4. Console switch setting
PROGRAMMING CODES
A number of standard codes are used to
reduce the amount of programming effort
needed to command commonly used
machining operations, instructions and
conditions
G codes call up machining commands
M codes call up machine control activities
T codes call up tool selection
F codes call up feed rates
S codes call up speed
G codes
Sample G codes
G00 Rapid movement for position
G0I
Linear interpolation used for
straight-line feed
G02 Circular interpolation, clockwise
G03 Circular interpolartion,
counterclockwise
G04 Dwell, a programmed stop to the
tool movement
G17 Circular interpolation xy plane
G18 Circular interpolation xz plane
G19 Circular interpolation yz plane
G20 Inch units
G21 Millimetre units
G28 Return to home position
G29 Return from home position
G31 Reverses programmed direction of x
axis
M Codes
M00
M02
M03
M04
M05
M06
M07
M08
M09
M30
Program stop
End of program
Spindle on, clockwise
Spindle on, counter clockwise
Spindle off
Tool change
Oil mist coolant on
Flood coolant on
Coolant off
End of tape
Coordinate system
Incremental
(G91)
Absolute
(G90)
movement with
respect to the
preceding point in a
prescribed sequence
of points
In incremental mode
all moves are with
respect to the last
position reached
Incremental (G91)
Absolute (G90)
Linear Interpolation
Under this command the machine tool
will move in a straight line at a defined
feed rate
Ex:
Meaning :
G01
Move in a straight line
X200.
A distance of 200mm
F250.
At a feed rate of 250mm/min
Circular Interpolation
Program Definition
Programme
Block
Word
point-to-point
Point-to-point systems are used
mainly in drilling, punching, and
straight milling operations
Contouring
used on lathes, milling machines,
grinders, welding machinery, and
machining centres
WRITING A PROGRAM
programming
N10 G71
N20 G00
N30 G00
N40 G01
N50 G03
N60
N70 G01
N80 G02
N90
N100 G01
N110
N120
N130 G00
N140 G00
G90 S1500 T1
X0 Y0
X70.0 Y-25.0 Z10.0
Z-5.0 F250
I-25.0 J0
X45.0 Y-50.0
X60.0 Y -50.0
I0 J-15.0
X49.393 Y-75.607
X38.787 Y-65.0
X15.0 Y-65.0
Z10.0
M00
X0 Y0
Description
ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTER
NUMERICAL CONTROL
can be edited when the
machine is placed/located.
Editing, correction and
optimising; such as machine
tool operations, spindle
speeds and speeds; are usually
done in the test run of the
tape.
Example 2