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Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
4.1
Relations
4.10
Given that A, B, and C are sets, prove that
(A B) (A B C) = [A (B C)] [B (A C)]
Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
Joshua Cook
Dr. Katherine Stevenson
Lindsay Justice
October 15, 2014
4.11
a) Let S and T be relations. Prove that if S T and x is a member of the domain of S, then S[x] T [x].
Proof :
Suppose S T and x is a member of the domain of S.
Then there exists y such that y S[x].
If y S[x], then y T [x] because S T .
Therefore, S[x] T [x].
b) Let A and B be nonempty sets. Prove that
(A B)[x] = B if x A and (A B)[x] = if x 6 A
Proof :
(A B)[x] means that (x, y) (A B).
(A B) means that for every x A and every y B, (x, y) (A B).
Therefore, if x A, then the ordered pair for every y in B will be in (A B).
Thus, the set (A B)[x] for every x A is B, and (A B)[x] B.
Take any y B. Then if x A, the ordered pair (x, y) (A B).
Then y (A B)[x].
Therefore, B (A B)[x].
Thus, if x A, (A B)[x] = B.
Now, if x 6 A, then no ordered pairs (x, y) will be in A B.
Therefore, (A B)[x] .
Because (A B)[x].
Therefore, = (A B)[x]
4.13
Let N denote the set of all natural numbers. Let R = {(a, b) N N : a divides b}. List five members of
R[7], and list five members of R[14]. For which n N is it true that R[n] = N?
(7, 7), (7, 14), (7, 21), (7, 28), (7, 35) R[7]
(14, 14), (14, 28), (14, 42), (14, 56), (14, 70) R[14]
If R[n] = n, then (n, 1), (n, 2), R[n] which means that n = 1.
Joshua Cook
Dr. Katherine Stevenson
Lindsay Justice
October 15, 2014
Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
4.2
4.19
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} be the set of vertices of the accompanying directed graph. Draw the Cartesian Graph
of the relation on A associated with this directed graph.
2
1
4
4.20
Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} as in Exercise 19. Draw the directed graph associated with each of the following
relations on A.
2
1
Joshua Cook
Dr. Katherine Stevenson
Lindsay Justice
October 15, 2014
Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
Joshua Cook
Dr. Katherine Stevenson
Lindsay Justice
October 15, 2014
Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
1
4
4.25
Let R be a relation such that R1 R. Must R by symmetric? Prove your answer.
A relation R such that R1 R must be symmetric.
Proof: Let S be the set on which R is defined and x and y be elements in S such that (x, y) is in R.
Then (y, x) is in R1 and,
(y, x) is in R because R1 R
Then for any x, y in S such that (x, y) in R, (y, x) in R.
Therefore, R is symmetric.
Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
4.3
Joshua Cook
Dr. Katherine Stevenson
Lindsay Justice
October 15, 2014
Equivalence relations
4.34
Let R be the set of all real numbers and consider the following subsets of R R. Which of these is i) Reflexive
on R ii) Symmetric? iii) Transitive?
a) R1 = {(x, y) R R : xy = 0}
Reflexivity: Not reflexive for (1, 1).
Symmetry: Not symmetric for (1, 0).
Transitivity: Not transitive for (1, 0) and (1, 1)
b) R2 = {(x, y) R R : |x y| < 5}
Reflexivity: Reflexive.
Proof:
Let x R.
xx=0<5
Therefore, (x, x) R.
Symmetry: Symmetric.
Proof:
Let x, y R such that (x, y) R
Then, |x y| < 5 which means that 5 < x y < 5.
Therefore, 5 > y x > 5 or |y x| < 5.
Thus, (y, x) R.
Transitivity: Not transitive for (5, 0) and (0, 5).
c) R3 = {(x, y) R R : xy 6= 0}
Reflexivity: Not reflexive for (0, 0).
Symmetry: Symmetric.
Proof:
Let x, y R such that (x, y) R
Then, xy 6= 0 means yx 6= 0
Therefore, (y, x) R.
Transitivity: Transitive.
Proof:
Let x, y, z R such that (x, y), (y, z) R
Then, xy 6= 0 and yz 6= 0.
xy 2 x 6= 0 = xz 6= 0
Therefore, (x, z) R.
Math 320
Homework 7 - Relations
d) R4 = {(x, y) R R : x y}
Reflexivity: Reflexive.
Proof:
Let x R.
xx
Therefore, (x, x) R.
Symmetry: Not symmetric for (1, 0).
Transitivity: Transitive.
Proof:
Let x, y, z R such that (x, y), (y, z) R
Then, x y and y z.
x y z = x z
Therefore, (x, z) R.
e) R5 = {(x, y) R R : x2 + y 2 = 1}
Reflexivity: Not reflexive for (1, 1).
Symmetry: Symmetric.
Proof:
Let x, y R such that (x, y) R
Then, x2 + y 2 = 1. Also, y 2 + x2 = 1
Therefore, (y, x) R.
Transitivity: Not transitive for (1, 0), (0, 1).
Joshua Cook
Dr. Katherine Stevenson
Lindsay Justice
October 15, 2014