www.ignou-ac.

in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

N
1
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in1

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

N
2
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in2

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

ASSIGNMENT SOLUTIONS GUIDE (2014-2015)

E.P.S.-9
rqyukRed ljdkj vkSj jktuhfr
(Comparative Governement and Politics)
Disclaimer/Special Note: These are just the sample of the Answers/Solutions to some of the Questions given in the
Assignments. These Sample Answers/Solutions are prepared by Private Teacher/Tutors/Auhtors for the help and Guidance
of the student to get an idea of how he/she can answer the Questions of the Assignments. We do not claim 100% Accuracy
of these sample Answers as these are based on the knowledge and cabability of Private Teacher/Tutor. Sample answers
may be seen as the Guide/Help Book for the reference to prepare the answers of the Question given in the assignment. As
these solutions and answers are prepared by the private teacher/tutor so the chances of error or mistake cannot be denied.
Any Omission or Error is highly regretted though every care has been taken while preparing these Sample Answers/
Solutions. Please consult your own Teacher/Tutor before you prepare a Particular Answer & for uptodate and exact
information, data and solution. Student should must read and refer the official study material provided by the university.

Hkkx1

iz'u 1- jk"Vh; vkUnksyuksa dh fopkjkkjk o lkekftd vkkkjksa ij ,d fucak fyf[k,A

mkjjk"Vh; vkanksyu ,d O;kid vo/kj.kk gS o`gr~ vFkks esa] blesa turk }kjk lq/kj osQ fy, iz;kl 'kkfey gSaA okLro esa]
;g lq/kj mudh Lora=krk ls tqM+k gqvk FkkA jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk eq[; ms'; mifuos'kokn ls eqfDr FkkA jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk Lo:i
vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx FkkA ;g vkanksyu 'kklu djus okys ns'k dh izo`Qfr ij fuHkZj FkkA izFke fo'o;q osQ i'pkr~ f}rh;
fo'o;q rd osQ dky esa lkezkT;okn osQ f[kykiQ la?k"kZ dks xfr feyhA bl dky dks jk"Vh; vkanksyu dk dky dgk x;kA
jk"Vh; vkanksyuksa dh fopkj/kjk mifuos'kksa esa jk"Vokn dh Hkkouk vius&vki esa ,d fopkj/kjk gS tks fd ijk/hu jk"Vksa
dh izfr osQ vuqlkj Fkh] dbZ ns'kksa esa ;g mxz Fkh vkSj dbZ ns'kksa esa ;g vf/d mxz ugha FkhA fopkj/kjk lekt osQ Lo:i ij vk/kfjr
gksrh gSA vke turk dks lkspus osQ fy, blls ,d fn'kk feyrh gS vkSj blls ,d feyk&tqyk fo'okl iSnk gksrk gSA
jk"Vh; vkanksyu Hkh ,d fopkj/kjk gSA blesa fons'kh izHkko ls eqfDr dh bPNk gksrh gSA os 'kks"k.k ls eqfDr pkgrs gSaA jk"Vokn
,d ifjorZu'khy fopkj/kjk gS rFkk le; osQ lkFk&lkFk cnyrh jgrh gSA bldk Lo:i lkekU;r% vyx&vyx ns'kksa esa vyx&vyx
gksrk gSA vhdk osQ ns'kksa esa v'osr yksxksa osQ f[kykiQ v'osr yksxksa dk ,dtqV gksuk jk"Vokn osQ ,d Lo:i dks n'kkZrk gSA mifuos'kksa
esa jk"Vokn dk fodkl ,d [kkl izdkj dh lekurk ls gqvk tks fd /kfeZd] tkrh;] lkaLfrd FkhA
izFke fo'o;q osQ i'pkr~ 1917 dh :lh kfUr esa lHkh mifuos'kksa dks ,d lans'k fn;k vkSj lkE;okn dks izksRlkgu feykA
ekDlZoknh ysfuuoknh fopkj/kjk dk izpkj vkSj izlkj cM+h rsth ls gqvk] ftldk izHkko lkezkT;okn vkSj mifuos'kokn ij iM+kA
jk"Vh; vkanksyuksa dk lkekftd vk/kjmifuos'kokn ls =kLr ns'kksa esa jk"Voknh vkks'k dh 'kq#vkr igys oqQN yksxksa }kjk
dh xbZ] ijarq /hjs&/hjs blesa cM+s Lrj ij vke turk us Hkkxhnkjh dhA blosQ vUrxZr Jfedksa] fdlkuksa vkSj efgykvksa us Hkkx fy;kA
/jus] tqywl] gM+rky vkfn ls yksxksa us vius euksHkkoksa dks Li"V fd;kA Lora=krk vkanksyu dks blls ,d ubZ fn'kk feyhA f'k{kk us
blesa egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku fn;k D;ksafd f'k{kk osQ ek;e ls ;qokvksa dks ubZ&ubZ ckrksa osQ ckjs esa irk yxk tks fd jk"Vh; vkanksyu esa
etcwrh yk;kA lk/kj.k turk dks u,&u, fopkjksa vkSj n'kZu osQ ckjs esa tkudkjh gqbZ] ftlls vius ns'k osQ izfr drZO; osQ izfr os
voxr gq,A usrkvksa vkSj cqfthfo;ksa us osQoy jktuhfrd {ks=k esa gh dk;Z ugha fd;k] cfYd lkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd {ks=k esa Hkh os
lf; jgsA fdlkuksa vkSj Jfedksa dh vius vf/dkjksa osQ izfr yM+kbZ us jk"Vh; vkanksyu dks etcwrh iznku dhA usrkvksa us izn'kZu]
gM+rky] tqywl vkfn dk lgkjk fy;k rFkk fxjrkfj;k Hkh nhaA (Hkkjr esa) xk/h] usg:] fryd] iVsy (vhdk esa) cqxhZck] usYlu
eaMsyk] flFkkSys vkfn blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA mijksDr usrkvksa us ,d vkn'kZ izLrqr fd;k vkSj vke turk dks Lora=krk la?k"kZ osQ fy, izsfjr
fd;kA
iz'u 2- jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj esa ;ksxnku nsus osQ rjhdksa dk foLr`r o.kZu dhft,A
3
www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in3

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

mkjyksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd nyksa dh Hkwfedk dks jktuhfr'kkfL=k;ksa vkSj jktuhfrKksa us Hkyh&Hkkafr Lohdkj fd;k gSA
iQkbZuj osQ vuqlkj] yksdra=k dh vk'kk, rFkk 'kadk, nyh; .kkyh ij gh vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA vke yksx jktuhfrd nyksa osQ ek;e
ls vius fopkjksa dh vfHkO;fDr djrs gSaA jktuhfrd nyksa osQ u gkssus ls yksxksa esa fc[kjko vk;sxk vkSj os dbZ Hkkxksa esa foHkDr gks
tk,xs] jktuhfrd nyksa osQ ek;e ls fopkjksa dks lqlaxfBr vkSj fed :i feyrk gSA ny O;oLFkk vR;ar vko';d gSA blls tuer
dks Li"V djus esa vklkuh gksxh vkSj 'kklu dk ;ku osQfUnzr gks losQxkA jktuhfrd ny gh pquko osQ nkSjku eqksa dks rS;kj djrs gSa]
ftUgsa turk os Q le{k j[kdj tukns'k kIr fd;k tkrk gSA
,sls yksxksa dk lewg jktuhfrd ny dgykrk gS tks vius lnL;ksa dks fo/kf;dk rFkk lkoZtfud inksa ij fuokZfpr djokus dk
;kl djrs gSaA ;s lewg vkSipkfjd :i ls laxfBr gksrs gSa vkSj budk viuk ,d uke gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd nyksa dk }kj lHkh osQ fy, [kqyk gksrk gSA budk ladh.kZ fgr ugha gksrkA bldk dkj.k gS] ikV;ksa dk ms'; fdlh
,d fo'ks"k leL;k ij osQfUnzr u gksdj ljdkj dh leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ls tqM+k gksrk gSA jktuhfrd ny lekt osQ vf/d ls vf/
d lnL;ksa ,oa oxks dks viuh vksj vkd"kr djus dk ;kl djrs gSaA bl ifjs{; esa jktuhfrd ny] fgr vkSj ncko lewgksa ls fHkUu
gksrs gSa] D;ksafd fgr lewgksa dk ms'; lnL;ksa osQ fgrksa dh iwr djuk gksrk gSA
pqukoksa osQ le; lkekU; fgrksa vkSj jk"Vh; ,drk osQ fy, jktuhfrd nyksa }kjk vihy dh tkrh gSA jktuhfrd ny oxZ] /eZ]
tkfr] fyax osQ vk/kj ij dk;Z ugha djrs] vfirq ;g lHkh dkss lkFk ysdj pyrh gSA vFkkZr~ jktuhfrd ny lekt osQ fofo/ oxks
osQ laxBu gksrs gSa] tks U;wukf/d :i ls LFkk;h vkSj O;ofLFkr gksrs gSaA mudk ms'; lafo/ku osQ varxZr dk;Z djrs gq, ljdkj osQ
dk;ks esa lg;ksx vkSj fu;a=k.k cuk, j[kuk gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd nyksa osQ dk;Z
fdlh Hkh yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd nyksa dk egoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gksrk gSA bu dk;ks dks eksVs rkSj ij pkj Jsf.k;ksa
esa ckVk tk ldrk gS
Fkejktuhfrd ny fofHkUu oxks osQ fgrksa esa leUo; LFkkfir djrs gSa rFkk le:irk vkSj ,drk ykus dk ;kl djrs gSaA nwljs
'kCnksa esa] ikV;ksa osQ ek;e ls fofHkUu fgrksa dk lehdj.k fd;k tkrk gSA blls lekt vkSj jktuhfr esa O;oLFkk jgrh gSA
nwljspqukoksa esa mEehnokjksa dk ukekadu gksrk gS tks yksdrkaf=kd ljdkj dks ,d fn'kk nku djrk gSA mEehnokjksa osQ vHkko
esa lewg dks usr`Ro ugha feysxkA tulk/kj.k esa HkVdko mRiUu gks tk;sxkA jktuhfrd ny fofHkUu mEehnokjksa dks pqukoksa esa [kM+k djrs
gSa ftlls turk dks vius fgrksa dh iwr osQ fy, ,d eap feyrk gSA
rhljsfofHkUu jktuhfrd ny pqukoksa esa fot;h gksus osQ i'pkr~ tudY;k.kdkjh dk;ks dk laiknu oqQ'kyrk ls djrs gSa rkfd
vkxkeh pqukoksa esa iqu% vko';d erksa dks kIr dj losaQA ernkrk rkdd vkSj foosdiw.kZ <ax ls mEehnokjksa dk p;u mudh miyfC/
osQ vk/kj ij djrk gSA
pkSFkslHkh jktuhfrd ny pqukoksa ls iwoZ vius ?kks"k.kki=k fudkyrs gSa ftuesa muosQ }kjk fd, tkus okys dk;ks dh :ijs[kk gksrh
gSA pqukoh ?kks"k.kki=k ls ernkrk }kjk frfuf/;ksa dks pquus dk dk;Z ljy gks tkrk gSA pquko osQ nkSjku R;sd mEehnokj }kjk is'k
fd, x, dk;Zeksa esa fHkUurk vo'; gksrh gSA
yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk esa pqukoksa esa fot; kIr djuk vkSj vf/d ls vf/d lhVksa ij dCtk djuk gj jktuhfrd nyksa
dk ms'; gksrk gSA fdlh ny osQ ijkftr gksus dk ;g vFkZ ugha fd mldk vfLrRo lekIr gks x;k gSA de erksa dks kIr djus
okyk ny] 'kkflr ny dh dfe;ksa dks mtkxj djus dk egoiw.kZ dk;Z djrk gSA bl dkj] dksbZ Hkh ny lkk esa gks ;k foi{k esa
gks] yksdra=k esa egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrs gSaA
iz'u 3- la?kkRed iz.kkyh osQ vko';d y{k.kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A
mkj'kklu O;oLFkk dks eksVs rkSj ij nks vk/kj ij ckaVk tk ldrk gS(1) ,dkRed vkSj (2) la?kh;A ,dkRed vkSj
la?kkRed nksuksa gh O;oLFkk, 'kfDr;ksa osQ forj.k dh fof/;ksa ij vk/kfjr gksrh gSaA ,dkRed vkSj la?kh; esa varj dks dbZ dkj ls
le>k tk ldrk gSA ;g varj fofHkUu :iksa esa fo|eku gSA orZeku esa 'kklu O;oLFkkvksa us eq[; :i ls bu nksuksa O;oLFkkvksa esa ls
fdlh ,d dks viuk;k gS ;k fiQj buosQ feys&tqys :i dks egkk nh gSA
jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa le; osQ lkFk&lkFk ifjorZu vkrk jgk gS vkSj u,&u, :iksa dks viuk;k x;k gSA ,dkRed vkSj la?kkRed
buesa ls eq[k gSaA ^,dkRed* vkSj ^la/h;* dh fuf'pr ifjHkk"kk ns ikuk vR;ar dfBu gSA ,dkRed vkSj la?kh; jkT;ksa osQ vykok
,sls jkT; Hkh gaS tgk ij nksuksa dh <kpkxr fo'ks"krk, ikbZ tkrh gSaA ,slk dbZ ckj tkucw>dj fd;k tkrk gS rkfd nksuksa gh .kkfy;ksa
osQ ldkjkRed roksa dks 'kklu eas LFkku fey tk,A

N
4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in4

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

1- lkss'; foosQUnzhdj.kblosQ varxZr osQUnzh; 'kfDr viuh 'kfDr dks LFkkuh; ;k krh; ljdkjksa dks lkSai nsrh gSA ;g eq[;
:i ls fcVsu vkSj kal esa ik;k tkrk gSA 'kfDr dk gLrkarj.k vkSipkfjd <ax ls lafo/ku la'kks/u osQ }kjk gksrk gSaA ;g LFkk;h vkSj
vLFkk;h nksuksa :iksa esa gksrk gSA bl dkj dh O;oLFkk vesfjdk vkSj Hkkjr tSls la?kh; jkT;ksa esa ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ;gk ij osQUnzhdj.k
Li"V :i eas ifjyf{kr gSA
2- osQUnzhdj.kosQUnzhdj.k ls vk'k; osQUnz ljdkj dh os fufgr 'kfDr;k gSa ftuosQ }kjk og karksa }kjk cukbZ tkus okyh uhfr;ksa
esa ,d:irk ykus dk ;kl djrh gSA vesfjdk dh U;kf;d O;oLFkk osQ vk/kj ij bldks le>k tk ldrk gSA Hkkjr vkSj dukMk
dks osQUnzhdj.k dh O;oLFkk dk mnkgj.k dgk tk ldrk gSA osQUnz }kjk fo'ks"k rkSj ij LokLF;] f'k{kk] i;kZoj.k] ou&ca/] ty&lalk/
u] vkFkd fodkl ls tqM+s dk;Z fd, tkrs gSaA la?kh; ljdkj osQUnzhdj.k osQ fy, jkT; lwph ls fo"k;ksa dks leorhZ ;k la?k lwph esa
gLrakrfjr djrh gS ;k viuh dk;Zdkjh 'kfDr;ksa dks nsrh gSA teZuh esa osQUnzh; lkk dks jkT; ls tqM+s yxHkx lHkh ekeyksa ij dkuwu
cukus dk vf/dkj gSA
3- 'kfDr osQ ksr vkSj .kkyh osQ vanj mldh O;oLFkk vkerkSj ij la?kh; jk"Vksa esa fyf[kr lafo/ku dh O;oLFkk gksrh gSA
blosQ varxZr 'kklu osQ lHkh Lrj ij 'kfDr o lkk dk cVokjk gksrk gSA oqQN lektksa dh fo'ks"krk v&osQUnzhdj.k Hkh gksrh gSA
foosQUnzhdj.k vkSj v&osQUnzhdj.k esa dkiQh varj gSA foosQUnzhdj.k esa osQUnz viuh fupyh vkSj v/huLFk bdkb;ksa dks lkk dk
gLrakrj.k djrh gS vkSj vko';drk iM+us ij 'kfDr;ksa dks vius gkFk esa ys ldrh gSA foosQUnzhdj.k lhfer 'krks ij vk/kfjr gksrk
gSA blosQ foijhr v&osQUnzhdj.k esa 'kfDr dks lafo/ku dh /kjkvksa osQ vuqlkj ckVk tkrk gSA bleas la?k ljdkj {ks=kh; ljdkj dh
'kfDr;ksa esa deh ;k dVkSrh ugha dj ldrhA ;fn djrh gS rks lafo/ku eas la'kks/u vR;ar tfVyrk ls gks ikrk gSA blosQ varxZr nksuksa
ljdkjksa dh lgefr Hkh vko';d gksrh gSA
,dkRed .kkyh esa osQUnzhdj.k vkSj lksikukRed O;oLFkk dks ns[kk tk ldrk gSA 'kfDr osQUnz ;k jk"Vh; ljdkj osQ ikl gksrh
gSA vko';d ugha fd fyf[kr lafo/ku dh O;oLFkk gksA fczVsu esa fyf[kr lafo/ku dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] fiQj Hkh og l'kDr
:i ls osQUnzh; ljdkj dk;Z okyh gSA blosQ vykok lksiku dh O;oLFkk ,dkRed 'kklu dh ,d vU; fo'ks"krk gSA blesa gj v/
huLFk 'kklu dk <kpk loksZPp lkk osQ fu;eksa ls ca/k gksrk gSA {ks=kh;@LFkkuh; 'kklu dks lhfer Lora=krk kIr gksrh gSA
1- la?k dh /kj.kk;g ,d feys&tqys 'kklu dk Lo:i gS ftlesa ,d osQUnzh; ljdkj osQ lkFk&lkFk etcwr {ks=kh; ljdkj
dk Hkh vfLrRo gksrk gSA nksuksa dks gh lafo/ku ls i;kZIr Lok;krk kIr gksrh gSA Hkkjr] dukMk] vesfjdk blosQ mnkgj.k gSaA
2- foosQUnzhr ;wfu;u;g Hkh eq[; :i ls ,dkRed O;oLFkk gksrh gSA blesa ,d foosQUnzhr ;wfu;u gksrk gSA blesa
knsf'kd@{ks=kh; bdkb;k gksrh gaS tks fd viuh 'kfDr;ksa dk ;ksx fuckZ/ :i ls djrh gSA 'kfDr;ksa osQ ;ksx esa budks i;kZIr Lora=krk
kIr gksrh gSA mnkgj.k osQ rkSj ij xzsV fczVsu esa LdkVySaM dh viuh [kqn dh fof/ O;oLFkk] f'k{kk] LokLF;] 'kklu cSadx osQ ca/
dh Lora=krk kIr gSA tkiku] bVyh] ;woszQu] baMksusf'k;k] uhnjySaM vkfn foosQUnzhr ;wfu;u osQ mnkgj.k gSaA
3- lgjkT;,d {ks=kh; jktuhfrd bdkbZ nks ;k nks ls vf/d ckgjh jkT;ksa }kjk 'kkflr gksrh gSA bls lgjkT; ;k daMksfefu;e
dgrs gSaA eq[; :i ls vkarfjd Lo'kklu esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA bldk mnkgj.k eaMksjk gS tks dkiQh yacs le; rd (1278&1993)
rd kal vkSj Lisu osQ la;qDr 'kklu esa FkkA
4- vU; O;oLFkk,jktuhfrd O;oLFkkvksa osQ ,dkRed vkSj la?kkRed Lo:i osQ vykok ,d vU; dkj dh O;oLFkk Hkh gksrh
gS tks fd jk"Vksa dks ,d ck :i nku djrh gSA blosQ varxZr egkla?k tSls fd ;wjksih; la?k] jk"VeaMy vkfn] yhx tSls lkd] vjc
yhx] vkfl;ku] ukVks vkfnA blesa fofHkUu lrk, varjkZ"Vh; :i ls feydj dk;Z djrh gaSA blosQ varxZr varjkZ"Vh; rjhosQ ls {ks=kh;
Lrj ij dk;Z fd;k tkrk gSA bleas fdlh Hkh ekeys ij la;qDr :i ls fu.kZ; fy;k tkrk gSA bl O;oLFkk esa jktuhfrd fgrksa vkSj
ms';ksa dh iwr fofHkUu ns'kksa dh lkewfgd bPNk ls gksrh gSA
iz'u 4 vkkqfud jkT; iz.kkfy;ksa esa dk;Zikfydk D;k&D;k dk;Z fu"ikfnr djrh gS\
mkjljdkj osQ dk;Zdkjh vax dks dk;Zikfydk dgrs gSaA ;g uhfr;ksa dks fu/kZfjr vkSj f;kfUor djrh gSA ^dk;Zikfydk* 'kCn
ls vk'k; gS egoiw.kZ fu.kZ;ksa ij vey djus vFkkZr~ mUgsa ykxw djus dh 'kfDr&dk;Zikfydk nks dkj dh gksrh gSA ukeek=k vkSj
;FkkFkZ ukeekuk dh dk;Zikfydk esa jktk ;k fuokZfpr jk"Vifr gksrk gS tks fd 'kfDr;ksa dk bLrseky ugha djrkA og lafo/kfud
eq[k gksrk gS rFkk vkRedkafjd dk;Z djrk gSA oSls iwjk 'kklu mlh osQ uke ls pyk;k tkrk gSA xzsV fczVsu] usiky] tkiku vkSj lnh
vjc blosQ mnkgj.k gaS tgk ij jktk ;k lezkV pquk ugha tkrk] oju ;g oa'kkuqxr gksrk gSA
nwljh vksj ;FkkFkZ dk;Zikfydk dks nks Jsf.k;ksa esa ckVk tk ldrk gS,oSQdoknh vkSj cgqyoknhA ,oSQdoknh dk;Zikfydk og gS

N
5

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in5

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

ftlesa ,d gh O;fDr eq[k gksrk gSA nwljk dksbZ blesa Hkkxhnkj ugha gksrkA bldk mnkgj.k vesfjdk gS] tcfd cgqyoknh dk;Zikfydk
esa lHkh 'kfDr;k ,d eaf=klewg osQ gkFkksa esa gksrh gSaA bldk ,dek=k mnkgj.k fLoVtjySaM gS tgk ij lkk lkr eaf=k;ksa osQ gkFkksa esa
gksrh gSA
dk;Zikfydk dh lajpukdk;Zikfydk esa nks dkj osQ vf/dkjh 'kkfey gksrs gS
(1) jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk] blesa jk"Vifr] /kuea=kh leLr ea=khx.k 'kkfey gksrs gSA
(2) LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ ukSdj'kkg ftudk dk;Zdky fLFkj gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk osQ varxZr bldk pquko ;k rks R;{k :i ls gksrk gS ;k vR;{k :i lsA vesfjdk esa dk;Zikfydk lh/
s turk gkl pquh tkrh gS] ogk jk"Vifr .kkyh gS] tcfd Hkkjr vkSj fczVsu esa fo/kf;dk }kjk pquh tkrh gSA phu esa Hkh jk"Vifr
vR;{k :i ls jk"Vh; tu dkaxszl }kjk fuokZfpr gksrk gSA
jktuhfrd dk;Zikfydk osQ dk;Zdky esa fuf'prrk ugha gksrhA yksdrkaf=kd O;oLFkk esa lnL; turk }kjk pqus tkrs gSa vkSj
fuokZpdksa osQ le{k tokcnsg gksrs gSaA lalnh; .kkyh okys jkT;ksa esa vfo'okl Lrko ikl gksus ij /kuea=kh vkSj mlosQ eaf=k;ksa dks
R;kxi=k nsuk iM+ ldrk gS tcfd vesfjdk esa jk"Vifr dks in ls gVkus osQ fy, egkfHk;ksx dh f;k dks viukuk iM+rk gSA
dk;Zikfydk osQ dk;Zdk;Zikfydk dk eq[k dk;Z ns'k dk 'kklu pykuk gSA mlosQ dk;ks esa vkSj Hkh dbZ egoiw.kZ dk;Z
gSa tSls fd vkrafjd lqj{kk o 'kkafr cuk, j[kukA fons'k uhfr vkSj fons'k laca/ksa dk lapkyu djuk] nwljs ns'kksa ls le>kSrs djuk]
vko';drk iM+us ij vkikrdky dh ?kks"k.kk djuk rFkk oLrqvksa osQ nke r; djuk vkSj turk osQ dY;k.k laca/h dk;Z djukA orZeku
le; esa dk;Zikfydk osQ dkuwuksa dh :ijs[kk rS;kj djosQ mls fo/kf;dk osQ vkxs j[kus esa i;kZIr igy dj jgh gSA fczVsu vkSj Hkkjr
tSls ns'kksa esa ,slk ns[kk tk jgk gSA Hkkjr esa fo/kf;dk dk l=k u py jgk gks rks dk;Zikfydk v;kns'k tkjh djosQ dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.k
dj ldrh gS vkSj fo/kf;dk }kjk ikfjr fo/s;d dks jkT; eq[k vLohdkj Hkh dj ldrk gSA
dk;Zikfydk U;kf;dk dk;ks dks Hkh laiUu dj jgh gSA lHkh ns'kksa esa jkT; eq[k dks vijkf/;ksa dh ltk de djus ;k mUgsa fjgk
djus dk vf/dkj gksrk gSA blosQ vykok og U;k;k/h'kksa dh fu;qfDr Hkh djrk gSA dk;Zikfydk ^jk"Vh; dks"k* ij Hkh fu;a=k.k j[krh
gSA ctV rS;kj djuk] djksa dk <kpk r; djuk vkfn dk;ks dks djrh gSA ctV ikl gks tkus ij blosQ ko/kuksa dks ykxw djus dk
dk;Z dk;Zikfydk dk gh gksrk gSA
bu lHkh dk;ks dks djus esa LFkk;h dk;Zikfydk vFkkZr~ ukSdj'kkgh fu.kZ; f;k osQ ,d&,d pj.k ls tqM+h gksrh gS vksj 'kklu
dks lf; cukdj j[krh gSA
4- dk;Zikfydk dh c<+rh Hkwfedkdk;Zikfydk dks jktuhfrd O;oLFkk esa lcls egoiw.kZ vax ekuk tkrk gSA orZeku le;
esa yksdrakf=kd ljdkjksa dh c<+rh gqbZ leL;kvksa osQ dkj.k fo/kf;dk osQ vf/dka'k dk;Z dk;Zikfydk us vius gkFkksa esa ys fy, gSaA
,slk fo'ks"k rkSj ij lalnh; jkT;ksa esa gSA fo/kf;dk osQ fupys lnu esa cgqer gksus osQ dkj.k dk;Zikfydk lkjs dkuwuksa dks ikfjr djk
ysrh gSA fczVsu esa dk;Zikfydk ij fo/kf;dk dk ukeek=k dk fu;a=k.k gSA ,slk l[r nyh; vuq'kklu osQ dkj.k gSA dk;Zikfydk osQ
'kfDr'kkyh gksus osQ ihNs ,d dkj.k ;g Hkh gS fd blosQ lnL; vkerkSj ij ,dtqV gksrs gaS tcfd fo/kf;dk esa lnL; nyxr vk/kj
ij foHkkftr gksrs gSa blh dkj.k dk;Zikfydk dk fo/kf;dk ij fu;a=k.k gksrk gSA
varr% vko';drk bl ckr dh gS fd dk;Zikfydk dh 'kfDr;ksa ij vaoqQ'k gksuk pkfg,A 'kklu osQ lapkyu esa oqQ'kyrk vkSj
LFkkf;Ro osQ fy, oqQ'ky jktusrkvksa dh t:jr gS rkfd mudks lkSais x, dk;Z lgh <ax ls iwjs gks losQA
iz'u 5 /eZfujis{krk ls D;k vfHkizk; gS\ blosQ mn~Hko dh O;k[;k dhft,A
mkj^keZfujis{k* 'kCn dh mRifk keZfujis{krk ls gqbZ gSA bldk vFkZ gS lalkfjdA bldk lacak keZ ;k ijyksd ls ugha gksrk]
vfirq lkalkfjd ekeyksa ls gksrk gSA keZfujis{krk ls vkJ; gS ,sls flkUr vkSj fu;e tks fd rkfoZQd :i ls Kku vkSj vuqHko ij
vkkkfjr gksa vkSj ekuo O;ogkj ij fu;a=k.k j[ksaA ;g kkfeZd ekeyksa ls ugha tqM+k gksrkA
jktuhfr osQ lanHkZ esa ;fn ns[kk tk, rks keZ dks lekt vkSj O;fDr rd lhfer gksuk pkfg,A blosQ lkFk&lkFk jkT; ij keZ dk
Hkko ugha gksuk pkfg,A
vkkqfud le; esa keZfujis{krk ,d eq[k vokkj.kk gSA keZ osQ Hkko esa loZFke deh ;wjksi esa pkSFkh 'krkCnh esa ns[kh xbZ]
tc jkseu lezkV dkalVsUVkbZu us bZlkbZ keZ dks jktkeZ ?kksf"kr fd;k rHkh ls ;wjksi esa bZlkbZ keZ dk Hkko c<+rk x;kA blls lkjh
'kfDr;k ppZ osQ ikl vk xbZ Fkha vkSj 'kklu iksi osQ gkFkksa dh dBiqryh cu x, FksA keZ vkSj ppZ osQ opZLo dk egoiw.kZ Hkko
cqfthoh oxZ ij iM+k] ftlls fd roZQ dh vis{kk fo'okl dgha vfkd cy gks x;k FkkA Kku dh [kkst v;kfRed ekeyksa rd

N
6

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in6

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

fleV xbZ FkhA blls vusd fo'ofo|ky;ksa tSls izQakl osQ lkjcksu] bVyh osQ inqvk] fczVsu esa vkWDliQksMZ vkSj oSQfEczt vkfn esa f'k{kk
kkfeZd fo"k;ksa rd lhfer gks xbZ FkhA pkSngoha 'krkCnh osQ i'pkr~ ekdksZiksyks dk fo'o Hkze.k vkSj keZ;qksa ls ;wjksi osQ fy, Kku
vkSj lwpuk osQ u, uxjksa dh LFkkiuk gqbZA u, cqfthoh oxZ dk mn; gqvk vkSj ubZ tkx`fr us euq"; dh Kku kIr djus dh ftKklk
dks c<+k;kA blosQ ifj.kkeLo:i oSKkfud [kkstsa vkjEHk gqbA dksijfudkl U;wVu pkYlZ Mkou osQ vkfo"dkjksa us kkfeZd fopkjksa dks
pqukSrh nhA blosQ i'pkr~ kkfeZd ;qx osQ LFkku ij rkfoZQd ;qx dh 'kq#vkr gqbZA jktuhfr Hkh ifjofrZr gqbZ] ,fDoukl] eSfd;koyh
osQ fopkjksa ls keZ dks jkT; ls vyx djus esa enn feyhA ppZ dh lkk] jktkvksa vkSj bZlkbZ lezkVksa osQ Hkko dks pqukSrh nh xbZA
eSfd;koyh us dgk fd jktk rFkk 'kkld oxZ ij keZ dk Hkko ugha gksuk pkfg,A
bl dkj ;wjksi esa jktuhfr dks kkfeZd Hkko ls eqDr djus esa dkiQh lgk;rk feyh vkSj ;wjksi esa jk"Vokn osQ fopkjksa dks
ksRlkgu feyk ftlls Lora=k jktra=kksa dh mRifk gqbZA
1- ksVsLVsaVokncqfthfo;kas dh jpukvksa vkSj fopkjksa ls ppZ dh 'kfDr esa deh vkbZA 18oha 'krkCnh esa teZu oSQFkksfyd iknjh
ekfVZu us dkiQh dksf'k'k dhA mUgkasus dgk fd bZ'oj dks og lc oqQN nks] tks bZ'oj dk gSA bl kkfeZd fopkj ls keZfujis{krk vkSj
vk;kfedrk dks cy feykA ekfVZu ywFkj us ;g Hkh dgk fd ppZ osQ fcuk O;fDr Lo;a bZ'oj rd igqp ldrk gSA mUgksaus ppZ esa
O;kIr Hkz"Vkpkj dh fuank dhA 1520 esa ywFkj us ppZ ls vyx gksdj ppZ osQ dk;ZdrkZvksa dks lkFk feykdj ,d vkanksyu dh 'kq#vkr
dhA bldks lqkkjokn dh laKk nh xbZA ;wjksi esa vusd Hkkxksa esa yksxksa us ppZ dh vkhurk dks vLohdkj fd;kA blesa lkFk gh bZlkbZ
keZ dk ,d u;k :i ksVsLVsaVokn mHkjdj lkeus vk;kA
ppZ osQ HkqRo dh lekfIr osQ ckn jktkvksa us Hkh ppZ ls vius lacakksa dks lekIr dj fy;kA baXySaM osQ jktk gsujh v"Ve us
jkse fLFkr ppZ ls vius lacak lekIr dj fy,A ppZ osQ foHkktu osQ ifj.kkeLo:i 16oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh esa HkkSxksfyd vkSj
ksVsLVsaV osQ e; dbZ ckj ;q Hkh gqvkA 18oha 'krkCnh osQ i'pkr~ jkT; dk keZfujis{kLo:i l'kDr gqvk vkSj jkT; us thou dh
j{kk vkSj dkuwu O;oLFkk ls tSls keZfujis{k dk;ks ij ;ku fn;kA bZlkbZ keZ dk opZLo lekIr&lk gks pqdk FkkA
2- keZfujis{krk dk lekftd vkkkj17oha vkSj 18oha 'krkCnh esa O;kikj rFkk okf.kT; us lqkkjoknh vkanksyu dks ksRlkfgr fd;kA
tSls&TkSls iwathokn dk foLrkj gqvkA iwthoknh jkT;ksa }kjk de fodflr jkT;ksa dk 'kks"k.k gqvk vkSj ogk ij
kkfeZd gLr{ksi Hkh fd;k x;kA bl dky esa f'kfYi;ksa] dykdkjksa] vkS|ksfxd Jfedksa rFkk fcpkSfy;ksa vkSj jktuhfrd vfkdkjksa
dh ekax djus yxsA bu nckoksa ls ;wjksi esa mnkjokn vkSj yksdrkaf=kd laLFkkvksa dks c<+kok feykA
keZfujis{krk dks ppZ osQ fo# la?k"kZ vkSj fujaoqQ'k 'kkldksa osQ f[kykiQ Lora=krk vkanksyu esa ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ;wjksih; ns'kksa
esa fujaoqQ'krk :f<+okfnrk vkSj dV~Vjokfnrk ij keZfujis{krk dk lkj vkSj pkj fo'o esa vU; Hkkxksa esa Hkh gqvkA jkT; osQ fu;eksa
vkSj dkuwuksa ls keZ dks vyx j[kk x;kA ;wjksih; ns'kksa esa lkFk&lkFk ,f'k;k] vizQhdk rFkk ySfVu vesfjdk osQ ns'kksa esa keZfujis{krk
dks viuk;k x;kA
iz'u 6 ekuokfkdkjksa osQ laj{k.k o mUu;u esa la;qDr jk"V D;k Hkwfedk fuHkkrk gS\
mkjvf/dkjksa dks ges'kk ls gh ^LokHkkfod*] ^uSlxd*] ^ekSfyd*] ^ekuo* tSls dbZ 'kCnksa osQ lkFk tksM+k x;k gSA chloha
'krkCnh esa ekuokf/dkj dh vo/kj.kk mHkjdj lkeus vkbZ gSA bldk dkj.k mnkj yksdrkaf=kd 'kklu O;oLFkk vkSj fodkl'khy ns'kksa
dh ifjfLFkfr;k gSaA f}rh; fo'o;q osQ nkSjku teZuh vkSj bVyh esa ukft;ksa vkSj izQkalhfl;ksa dh xfrfof/;ksa vkSj muosQ }kjk yxk,
x, frca/ksa osQ ifj.kkeLo:i ekuokf/dkj laca/h ckrksa dh 'kq#vkr gks xbZ FkhA f}rh; fo'o;q osQ i'pkr~ la;qDr jk"V la?k dh
?kks"k.kk ls blesa O;kid ifjorZu vk;kA fo'ks"k rkSj ij 1966 esa bl ckr dh LohdkjksfDr dh xbZ fd turk dks ljdkj }kjk nk
vf/dkjksa osQ vfrfjDr oqQN fo'ks"k oS;fDrd vf/dkj vkSj nkf;Ro gksrs gSaA
ekuokf/dkj osQ varxZr euq"; tkfr osQ os lHkh nkos vkrs gSa tks mUgsa euq"; gksus osQ ukrs kIr gSaA ;s vf/dkj lkoZHkkSfed gksrs
gSaA budks fdlh ns'k dh lhek ls ugha cka/k tk ldrkA ;s dkuwuh vf/dkjksa ls fHkUu gksrs gSaA blosQ fy, fdlh jkT; osQ ko/ku
fo'ks"k dh vko';drk ugha gksrhA budks ekuokf/dkj blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;s Lo;a ekuo ls mRiUu gksrs gSaA oqQiks"k.k] vuqfpr
dkjkokl] fuj{kjrk vkfn fo"k;ksa dks ekuokf/dkj ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA eWDiQjysu osQ 'kCnksa esa] ekuokf/dkj os uSfrd vf/dkj
gaS ftu ij gj L=kh iq#"k dk LokfeRe osQoy blfy, gS D;ksafd og ekuo gSA
la;qDr jk"V ,oa ekuokf/dkjlewps fo'o esa ekuokf/dkj osQ pkj vkSj lkj esa la;qDr jk"V la?k us egoiw.kZ Hkwfedk
vnk dh gSA 1948 esa ekuokf/dkjksa dh lkoZHkkSfed ?kks"k.kk osQ i'pkr~ blosQ ekudkas dh O;k[;k dh xbZA blosQ varxZr oqQN le>kSrs
gq,A muesa ls oqQN bl dkj gSa1948 esa tkfr lagkj dks jksdus rFkk blls lacaf/r vijk/ksa osQ fy, n.M dk le>kSrk] 1949 esa

N
7

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in7

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

lSU; cyksa esa chekjksa ,oa ?kk;yksa dh n'kkvksa esa lq/kj gsrq tsusok le>kSrk] 1954 esa efgykvksa osQ jktuhfrd vf/dkjksa dk le>kSrk]
1966 esa tkrh; HksnHkko osQ fujkdj.k dk le>kSrk] 1975 esa oxZ Hksn osQ neu vkSj blls tqM+s vijk/h osQ fy, n.M dk le>kSrk]
1976 esa nkl Fkk vkSj nkl O;kikj osQ mUewyu dk le>kSrkA
la;qDr jk"V la?k esa ,d ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx dh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gS tks fd lnL; jk"Vksa esa ekuokf/dkj mYya?ku osQ ekeyksa
dh tkp djrk gSA bl vk;ksx dh dk;Zlwph esa fcUnq 13 osQ varxZr lalkj Hkj esa dgha Hkh ekuokf/dkj mYya?ku dh O;k[;k dh
tkrh gSA blosQ vykok lnL; jk"Vksa dks ;g vf/dkj gS fd og xaHkhj] vR;ko';d fLFkfr vkSj laosnu'khy ekeyksa ij vius fopkj
vfHkO;Dr djsA ekuokf/dkj vk;ksx us le;&le; ij fofo/ fo"k;ksa] tSlsvjc jkT; {ks=kksa] fpyh ,oa nf{k.k vhdk esa
ekuokf/dkj] bZjku vkSj iksySaM osQ vkRefu.kZ; osQ vf/dkj osQ fu"ks/ ij vius fopkjksa dks Lrqr fd;k gSA 'khr ;q osQ i'pkr~ osQ
dky esa ekuokf/dkjksa dh :ijs[kk esa ifjorZu gqvk gS vkSj blesa la;qDr jk"V la?k dh Hkwfedk vkSj Hkh egoiw.kZ gks xbZ gSA
1993 esa fo;uk esa gqbZ ekuokf/dkj fo'o dkaxzsl esa dgk x;k fd ekuokf/dkjksa dk ksRlkgu ,oa laj{k.k laiw.kZ varjkZ"Vh;
leqnk; dh oS/ fpark gaSA rHkh ls ekuokf/dkj mPpk;qDr osQ in dh Hkh LFkkiuk dh xbZA gky gh esa la;qDr jk"V la?k us bZjkd]
lksekfy;k ,oa cksfLu;k esa gLr{ksi djosQ ekuo vf/dkjksa dh j{kk osQ fy, dne mBk, gSaA
iz'u 7 U;kf;d leh{kk dh ladYiuk ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mkjbulkbDyksisfM;k fczVkfudk us U;kf;dk leh{kk osQ ckjs esa dgk gS] fdlh ns'k osQ U;k;ky;ksa dh ;g 'kfDr fd ljdkj
osQ fo/k;h] dk;Zdkjh vkSj 'kklfud vaxksa osQ dk;ks dh tkp&ij[k djosQ ;g lqfuf'pr djs fd ;s dk;Z jk"V osQ lafo/ku osQ
ko/kuksa ls esy [kkrs gSaA bl dkj U;kf;d leh{kk esa fdlh fo/k;h ;k 'kklfud dne dh lkafo/kfud oS/rk dh Nkuchu
djosQ mlosQ lafo/ku osQ vuqowQy ;k frowQy gksus ij mldk fu.kZ; ns ldrs gSA
eq[; :i ls nks ns'kksa Hkkjr vkSj vesfjdk esa gh U;kf;d leh{kk dks ns[kk tkrk gSA nksuksa esa gh fyf[kr lafo/ku gS vkSj la?kkRed
'kklu O;oLFkk gSA loksZPp U;k;ky; dh loksZPprk dks nksuksa ns'kksa esa Lohdkj fd;k x;k gSA fczVsu esa U;k;ky; dks U;kf;d leh{kk
tSlk dksbZ vf/dkj ugha gSA blosQ vykok dE;wfuLV ns'kksa esa Hkh bl dkj dk dksbZ ko/ku ugha gSA
U;kf;d lf;rk dks U;kf;d leh{kk ls cy feyk gSA oqQN o"kks ls dk;Zikfydk osQ dk;ks dks U;k;ky; us lgh :i vkSj fn'kk
nh gSA Hkkjr esa bl fn'kk esa 'kq#vkr vkikrdky osQ ckn osQ o"kks esa gqbZA loksZPp U;k;ky; osQ U;k;k/h'k ih-,u- Hkxorh us lqfo/kghu
vkSj lhekar oxks dks U;k; lqfuf'pr djus osQ fy, tufgr ;kfpdkvksa (ih-vkbZ-,y-) dks ekU;rk nhA loksZPp U;k;ky; us fiNys
oqQN o"kks esa dkuwuh vkns'k fn, gSa tks fd U;kf;d lkf;rk dks Li"V djrs gSa tSls fd nks ifg;k Mkbojksa osQ fy, gsylsj vfuok;Z]
isM+ksa dh dVkbZ ij frca/] fnYyh esa lM+dksa osQ fdukjs gksMx yxkus ij frca/A vesfjdk eas Hkh loksZPp U;k;ky; us bl rjg osQ
vkns'k fn, gSa vkSj lf;rk fn[kkbZ gSA
iz'u 8- Hkkjr esa fpidks vkanksyu ij ,d fVIi.kh fyf[k,A
mkjmkj ns'k ljdkj }kjk 1973 esa dh tk jgh ouksa dh uhykeh osQ f[kykiQ n'kksyh xzke Lojkt eaMy uked xka/koknh
laxBu us fpidks vkanksyu kjaHk fd;kA fpidks vkanksyu esa ^isM+ dks ckgksa esa Hkjdj [kM+s gks tkvks*A bl ckr ij cy fn;k tkrk
gS rkfd isM+ksa dks u dkVk tk losQA bldk kjaHk lqanjyky cgqxq.kk vkSj paMh lkn Hk us fd;kA bl vkanksyu ls vusd oU; thoksa
dh j{kk gqbZ ftudh tkfr yqIr gksus osQ dxkj ij gSA fxj dk flag] caxky osQ phrs] Hkkjrh; lkjax osQ fy, blls lqj{kk kIr gqbZA
blh nkSjku oU; thoksa osQ fy, dkuwu Hkh cuk, x, ijarq oqQN tkfr] tSlsphrk vkSj dLrwjh e`x osQ fy, ;s dkuwu nsj ls cusA dbZ
o"kks osQ ckn dukZVd esa ,slk gh ,d vkanksyu pyk;k x;k tks fd ^,fidks vkanksyu* osQ uke ls tkuk x;kA blosQ varxZr if'peh
?kkV osQ isM+ksa dks ckgksa esa Hkjdj dVus ls jksdk x;kA

N
8

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in

www.ignou-ac.in8