Cunt

This article is about the vulgarism. For other uses, see root *gneh/guneh woman (Greek: gun, seen in
Cunt (disambiguation).
gynaecology). Relationships to similar-sounding words
such as the Latin cunnus (vulva), and its derivatives
Cunt /knt/ is slang for female genitalia and is a term of French con, Spanish coo, and Portuguese cona, or in
Persian kun (), have not been conclusively demonabuse for females and males.[1] It is widely considered to
[2]
be vulgar. The earliest known use of the word, accord- strated. Other Latin words related to cunnus are cu(wedge) and its derivative cunre (to fasten with
ing to the Oxford English Dictionary, was as a placename neus
a
wedge,
(gurative) to squeeze in), leading to Enfor the London street Gropecunt Lane, c 1230. Scholar
glish
words
such as cuneiform (wedge-shaped). In
Germaine Greer said in 2006 that cunt is one of the few
Middle
English,
cunt appeared with many spellings, such
remaining words in the English language with a genuine
as
coynte,
cunte
and
queynte, which did not always reect
[3]
power to shock.
the actual pronunciation of the word.
Use of the word as a term of abuse is relatively recent, dating from the late nineteenth century.[4] Reect- The word in its modern meaning is attested in Middle Enfrom some time
ing dierent national usages, cunt is described as an un- glish. Proverbs of Hendyng, a manuscript
[11]
before
1325,
includes
the
advice:
pleasant or stupid person in the Compact Oxford English
Dictionary, whereas Merriam-Webster has a usage of the
eue i cunte to cunnig and craue aetir
term as usually disparaging and obscene: woman,[5]
wedding.
noting that it is used in the U.S. as an oensive way
(Give your cunt wisely and make [your] deto refer to a woman";[6] and the Macquarie Dictionary
mands after the wedding.)
of Australian English gives a contemptible person.[7]
When used with a positive qualier (good, funny, clever,
etc.) in Britain, New Zealand, and Australia, it can convey a positive sense of the object or person referred to.[8] 2 Oensiveness
The word appears to have not been strongly taboo in the
Middle Ages, but became taboo towards the end of the
eighteenth century, and was then not generally admissible in print until the latter part of the twentieth century.
The term has various derivative senses, including adjective and verb uses.

2.1 Generally
The word cunt is generally regarded in Englishspeaking countries as unsuitable for normal public discourse. It has been described as the most heavily
tabooed word of all English words,[12][13] although John
Ayto, editor of the Oxford Dictionary of Slang, says
"nigger" is more taboo.[14]

Etymology

2.2 Feminist perspectives

The etymology of cunt is a matter of debate,[9] but

most sources consider the word to have derived from a
Germanic word (Proto-Germanic *kunt, stem *kuntn), which appeared as kunta in Old Norse. Scholars
are uncertain of the origin of the Proto-Germanic form
itself.[10] There are cognates in most Germanic languages,
such as the Swedish, Faroese and Nynorsk kunta; West
Frisian and Middle Low German kunte; Middle Dutch
conte; Dutch kut & kont; Middle Low German kutte;
Middle High German kotze ("prostitute"); German kott,
and perhaps Old English cot. The etymology of the
Proto-Germanic term is disputed. It may have arisen
by Grimms law operating on the Proto-Indo-European
root *gen/gon create, become seen in gonads, genital,
gamete, genetics, gene, or the Proto-Indo-European

Some feminists of the 1970s sought to eliminate

disparaging terms for women, including "bitch" and
cunt.[15] In the context of pornography, Catharine
MacKinnon argued that use of the word acts to reinforce
a dehumanisation of women by reducing them to mere
body parts;[16] and in 1979 Andrea Dworkin described
the word as reducing women to the one essential 'cunt:
our essence ... our oence'".[16]
Despite criticisms, there is a movement among feminists
that seeks to reclaim cunt not only as acceptable, but
as an honoric, in much the same way that queer has
been reappropriated by LGBT people and the word nigger
has been by the black community.[17] Proponents include
1

3 USAGE: PRE-TWENTIETH CENTURY

Inga Muscio in her book, Cunt: A Declaration of Independence[18] and Eve Ensler in Reclaiming Cunt from
The Vagina Monologues. The feminist blog Courageous
Cunts makes use of the word to point at skewed genital
norms and empower women to appreciate their bodies.
Germaine Greer, who had previously published a magazine article entitled Lady, Love Your Cunt,[19] discussed the origins, usage and power of the word in the
BBC series Balderdash and Pie. She suggested at the
end of the piece that there was something precious about
the word, in that it was now one of the few remaining
words in English that still retained its power to shock.
Greer also alludes to the fact that the word vagina, which
is considered the non-vulgar term, was a Latin name given
by male anatomists for all muscle coverings, meaning
sword-sheath. She considers it contentious as cunt has
no such meaning, it simply refers to the entire female genitalia (she also mentions that vagina is applied purely to
the internal canal).

Usage: pre-twentieth century

was probably pronounced in Middle English in much the

same way as cunt. It is sometimes unclear whether the
two words were thought of as distinct from one another.
Elsewhere in Chaucers work the word queynte seems to
be used with meaning comparable to the modern quaint
(curious or old-fashioned, but nevertheless appealing).[25]
This ambiguity was still being exploited by the 17th century; Andrew Marvells ... then worms shall try / That
long preserved virginity, / And your quaint honour turn to
dust, / And into ashes all my lust in To His Coy Mistress
depends on a pun on these two senses of quaint.[26]
By Shakespeares day, the word seems to have become
obscene. Although Shakespeare does not use the word
explicitly (or with derogatory meaning) in his plays, he
still plays with it, using wordplay to sneak it in obliquely.
In Act III, Scene 2, of Hamlet, as the castles residents
are settling in to watch the play-within-the-play, Hamlet asks Ophelia, Lady, shall I lie in your lap?" Ophelia replies, No, my lord. Hamlet, feigning shock, says,
Do you think I meant country matters?" Then, to drive
home the point that the accent is denitely on the rst
syllable of country, Shakespeare has Hamlet say, Thats
a fair thought, to lie between maids legs.[27] In Twelfth
Night (Act II, Scene V) the puritanical Malvolio believes
he recognises his employers handwriting in an anonymous letter, commenting There be her very Cs, her Us,
and her Ts: and thus makes she her great Ps, unwittingly punning on cunt and piss,[28] and while it has
also been argued that the slang term cut is intended,[29]
Pauline Kiernan writes that Shakespeare ridicules prissy
puritanical party-poopers by having a Puritan spell out
the word 'cunt' on a public stage.[30] A related scene occurs in Henry V: when Katherine is learning English, she
is appalled at the "gros, et impudique" words foot and
gown, which her teacher has mispronounced as "coun".
It is usually argued that Shakespeare intends to suggest
that she has misheard foot as "foutre" (French, fuck)
and coun as "con" (French cunt, also used to mean
idiot).[31] Similarly John Donne alludes to the obscene
meaning of the word without being explicit in his poem
The Good-Morrow, referring to sucking on country pleasures.

Cunt has been attested in its anatomical meaning since

at least the 13th century. While Francis Grose's 1785
A Classical Dictionary of The Vulgar Tongue listed the
word as C**T: a nasty name for a nasty thing,[20] it did
not appear in any major English dictionary from 1795 to
1961, when it was included in Websters Third New International Dictionary with the comment usu. considered obscene. Its rst appearance in the Oxford English
Dictionary was in 1972, which cites the word as having
been in use since 1230 in what was supposedly a London
street name of Gropecunte Lane. It was, however, also
used before 1230, having been brought over by the AngloSaxons, originally not an obscenity but rather a factual
name for the vulva or vagina. Gropecunt Lane was originally a street of prostitution, a red light district. It was
normal in the Middle Ages for streets to be named after
the goods available for sale therein, hence the prevalence
in cities having a medieval history of names such as Silver Street and Fish Street. In some locations, the former name has been bowdlerised, as in the City of York, The 1675 Restoration comedy The Country Wife also features such word play, even in its title.
to the more acceptable Grape Lane.[21]
The word appears several times in Chaucers Canterbury By the 17th century a softer form of the word, cunny,
Tales (c. 1390), in bawdy contexts, but it does not ap- came into use. A well-known use of this derivation can be
pear to be considered obscene at this point, since it is found in the 25 October 1668 entry of the diary of Samuel
used openly.[22] A notable use is from the "Millers Tale": Pepys. He was discovered having an aair with Deborah
Pryvely he caught her by the queynte. The Wife of Bath Willet: he wrote that his wife coming up suddenly, did
also uses this term, For certeyn, olde dotard, by your nd me imbracing the girl con my hand sub su coats; and
I was at
leave/You shall have queynte right enough at eve ... What endeed I was with my main (hand) in her cunny.
[32]
a
wonderful
loss
upon
it
and
the
girl
also....
aileth you to grouche thus and groan?/Is it for ye would
have my queynte alone?" In modernised versions of these
passages the word queynte is usually translated simply
as cunt.[23][24] However, in Chaucers usage there seems
to be an overlap between the words cunt and quaint
(possibly derived from the Latin for known). Quaint

Cunny was probably derived from a pun on coney, meaning "rabbit", rather as pussy is connected to the same
term for a cat. (Philip Massinger (15831640): A pox
upon your Christian cockatrices! They cry, like poulter-

4.2

Usage by meaning

ers wives, 'No money, no coney.'")[33] Because of this

slang use as a synonym for a taboo term, the word coney,
when it was used in its original sense to refer to rabbits, came to be pronounced as /koni/ (rhymes with
phoney), instead of the original /kni/ (rhymes with
honey). Eventually the taboo association led to the
word coney becoming deprecated entirely and replaced
by the word rabbit.[34][35][36][37]

In Ian McEwan's 2001 novel Atonement, set in 1935, the

word is used in a love letter mistakenly sent instead of a
revised version, and although not spoken, is an important
plot pivot.[45]

Robert Burns (17591796) used the word in his Merry

Muses of Caledonia, a collection of bawdy verses which
he kept to himself and were not publicly available until the
mid-1960s.[38] In Yon, Yon, Yon, Lassie, this couplet
appears: For ilka birss upon her cunt, Was worth a ryal
ransom.[39]

4.2.1 Term of abuse for people

4.2 Usage by meaning

As a derogatory term it is comparable to prick and

means a fool, a dolt, an unpleasant person of either
sex.[46][47] This sense is more common in British and
Australian English and is described as being usually applied to men[48] or as referring specically to a despicable, contemptible or foolish man.[49] During the 1971
4 Usage: modern
Oz trial for obscenity, prosecuting counsel asked writer
George Melly Would you call your 10-year-old daughter a cunt?" Melly replied No, because I don't think she
4.1 In modern literature
is.[50] In the 1975 lm One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest,
the central character McMurphy, when pressed to exJames Joyce was one of the rst of the major 20thplain exactly why he does not like the tyrannical Nurse
century novelists to put the word cunt into print. In
Ratched, says, Well, I don't want to break up the meetthe context of one of the central characters in Ulysses,
ing or nothing, but shes something of a cunt, ain't she,
Leopold Bloom, Joyce refers to the Dead Sea and to
Doc?"[51]
... the oldest people. Wandered far away
over all the earth, captivity to captivity, multiplying, dying, being born everywhere. It lay
there now. Now it could bear no more. Dead:
an old womans: the grey sunken cunt of the
world.[40]

In American slang the term can be used to refer to a

woman, or a fellow male homosexual.[52]

4.2.2 Other uses

The word is sometimes used as a general expletive to show

Joyce uses the word guratively rather than literally; but frustration, annoyance or anger, for example I've had a
while Joyce used the word only once in Ulysses, with four cunt of a day!" and This will be a cunt [of a job] to nother wordplays ('cunty') on it, D. H. Lawrence used the ish.
word ten times in Lady Chatterleys Lover, in a more di- In the Survey of English Dialects the word was recorded
rect sense.[41] Mellors, the gamekeeper and eponymous in some areas as meaning the vulva of a cow. This was
lover, tries delicately to explain the denition of the word pronounced as [knt] in Devon, and [knt] in the Isle of
to Lady Constance Chatterley:
Man, Gloucestershire and Northumberland. Possibly related was the word cunny [kni], with the same meaning,
at
Wiltshire.[53]
If your sister there comes ter me for a bit o'
cunt an' tenderness, she knows what shes after.
As a slang term it can be modied by a positive qualier
(funny, clever, etc.) in British, Irish, New Zealand, and
The novel was the subject of an unsuccessful UK prosecu- Australian English, when referring to a person.[8]
tion for obscenity in 1961 against its publishers, Penguin The word cunty is also known, although used rarely: a
Books.[42]
line from Hanif Kureishi's My Beautiful Laundrette is the
Henry Miller's novel Tropic of Cancer uses the word extensively, ensuring its banning in Britain between 1934
and 1961[43] and being the subject of the U.S. Supreme
Court decision in Grove Press, Inc. v. Gerstein, 378 U.S.
577 (1964).

denition of England by a Pakistani immigrant as eating hot buttered toast with cunty ngers, suggestive of
hypocrisy and a hidden sordidness or immorality behind
the countrys quaint faade. This term is attributed to
British novelist Henry Green.[54]

Samuel Beckett was an associate of Joyce, and in his

Malone Dies (1956), he writes: His young wife had
abandoned all hope of bringing him to heel, by means 4.3
of her cunt, that trump card of young wives.[44]

Usage in modern popular culture

4
4.3.1

4 USAGE: MODERN
Theatre

Theatre censorship was eectively abolished in the UK

in 1968; prior to that all theatrical productions had to be
vetted by the Lord Chamberlains Oce. English standup comedian Roy Chubby Brown claims that he was
the rst person to say the word on stage in the United
Kingdom.[55]
In the 1996 play The Vagina Monologues the author,
American writer Eve Ensler, says she has reclaimed the
word and encourages the audience to repeat it with her.
Feeling a little irritated in the airport, just say 'cunt,' everything changes, she says. Try it, go ahead, go ahead.
Cunt. Cunt. Cunt.[56]
4.3.2

Television

an episode of the NBC TV show 30 Rock, titled "The C

Word", centred around a subordinate calling protagonist
Liz Lemon (Tina Fey) a cunt and her subsequent eorts
to regain her stas favour. Jane Fonda did utter the word
on a live airing of the Today Show, a network broadcastTV news program, in 2008 when being interviewed about
The Vagina Monologues.[65]
4.3.3 Radio
On 6 December 2010 on the BBC Radio 4 Today programme, James Naughtie referred to the British Culture
Secretary Jeremy Hunt as Jeremy Cunt;[66] he covered
this up explaining it as being a cough but still ended up
giggling over his words while announcing the rest of the
items in the next hour. A little later Andrew Marr referred to the incident during Start the Week where it was
said that we won't repeat the mistake whereupon Marr
slipped up in the same way as Naughtie had. The use of
the word was described by the BBC as being "...an oensive four-letter word...

Broadcast media are regulated for content, and media

providers such as the BBC have guidelines as to how
cunt and similar words should be treated.[57] In a survey
of 2000 commissioned by the British Broadcasting Standards Commission, Independent Television Commission,
BBC and Advertising Standards Authority, cunt was regarded as the most oensive word which could be heard, 4.3.4 Film
above "motherfucker" and "fuck".[58] Nevertheless, there
have been occasions when, particularly in a live broad- The rst use of the word in mainstream cinema occurs
in Carnal Knowledge (1971), in which Jonathan (Jack
cast, the word has been aired outside editorial control:
Nicholson) asks, Is this an ultimatum? Answer me, you
ball-busting, castrating, son of a cunt bitch! Is this an
The Frost Programme, broadcast live on 7 Novem- ultimatum or not?" Nicholson later used it again, in One
ber 1970, was the rst time the word was known Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest (1975).[67] Two early lms
to have been used on British television, in an aside by Martin Scorsese, Mean Streets (1973) and Taxi Driver
by Felix Dennis.[28] This incident has since been (1976), use the word in the context of the virgin-whore
reshown many times.[59]
dichotomy, with characters using it after they were reor after they have slept with the
Bernard Manning rst said on television the line jected (in Mean Streets) [68]
woman
(in
Taxi
Driver).
[60][61]
They say you are what you eat. I'm a cunt.
In notable instances, the word has been edited out.
This Morning broadcast the word in 2000, used by Saturday Night Fever (1977) was released in two versions,
model Caprice Bourret while being interviewed live R (Restricted) and PG (Parental Guidance), the latabout her role in The Vagina Monologues[62]
ter omitting or replacing dialogue such as Tony Manero
(John Travolta)'s comment to Annette (Donna Pescow),
The rst scripted uses of the word on British television Its a decision a girls gotta make early in life, if shes
occurred in 1979, in the ITV drama No Mama No, broad- gonna be a nice girl or a cunt.[28] This dierential percast in 1979,[28][59] and by 2005, the Christ character in sists, and in The Silence of the Lambs (1991), Agent StarJerry Springer The Opera (BBC, 2005) suggesting that ling (Jodie Foster) meets Dr. Hannibal Lecter (Anthony
he might be gay was found more controversial than the Hopkins) for the rst time and passes the cell of Multichant cunting, cunting, cunting, cunting cunt (a descrip- ple Miggs, who says to Starling: I can smell your cunt.
tion of the Devil).[63] The rst scripted use on US televi- In versions of the lm edited for television the word is
sion was on the Larry Sanders Show in 1992, and a no- dubbed with the word scent.[69] The 2010 lm Kick-Ass
caused a controversy when the word was used by Hit-Girl
table use occurred in Sex and the City.[28]
Chlo Grace Moretz,
In July 2007 BBC Three dedicated a full hour to the word because the actress playing the part,[70][71]
was
only
11
at
the
time
of
lming.
in a detailed documentary (The 'C' Word) about the origins, use and evolution of the word from the early 1900s
to the present day. Presented by British comedian Will
Smith, viewers were taken to a street in Oxford once
called Gropecunt Lane and presented with examples
of the acceptability of cunt as a word.[64] In the US,

In Britain, use of the word cunt may result in an

18 rating from the British Board of Film Classication (BBFC), and this happened to Ken Loach's lm
Sweet Sixteen, because of an estimated twenty uses of
cunt.[72] Still, the BBFCs guidelines at 15 state that

4.3

Usage in modern popular culture

the strongest terms (for example, 'cunt') may be accept- Faithfull's album Broken English:
able if justied by the context. Aggressive or repeated use
of the strongest language is unlikely to be acceptable.[73]
Why'd ya do it, she screamed, after all
The 2010 Ian Dury biopic Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll
we've said,
was given a 15 rating despite containing seven uses of
the word.[74]
Every time I see your dick I see her cunt in
my bed.[82]
4.3.5

Comedy

In their Derek and Clive dialogues, Peter Cook and

Dudley Moore, particularly Cook, arguably made the
word more accessible in the UK; in the 1976 sketch This
Bloke Came Up To Me, cunt is used approximately
thirty-ve times.[75] The word is also used extensively
by British comedian Roy 'Chubby' Brown, which ensures
that his stand-up act has never been fully shown on UK
television.[55]

The Happy Mondays song, Ku Dam (i.e. Mad fuck

in reverse), from their 1987 debut album, Squirrel and GMan Twenty Four Hour Party People Plastic Face Carnt
Smile (White Out), includes the lyrics You see that Jesus is a cunt / And never helped you with a thing that you
do, or you don't. Biblical scholar James Crossley, writing
in the academic journal, Biblical Interpretation, analyses
the Happy Mondays reference to Jesus is a cunt as a
description of the useless assistance of a now inadequate Jesus.[83] A phrase from the same lyric, Jesus is
a cunt was included on the notorious Cradle of Filth Tshirt which depicted a masturbating nun on the front and
the slogan Jesus is a cunt in large letters on the back.
The T-shirt was banned in New Zealand, in 2008.[84]

Australian stand-up comedian, Rodney Rude frequently

refers to his audiences as cunts and makes frequent use
of the word in his acts, which got him arrested in Queensland and Western Australia for breaching obscenity laws
of those states in the mid-1980s. Australian comedic
singer Kevin Bloody Wilson makes extensive use of the Liz Phair in Dance of Seven Veils on her 1993 album Exile
word, most notably in the songs Caring Understanding in Guyville, uses the word in the line I only ask because
Nineties Type and You Can't Say Cunt in Canada.[76]
I'm a real cunt in spring.Liz Phair (22 June 1993). Exile
The word appears in American comic George Carlin's in Guyville (Double LP) (vinyl). Matador Records, OLE
1972 standup routine on the list of the seven dirty words 051-1.
that could not, at that time, be said on American broadcast television, a routine that led to a U. S. Supreme
Court decision.[77] While some of the original seven are
now heard on US broadcast television from time to time,
cunt remains generally taboo except for on premium
paid subscription cable channels like HBO or Showtime.
Comedian Louis C. K. uses the term frequently in his
stage act as well as on his television show Louie on FX
network, which bleeps it out.

The word has been used by numerous non-mainstream

bands, such as Australian band TISM, who released an
extended play in 1993 Australia the Lucky Cunt (a reference to Australias label the lucky country). They also
released a single in 1998 entitled "I Might Be a Cunt, but
I'm Not a Fucking Cunt", which was banned. The American grindcore band Anal Cunt, on being signed to a bigger
label, shortened their name to AxCx.

In 1979, during a concert at New York's Bottom Line,

Carlene Carter introduced a song about mate-swapping
called Swap-Meat Rag by stating, If this song don't put
the cunt back in country, I don't know what will. [79]
The comment was quoted widely in the press, and Carter
spent much of the next decade trying to live the comment down.[80] However use of the word in lyrics is not
recorded before the Sid Vicious' 1978 version of My Way,
which marked the rst known use of the word in a UK
Top Ten hit, as a line was changed to You cunt/I'm not
a queer.[81] The following year, cunt was used more
explicitly in the song Why D'Ya Do It?" from Marianne

The 2004 video game Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas

was the rst video game to use the word,[86] only once
(along with being the rst in the series to use the words
nigga, motherfucker, and cocksucker), used by the British
character Kent Paul (voiced by Danny Dyer), who refers
to Maccer as a soppy cunt in the mission Don Peyote.

More recently, in 2012, the word appears at least 10

times in Azealia Banks' song "212". She is also known
to refer to her fans on Facebook as kuntz. Banks has
4.3.6 Popular music
said she is tired of defending her profanity-laden lyrics
The 1977 Ian Dury and The Blockheads album, New from critics, saying they reect her everyday speech and
[85]
Boots and Panties used the word in the opening line of the experiences.
track Plaistow Patricia, thus: Arseholes, bastards, fucking cunts and pricks,[78] particularly notable as there is
4.3.7 Computer and video games
no musical lead-in to the lyrics.

The 2004 title The Getaway: Black Monday by SCEE

used the word. It is used several times during the game.
In the 2008 title Grand Theft Auto IV (developed by
Rockstar North and distributed by Take Two Interactive),
available on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles, the

word, amongst many other expletives, was used by James

Pegorino after nding out that his personal bodyguard,
who had turned states, who exclaimed The world is a
cunt!" while aiming a shotgun at the player.[87]

Linguistic variants and derivatives

Various euphemisms, minced forms and in-jokes are used

to imply the word without actually saying it, thereby escaping obvious censure and censorship.

5.1

Spoonerisms and acronyms

Deriving from a dirty joke: Whats the dierence between a circus and a strip club?"- The circus has a bunch
of cunning stunts....[88] The phrase cunning stunt has
been used in popular music. Its rst documented appearance was by the English band Caravan who released
the album Cunning Stunts in July 1975;[89] the title was
later used by Metallica for a CD/Video compilation, and
in 1992 the Cows released an album with the same title.
In his 1980s BBC television programme, Kenny Everett
played a vapid starlet, Cupid Stunt,[90] and in 2005 comedian Al Murray has hosted a British television comedy
game show, Fact Hunt.[91]

DERIVED MEANINGS

been a misprint on the title of one of the magazines she

works on Total Cult.[99] In all these uses, the audience
are left to make the connection.
Even Parliaments are not immune from punning uses;
as recalled by former Australian prime minister Gough
Whitlam:
Never in the House did I use the word
which comes to mind. The nearest I came
to doing so was when Sir Winton Turnbull, a
member of the cavalleria rusticana, was raving
and ranting on the adjournment and shouted:
I am a Country member. I interjected I remember. He could not understand why, for
the rst time in all the years he had been speaking in the House, there was instant and loud applause from both sides.[100]
and Mark Lamarr used a variation of this same gag on
BBC TVs Never Mind the Buzzcocks. "Stuart Adamson
was a Big Country member... and we do remember.[101]

5.3 Rhyming slang

Several celebrities have had their names used as euphemisms, including footballer Roger Hunt,[102] actor
Gareth Hunt,[103][104][105] singer James Blunt,[95] politician Jeremy Hunt,[106] and 1970s motor-racing driver
There are numerous informal acronyms, including varJames Hunt, whose name was once used to introduce the
ious apocryphal stories concerning academic establishBritish radio show I'm Sorry I Haven't A Clue as the show
ments, such as the Cambridge University National Trust
that is to panel games what James Hunt is to rhyming
Society.[92]
slang.[95]
There are many variants of the covering phrase "See you
A canting form of some antiquity is berk, short for
next Tuesday", including a play of that title by Ronald
"Berkeley Hunt" or Berkshire Hunt,[107][108] and in a
Harwood. A more recent acronym is Can't Use New
Monty Python sketch, an idioglossiac man replaces the
Technology which is thought to originate from IT sta.
initial c of words with b, producing silly bunt. Scottish comedian Chic Murray claimed to have worked for a
rm called Lunt, Hunt & Cunningham.[109]

5.2

Puns

The name Mike Hunt is a frequent pun on my cunt; it

has been used in a scene from the movie Porkys,[93] and 6 Derived meanings
for a character in the BBC radio comedy Radio Active in
the 1980s.[94] Has Anyone Seen Mike Hunt?" were the The word cunt forms part of some technical terms used
words written on a pink neon sculpture representing the in seafaring and other industries.
letter C, in a 2004 exhibition of the alphabet at the British
Library in collaboration with the International Society of
In nautical usage, a cunt splice is a type of rope
Typographic Designers.[95][96]
splice used to join two lines in the rigging of
As well as obvious references, there are also allusions.
ships.[110] Its name has been bowdlerised since at
On I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue, Stephen Fry once dened
least 1861, and in more recent times it is commonly
countryside as the act of murdering Piers Morgan".[97]
referred to as a cut splice.[111]
In Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps, Donna and
The Dictionary of Sea Terms, found within Danas
Gaz are perusing erotic novels when they come across
The Count of Monte Cristo; Gaz helpfully informs Donna
1841 maritime compendium The Seamans Friend,
that 'it doesn't say Count'.[98] Similarly, in an episode of
denes the word cuntline as the space between the
Spaced, Sophie tells Tim that she can't see him as theres
bilges of two casks, stowed side by side. Where

7
one cask is set upon the cuntline between two others, they are stowed bilge and cuntline.[112] The
bilge of a barrel or cask is the widest point, so
when stored together the two casks would produce
a curved V-shaped gap. The glossary of The Ashley
Book of Knots by Cliord W. Ashley, rst published
in 1944, denes cuntlines as the surface seams between the strands of a rope.[113] Though referring
to a dierent object from Danas denition, it similarly describes the crease formed by two abutting
cylinders.[114]
In US military usage personnel refer privately to a
common uniform item, a at, soft cover (hat) with
a fold along the top resembling an invagination, as
a cunt cap.[115] The proper name for the item is
garrison cap or overseas cap, depending on the organization in which it is worn.
Cunt hair (sometimes as red cunt hair)[115] has been
used since the late 1950s to signify a very small
distance.[4]

[8] For example, Glue by Irvine Welsh, p.266, Billy can be a

funny cunt, a great guy...
[9] Wajnryb, Ruth (2005). Language Most Foul. Australia:
Allen & Unwin. ISBN 1-74114-776-X.
[10] Cunt. Online Etymological Dictionary. Retrieved 200803-06.
[11] Unknown (2001). An Old English Miscellany Containing
a Bestiary, Kentish Sermons... Delaware: Adamant Media
Corporation. ISBN 0-543-94116-7.
[12] Rawson, Henry (1991). A Dictionary of Invective. London: Robert Hale Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7090-4399-7.
[13] TVs most oensive words. The Guardian (London).
November 21, 2005. Retrieved 2008-05-05.
[14] Margolis, Jonathan (November 21, 2002). Expletive
deleted. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2008-0609. Nigger is far more taboo than fuck or even cunt. I
think if a politician were to be heard o-camera saying
fuck, it would be trivial, but if he said nigger, that would
be the end of his career.

Cunt-eyed has been used to refer to a person suf[15] Johnston, Hank; Bert Klandermans (1995). Social Movefering from a squint.[4]
ments and Culture. Routledge. p. 174. ISBN 1-85728500-X.

See also
Cunt: A Declaration of Independence, 1998 book
by Inga Muscio
Profanity
Scunthorpe problem

Sexual slang

[19] anthologized in Germaine Greer, The Madwomans Underclothes: Essays and Occasional Writings, (1986)
[20] Grose, Francis. A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar
Tongue. London 1788 (pages not numbered)

Notes and references

[1] OED Online. Oxford University Press. June 2014. Retrieved 2014-09-05.
[2] esky. Wiktionary.
2011-12-18.

[17] Penn State Feminists Stage X-Rated Event on Students

Dime. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2008-03-06.
[18] Cunt: A Declaration of Independence. Retrieved 200803-06.

Seven dirty words

[16] Lacombe, Dany (1994). Blue Politics: Pornography and

the Law in the Age of Feminism. Toronto: University of
Toronto Press. p. 27. ISBN 0-8020-7352-2.

En.wiktionary.org.

Retrieved

[3] Balderdash & Pie. 2006-02-06. BBC Three.

[4] Morton, Mark (2004). The Lovers Tongue: A Merry
Romp Through the Language of Love and Sex. Toronto,
Canada: Insomniac Press. ISBN 978-1-894663-51-9.
[5] Denition of CUNT. Dictionary Merriam-Webster
online. Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
[6] cunt.
Merriam-Websters Learners Dictionary.
Merriam-Webster. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
[7] Cunt. Macquarie Dictionary. Macmillan. Retrieved 25
June 2014. (subscription required (help)).

[21] Baker, N & Holt, R. (2000). Towards a geography of

sexual encounter: prostitution in English medieval towns,
in L. Bevan: Indecent Exposure: Sexuality, Society and
the Archaeological Record. Cruithne Press: Glasgow,
187-98
[22] Siebert, Eve. Chaucers Cunt. Skeptical Humanities.
Retrieved February 28, 2014.
[23] From Georey Chaucers The Canterbury Tales, The
Wife of Baths Prologue, lines 330342. Librarius.com.
Retrieved 2011-12-18.
[24] Wife of Baths Prologue by Georey Chaucer
[25] "4 quaint, a. (adv.) (at 7, 8) c1369 Chaucer Dethe
Blaunche 1330 This is so queynt a sweuyn.. Oxford
English Dictionary (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press.
September 2005.

NOTES AND REFERENCES

[26] Marvell, Andrew. To His Coy Mistress. Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. M. H.
Abrams. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000.
16911692.

[47] Ayto, John; Simpson, John (2005) [1992].

The
Oxford Dictionary of Modern Slang.
OUP. ISBN
9780198610526. A foolish or despicable person, female
or male

[27] Partridge, Eric, Shakespeares Bawdy, Routledge, London, 2001, p.111

[48] Thorne, Tony (27 February 2014). Dictionary of Contemporary Slang (3rd ed.). Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN
9781408181812. a very unpleasant person . . .more noticeable in British and Australian English . . . in practice
the word is usually applied to men""

[28] Silverton, Peter (2011). Vulvas, Vaginas and Breasts.

Filthy English: The How, Why, When And What Of Everyday Swearing. Granta. p. 64. ISBN 9781846274527.
[29] Smith, Bruce R. (2001). Twelfth night, or, What you will:
texts and contexts. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 64.
[30] Kiernan, Pauline (2006). Filthy Shakespeare: Shakespeares Most Outrageous Sexual Puns. Quercus. p. 61.
[31] Partridge, Eric, Shakespeares Bawdy, Routledge, London, 2001, p.110
[32] Abbot, Mary (1996). Life Cycles in England, 15601720:
Cradle to Grave. Routledge. p. 91.
[33] Ship, Joseph Twadell, The Origins of English Words: A
Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, JHU Press,
1984, p. 129.
[34] Shipley, Joseph Twadell, The Origins of English Words: A
Discursive Dictionary of Indo-European Roots, JHU Press,
1984, p. 129

[49] Hughes, Georey (2006). An Encyclopedia of Swearing:

The Social History of Oaths, Profanity, Foul Language,
and Ethnic Slurs in the English-Speaking World. M. E.
Sharpe Incorporated. ISBN 9780765629548. Random
House (1994) is more gender-specic: 'a despicable, contemptible or foolish man' . . . Donald, you are a real
card-carrying cunt (1968)". Hughes is quoting Lighter,
Jonathan E. (1994). Random House Historical Dictionary
of American Slang, Vol. 1: A-G. Random House. ISBN
978-0394544274. The original quotation is from Crowley, Mart (1968). The Boys in the Band. Farrar, Straus &
Giroux. p. 42. ASIN B0028OREKU.
[50] Coren, Victoria (2003-02-02). Its enough to make you
cuss and blind. The Guardian (London: Guardian News
and Media). Retrieved 2008-03-23.
[51] One Flew Over The Cuckoos Nest Script Dialogue
Transcript. Script-o-rama.com. Retrieved 2011-12-18.

[35] Carney, Edward, A survey of English spelling, Routledge,

1994, p. 469.

[52] Chapman, Robert L. (1995). The Macmillan Dictionary

of American Slang. Macmillan. ISBN 0333634055.

[36] Morton, Mark, Cupboard Love: A Dictionary of Culinary

Curiosities, Insomniac Press, 2004, p. 251.

[53] Upton, Clive; Parry, David; Widdowson, JDA (1994).

Survey of English Dialects: the dictionary and the grammar. London: Routledge. p. 108. ISBN 0415020298.

[37] Allen & Burridge, Forbidden Words, Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 242.
[38] Merry Muses of Caledonia by Robert Burns (HMTL).
Retrieved 2008-03-06.

[54] The Art Of Fiction No. 22 Henry Green (PDF).

Archived from the original on 2008-02-29. Retrieved
2008-03-06.

[39] Merry Muses of Caledonia by Robert Burns (PDF). Retrieved 2008-03-06.

[55] Tees Stage Interview with Chubby Brown. Bbc.co.uk.

Retrieved 2011-12-18.

[40] Commentary on Joyce. Themodernword.com. 193905-07. Retrieved 2011-12-18.

[56] Vagina Monologues Script The Dialogue. Script-orama.com. Retrieved 2014-09-12.

[41] Doris Lessing (2006-07-14). Review of Lady Chatterley"". London: Books.guardian.co.uk. Retrieved 201112-18.

[57] Editorial Guidelines Guidance Language Guidance

in Full. BBC Online. Retrieved 13 September 2014.

[42] Cock-up and cover-up. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2008-03-06.

[58] Delete Expletives (PDF). Archived from the original on

2009-05-21. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[43] Miller, Henry; Nin, Anas (1961). Tropic of cancer.

ISBN 978-0-8021-3178-2. Retrieved 2008-04-06.

[59] The C word. The Independent (London). 2006-0122. Archived from the original on 2008-05-02. Retrieved
2013-09-13.

[44] Ben-Zvi, Linda (1990). Women in Beckett. University of

Illinois. ISBN 0-252-06256-6.

[60] Books: A blast of Jacobsons Organ. Retrieved 200803-06.

[45] Ian McEwans Fictional Act of Atonement.. Retrieved

2008-03-06.

[61] Jeries, Stuart (2005-08-03). No laughing matter. The

Guardian (London). Retrieved 2008-03-06.

[46] Green, Jonathon (1995). The Macmillan Dictionary of

Slang (3rd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0333634071. a fool,
a dolt, an unpleasant person of either sex (cf: prick)"

[62] Caprice accidentally breaks the last linguistic taboo on

television. The Independent (London). Archived from
the original on 2002-02-14. Retrieved 2008-03-06.

[63] Thorpe, Vanessa (2005-01-09). F*** you, says BBC as

50,000 rage at Spr*ng*r. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2008-03-06.
[64] The C Word: How We Came to Swear By It. Retrieved
2008-03-06.

[83] Crossley, James (April 2011). For EveryManc a Religion: Biblical and Religious Language in the Manchester
Music Scene, 19761994. Biblical Interpretation (Brill)
19 (2): 151180. doi:10.1163/156851511X557343. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[65] Jane Fonda c-word slip shocks US. Retrieved 2008-0306.

[84] Censors Ban on Cradle of Filth T-shirt (Press release). Society For Promotion Of Community Standards
Inc. 1 July 2008. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[66] Today presenter James Naughtie slips up on air. BBC

News. 2010-12-06. Retrieved 2010-12-06.

[85] Robinson, Lisa. Hot Tracks: Azealia Banks. Vanity

Fair. Retrieved 2013-05-24.

[67] Nicholls, Owen (29 March 2012). 100 Random Movie

Facts You Really Need To Know. NME. Retrieved 13
September 2014.

[86] Rockstar North. Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.

Level/area: Don Peyote. "Maccer: I can't feel me legs,
our P; I've wanked the use out of them! / Kent Paul: Just
stand up, you soppy cunt.

[68] Levy, Emmanuel (1 March 2001). Cinema of Outsiders:

The Rise of American Independent Film. NYU Press. p.
118. ISBN 978-0-8147-5124-4.

[87] The Road to Ruin: How Grand Theft Auto Hit the
Skids. Wired. March 29, 2007. Retrieved 2008-06-17.

[70] LaPorte, Nicole (April 14, 2010). Hollywood Busts a

Taboo. The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[88] Dundes, Alan; Georges, Robert A. (September 1962).

Some Minor Genres of Obscene Folklore. The Journal of American Folklore (American Folklore Society) 75
(297): 221226. doi:10.2307/537724. JSTOR 537724.
Retrieved 2013-09-13.

[71] Cox, David (2 April 2010). Kick-Ass kicks the cword into the mainstream. The Guardian. Retrieved 13
September 2014.

[89] Caravan discography. Caravan Information Service.

September 2005. Archived from the original on 201001-24. Retrieved 2009-02-12.

[72] Loach tells sweet sixteens to ignore BBFC. The

Guardian (London: Guardian News and Media). 4 October 2002. Retrieved 2009-02-12.

[90] Classic TV The Kenny Everett Television Show

Gallery. BBC. Retrieved 2008-03-16.

[69] Silence of the Lambs (1991)". Internet Movie Database.

Retrieved 2009-02-12.

[73] BBFC Classication Guidelines 2009 (PDF)

[74] Sex & Drugs & Rock & Roll rated 15 by the BBFC.
Bbfc.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
[75] Derek & Clive This Bloke Came Up To Me"". Retrieved 2008-04-06.
[76] Caring Understanding Nineties Type. Retrieved 200804-06.
[77] George Carlin: Seven words that shook a nation, The Independent, June 24, 2008. London: Independent.co.uk.
2008-06-24. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
[78] Clarkson, John. Ian Dury : New Boots and Panties. Retrieved 2011-09-21.
[79] Carlene Carter: Hot Country Singer With Lots Of Cool.
Carlene Carter Fan Club. Retrieved: 2010-10-18.
[80] Chapman, Marshall (2003). Goodbye, little rock and
roller. New York: St. Martins Press. ISBN 0-31231568-6.

[91] Deans, Jason (18 March 2005). Al Murray to host TV

pub quiz. The Guardian (London). Retrieved 2009-0212.
[92] Romeo, Demetrius (22 February 2005). My Chat with
Graeme Garden, Full Blown. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
[93] Porkys (1982)". Retrieved 2008-03-18.
[94] Radio Active.
[95] Pretorius, Tanya. Etymology Of Cunt. Tanya Pretorius
Bookmarks. Retrieved 2009-02-12.
[96] Maev Kennedy, arts and heritage correspondent (200410-23). "''Guardian'' 23 Oct 2004. London: Guardian.
Retrieved 2011-12-18.
[97] Des Kelly My Life in Media. The Independent (London). 2005-12-12. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
[98] Mate Date. Two Pints of Lager and a Packet of Crisps.
Season 4. Episode 6. 2004-03-21. BBC. BBC3.
[99] Gone. Spaced. Season 2. Episode 5. 2001-03-30.
Channel 4.

[81] The OMM top 50 covers. The Guardian (London). Re- [100] That Politicians Have Lost Their Sense Of Humour.
trieved 2008-03-16.
Whitlamdismissal.com. 24 May 2000. Retrieved 200902-12.
[82] Price, Simon (2002-03-17). Arts Etc: Rock & Pop
Faithfull: foul-mouthed and fabulous. The Independent. [101] Never Mind the Buzzcocks (1996)". Internet Movie
Retrieved 2008-04-23.
Database. Retrieved 2009-02-12.

10

10

[102] Partridge, Eric; Tom Dalzell; Terry Victor (2006). The

New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional
English. New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-41525938-X.
[103] A dictionary of slang G Slang and colloquialisms
of the UK. Peevish.co.uk. Retrieved 2011-12-18.
[104] Gareth Hunt is rhyming slang. Retrieved 27 September
2014.
[105] Anonymous Dirty Cockney Rhyming Slang Michael
O'Mara Books Ltd. ISBN 1-84317-035-3
[106] Watt, Holly (25 April 2012). Jeremy Hunt prole: rising star who survived expenses scandal. London: Daily
Telegraph. Retrieved 2013-09-13.
[107] Berk Denition from the Merriam-Webster Online
Dictionary. Retrieved 2008-04-06.
[108] Cockney rhyming slang@Everything2.com. Retrieved
2008-04-06.
[109] TV Heroes: Part 09: Chic Murray Remembered. Retrieved 2008-04-23.
[110] William Falconer, An Universal Dictionary of the Marine
(London: Thomas Cadell, 1780), 1243.
[111] Cliord W. Ashley, The Ashley Book of Knots (New York:
Doubleday, 1944), 461.
[112] Richard Henry Dana, Jr., The Seamans Friend: A Treatise
on Practical Seamanship, 14th Edition (Boston: Thomas
Groom & Co., 1879; Dover Republication 1997), 104.
[113] Ashley, 598.
[114] Examples of Ashleys usage of cuntline are found in the
descriptions for illustrations #3338 and #3351.
[115] Dickson, Paul (2004). War Slang: American Fighting
Words and Phrases Since the Civil War. Dulles, VA:
Brasseys. p. 145. ISBN 978-1-57488-710-5.

Further reading
Lady Love Your Cunt, 1969 article by Germaine
Greer (see References above)
Vaginal Aesthetics, re-creating the representation,
the richness and sweetness, of vagina/cunt, an article by Joanna Frueh Source: Hypatia, Vol. 18, No.
4, Women, Art, and Aesthetics (AutumnWinter
2003), pp. 137158
Siebert, Eve. Chaucers Cunt. Sceptical Humanities. Retrieved February 28, 2014.

10

External links

EXTERNAL LINKS

11

11
11.1

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

Text

Cunt Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunt?oldid=633697999 Contributors: Damian Yerrick, The Anome, Zoe, Tox, Montrealais,
KF, Hephaestos, Rickyrab, Chuq, Stevertigo, Nommonomanac, Paul Barlow, Dante Alighieri, Tompagenet, Tannin, Ixfd64, Cyde, Sannse,
Paul Benjamin Austin, Shoaler, Goatasaur, Tregoweth, MartinSpamer, Ahoerstemeier, Arwel Parry, Snoyes, Notheruser, Den fjttrade
ankan, Julesd, Error, Haabet, Stefan, Tristanb, Kaihsu, Palfrey, Evercat, , Raven in Orbit, Zarius, Gymnos, Boson, RickK, Lou Sander,
Fuzheado, Wik, Hao2lian, DJ Clayworth, Haukurth, CBDunkerson, CUNT FUCKING CUNT, Furrykef, Saltine, Melody, Nickshanks,
Italo Svevo, Johnleemk, Adam Carr, MrWeeble, Kev, Mezaco, Finlay McWalter, Francs2000, Sjorford, Nufy8, Robbot, Rjp uk, Jwpurple,
ChrisG, Chrism, RedWolf, Chocolateboy, Moncrief, Altenmann, Yelyos, Mirv, Postdlf, Ashley Y, Academic Challenger, Meelar, Davodd,
Hadal, JesseW, Wereon, Mushroom, Lupo, Widsith, Cordell, Dina, Jooler, Centrx, Christopher Parham, Inter, Wolfkeeper, Nunh-huh,
Tom harrison, Lupin, Chaosplanet, Bradeos Graphon, Everyking, Wyss, Curps, Alison, Henry Flower, Gamaliel, Varlaam, Kenneth Alan,
Guanaco, BigBen212, Pascal666, Siroxo, Marcusvox, Gzornenplatz, AdamJacobMuller, Wiki Wikardo, Hob, Kudz75, OldakQuill, Ben
Arnold, Utcursch, SoWhy, Fys, Geni, Mike R, CryptoDerk, Slowking Man, Antandrus, Zootalures, Daveytaylor, Hurtstotalktoyou, Brucemcdon, Carruthers, Kachooney, Jossi, Rdsmith4, OwenBlacker, DragonySixtyseven, Ellsworth, Tothebarricades.tk, Bodnotbod, Aecarol,
Rogerzilla, Borameer, Marc Mongenet, Gscshoyru, Joyous!, Oknazevad, Jcw69, TJSwoboda, Syvanen, Adashiel, Trevor MacInnis, Grunt,
Mike Rosoft, Alkivar, Freakofnurture, O'Dea, Myfanwy, An Siarach, RossPatterson, Discospinster, ElTyrant, Rich Farmbrough, KillerChihuahua, Rhobite, Fivub, Iainscott, FT2, Inkypaws, Smyth, Narsil, Kooo, MeltBanana, Too Old, Auto movil, Xezbeth, Crestville, Dbachmann, Paul August, Night Gyr, Bender235, ESkog, Phinks, Jnestorius, Violetriga, Brian0918, Mr. Billion, Kop, PedanticallySpeaking,
Livajo, MBisanz, El C, Mulder1982, Cedders, Lankiveil, Kwamikagami, Tverbeek, Shanes, Sietse Snel, RoyBoy, Deanos, Xed, Pablo X, Jpgordon, Yono, Causa sui, Rpresser, Bobo192, Nigelj, Army1987, Longhair, Euniana, Reinyday, Clawson, PReDiToR, The KZA, Viriditas,
Mikehibbert, CloudSurfer, Polluks, Nomist, IDX, La goutte de pluie, FRANCS2000 IS A CUNT, Twobells, Pschemp, Llywelyn, (aeropagitica), Lonesoldier, Hagerman, Nsaa, Paul McMahon, Jez, Lycanthrope, Danski14, Alansohn, Anthony Appleyard, LtNOWIS, Mo0, Dr
Zen, PopUpPirate, Jamyskis, Philip Cross, Mr Adequate, Carbon Caryatid, Andrewpmk, Andrew Gray, JoaoRicardo, Riana, Yamla,
MarkGallagher, Kurt Shaped Box, Ciceronl, Lightdarkness, Viridian, Dave & Ted, Mac Davis, Gareld226, Cdc, CJ, Spangineer, Malo,
Bart133, Bootstoots, Snowolf, Superbob, Blobglob, Helixblue, Peter McGinley, Yuckfoo, Evil Monkey, Omphaloscope, Tony Sidaway,
Rhialto, H2g2bob, Computerjoe, Kusma, Arnold1, Versageek, Drbreznjev, Mark mclaughlin, Dan100, Thegnark, Killing Vector, Weyes,
Kelly Martin, The JPS, Mel Etitis, OwenX, Woohookitty, MagicBez, Mindmatrix, TigerShark, GVOLTT, Rjp08773, Ukulele, Skyraider,
Je3000, MONGO, MrDarcy, 171046, DrAwesome, Lapsed Pacist, CiTrusD, Kelisi, Grace Note, Hughcharlesparker, Wayward, Gimboid13, Estarriol, DavidFarmbrough, Dysepsion, Youngamerican, Behun, SqueakBox, Pete142, Magister Mathematicae, BD2412, Smuj99,
Loudgazelle, FreplySpang, Haikupoet, Yurik, RxS, Dwarf Kirlston, Kane5187, Canderson7, Crzrussian, Rjwilmsi, Seidenstud, Koavf, Ian
Page, Erebus555, Strait, Hiberniantears, Quiddity, Wahkeenah, MZMcBride, Pottyholler, Trickster, ABot, Mcauburn, Bhadani, Bdegfcunbbfv, Sango123, Yamamoto Ichiro, Fish and karate, Flarn2006, Mortice, Mark272, Titoxd, EvanSeeds, SchuminWeb, RobertG, Anskas,
Doc glasgow, Alhutch, Vsion, Nivix, Tonyboy, RexNL, Gurch, Nuge, SpectrumDT, Gurubrahma, King of Hearts, Spineback, Scimitar,
Stefan29, Korg, Design, Rogertudor, Digitalme, Fenoxielo, Gwernol, Jatr, Tuskah, EamonnPKeane, Siddhant, Quentin X, Personman,
Rapido, RattusMaximus, Kinneyboy90, Sceptre, Bungleman, Kiscica, Phantomsteve, RussBot, Lincolnite, Muchness, Bhny, SpuriousQ,
Chaser, Hydrargyrum, Stephenb, Rintrah, C777, David Woodward, Gaius Cornelius, CambridgeBayWeather, Kyorosuke, Alex Bakharev,
Wimt, RadioKirk, Ugur Basak, Knyght27, EngineerScotty, Shanel, NawlinWiki, Wiki alf, Markt3, BigCow, Semolo75, The Ogre, Czyrko,
Arichnad, Jaxl, Mmccalpin, Chunky Rice, Eighty, LiamE, Journalist, Irishguy, Aaron Brenneman, Nubby, PhilipO, Moe Epsilon, Jalabi99,
Misza13, Maerk, Epa101, Samir, C-w-l, Mysid, Wangi, Vlad, Syd Henderson, Elkman, Slicing, Wknight94, The Halo, AjaxSmack, Pegship, FF2010, Superdude99, 21655, Zzuuzz, Ali K, Encephalon, Coqsportif, TheMadBaron, Theda, Jwissick, Arthur Rubin, Redgolpe,
Esprit15d, Jogers, GraemeL, Bobble2, JoanneB, No oenc, Diddims, Pxyzyzygy, Dirtyboo, Shitheads?, Hansolocousin, JLaTondre, Mais
oui!, Jaranda, Spliy, ArielGold, Javamannen2, Garion96, Jacqui M, Kungfuadam, Sliat 1981, RG2, NeilN, CIreland, Jer ome, Sarv anju,
Nick Michael, That Guy, From That Show!, Quadpus, Arcadie, Luk, Jabberwalkee, Attilios, Cannin, SmackBot, Dubbin, Cubs Fan, Moeron, Zazaban, Urania3, KnowledgeOfSelf, Royalguard11, Johnnopryce, NZUlysses, Pgk, Aetheling1125, Dims, Delldot, Arny, Sameer
g, Feebtlas, Brossow, Lion King, Lockheed99, Canthusus, Babak2000ir, HalfShadow, Cazort, Alex earlier account, Ga, Xaosux, Yamaguchi , Aksi great, Macintosh User, Gilliam, Ohnoitsjamie, Hmains, IgnoreAllRules, Doktor Wilhelm, M.o.D, IanDavies, Tv316, Izehar, Chris the speller, Master Jay, Mnbf9rca, Pietaster, Geneb1955, Persian Poet Gal, Roede, Rex Germanus, Snori, SB Johnny, Oli Filth,
Alumni, Batesy02, Patriarch, Fromgermany, Oatmeal batman, Chrisjchurch, Chancemichaels, AKMask, Gracenotes, GWatson, Htra0497,
Hgrosser, MaxSem, Scix, Zsinj, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Grusl, Gu yugu yu, Tamfang, Bm superpig, Slimejs, Vulcanstar6, OrphanBot, Twp, Kindall, Yorick8080, TheKMan, Rrburke, TonySt, Crazynu1, Wes!, Krsont, Hippo43, Xyzzyplugh, Addshore, Mdjc17815, The
tooth, Jmlk17, Cunners, Krich, ConMan, Flyguy649, Geir Arne, Napalm Llama, Khukri, UK-Logician-2006, Daler, Dementation, Nakon,
Smurph35, Savidan, MilitaryTarget, Nick125, Dreadstar, WookMu, TimJing, MartinRe, Mini-Geek, Derek R Bullamore, Nonstopdrivel, Mister Five, Thoughtcat, BryanG, Adambrowne666, Jklin, DMacks, LeoNomis, EdwinH J, Ck lostsword, Pilotguy, Kukini, Wilt,
Deepred6502, Hmoul, Snowgrouse, Mybigrod, Spyrides, LtPowers, Rory096, Sil3nt4ss4sin, Saccerzd, Serein (renamed because of SUL),
BrownHairedGirl, Klytos, Soap, John, Radicaladz, Scientizzle, Buchanan-Hermit, Wtwilson3, 3Jane, Felix-felix, Heimstern, Gobonobo,
Eayxjm, This user has left wikipedia, Edwy, District soldier, Lorisarvendu, Ocatecir, Heliosphan, PseudoSudo, 041744, Beefy SAFC, R0m,
Eivind F yangen, Grumpyyoungman01, Slakr, Wikkawikka, George The Dragon, Danjp123, AxG, Jhamez84, Meco, Waggers, Parkerjh,
E-Kartoel, SeveredSpirit, Ryulong, Spintrian, Dphazelwood, Condem, Hogyn Lleol, H, Avant Guard, Dfred, Atakdoug, Technohead1980,
Boldautomatic, ShakingSpirit, The Real Walrus, KJS77, Pauric, SimonD, Gfborton, ISD, Nehrams2020, RudyB, HisSpaceResearch, Seqsea, Fan-1967, Iridescent, StuHarris, RaiderTarheel, Lakers, JoeBot, Shoeofdeath, Friendlymat, Jon Westfall, Jackvandriver, J Di, Casull,
Tony Fox, Mishatx, Cain47, Gil Gamesh, V0rt3x, UpsideDown, Castlecraver, Chovain, Brianarban, Tawkerbot2, Valoem, TriniSocialist,
SadeqRahimi, Pink Fae, Sjcrook, Ki4ihc, Erichviedge, Signinstranger, Winston Spencer, Fvasconcellos, Switchercat, Danielm873, JForget, RWhite, CmdrObot, Tanthalas39, Fursday, Toadams, Mattbr, Wafulz, Jayunderscorezero, SupaStarGirl, Alexbuirds, Big Jock Knew,
Nunquam Dormio, Kylu, Carter kalchik, Eddos 1983, Kickin' Da Speaker, ShelfSkewed, Lesoil, Shizane, Bella Donita, Falsehopesgg,
Moreschi, Casper2k3, ONUnicorn, Liu Bei, MrFish, Jbossbarr, TJDay, Dagobyte 1, ElectricEye, Karl schroeder, T5g, Colourneon,
HalJor, Cydebot, Atomaton, Eustusxgg, JFBridge, Mientkiewicz5508, Gatoclass, Brumbrum, Steel, SyntaxError55, Gogo Dodo, Barry
Slemmings, JFreeman, Flowerpotman, Kimisacunt, Corpx, Llort, ST47, Chasingsol, GrahamGRA, Myscrnnm, HilJackson, Wikipediarules2221, Joshdaginga, Frogsbury, Tawkerbot4, DumbBOT, Chrislk02, Phydend, Fizxwestcott, Ghostexorcist, Jamiehudson, Chachilongbow, Salulljoica, Nsaum75, Viridae, Garik, Univalonso, Ward3001, Relentless gamer, Emmett5, Jlpspinto, Omicronpersei8, JodyB,
Jguard18, Daniel Olsen, Richc80, Jahiliyyah, Satori Son, Rocket000, FrancoGG, SummonerMarc, Malleus Fatuorum, Howling-mad, Khimani mohiki, Epbr123, Biruitorul, Tozznok, Colin4C, Wikedit9, Jaywar, Aj uk, Qwyrxian, Maynotlast, Jmg38, Stuart Harris-Logan, Colin

12

11

TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Hicks, Adamd550, Mojo Hand, Missvain, John254, Savatar, Neil916, The Wednesday Island, Wildthing61476, JustAGal, Justsomecoolguyhomie, Handsomedan, NigelR, The Fat Man Who Never Came Back, Greg L, Whoda, Richard Hawkins, Lorcav, KungFuGrip, RedHotRadiators, CTZMSC3, Porqin, Ju66l3r, CerealBabyMilk, Jcressey, John Smythe, AntiVandalBot, Majorly, Luna Santin, Cicadaboy,
Oxlerose, Kingkobra, Doc Tropics, Autocracy, Richking70, James Epstein, Brendandh, Waerloeg, WikiLambo, Tmopkisn, Jimbo91uk,
Smartse, Sadara, Table52, JasterMereel, Zebedeezbd, Farosdaughter, Mgmobrien, MECU, Keithy1987, Wing Nut, NOAHSR20, Myanw,
Ghmyrtle, Colston20, Canadian-Bacon, Gavpowers, Ioeth, JAnDbot, Deective, Husond, Enfys, PRDH, Richytps, MER-C, Skomorokh,
Carpsio, CyberAnth, WikipedianProlic, Endlessdan, Ikanreed, Dcooper, Noobeditor, Hut 8.5, Nmcmahon, Klwtwizzy, Ryan4314, Kirrages, AOL account, Rothorpe, Alastair Haines, Cynwolfe, Richardhoggins, LittleOldMe, Wasell, Stephens black friend, Igitur za, Lollerskates1, Pedro, VoABot II, Davidjk, MastCell, Hullaballoo Wolfowitz, Killertofu72, Tijgertim, Think outside the box, WagByName, Edward Tambling, Nevaaron, Dinosaur puppy, Artlondon, Nick Cooper, JeanJPoirier, Duggy 1138, Catgut, PenguinJockey, Jocasta shadow,
Not a dog, Animum, Rodparkes, Cgingold, Theonlyshaolingod, Stiny91, Mtd2006, Elcajonfarms, Adrian J. Hunter, Gefaehrlich, Allstarecho, Rbha7, P.B. Pilhet, Bobby H. Heey, MrGBoy, Cpl Syx, Glen, Chris G, DerHexer, Esanchez7587, Pan Dan, Canberra User, Xtifr,
Baburkhan, Gwern, Minmi, BenWoodru, Kornfan71, Blueplaidsuit, DWShaw, Faget, Bymyside111, CliC, Hogeyb, Sigmundg, Tvoz,
Motley Crue Rocks, Keith D, TechnoFaye, R'n'B, AlexiusHoratius, Poker Flunky, VirtualDelight, Thadrd28, Smokizzy, Lilac Soul, Arquettegurl005, FMAFan1990, JonathonReinhart, Idisthebest, RockMFR, Victimsofopportunity, J.delanoy, THEXTREMIST, Editing wiki
is my life, Nev1, Lanklan, Trusilver, Charlotte Potnoodle, Nasmformyzombie, Pointlessforest, Sam Weller, Tikiwont, SteveLamacq43,
Eliz81, Peterneufeld, Igloo78tin, SCB '92, Gzkn, Acalamari, DarkFalls, Ncmvocalist, Ryan Postlethwaite, Jer10 95, Gaykhatu, Jeepday,
Rehrenberg, Gurchzilla, WebHamster, Paddyboom, Bilbobee, Bpwalsh, AntiSpamBot, Mrceleb2007, KFed, Judas goat, Hahcoolness,
Belovedfreak, Treason2006x, A.Arc, EyeOpener0013, Aughhheadshot, SJP, Mccabe123, Froddy, Frogacuda, I have no pants but I sure
like to dance, Boxhead100, Jackaranga, Lauraxx88xx, Dyingswansong, DBCC, Greatestrowerever, Tweisbach, Joshdavis249, 2eet2eet,
AshleysBrain, DMCer, Spaceport, Inter16, Dicksharpe, Chris Longley, Frickeg, Dr kapow, SoCalSuperEagle, Cake19, Squids and Chips,
Mokgen, CardinalDan, WWGB, Fox686, Ppellet, Joeadelo, Westbury4, ACSE, Buaille, Lights, Vranak, Jophus00, Dudney, Deor, King
Lopez, Some people, VolkovBot, Morenooso, Thedjatclubrock, One Night In Hackney, Wassaaaaa, Jennavecia, Pantharen, Tithonfury,
Maglonj72, Fences and windows, Kaiwynn, Tamanos, Curtangel, Philip Trueman, FluyWyld2, IAmTheCoinMan, Jalwikip, Technopat,
Pwnage8, Planetary Chaos, Mr Richardson, Dchall1, C4pt4in W1k1, Mosherdude91, Martman53, Steven J. Anderson, Lradrama, Sintaku, Jamesium, FogDevil, Bass shing physicist, Ddj, Zeamaes, David in DC, Cremepu222, Master Bigode, BotKung, Dnoswalt, Aliasd,
Maxim, Meatcigars, PeacefrogCA, Witchzilla, RadiantRay, RandomXYZb, Bdr177, Doeydoey, Diggy b, Wolfrock, Gillyweed, AbortO-Matic 5000, Atishoo, Falcon8765, Enviroboy, Mikez302, Purgatory Fubar, AjitPD, AgentCDE, Shortskirtlonglegs, Cnilep, Farnishk,
Necris, Newsaholic, Brianga, Raphaelaarchon, Mike4ty4, Wikiboywonder, John fogerty man, Genni Seaton, Tumadoireacht, 0--Spanglish0, Munci, Shougunner, Duttonb1, Karenishere, Daveh4h, Chuck Sirloin, NHRHS2010, Runewiki777, Raabdj, Red, Steven Weston,
Biguglycat, Cj1340, Scoresheet, Arush79, Davydd1, Regnus, Xjetblackxheartx, Kasturban, FullHouseIsGreat, Lightbreather, Lukum35,
Coee, Anakephaliosis, Tulips1, Spectralvibes, Ooks, Alexander28, Calliopejen1, dipus sic, Scarian, Euryalus, WereSpielChequers,
Caggy27, Carlhnz, Telecasterthommy, Doctors fan, Racer x124, YourEyesOnly, Caltas, Edmund Patrick, A10223 II, Xymmax, RJaguar3,
Rebelliousc2, Potjnr, Uhohidk, Schaput, Stephen Lydon, GlassCobra, Peterbruce01, Duty Join, Jrod2171993, Lolaro!, Flyer22, Hampelfritz, Just4rob, BluntPanda, Obscurity1234, Darelldevil775, Seraphal, Bob1230, Milton.mic, SPACKlick, DieHomieDie, Nwalrhjasljl,
Chinesedonkey, Oxenpar, Rcarlberg, Oxymoron83, Jack1956, Aspects, KPH2293, Jacko152, Lightmouse, N8wood, Fbarw, Baronvonzyklon, 06drye, Gunmetal Angel, IdreamofJeanie, Correogsk, Spartan-James, TheUnrealConqueror, Dinkydexy, Stoneyford, J.D.myface, Kcmaa, Xman371, Triplek3, Tesi1700, The awesome opossum, Fredinstone1001, Mtaylor848, ArtIsSorrow6667, Doktorschley, Aillama,
Faithlessthewonderboy, Sfan00 IMG, MBK004, MerkavahVision, SIcIrIiIpIt, ClueBot, Toload1, Chinese people are arseholes.. those in my
school, that is, Jordancote, Deanlaw, Cradleofbill, The Thing That Should Not Be, Dondeestamimente, Diuzer, Rodhullandemu, QuintBy,
Cub68134, Freman53, Drmies, GarryMann, Max white, AirdishStraus, Niceguyedc, Chickpea57, XAFBx, Blanchardb, Aneldbomb,
Parkwells, Vks241, Trivialist, Bogi5162, JFlav, SimpleParadox, Cirt, Solar-Wind, RobPortNoq, Ruonumber9, Eadthem, Kelamena,
Icy Chev, Bravesfanatic4, Ska23bra, BumpWit, -Midorihana-, MattTrinder, Dinnyfm, Strandty, Misty Willows, Arjayay, Bremerenator,
7&6=thirteen, Quelcrime, Bus Bax, Orlando098, Razorame, Blindegy, The ying pasty, Dougiebeck, Eshouthe, Thingg, RegeEtLege,
Papabroz, Elmo666, Marshymellow, Balweyn1977, Sk8rb0y33, DumZiBoT, Bingobangobongoboo, WHEN I WAS A YOUNG BOY,
Marky prowler, Afriend4198, InternetMeme, XLinkBot, Flippymcdubar, WillOakland, For An Angel, MilesTerrex, Swancookie, Addbot,
JBsupreme, Carnegiecarnage, Willking1979, Freakmighty, DOI bot, Mspence835, Aaronjhill, CBHA, Ironholds, Cuaxdon, Scientus, Dannyvets, Shaunpw, Download, Almost-instinct, Sillyfolkboy, LoydJohnson, Nstanzione, Chzz, Dr. Universe, Doktory, LinkFA-Bot, Bob
Loves Grib, Beefting, Zedweiller, Ben Wraith, Tide rolls, OlEnglish, Pietrow, Avono, Bumbasher, Yobot, Kevinwells, VengeancePrime,
Allemandtando, Guy1890, JamesNewton92, Ayrton Prost, Ayla123, Mdw0, AnomieBOT, Hairhorn, DX10, CouplandForever, AdjustShift, Cyberkid ua, Jimtinman3909, Wodawik, Citation bot, Quebec99, Monkeyspasm, Cameron Scott, Daftpunkboy93, Capricorn42,
7h3 3L173, Corruptcopper, Call me Bubba, Stewie71, VKGA, Bgagaga, Supertonefan, Oli876, DarkElrad, Moneyshea, Ryanwall93, Sesu
Prime, Legobot III, Nosuchthingasasmallchange, Paine Ellsworth, KMFDM Fan, Scythian23, Cabro-foto, Markeilz, Citation bot 1, EmperorOwen993, DANE YOUSSEF, Laboris Dulcedo, Calmer Waters, Tinton5, Skyerise, TheWikipwner, Gingermint, Aable Familiar,
Meaghan, Theneverplayedsymphony, Lissajous, Crusoe8181, Srettiws, Jashilo, Trappist the monk, D climacus, DriveMySol, Standardfact, Lotje, Johnmdavey, James Bulloch, CuzIcanandwill, Yamahamotto2008, Rabadoum, Jippo123, Vancouver Outlaw, Ssikeo3, Jmcgregor01, Hahahaheheheha, Thelema12, Stignnare, Jackass2009, RjwilmsiBot, Guguwich, Smartiger, Phlegat, GoingBatty, KoolJohnny15,
Hohho56oy, Jocirilo, Medeis, H3llBot, Unreal7, Weirdunclebob, Oldmateadz, 2tuntony, Morgengave, ChuispastonBot, Sonicyouth86,
ClueBot NG, Preston North End Dan, Joefromrandb, Frerin, Snotbot, Hazhk, North Atlanticist Usonian, MerlIwBot, Helpful Pixie Bot,
Taleb247, BZTMPS, George Ponderevo, Atterion, The Almightey Drill, Tyrael123, Englandstruth, Bugsysiegel71, Tutelary, HiNatasha,
Lucan1971, Mogism, Prohairesius, JSydel, Ekips39, PinkAmpersand, Homechallenge55, SNUGGUMS, Noteswork, Yourkidsareboring,
Monkbot, Filedelinkerbot, Qwertyxp2000 and Anonymous: 1595

11.2

Images

File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
File:Padlock-silver.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Padlock-silver.svg License: CC0 Contributors:
http://openclipart.org/people/Anonymous/padlock_aj_ashton_01.svg Original artist: This image le was created by AJ Ashton. Uploaded
from English WP by User:Eleassar. Converted by User:AzaToth to a silver color.
File:Question_book-new.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/99/Question_book-new.svg License: ? Contributors:
Created from scratch in Adobe Illustrator. Based on Image:Question book.png created by User:Equazcion Original artist:

11.3

Content license

13

Tkgd2007
File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public domain Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

11.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0