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Example
Minimize the following Boolean function using
sum of products (SOP):
f(a,b,c,d) = m(3,7,11,12,13,14,15)
abcd
3 0011
7 0111
11 1011
12 1100
13 1101
14 1110
15 1111
a`b`cd
a`bcd
ab`cd
abc`d`
abc`d
abcd`
abcd
Example
f(a,b,c,d) = m(3,7,11,12,13,14,15)
=a`b`cd + a`bcd + ab`cd + abc`d`+ abc`d + abcd` + abcd
=cd(a`b` + a`b + ab`) + ab(c`d` + c`d + cd` + cd )
=cd(a`[b` + b] + ab`) + ab(c`[d` + d] + c[d` + d])
=cd(a`[1] + ab`) + ab(c`[1] + c[1])
=ab+ab`cd + a`cd
=ab+cd(ab` + a`)
=ab+ cd(a + a`)(a`+b`)
= ab + a`cd + b`cd
= ab +cd(a` + b`)
Example
f(a,b,c,d) = M(0,1,2,4,5,6,8,9,10)
=m(3,7,11,12,13,14,15)
=[(a+b+c+d)(a+b+c+d`)(a+b`+c`+d`)
(a`+b+c`+d`)(a`+b`+c+ d)(a`+b`+c+ d`) (a`+b`+c`+d)(a`+b`+c`+d`)]
Examples
Two variable K-map f(A,B)=m(0,1,3)=A`B`+A`B+AB
B 0
A 0
C`
0
1C
1
A`BC
A B
1 1
A B`
1 0
A`B`C`
1
AB`C
Maxterm example
(A+B) (A+B`) (A`+B`) (A`+B)
A`B` A`B
AB
AB`
C
C`
C` C
f(A,B,C) = M(1,2,4,6,7)
=(A+B+C`)(A+B`+C)(A`+B+C) )(A`+B`+C) (A`+B`+C`)
Note that the complements are (0,3,5) which are the minterms of
the previous example
Universal set
A
Example
BC
Simplify f= A`BC`+
A B C`+ A B C using;
(a) Sum of minterms. (b) Maxterms.
C
B
Each cell of an n-variable K-map has
nABlogically adjacent
(a)
cells.
A
BC
AB
C
00
0
01
11
1
1
10
C 1
00
AB
C 1
11
10
4
0
1
01
0
3
AB
B
(b)
(c)
a-
f(A,B,C) = AB + BC
b-
f(A,B,C) = B(A + C)
F = B(A+C`)
Example Simplify
f(A,B,C,D) = m(2,3,4,5,7,8,10,13,15)
A
AB
CD
00
0
01
4
00
1
13
11
1
2
10
15
00
00
1
11
01
4
00
11
C
1
13
1
2
10
10
8
11
10
11
12
01
1
14
00
0
1
15
10
CD
10
1
1
6
14
AB
13
11
(b)
11
(a)
12
15
01
01
4
13
10
A
0
10
10
10
8
11
CD
AB
11
12
01
11
14
01
4
00
00
0
1
3
CD
10
8
01
11
12
AB
15
1
6
1
D
11
1
14
10
(c)
(d)
AB
CD
00
0
01
4
00
1
13
11
1
2
15
11
C
1
01
4
11
C
1
15
1
6
1
D
11
1
14
10
(a)
(b)
(c)
10
8
13
10
12
11
10
11
01
1
14
00
00
1
6
CD
10
1
15
AB
13
10
12
11
10
11
01
1
14
01
00
00
1
3
10
12
CD
10
01
11
AB
f(A,B,C,D) = m(0,5,7,8,10,12,14,15)
A
AB
CD
00
0
00
01
4
1
1
CD
10
13
00
1
9
15
1
2
01
4
11
14
10
13
(b)
AB
00
01
4
13
CD
10
11
00
1
9
01
4
15
11
14
1
5
10
11
C
10
10
8
13
15
11
1
3
11
12
01
1
2
00
0
1
3
AB
01
11
12
B
A
00
10
(a)
11
1
14
CD
15
10
1
3
10
10
8
11
11
12
01
11
00
01
11
12
AB
1
2
1
14
10
10
(c)
(d)
Example
Example
Example
f(A,B,C,D) = m(1,2,4,6,9)
Step 2
A
AB
CD
00
0
01
4
00
11
10
12
13
01
1
3
1
7
15
11
14
10
11
C
10
Step 1
Step 3
AB
C
00
0
01
2
1
1
1
1
1
01
1
00
11
10
00
01
11
10
1
B
10
1
7
AB
11
BC
Dont-care condition
Minterms that may produce either 0 or 1 for the function.