10 WCDMA Handover

N-0
WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter
WCDMA Handover
Principle and Relevant
Parameters
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission
N-1
Foreword
l
Why mobile systems need handover?

p
It is decided by the characters of mobile system:

n
The mobility of UE
The mobile system is composed by cells which the coverage

ability is limited.
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic

element in QoS.
Page1
N-2
Objectives
l
Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

p
Know the basic definitions of Handover
The algorithms of handover decision
The handover flow
The parameters of handover
Page2
N-3
Contents
1. Introduction of Handover
2. Measurement of Handover
3. The Basic Handovers
Page3
N-4
Contents
Page4
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The Purpose of Handover

l
Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the

basic element in QoS
The load balance: sharing the resource
The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency

of using resource
Page5
Handover is a basic function of a cellular mobile network. The purpose of

handover is to ensure that a UE in CELL_DCH state is served continuously when it
moves.
N-6
The Basic Concepts of Handover

l
Active Set
maximum ratio combination
Monitored Set
selection combination
Detected set
The soft handover gain
Radio Link (RL)
CPICH
Radio Link Set (RLS)
Page6
Active set : Cells, which belong to the active set. User information is sent from all these
cells. In FDD, the cells in the active set are involved in soft handover. In TDD the active set
always comprises one cell only. The UE shall only consider active set cells included in the
variable CELL_INFO_LIST for measurement; i.e. active set cells not included in the
CELL_INFO_LIST shall not be considered in any event evaluation and measurement
reporting.
Monitored set :Cells, which are not included in the active set, but are included in the
CELL_INFO_LIST belong to the monitored set.
Detected set : Cells detected by the UE, which are neither in the CELL_INFO_LIST nor in
the active set belong to the detected set. Reporting of measurements of the detected set is
only applicable to intra-frequency measurements made by UEs in CELL_DCH state.
RL: Radio link between NodeB and UE.
RLS: Radio link set. The RLs from same NodeB.
Combination way: For soft handover, the uplink signals are combined in RNC. The RNC
will select one best signal to process. We call this selective combination. For softer
handover, the uplink signals are combined in the RAKE receiver of NodeB. It is maximum
ratio combination.
Soft handover gain: We have introduced in Coverage Planning.
CPICH: Common Pilot Channel. UE measure the signal strength of CPICH for handover
decision.
N-7
The Categories of Handover

l
According to the signaling characters

n
Soft handover (softer handover)
Hard handover
According to the properties of source cell and target cell:

n
Intra-frequency handover
Inter-frequency handover
Inter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)
According to the purpose of handover:

n
Based on Coverage
Based on Noncoverage
Page7
The unique signaling of soft handover is Active Set Update, and the unique
signaling of hard handover is Physical Channel Reconfiguration.
Soft handover include soft handover and softer handover. It is depended on if the
two (or three) RLs belong to one NodeB.
The handover based on load is load control algorithm.
The handover based on mobility of UE is for HCS handover.
The handover based on service: for example, the handover between R99 and
HSDPA.
N-8
The Characters of Different Handover

l
Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:
Item
The number of RLs in
Soft Handover
Hard Handover
Several
One
No
Yes
Only happened between
Can be happened in Intra-
Intra-frequency cells
frequency cells or Inter-
active set after handover

Interruption during
handover
The frequencies of cells
frequency cells
Page8
The maximum number of RL is 3. This value can be changed. But this function
need the UE to support. Normally, the active set supported by UE is fixed 3 and
can not be changed.
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The Characters of Different Handover

l
Comparison between soft handover and softer handover :
Item
UL combination
Soft Handover
Softer Handover
Signal combined in
Signal combined in NodeB by
RNC by selective
combination
DL combination
Signal combined in
Signal combined in UE by
UE by maximum ratio
combination
Page9
During softer handover, the uplink signaling are

combined in NodeB by maximum ratio combination, but
during soft handover they are combined in RNC by
selective combination
Compare to later one, the maximum ratio combination

can get more gain. So the performance of maximum ratio
combination is better
Since softer handover is completed in NodeB, it do not

consume transport resource of Iub
N-10
Three Steps of Handover

The following figure shows handover
procedure (measurement quality set to
PCPICH Ec/No)
Measure the CPICH Ec/N0 of the serving cell and
its neighboring cells as well as the relative time
difference between the cells
Measurement
Measurement phase
Decision
No
Are handover criteria satisfied?
Yes
Execution
Perform a handover and update relative parameters
Decision phase
Execution phase
Page10
In the measurement phase, the UE takes measurement according to the

MEASUREMENT CONTROL message received from the RNC. The UE sends
related measurement reports to the RNC according to the rules defined in the
MEASUREMENT CONTROL message when the event triggering conditions are
met.
After receiving the intra-frequency measurement report from the UE, the RNC
decides whether to go to the execution phase, depending on the information in the
report.
N-11
Contents
Page11
N-12
Contents
2.1 Measurement Control and Measurement Report
2.2 Measurement Phase
Page12
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Measurement Control
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT CONTROL
Measurement Control, normal case
Page13
If the UE setup a RRC connection or trigger the 1D event, the UTRAN will send the
measurement control to UE. The measurement control include the algorithm of measurement and
handover, for example, the intra-frequency handover criteria, and how to report.
The latter message includes the following measurement control information:
1. Measurement identity: A reference number that should be used by the UTRAN when
setting up, modifying or releasing the measurement and by the UE in the measurement report.
l
2. Measurement command: One out of three different measurement commands.
-Setup: Setup a new measurement.
-Modify: Modify a previously defined measurement, e.g. to change the reporting criteria.
-Release: Stop a measurement and clear all information in the UE that are related to that
measurement.
l
3. Measurement type: One of the types listed above describing what the UE shall measure.
Presence or absence of the following control information depends on the measurement type.
l
l
4. Measurement objects: The objects the UE shall measure, and corresponding object
information.
5. Measurement quantity: The quantity the UE shall measure. This also includes the filtering
of the measurements.
l
6. Reporting quantities: The quantities the UE shall include in the report in addition to the
quantities that are mandatory to report for the specific event.
7. Measurement reporting criteria: The triggering of the measurement report, e.g. periodical
or event-triggered reporting.
8. Measurement Validity: Defines in which UE states the measurement is valid.
9. Measurement reporting mode: This specifies whether the UE shall transmit the
measurement report using AM or UM RLC.
l
l
10. Additional measurement identities: A list of references to other measurements. When
this measurement triggers a measurement report, the UE shall also include the reporting quantities
for the measurements referenced by the additional measurement identities.
N-14
Measurement Report
UE
UTRAN
MEASUREMENT REPORT
Measurement Control, normal case
Page14
The purpose of the measurement reporting procedure is to transfer
measurement results from the UE to UTRAN.

Based on the algorithm in measurement control, the UE will measure the
signal strength and check if it meet the requirement of all event. If it meet the
requirement of any event, UE will send the measurement report to UTRAN to
l
trigger the handover. The most important information in the measurement are
the PSC and the CPICH Ec/No of the target cell, and the triggered event.
N-15
Contents
2.1 Measurement Control and Measurement Report
2.2 Measurement Phase
Page15
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Measurement Model
parameters
parameters
Layer 1
filtering
Layer 3
filtering
C
C'
Evaluation
of reporting
criteria
A is measurement value at the physical layer
B is the measurement value after layer 1 filtering at physical layer.

The value goes from the physical layer to high layer
C is measurement after processing in the layer3 filter
C is another measurement value
D is measurement report information sent on the radio interface or

Iub interface
Page16
N-17
Measurement Quantity
Ec/No
n
RSCP
n
CPICH signal quality
CPICH signal level
RSSI
n
GSM cell signal level
Page17
The measurement quantity of intra-frequency or inter-frequency measurement can be

Ec/No (dB) or RSCP (dBm) of a common pilot channel .
For inter-RAT measurement ,GSM cell RSSI is used.
N-18
Measurement Quantity Configuration

l
IntraFreqMeasQuantity
p
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measure quantity
The default value of this parameter is Ec/No
InterFreqMeasQuantity
p
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure quantity
The default value of this parameter is Both
MeasQuantityOf3A
p
Parameter name: 3A Measure Quantity
The default value of this parameter is RSCP
Page18
IntraFreqMeasQuantity
p
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measurement quantity
Value range: CPICH_Ec/No, CPICH_RSCP .
Content: Measurement value used in intrafrequency measurement .
The recommended value of this parameter is CPICH_EC/NO
pSet this parameter through SET INTRAFREQHO, query it through LST

INTRAFREQHO.
l
InterFreqMeasQuantity
p
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measurement quantity
Value range: CPICH_Ec/No, CPICH_RSCP, BOTH .
Content: Measurement quantity used in coverage-based inter-frequency

measurement .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is BOTH.
Set this parameter through SET INTERFREQHOCOV, query it through LST

INTERFREQHOCOV.
MeasQuantityOf3A
p
Parameter name: 3A Measure Quantity
Value range: CPICH_Ec/No, CPICH_RSCP.
Content: Measurement quantity used in coverage-based inter-RAT measurement .
The recommended value of this parameter is CPICH_RSCP.
Set this parameter through SET INTERRATHOCOV, query it through

SET
INTERRATHOCOV.
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N-19
Layer 3 filtering
Fn = (1 a) Fn 1 + a M n
Where:
l
Fn is the new measurement value after filtering.
Fn-1 is the last measurement value after filtering.
Mn is the latest measurement value from the physical layer.
a = 1/2(k/2)
(k is set to Intra-freq meas L3 filter coeff)
Page19
The greater this parameter is ,the stronger the smoothing effect on the signal will be ,
and the stronger the fast fading resistance capability will be , but the weaker the
tracing capability of the signal change will be.
l When k = 0, that is, a is set to 1, no layer 3 filtering is performed.
N-20
Layer 3 filtering coefficient

l
FilterCoef
p
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measurement filter coefficient
The default value of this parameter is D3
InterFreqFilterCoef
p
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measure filter coefficient
InterRATFilterCoef
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT filter coefficient
Page20
FilterCoef
p
Parameter name: Intra-frequency measurement filter coefficient
Value range: 0~19.
Content: L3 filtering coefficient for intra-frequency measurement. The greater this parameter is, the greater
the smoothing effect and the higher the anti fast fading capability, but the lower the signal change tracing
capability.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 3
Set this parameter through SET INTRAFREQHO, query it through LST INTRAFREQHO.
InterFreqFilterCoef
p
Parameter name: Inter-frequency measurement filter coefficient
Value range: 0~19.
capability.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 3
Set this parameter through SET INTERFREQHOCOV, query it through LST INTERFREQHOCOV.
InterRATFilterCoef
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT measurement filter coefficient
Value range: 0~19.
capability.
p
The recommended
value of thisInformation
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Set this parameter through SET INTERRATHOCOV, query it through LST INTERRATHOCOV.
N-21
Measurement Report Mode

l
Periodic Report
Event Trigger Report
Event to Periodic Report
Page21
According to the Measurement Control , UE will report the measurement results to

UTRAN by event trigger report or periodic report.
If the UE report a measurement report triggered by Event ,the UE will wait for
response from UTRAN, if there is no any response after a specific period, to avoid
measurement report loss, the event reporting can be turned to periodical report.
N-22
Contents
Page22
N-23
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.2 Intra-frequency Hard Handover
3.3 Inter-frequency Hard Handover
3.4 Inter-RAT Hard Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page23
N-24
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page24
N-25
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

l
Characters of Soft Handover

n
During handover, UE has several RLs with different cells
The handover among different cells which are in same RLS can be
softer handover
Signals from each RL will be combined in UL and DL.
Page25
Soft handover:
selective combination in uplink

Maximum ratio combination in downlink
l
Softer handover
Maximum ratio combination in uplink and downlink
N-26
Brief Introduction of Soft Handover

l
Advantages
n
Soft handover gain
Decrease the possibility of call drop
Disadvantages
n
More resource needed in downlink
it way cause side-effect
Page26
Advantages
Because of the signal combination, the combination gain can overcome some of the
path loss
During the handover, UE has several RLs with the network, call drop caused by pingpong handover can be avoided
Disadvantages
Soft handover will occupy more resource ,such as CE, Iub transmission, especially for
the code resources for BE service
When the downlink power from different cells are not balanced, it will cause sideeffect in downlink.
N-27
Measurement of Soft Handover

l
Measurement quantity
n
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
Reporting mode
n
Periodic reporting
Event trigger reporting
Event trigger reporting to Periodic reporting
Event type
n
1A,1B,1C,1D
Page27
Normally, the soft handovers are triggered by 1A,1B,1C events in the Measurement
report signaling, UTRAN will make decisions according to these events
1D event will trigger new measurement control.
N-28
Soft Handover Measurement Events

Event
Description
1A
The PCPICH quality of the cells in the monitored set enters the reporting range .
This indicates that the quality of a cell is close to the quality of the best cell . A
relative high combined gain can be achieved when the cell is added to the active
set
1B
The PCPICH quality of the cells in the active set leaves the reporting range. This
indicates that quality of a cell is much worse than the quality of the best cell. The
cell should not stay in the active set
1C
A non-active PCPICH becomes better than an active PCPICH. This indicates that
the quality of a cell is close to the quality of the best cell. In addition ,the number of
cells in the active set has reached the maximum value. The cell replaces the worst
cell in the active set ; thus achieving a higher combined gain
1D
Event of the change of the best cell
Page28
Actually ,we can consider Events are the suggestions from the UE:
1A means UE suggests to add a radio link,
1B means UE suggests to remove a radio link,
1C means UE suggests to exchange a radio link
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The Trigger Algorithm of 1A Event

l
Event 1A is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM
New
NA
+ CIO New W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM

i
=
1
Best
( R1 a H 1a / 2 ),
Page29
Mnew is the measurement value of the cell in the reporting range
CIOnew is cell individual offset of the cell in the reporting range . It is

set for the neighboring cell
W is the weight value
Mi is the measurement value of the cell in the active set
NA is the number of cells in the current active set
Mbest is the measurement value of the best cell in the active set
R1a is the reporting range or relative threshold of soft handover. The

threshold parameters of CS and PS service are CS service 1A event
relative threshold , PS service 1A event relative threshold respectively
H1a is 1A hysteresis , the hysteresis value of event 1A
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Example of 1A Event
A: signal curve of the best cell in the active set

B: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
C: The 1A curve
Page30
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Key parameters of 1A Event

l
INTRARELTHDFOR1ACS
p
Parameter name: CS service 1A event relative threshold
The default value of this parameter is 6 ( 3dB )
INTRARELTHDFOR1APS
p
Parameter name: PS service 1A event relative threshold
Page31
INTRARELTHDFOR1ACS
p
Parameter name: CS service 1A event relative threshold
Value range: 0~14.5; step: 0.5
Content: The CS service relative threshold of the event 1A. It is easier to

trigger event 1A if the value increases. It is harder to trigger event 1A if the
value decreases.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 6 (3dB)
Set this parameter through SET INTRAFREQHO, query it through LST
INTRAFREQHO.
INTRARELTHDFOR1ACS
p
Parameter name: PS service 1A event relative threshold
Content: The PS service relative threshold of the event 1A. It is easier to

trigger event 1A if the value increases. It is harder to trigger event 1A if the
value decreases.
p
INTRAFREQHO.
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Key parameters of 1A Event

l
HYSTFOR1A
p
Parameter name: 1A event hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 0( 0dB )
TRIGTIME1A
p
Parameter name: 1A event trigger delay time
The default value of this parameter is D320 ( 320ms )
Page32
HYSTFOR1A
p
Parameter name: 1A event hysteresis
Value range: 0~7.5dB; step: 0.5
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1A. This parameter value is
related to the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set,
the less ping-pong effect and misjudgement can be caused. However, in
this case, the event cannot be triggered in time.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 0 ( 0dB )
INTRAFREQHO.
TRIGTIME1A
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1A. This parameter value is
the smaller the misjudgement probability, but the lower the response speed
of the event to the measured signal changes.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is D320 ( 320ms )

INTRAFREQHO.
p
N-33
The Trigger Algorithm of 1B Event

l
Event 1B is triggered on the basis of the following formula
NA
10 LogM Old + CIOOld W 10 Log M i + (1 W ) 10 LogM Best ( R1b + H 1b / 2),

i
=
1
Page33
Mold is the measurement value of the cell that becomes worse
CIOold is cell individual offset of the cell in the reporting range . It is set
for the neighboring cell
W is the weight value
Mi is the measurement value of the cell in the active set
NA is the number of cells in the current active set
Mbest is the measurement value of the best cell in the active set
R1b is the reporting range or relative threshold of soft handover. The

threshold parameters of CS and PS service are CS service 1B event
relative threshold , PS service 1B event relative threshold respectively
H1b is 1B hysteresis , the hysteresis value of event 1B
N-34
Example of 1B Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
C: The 1B curve
Page34
N-35
Key parameters of 1B Event

l
INTRARELTHDFOR1BCS
p
Parameter name: CS service 1B event relative threshold
INTRARELTHDFOR1BPS
p
Parameter name: PS service 1B event relative threshold
Page35
INTRARELTHDFOR1BCS
p
Parameter name: CS service 1B event relative threshold
Content: The CS service relative threshold of the event 1B. It is easier to

trigger event 1B if the value decreases. It is harder to trigger event 1B if the
value increases.
p
INTRAFREQHO.
INTRARELTHDFOR1BCS
p
Parameter name: PS service 1B event relative threshold
Content: The PS service relative threshold of the event 1B. It is easier to

trigger event 1B if the value increases. It is harder to trigger event 1B if the
value decreases.
p
INTRAFREQHO.
N-36

l
HYSTFOR1B
p
Parameter name: 1B event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1B
p
Parameter name: 1B event trigger delay time
Page36
HYSTFOR1B
p
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1B. This parameter value is
p
INTRAFREQHO.
TRIGTIME1B
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1B. This parameter value is
p

INTRAFREQHO.
p
N-37
The Trigger Algorithm of 1C Event

l
Event 1C is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM New + CIONew 10 LogM InAS + CIOInAS + H1c / 2,
Page37
Mnew is the measurement value of the cell in the reporting range
CIOnew is cell individual offset of the cell in the reporting range . It is

set for the neighboring cell
M inAS is the measurement value of the worst cell in the active set
CIOInAS is cell individual offset of the worst cell in the active set
H1c is 1C hysteresis , the hysteresis value of event 1C
N-38
Example of 1C Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the active set
C: signal curve of the worst cell in the active set
D: signal curve of a cell in the monitoring set
E: The 1C curve
Page38
N-39
Key parameters of 1C Event

l
HYSTFOR1C
p
Parameter name: 1C event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1C
p
Parameter name: 1C event trigger delay time
Page39
HYSTFOR1C
p
Parameter name: 1C event hysteresis
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1C. This parameter value is
p
INTRAFREQHO.
TRIGTIME1C
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1C. This parameter value is
p

INTRAFREQHO.
p
N-40

xujin1
The Trigger Algorithm of 1D Event

l
Event 1D is triggered on the basis of the following formula
10 LogM notbest 10 LogM best + H 1d / 2 ,
Page40
MNotbest is the measurement value of a cell that is not best cell
M best is the measurement value of the best cell in the active set
H1d is 1D hysteresis , the hysteresis value of event 1D
41
xujin1
not the best

the best
xujin, 2008-05-18
N-41
Example of 1D Event

B: signal curve of a cell in the active set or monitoring set
C: Th1D curve
Page41
N-42
Key parameters of 1D Event

l
HYSTFOR1D
p
Parameter name: 1D event hysteresis
TRIGTIME1D
p
Parameter name: 1D event trigger delay time
Page42
HYSTFOR1D
p
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1D. This parameter value is
p
INTRAFREQHO.
TRIGTIME1D
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1D. This parameter value is
p

INTRAFREQHO.
p
N-43
Other key parameters for SHO

l
Weight
p
Parameter name: Weighted factor
The default value of this parameter is 0
SHOQualmin
p
Parameter name: Min quality THD for SHO
The default value of this parameter is -24(-24 dB)
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
p
Parameter name: Cell offset
Page43
Weight
p
Parameter name: Weighted factor
Value range: 0~2
Content: This parameter is used to define the soft handover relative threshold
based on the measured value of each cell in the active set. The greater this
parameter is set, the higher the soft handover relative threshold. When this
parameter is set as 0, the soft handover relative threshold is only for the best cell in
the active set.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 0.
INTRAFREQHO.
l
SHOQualmin
p
Parameter name: Min quality THD for SHO
Value range: -24~0;
Content: minimum quality threshold for soft handover .
The recommended value of this parameter is -24 (-24dB)
INTRAFREQHO.
l
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
p
Parameter name: Cell offset
Value range: -10~10 dB;
Content: Offset of cell CPICH measurement value. The offset is added to the
measurement quantity before the UE evaluates if an event has occurred. In
handover
algorithms,
this parameter
is used
moving theWithout
border ofPermission
a cell.
Confidential
Information
of Huawei.
NoforSpreading
p
Set this parameter through ADD INTRAFREQNCELL, query it through LST
N-44
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page44
N-45
Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Handover

l
Characters of Intra-Frequency Handover

n
During handover, UE has only one RL with one cell
Switch off the RL with the original cell, then setup the RL with target
cell
The frequency of source cell and target cell are same
Page45
In some cases ,UE want to take soft handover according to the intra-frequency
measurement, but RNC dont allow the UE to take this soft handover cause there
is no IUR interface between 2 RNCs or the service rate is higher than a threshold,
then the UE has to ask for hard handover based on the measurement.
During the intra-frequency hard handover, the RNC will ask the UE to switch off
the RL with the original cell and setup the RL with the target cell, so there is a gap
during this procedure.
Intra-Frequency Handover is always triggered by 1D event.
N-46
Brief Introduction of Intra-Frequency Handover

l
Advantages
n
Enhance the usage efficiency of the OVSF code and hardware
Disadvantages
n
High call drop possibility because of the intra-frequency

interference
Page46
Cause there is only 1 RL for the UE, OVSF code resources ,CE resources DL tx
power resources and IUB resources can be saved
During the hard handover, the frequency of the original cell and target cell are the
same, so when the UE want to setup the RL with the target cell, the original cell
will cause DL interference to the UE.
N-47
Key parameters of Intra-frequency Hard handover

l
BEBITRATETHD
p
Parameter name: BE service handover rate threshold
The default value of this parameter is 384k
The Parameters about 1D Event

p
Time to trigger
Hysteresis
Page47
lBEBITRATETHD
p
Parameter name: BE service handover rate threshold
Value range: 8k,
16k, 32k, 64k, 128k, 144k, 256k, 384k
Content: The
bit rate threshold used to determine whether to perform

soft handover for the Best Effort (BE) service on DCH. When the
maximum bit rate of the BE service is lower than or equal to this
threshold, the system will perform soft handover for this user to
guarantee the service quality. If the maximum bit rate of the BE
service is higher than the threshold, the system will perform intrafrequency hard handover for this user to avoid the too great effect of
soft handover on the system capacity. .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 384k.
Set this parameter through SET
HOCOMM, query it through SET
HOCOMM.
N-48
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page48
N-49
Brief Introduction of Inter-Frequency Handover

l
Characters of Soft Handover

n
The frequency of original cell and source cell are different
There is only one RL for the UE
The compressed mode is needed
Page49
If the frequency of the original cell and target cell are different, the soft handover is
impossible.
In a WCDMA FDD system, the UE in CELL_DCH state sends and receives signals
continuously in uplink and downlink channels. If the UE in this case needs to
measure the pilot signal strength of an inter-frequency WCDMA or GSM cell, and it
has only mono-frequency receiver, the UE must use the compressed mode
technique.
N-50
Compressed Mode
l
Purpose
n
Measure the inter-frequency cell or Inter-RAT cell under FDD mode
Categories
n
Downlink compressed mode
Uplink compressed mode
Realization Methods
n
SF/2
Higher layer scheduling
Page50
In order to realize inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurement , WCDMA system

introduces compressed mode .
In DL, during compressed mode ,UE receiver can test signal from other frequency.
In order to avoid the effect cause by UE transmitter, compress mode is also used
in UL.
The compressed mode includes two types, spreading factor reduction (SF/2) and
high layer approaches. The usage of type of compressed mode is decided by the
RNC automatically, according to spreading factor used in uplink or downlink.
N-51
Measurement of Inter-frequency Handover

l
n
CPICH RSCP
CPICH Ec/No
Reporting mode
n
Periodic reporting
Event trigger reporting
Event trigger reporting to Periodic reporting
Event type
n
2B,2C,2D,2F
Page51
Inter-frequency handover is also based on measurement. Similar with soft

handover, measurement quantity include CPICH RSCP or Ec/No
UE can report the measurement result when event triggered ,then RNC performs
handover decision. Or the UE periodically reports the inter-frequency
measurement report, and the RNC decides the handover after evaluation.
N-52
Inter-frequency Handover Measurement Events

Event
2D
Description
When the current signal quality is lower than the preset threshold , the
UTRAN enables the compressed mode and starts inter-frequency
measurement
2F
When the current signal quality is higher than the preset threshold, the
UTRAN disables the compressed mode and stops inter-frequency
measurement
2B
When the current signal frequency is lower than the preset threshold and
the signal quality of an inter-frequency neighbouring cell is higher than
the preset threshold , the UTRAN trigger an inter-frequency handover
based on coverage
2C
The estimated quality of a inter-frequency neighbor cell is higher than the

preset threshold
Page52
During the movement, UE can detect the severing cell signal is getting worse, then
the UE will report a 2D event to trigger compress mode, and then the UE can
measure the signals of inter-frequency neighbors. During the measurement period,
if the serving cell signal recovers, UE will report a 2F event to stop compress mode,
that is to stop the inter-frequency measurement.
During the compress mode ,UE can measure the inter-frequency cell signal, and
2B and 2C event may be triggered.
N-53
Event 2D is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QUsed TUsed2d H2d / 2
Page53
QUsed is the measured quality of the cell that uses the current frequency.
TUsed2d is the absolute quality threshold of the cell that uses the current
frequency. Based on the service type (CS or PS) and measurement
quantity (CPICH Ec/No or RSCP), this threshold can be configured as Interfreq CS measure start Ec/No THD, Inter-freq PS measure start Ec/No THD,
Inter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD, Inter-freq PS measure start RSCP
THD respectively.
H2d is the event 2D hysteresis value 2D hysteresis.
After the conditions of Event 2D are fulfilled and maintained until the 2D
event trigger delay time is reached, the UE reports the Event 2D
measurement report message.
N-54
Key parameters of of 2D Event

l
InterFreqCSThd2DEcN0
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -14 dB
InterFreqPSThd2DEcN0
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure start Ec/No THD
Page54
InterFreqCSThd2DEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start Ec/No THD
Value range: -24~0dB;
Content: For CS domain services, when Ec/No is used as the measurement quantity
for inter-frequency measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to activate
compressed mode and start inter-frequency measurement, if the UE reports the
event 2D when the measured value is smaller than the value of this parameter.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is -14dB
INTERFREQHOCOV, query it through LST
INTERFREQHOCOV.
InterFreqPSThd2DEcN0
Content: For PS domain services, when Ec/No is used as the measurement quantity
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-55
Key parameters of of 2D Event

l
InterFreqCSThd2DRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -95 dBm
InterFreqPSThd2DRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure start RSCP THD
Page55
InterFreqCSThd2DRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD
Value range: -115~-25dBm;
Content: For CS domain services, when RSCP is used as the measurement

quantity for inter-frequency measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to activate
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
Content: For PS domain services, whenRSCP is used as the measurement quantity

p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-56
Key parameters of 2D Event

l
HYSTFOR2D
p
TRIGTIME2D
p
Page56
HYSTFOR2D
p
Value range: 0
to 14.5 dB, step: 0.5
Content: The value of this parameter is relevant to the slow fading

characteristic. The larger the value of this parameter, the less the pingpong effect and the fewer the decision mistakes. In this case, however, the
event 2D might not be triggered in time.
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
TRIGTIME2D
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000 ms
Content: The
value of this parameter is relevant to the slow fading

characteristic. The larger the value of this parameter, the lower the
incorrect decision probability, but the slower the response of the event 2D
to measurement signal change.
p

INTERFREQHOCOV.
p
N-57
The Trigger Algorithm of 2F Event

l
Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QUsed TUsed 2 f + H 2 f / 2
Page57
frequency.
TUsed2F is the absolute quality threshold of the cell that uses the current
current
quantity (CPICH Ec/No or RSCP), this threshold can be configured as InterInterfreq CS measure start Ec/No THD, InterInter-freq PS measure start Ec/No THD,
InterInter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD, InterInter-freq PS measure start RSCP
THD respectively.
H2F is the event 2F hysteresis value 2F hysteresis.
After the conditions of Event 2F are fulfilled and maintained until

until the 2F
event trigger delay time is reached, the UE reports the Event 2F
measurement report message.
N-58
Key parameters of 2F Event

l
InterFreqCSThd2FEcN0
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop Ec/No THD
InterFreqPSThd2FEcN0
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure stop Ec/No THD
Page58
InterFreqCSThd2FEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop Ec/No THD
Value range: -24~-0dB;
for inter-frequency measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to deactivate
compressed mode and stop inter-frequency measurement, if the UE reports the
event 2F when the measured value is larger than the value of this parameter. .
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
InterFreqPSThd2FEcN0
event 2F when the measured value is larger than the value of this parameter.
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-59

l
InterFreqCSThd2FRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop RSCP THD
InterFreqPSThd2FRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS measure stop RSCP THD
Page59
InterFreqCSThd2FRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS measure stop RSCP THD

quantity for inter-frequency measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to
deactivate compressed mode and stop inter-frequency measurement, if the UE
reports the event 2F when the measured value is larger than the value of this
parameter. .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is -92dBm
INTERFREQHOCOV.
InterFreqPSThd2FRSCP
Value range: -115~-25dB;
Content: For PS domain services, when RSCP is used as the measurement quantity
event 2F when the measured value is larger than the value of this parameter.
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-60

l
HYSTFOR2F
p
Parameter name: 2F event hysteresis
TRIGTIME2F
p
Parameter name: 2F event trigger delay time
Page60
HYSTFOR2F
p
Parameter name: 2F event hysteresis
Value range: 0
to 14.5 dB, step: 0.5
Content: The value of this parameter is relevant to the slow fading

characteristic. The larger the value of this parameter, the less the pingpong effect and the fewer the decision mistakes. In this case, however, the
event 2F might not be triggered in time.
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
TRIGTIME2F
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000 ms
Content: The

incorrect decision probability, but the slower the response of the event 2F
p

INTERFREQHOCOV.
p
N-61
The Trigger Algorithm of 2B Event
Event 2B is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QNonused TNonused2b + H2b / 2
, and
QUsed TUsed 2b H2b / 2
Page61
QNoused is the measured quality of the cell that uses other frequency.
TNoused2b is the absolute quality threshold of the cell that uses other
quantity (CPICH Ec/No or RSCP), this threshold can be configured as Interfreq CS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD, Inter-freq PS target frequency
trigger Ec/No THD, Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger RSCP THD, And
Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger RSCP THD respectively.
TUsed2d is the absolute quality threshold of the cell that uses the current
quantity (CPICH Ec/No or RSCP), this threshold can be configured as Interfreq CS measure start Ec/No THD, Inter-freq PS measure start Ec/No THD,
Inter-freq CS measure start RSCP THD, Inter-freq PS measure start RSCP
THD respectively.
H2b is the event 2B hysteresis value 2B hysteresis.
N-62

InterFreqCovHOCSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD
InterFreqCovHOPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Page62
InterFreqCovHOCSThdEcN0
Content: For CS domain services,

- If the value of [Inter-frequency measure report mode] is EVENT_TRIGGER, this
parameter is used to set the measurement control on the event 2B. The quality of
the target frequency being higher than this threshold is necessary to the triggering
of the event 2B.
- If the value of [Inter-frequency measure report mode] is
PERIODICAL_REPORTING, this parameter is used to evaluate inter-frequency
handovers at the RNC.
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
InterFreqCovHOPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Content: - If the value of [Inter-frequency measure report mode] is

EVENT_TRIGGER, this parameter is used to set the measurement control on the
event 2B. The quality of the target frequency being higher than this threshold is
necessary to the triggering of the event 2B.
- If the value of [Inter-frequency measure report mode] is
PERIODICAL_REPORTING, this parameter is used to evaluate inter-frequency
handovers at the RNC.
p
Confidential
of Huawei.
The
recommended Information
value of this parameter
is -12dB
INTERFREQHOCOV.
No Spreading Without Permission
N-63

InterFreqCovHOCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger RSCP THD
InterFreqCovHOPSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS target frequency trigger RSCP THD
Page63
InterFreqCovHOCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS target frequency trigger RSCP THD

quantity for inter-frequency measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to activate
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
Content: For PS domain services, whenRSCP is used as the measurement quantity

p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-64

IFHOUsedFreqCSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -12dB
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdEcN0
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Page64
IFHOUsedFreqCSThdEcN0
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Value range: -24~0
dB
Content: For
CS domain services, if the value of [Inter-frequency measure

report mode] is EVENT_TRIGGER, this parameter is used to set the
measurement control on the event 2B. The quality of the used frequency
being lower than this threshold is necessary to the triggering of the event
2B .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is -12 dB
INTERFREQHOCOV.
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdEcN0
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD
Value range: -24~0 dB
Content: For PS domain services, if the value of [Inter-frequency measure

2B .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is -12 dB

INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-65

IFHOUsedFreqCSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -92dBm
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdRSCP
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
Page65
IFHOUsedFreqCSThdRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq CS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
Value range: -115~-25
dBm
Content: For
CS domain services, if the value of [Inter-frequency measure

2B .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is -92 dBm
INTERFREQHOCOV.
IFHOUsedFreqPSThdRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-freq PS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD
Value range: -115~-25 dBm
Content: For PS domain services, if the value of [Inter-frequency measure

2B .
p
The recommended value of this parameter is -92 dBm

INTERFREQHOCOV.
N-66

l
HYSTFOR2B
p
TRIGTIME2B
p
Page66
HYSTFOR2B
p
Value range: 0
to 14.5 dB, step: 0.5
The value of this parameter is relevant to the slow fading characteristic.

The larger the value of this parameter, the less the ping-pong effect and
the fewer the decision mistakes. In this case, however, the event 2B might
not be triggered in time.
p
INTERFREQHOCOV.
TRIGTIME2B
p
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000 ms
Content: The

incorrect decision probability, but the slower the response of the event 2B
p
The recommended value of this parameter is D0 (0ms )

INTERFREQHOCOV.
p
N-67
Event 2C is triggered on the basis of the following formula
QNon used TNon used 2c + H 2c / 2
Page67
QNoused is the measured quality of the cell that uses other frequency.
TNoused is the absolute quality threshold of the cell that uses other frequency.
Inter-freq measure target frequency trigger Ec/No THD.
H2c is the event 2C hysteresis value 2C hysteresis.
N-68
Key parameters of 2C Event

InterFreqNCovHOThdEcN0
Hystfor2C
Parameter name: 2C hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 6 (3dB)
TrigTime2C
The default value of this parameter is D640 (640ms)
Page68
lInterFreqNCovHOThdEcN0
Content: This parameter is used to set measurement control on the event 2C. The event 2C
is triggered when the signal quality of the target frequency is above this threshold .
p
Set this parameter through SET INTERFREQHONCOV, query it through LST

INTERFREQHONCOV.
p
lHystfor2C
Value range: 0 to 14.5dB, step: 0.5 ;
Content: The event 2C is applied to non-coverage-based inter-frequency hard handover

scenarios where inter-frequency measurement needs to be started. The event 2C is reported
when the estimated quality of a non-used frequency is above a certain threshold. For details
about the event 2C, refer to the 3GPP TS 25.331. The value of this parameter is relevant to
the slow fading characteristic. The larger the value of this parameter, the less the ping-pong
effect and the fewer the decision mistakes. In this case, however, the event 2C might not be
triggered in time .
p

INTERFREQHONCOV.
lTrigTime2C
Value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560, 5000 ms;
Content: The value of this parameter is relevant to the slow fading characteristic. The larger
the value of this parameter, the lower the incorrect decision probability, but the slower the
response of the event 2C to measurement signal change.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is D640 (640ms)

INTERFREQHONCOV.
N-69
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page69
N-70
Brief Introduction of Inter-RAT Handover

l
Characters of Inter-RAT Handover

p
Based on handover directions, inter-RAT handover is of two

types:
n
UMTS->GSM handover
UMTS->GSM coverage-based handover
UMTS->GSM load-based handover
UMTS->GSM service-based handover
GSM->UMTS handover
Page70
Inter-RAT handover refers to the handover between different systems, such as

UMTS and GSM, which use different radio access technologies (RAT).
Based on handover directions, inter-RAT handover is of two types:

p
UMTS->GSM handover (mainly described in this lecture)
GSM->UMTS handover
Based on triggering causes, UMTS->GSM handover includes:

p
The coverage of UMTS is discontinuous at the very beginning. On

the border, if the signal quality of UMTS rather than GSM is poor
and if all services of the UE are supported by GSM, UMTS->GSM
coverage-based handover is triggered.
If the load of UMTS rather than GSM is heavy and all services of the
UE are supported by GSM, UMTS->GSM load-based handover is
triggered.
Based on layered services, traffic of different classes is handed over

to different systems. For example, when an Adaptive Multi Rate
(AMR) speech service is requested, this call could be handed over
to GSM.
n
N-71
Brief Introduction of Inter-RAT Handover

l
Advantages
p
For coverage, it can solve the problems from one system to

another system
For capacity, it can enhance the utilizing efficiency of old

equipments(2G->3G)
Disadvantages
p
The flow is complicated, and it demands higher compatibility for

equipments
Demands more complicated UE
Page71
UMTS->GSM Handover Triggering Conditions

p
The CPICH Ec/N0 or CPICH RSCP of the UMTS cell to which the
UE connects is lower than the corresponding threshold. In addition,
there is a GSM cell whose GSM carrier RSSI is higher than the
preset threshold.
The load of the UMTS cell to which the UE connects is higher than
the threshold.
When a service is established, the Core Network (CN) requests a

handover of the service to GSM.
N-72
Measurement of Inter-RAT Handover

l
p
CPICH_Ec/N0
CPICH_RSCP
BOTH
Reporting mode
p
PERIODICAL_REPORTING
EVENT_TRIGGER
Event type
p
2D, 2F
3A, 3C
Page72
p
CPICH_Ec/N0 is valid when the InterInter-RAT measurement chooses

PERIODICAL_REPORTING Mode or EVENT_TRIGGER Mode.
CPICH_RSCP is valid when the InterInter-RAT measurement chooses

PERIODICAL_REPORTING Mode or EVENT_TRIGGER Mode.
BOTH is valid when the InterInter-RAT measurement chooses

PERIODICAL_REPORTING Mode.
N-73
Inter-RAT Handover Measurement Events

Event
2D
Description
When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is lower than the preset
threshold, the RNC enables the compressed mode and starts inter-RAT
measurement.
2F
When the signal quality of the currently used frequency is higher than the preset
threshold, the RNC disables the compressed mode and stops inter-RAT
measurement.
3A
When the signal quality of the currently used UMTS frequency is lower than the
preset threshold while the signal quality of any other system is higher than the
preset threshold, the RNC triggers UMTS->GSM handover based on coverage.
3C
When the signal quality of any other system is higher than the preset threshold,
the RNC triggers UMTS->GSM handover based on load or service.
2D Event: initiate GSM measurement
2F Event: stop GSM measurement
3A Event: based on coverage
3C Event: based on non-coverage
Page73
N-74

l
Event 2D is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
Q Used TUsed2d - H 2d / 2
Page74
QUsed is the measurement value of the cell at the currently used frequency.
TUsed2d is the absolute quality threshold of the cell at the currently used frequency.
Based on CS or PS services, CPICH Ec/No, or RSCP measurement quantity, it
can be Inter-RAT CS measure start Ec/No THD, Inter-RAT PS measure start
Ec/No THD, Inter-RAT CS measure start RSCP THD, or Inter-RAT PS measure
start RSCP THD.
H2d is 2D hysteresis, the hysteresis value of event 2D.
When the conditions for event 2D are met and maintained in time-to-trigger
specified in 2D event trigger delay time, the UE sends the measurement report of
Event 2D.
N-75
Key Parameters of 2D Event

l
INTERRATCSTHD2DECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start Ec/No THD
The default value of this parameter is -14 ( -14 dB )
INTERRATPSTHD2DECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start Ec/No THD
Page75
INTERRATCSTHD2DECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start Ec/No THD [dB]
Value range: -24~0
Physical unit: dB
Content: For CS domain services, when Ec/No is used as the measurement quantity for
inter-RAT measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to activate compressed mode and
start inter-RAT measurement, if the UE reports the event 2D when the measured value is
smaller than the value of this parameter.
The recommended value of this parameter is -14 ( -14 dB ).
Set this parameter through SET INTERRATHOCOV, query it through LST

INTERRATHOCOV.
INTERRATPSTHD2DECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start Ec/No THD [dB]
Value range: -24~0
Physical unit: dB
Content: For PS domain services, when Ec/No is used as the measurement quantity for
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-76

l
INTERRATCSTHD2DRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -100 ( -100 dBm )
INTERRATPSTHD2DRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start RSCP THD
The default value of this parameter is -110 (-110 dBm )
Page76
INTERRATCSTHD2DRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure start RSCP THD [dB]
Physical unit: dBm
Content: For CS domain services, when RSCP is used as the measurement quantity for

INTERRATHOCOV.
INTERRATPSTHD2DRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure start RSCP THD [dB]
Physical unit: dBm
Content: For PS domain services, when RSCP is used as the measurement quantity for
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-77

l
HYSTFOR2D
p
Parameter name: 2D hysteresis
The default value of this parameter is 4 ( 2 dB )
TRIGTIME2D
p
The default value of this parameter is D320 (320 ms )
Page77
HYSTFOR2D
p
Parameter name: 2D hysteresis[0.5dB]
Value range: 0~29
Physical value range: 0~14.5, step: 0.5
Physical unit: dB
the value of this parameter, the less the ping-pong effect and the fewer the decision
mistakes. In this case, however, the event 2D might not be triggered in time.
The recommended value of this parameter is 4 ( 2 dB ).

INTERRATHOCOV.
TRIGTIME2D
p
Parameter name: 2D event trigger delay time[ms]
Value range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320, D640,
D1280, D2560, D5000
Physical value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280, 2560,
5000
Physical unit: ms
response of the event 2D to measurement signal change.
The recommended value of this parameter is D320 ( 320ms ).
Information
of INTERRATHOCOV,
Huawei. No Spreading
SetConfidential
this parameter
through SET
queryWithout
it throughPermission
LST
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-78

l
Event 2F is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
Q Used TUsed2f + H 2f / 2
Page78
TUsed2f is the absolute quality threshold of the cell at the currently used frequency.
can be Inter-RAT CS measure start Ec/No THD, Inter-RAT PS measure start
Ec/No THD, Inter-RAT CS measure start RSCP THD, or Inter-RAT PS measure
start RSCP THD.
H2f is 2F hysteresis, the hysteresis value of event 2F.
When the conditions for event 2F are met and maintained in time-to-trigger
specified in 2F event trigger delay time, the UE sends the measurement report of
Event 2F.
N-79
Key Parameters of 2F Event

l
INTERRATCSTHD2FECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop Ec/No THD
INTERRATPSTHD2FECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop Ec/No THD
Page79
INTERRATCSTHD2FECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop Ec/No THD [dB]
Value range: -24~0
Physical unit: dB
for inter-RAT measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to deactivate

compressed mode and stop inter-RAT measurement, if the UE reports the event 2F
when the measured value is larger than the value of this parameter.

INTERRATHOCOV.
INTERRATPSTHD2FECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop Ec/No THD [dB]
Value range: -24~0
Physical unit: dB

p
Information
of INTERRATHOCOV,
SetConfidential
this parameter
through SET
queryWithout
LST
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-80

l
INTERRATCSTHD2FRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop RSCP THD
INTERRATPSTHD2FRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop RSCP THD
Page80
INTERRATCSTHD2FRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS measure stop RSCP THD [dBm]
Physical unit: dBm
quantity for inter-RAT measurement, the RNC sends the signaling to deactivate
The recommended value of this parameter is -97 ( -97 dBm ).

INTERRATHOCOV.
INTERRATPSTHD2FRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS measure stop RSCP THD [dBm]
Physical unit: dBm

p
Information
of INTERRATHOCOV,
SetConfidential
this parameter
through SET
queryWithout
LST
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-81

l
HYSTFOR2F
p
Parameter name: 2F hysteresis
TRIGTIME2F
p
The default value of this parameter is D1280 (1280 ms )
Page81
HYSTFOR2F
p
Parameter name: 2F hysteresis[0.5dB]
Value range: 0~29
Physical unit: dB
mistakes. In this case, however, the event 2F might not be triggered in time.

INTERRATHOCOV.
TRIGTIME2F
p
Parameter name: 2F event trigger delay time[ms]
D1280, D2560, D5000
5000
Physical unit: ms
response of the event 2F to measurement signal change.
Information
of INTERRATHOCOV,
SetConfidential
this parameter
through SET
queryWithout
LST
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-82
The Trigger Algorithm of 3A Event

l
Event 3A is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
Q Used TUsed3a + H 3a / 2
M OtherRat + CIOOtherRat TOtherRat + H 3a / 2
Page82
TUsed is the absolute quality threshold of the cell at the currently used frequency.
can be Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD, Inter-RAT PS Used
frequency trigger Ec/No THD, Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD, or
Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD.
MOtherRat is the measurement value of the cell (in another RAT) in the reporting
range.
CIOOtherRat is cell individual offset, the offset value of the cell (in another RAT) in the
reporting range.
TOtherRat is the absolute inter-RAT handover threshold. Based on CS or PS services,

it can be Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD or Inter-RAT PS handover decision
THD.
H3a is 3A hysteresis, the hysteresis value of event 3A.
When the conditions for event 3A are met and maintained in time-to-trigger
specified in 3A event trigger delay time, the UE sends the measurement report of
event 3A.
N-83
Key Parameters of 3A Event

l
IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No

THD
IRHOUSEDFREQPSTHDECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No

THD
Page83
IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD [dB]
Value range: -24~0
Physical unit: dB
for inter-RAT measurement and the value of [Inter-RAT report mode] is

EVENT_TRIGGER, this parameter is used to set measurement control on the
event 3A. The event 3A is triggered, when the quality of the currently used UTRAN
frequency is below this threshold and the [Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD] is
reached.

INTERRATHOCOV.
IRHOUSEDFREQPSTHDECNO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger Ec/No THD [dB]
Value range: -24~0
Physical unit: dB

frequency is below this threshold and the [Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD] is
reached.
p

N-84

l
IRHOUSEDFREQCSTHDRSCP
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger RSCP

THD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger RSCP

THD
Page84
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD [dBm]
Physical unit: dBm
quantity for inter-RAT measurement and the value of [Inter-RAT report mode] is
frequency is below this threshold and the [Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD] is
reached.

INTERRATHOCOV.
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS Used frequency trigger RSCP THD [dBm]
Physical unit: dBm

frequency is below this threshold and the [Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD] is
reached.
p

N-85

l
INTERRATCOVHOCSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD
The default value of this parameter is 16 ( -95 dBm )
INTERRATCOVHOPSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD
Page85
INTERRATCOVHOCSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD [dBm]
p
Value range: 0~63
p
Physical value range: -110~-48 (The value 1 corresponds to the physical value -110, 2 to 109, ..., 63 to -48.)
p
Physical unit: dBm
p
Content: For CS domain services,
- If the value of [Inter-RAT report mode] is EVENT_TRIGGER, this parameter is used to set
the measurement control on the event 3A. The event 3A is triggered, when the quality of the
cell with the target frequency is higher than this threshold and the threshold of the used
frequency quality of the corresponding measurement quantity is reached.
- If the value of [Inter-RAT report mode] is PERIODICAL_REPORTING, this parameter is
used to evaluate coverage-based inter-RAT handovers at the RNC.
Note that the value 0 means the physical value is smaller than -110 dBm.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 16 ( -95 dBm ).
p
INTERRATHOCOV.
INTERRATCOVHOPSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD [dBm]
p
Value range: 0~63
p
Physical value range: -110~-48 (The value 1 corresponds to the physical value -110, 2 to 109, ..., 63 to -48.)
p
Physical unit: dBm
p
Content: For PS domain services,
- If the value of [Inter-RAT report mode] is EVENT_TRIGGER, this parameter is used to set
the measurement control on the event 3A. The event 3A is triggered, when the quality of the
cell with the target frequency is higher than this threshold and the threshold of the used
frequency quality of the corresponding measurement quantity is reached.
- If the value of [Inter-RAT report mode] is PERIODICAL_REPORTING, this parameter is
used
to evaluateInformation
coverage-based
inter-RATNo
handovers
at the
RNC. Permission
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Note that the value 0 means the physical value is smaller than -110 dBm.
p
The recommended value of this parameter is 16 (-95 dBm ).
p
N-86

l
HYSTFOR3A
p
Parameter name: 3A hysteresis
TRIGTIME3A
p
The default value of this parameter is D0 ( 0 ms )
Page86
HYSTFOR3A
p
Parameter name: 3A hysteresis[0.5dB]
Value range: 0~15
Physical unit: dB
mistakes. In this case, however, the event 3A might not be triggered in time.

INTERRATHOCOV.
TRIGTIME3A
p
Parameter name: 3A event trigger delay time[ms]
D1280, D2560, D5000
5000
Physical unit: ms
response of the event 3A to measurement signal change.
Information
of INTERRATHOCOV,
SetConfidential
this parameter
through SET
queryWithout
LST
INTERRATHOCOV.
N-87

l
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
p
Parameter name: Cell individual offset
Page87
CELLINDIVIDALOFFSET
p
Parameter name: Cell individual offset [dB]
Value range: -50~50
Physical unit: dB
Content: This parameter is used in inter-RAT handover decision. The larger the parameter,
the higher the handover priority of the GSM cell. The smaller the parameter, the lower the
handover priority of the GSM cell.
Set this parameter through ADD GSMNCELL, query it through LST GSMNCELL.
N-88

l
Event 3C is triggered on the basis of the following formula:
M OtherRat + CIOOtherRat TOtherRat + H 3c / 2
Page88
MOtherRat is the measurement value of the cell (in another RAT) in the reporting
range.
CIOOtherRat is cell individual offset, the offset value of the cell (in another RAT) in the
reporting range.
TOtherRat is the absolute inter-RAT handover threshold. Based on CS or PS services,

it can be Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD or Inter-RAT PS handover decision
THD.
H3c is 3C hysteresis, the hysteresis value of event 3C.
When the conditions for event 3C are met and the delay requirement specified by
the 3C event trigger delay time parameter can be satisfied, the UE sends the
measurement report of event 3C.
N-89
Key Parameters of 3C Event

l
INTERRATNCOVHOCSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD
INTERRATNCOVHOPSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD
The default value of this parameter is 21 (-90 dBm )
Page89
INTERRATNCOVHOCSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT CS handover decision THD [dBm]
Value range: 0 to 63
Physical value range: -110 to -48 (The value 1 corresponds to the physical value -110, 2 to 109, ..., 63 to -48)
Physical unit: dB
Content: This parameter is used to set measurement control on the event 3C. The event 3C
is triggered when the quality of the target frequency is higher than this threshold. Note that
the value 0 means the physical value is smaller than -110 dBm.
p

Set this parameter through SET INTERRATHONCOV, query it through LST
INTERRATHONCOV.
l
INTERRATNCOVHOPSTHD
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT PS handover decision THD [dBm]
Physical value range: -110 to -48 (The value 1 corresponds to the physical value -110, 2 to 109, ..., 63 to -48)
Physical unit: dB
Content: The event 3C is triggered when the quality of the target frequency is higher than this
threshold. Note that the value 0 means the physical value is smaller than -110 dBm.
p
INTERRATHONCOV.
N-90

l
HYSTFOR3C
p
TRIGTIME3C
p
The default value of this parameter is D640 ( 650 ms )
HYSTFOR3C
p
Parameter name: 3C hysteresis[0.5dB]
Value range: 0~15
Physical unit: dB
the value of this parameter, the less the ping-pong effect and the fewer decision mistakes. In
this case, however, the event 3C might not be triggered in time.
Page90

INTERRATHONCOV.
TRIGTIME3C
p
Parameter name: 3C event trigger delay time[ms]
D1280, D2560, D5000
5000
Physical unit: ms
response of the event 3C to measurement signal change.
of Huawei. No Spreading
Permission
SetConfidential
this parameterInformation
through SET INTERRATHONCOV
, query it Without
through LST
INTERRATHONCOV.
N-91

l
PENALTYTIMEFORINTERRATHO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover failure penalty timer

length
The default value of this parameter is 30 ( 30 s )
INTERRATHOATTEMPTS
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover max attempt times
The default value of this parameter is 16
PENALTYTIMEFORINTERRATHO
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover failure penalty timer length [s]
Physical unit: s
Content: An inter-RAT handover to a GSM cell may fail due to the heavy load of the GSM
cell. Therefore, in the period of time specified by this parameter, inter-RAT handover
requests are not sent to the GSM cell.
The recommended value of this parameter is 30 ( 30 s ).
Page91

INTERRATHONCOV.
INTERRATHOATTEMPTS
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT handover max attempt times
Physical unit: times
Content: This parameter specifies the maximum number of attempts for the RNC to perform
inter-RAT handovers after a non-coverage-based inter-RAT handover failure. For later
handover attempts, target cells must be selected. Ensure that the target cells have not been
tried but satisfy the handover conditions. No matter the inter-RAT handover failure penalty
timer expires or not.
The recommended value of this parameter is 16.

INTERRATHONCOV.
N-92

l
INTERRATMEASTIME
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT measure timer length [s]
The default value of this parameter is 60 ( 60 s )
Page92
INTERRATMEASTIME
p
Parameter name: Inter-RAT measure timer length [s]
Physical unit: s
Content: After inter-RAT measurement starts, if no inter-RAT handover is performed when

this timer expires, the inter-RAT measurement is stopped. In addition, the compressed
mode is deactivated, if any. The value 0 indicates the timer is not to be enabled.
The recommended value of this parameter is 60 ( 60 S ).

INTERRATHONCOV.
N-93
Contents
3.1 Soft Handover
3.5 Blind Handover
Page93
N-94
Blind Handover Measurement

l
Blind handover means UE can directly handover to the

neighboring cell without measuring it.
Page94
If the serving frequency signal is getting worse quickly, but UE can not trigger a
inter-frequency measurement and hard handover in time, blind handover might be
used to save the call.
In Huawei implementation, blind handover can be triggered by intra-frequency

measurement event 1F.
N-95
10 LogMOld T1 f H1 f / 2
l
Where:
p
MOld is the measurement value of the cell signal that becomes

worse
T1f is the absolute threshold of event 1F.
H1f is the hysteresis value of event 1F.
Page95
For different intra-frequency measurement quantity, the threshold T1f are set to 1F
Event Absolute EcNo Threshold, 1F Event Absolute RSCP Threshold respectively.
N-96

Measurement
Quantity
Cell 1
1F Trigger
Delay Time
Absolute
Threshold T1f
Hysteresis
H1f /2
Time
Reporting
event 1F
Page96
If the signal quality of a cell in the active set is worse than T1f - H1f /2 , and last for a
certain time 1F Event Trigger Delay Time, then UE reports event 1F.
N-97
Key Parameters of Event 1F

l
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FECNO
p
Parameter name: 1F event absolute EcNo threshold
The recommended value is -24 dB
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FRSCP
p
Parameter name: 1F event absolute RSCP threshold
The recommended value is -115 dBm
Page97
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FECNO
p
Parameter name: 1F event absolute EcNo threshold
Value range: -24 to 0
Physical value range: -24 to 0 dB. Step: 1
Content: The absolute EcNo threshold of the event 1F.It is easier to trigger event 1F
if the value increases. It is harder to trigger event 1F if the value decreases.
Recommended value: -24
INTRAABLTHDFOR1FRSCP
p
Parameter name: 1F event absolute RSCP threshold
Value range: -115 to 25
Physical value range: -115 to 25 dB. Step: 1
Content: The absolute RSCP threshold of the event 1F.It is easier to trigger event
1F if the value increases. It is harder to trigger event 1F if the value decreases.
The recommended value is -115 dBm
For RNC level, set these two parameter through SET INTRAFREQHO, query them
through LST INTRAFREQHO, and modify them through SET INTRAFREQHO
For cell level, set these two parameter through ADD CELLINTRAFREQHO, query
them through LST CELLINTRAFREQHO, and modify them through MOD
Confidential
Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission
CELLINTRAFREQHO.
N-98
Key Parameters of Event 1F

l
HYSTFOR1F
p
The recommended value is 8, namely 4 dB
TRIGTIME1F
p
The recommended value is D640, namely 640 ms
Page98
HYSTFOR1F
p
Physical value range: 0 to 7.5 dB. Step: 0.5
Content: The hysteresis value of the event 1F. This parameter value is related to
the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set, the less ping-pong
effect and misjudgement can be caused. However, in this case, the event cannot be
triggered in time.
Recommended value: 8
TRIGTIME1F
p
Value range: D0, D10, D20, D40, D60, D80, D100, D120, D160, D200, D240, D320,
D640, D1280, D2560, D5000
Physical value range: 0, 10, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100, 120, 160, 200, 240, 320, 640, 1280,
2560, 5000 ms
Content: The trigger delay time of the event 1F. This parameter value is related to
the slow fading characteristic. The greater this parameter is set, the smaller the
misjudgement probability, but the lower the response speed of the event to the
measured signal changes.
Recommended value: D640
For RNC level, set these two parameter through SET INTRAFREQHO, query them
through LST INTRAFREQHO, and modify them through SET INTRAFREQHO
For cell level, set these two parameter through ADD CELLINTRAFREQHO, query
Confidential
Information
of Huawei. No and
Spreading
Without
Permission
them through
LST CELLINTRAFREQHO,
modify them
through
MOD
CELLINTRAFREQHO.
N-99
Blind Handover Decision

l
After receiving event 1F of best cell from UE, the RNC

would check if blind handover neighbor is configured for the
cell.
If multiple blind handover neighbors are configured, the

RNC would perform blind handover to the target cell with
the highest priority
Page99
When we configure the inter-frequency neighbor cell or GSM neighbor cell, two
parameters of blind handover is included: Blind Handover Flag and Blind Handover
Priority.
N-100
Key Parameters of Blind Handover

l
BLINDHOFLAG
p
Parameter name: Blind handover flag
The default value is FALSE
BLINDHOPRIO
p
Parameter name: Blind handover Priority
The value is set according to actual situation.
Page100
BLINDHOFLAG
p
Parameter name: Blind handover flag
Value range: FALSE, TRUE
Content: This parameter indicates whether the neighboring cell is the target cell for
blind handovers. If the value is TRUE, blind handovers can be performed to the
neighboring cell.
Default value: FALSE
BLINDHOPRIO
p
Parameter name: Blind handover Priority
Content: The value 0 indicates the highest priority, and 30 the lowest. A neighboring
cell of a cell must have a unique priority.
It is suggested 0 to 15 assigned to the neighboring cells superposed to the cell
specified by [CELLID]. The success rate of handovers to these cells can be
guaranteed.
Neighboring cells with priorities from 16 to 30 can be performed with blind
handovers, but the handovers may fail.
Recommended value (default value): none
Set these two parameter through ADD INTERFREQNCELL or ADD GSMNCELL,

query them through LST INTERFREQNCELL or LST GSMNCELL, and modify them
through MOD INTERFREQNCELL or MOD GSMNCELL.
Thank you
www.huawei.com
N-101

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WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

Why mobile systems need handover?

It is decided by the characters of mobile system:

The mobile system is composed by cells which the coverage

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the basic

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Know the basic definitions of Handover

The algorithms of handover decision

The handover flow

The parameters of handover

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

The Purpose of Handover

Providing the continuous service in mobile system is the

The load balance: sharing the resource

The hierarchy divided by speed and service: high efficiency

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Handover is a basic function of a cellular mobile network. The purpose of

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

The Basic Concepts of Handover

maximum ratio combination

The soft handover gain

Radio Link (RL)

Radio Link Set (RLS)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

RL: Radio link between NodeB and UE.

RLS: Radio link set. The RLs from same NodeB.

Soft handover gain: We have introduced in Coverage Planning.

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

The Categories of Handover

According to the signaling characters

Soft handover (softer handover)

According to the properties of source cell and target cell:

Inter-RAT handover (UMTS GSM/GPRS)

According to the purpose of handover:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

The handover based on load is load control algorithm.

The handover based on mobility of UE is for HCS handover.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter

The Characters of Different Handover

Comparison between soft handover and hard handover:

Only happened between

Can be happened in Intra-

frequency cells or Inter-

active set after handover

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA Handover Principle and Relevant Parameter