Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Mixers/Splitters
Name

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Applications

Mixer
As the name specifies it is used for the mixing of streams. Mixer combines
material streams (or heat streams or work streams) into one stream. A single
Mixer block cannot mix streams of different types (material, heat, work).

FSplit
Use FSplit to model a splitter to combine streams of same type and divide
the resulting stream into two or more streams of the same type
FSplit combines streams of the same type (material, heat, or work streams)
and divides the resulting stream into two or more streams of the same type.
All outlet streams have the same composition and conditions as the mixed
inlet

SSplit
SSplit combines material streams and divides the resulting stream into two
or more streams. Use SSplit to model a splitter where the split of each
substream among the outlet streams can differ. Substreams in the outlet
streams have the same composition, temperature, and pressure as the
corresponding substreams in the mixed inlet stream. Only the substream
flow rates differ.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Separators

Name
Flash2

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Applications

Use Flash2 to model flashes, evaporators, knock-out

drums, and other single-stage separators. Flash2
performs
vapor-liquid
or
vapor-liquid-liquid
equilibrium calculations. When you specify the outlet
conditions, Flash2 determines the thermal and phase
conditions of a mixture of one or more inlet streams.

Flash3
Use Flash3 to model flashes, evaporators, knock-out
drums, decanters, and other single-stage separators in
which two liquid outlet streams are produced. Flash3
performs vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations.
When you specify outlet conditions, Flash3 determines
the thermal and phase conditions of a mixture of one or
more inlet streams.

Decanter

Decanter simulates decanters and other single stage

separators without a vapor phase. Decanter can
perform:

Liquid-liquid equilibrium calculations

Liquid-free-water calculations

Use Decanter to model knock-out drums, decanters,

and other single-stage separators without a vapor
phase. When you specify outlet conditions, Decanter
determines the thermal and phase conditions of a
mixture of one or more inlet streams.
Decanter can calculate liquid-liquid distribution
coefficients.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Sep

Sep2

Sep combines streams and separates the result into two

or more streams according to splits specified for each
component. When the details of the separation are
unknown or unimportant, but the splits for each
component are known, you can use Sep in place of a
rigorous separation model to save computation time.
Sep2 separates inlet stream components into two outlet
streams. Sep2 is similar to Sep, but offers a wider variety
of specifications. Sep2 allows purity (mole-fraction)
specifications for components.
You can use Sep2 in place of a rigorous separation
model, such as distillation or absorption. Sep2 saves
computation time when details of the separation are
unknown or unimportant.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Heat Exchangers

Name
Heater

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Applications

You can use Heater to represent:

Heaters
Coolers
Valves
Pumps (whenever work-related results are not
needed)
Compressors (whenever work-related results are
not needed)

You also can use Heater to set the thermodynamic

condition of a stream.
When you specify the outlet conditions, Heater
determines the thermal and phase conditions of a mixture
with one or more inlet streams.

HeatX

HeatX can model a wide variety of shell and tube heat

exchanger types including:

Countercurrent and co-current

Segmental baffle TEMA E, F, G, H, J, and X
shells
Rod baffle TEMA E and F shells
Bare and low-finned tubes

HeatX can perform a full zone analysis with heat transfer

coefficient and pressure drop estimation for single- and
two-phase streams.
HeatX can

Perform design calculations

Perform mechanical vibration analysis
Estimate fouling factors

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

MHeatX

Use MHeatX to represent heat transfer between multiple

hot and cold streams, such as in an LNG exchanger. You
can also use MHeatX for two-stream heat exchangers.
Free water can be decanted from any outlet stream.
MHeatX ensures an overall energy balance but does not
account for the exchanger geometry.
MHeatX can perform a detailed, rigorous internal zone
analysis to determine the internal pinch points and
heating and cooling curves for all streams in the heat
exchanger. MHeatX can also calculate the overall UA for
the exchanger and model heat leak to or from an
exchanger.

HXFlux

HxFlux is used to perform heat transfer calculations

between a heat sink and a heat source, using convective
heat transfer. The driving force for the convective heat
transfer is calculated as a function of log-mean
temperature difference (LMTD).
Specify variables among inlet and outlet stream
temperatures, duty, heat transfer coefficient, and heat
transfer area. HxFlux calculates the unknown variable
and determines the log-mean temperature difference,
using either the rigorous or the approximate method.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Column

Name
DSTW

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Applications

DSTWU performs shortcut design calculations for singlefeed, two-product distillation columns with a partial or total
condenser.
DSTWU assumes constant molal overflow and constant
relative volatilities.
For the specified recovery of light and heavy key
components, DSTWU estimates:

Minimum reflux ratio

Minimum number of theoretical stages

DSTWU also estimates the optimum feed stage location and

the condenser and reboiler duties. DSTWU can produce
tables and plots of reflux ratio versus number of stages.

Distl

RadFr
ac

Distl simulates multistage multicomponent columns with a

feed stream and two product streams.
Distl performs shortcut distillation rating calculations for a
single-feed, two-product distillation column. The column can
have either a partial or total condenser. Distl calculates
product composition using the Edmister approach. Distl
assumes constant mole overflow and constant relative
volatilities..

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Extract

Extract is a rigorous model for simulating liquid-liquid

extractors. It can have multiple feeds, heater/coolers, and
side streams. Extract can calculate distribution coefficients
using:

An activity coefficient model or equation of state

capable of representing two liquid phases
A built-in temperature-dependent correlation (KLL
Correlation sheet)
A Fortran subroutine (KLL Subroutine sheet)

Although equilibrium stages are assumed, you can specify

component or stage separation efficiencies. Extract can be
used only for rating calculations.

MultiF
rac

MultiFrac is a rigorous model for simulating general systems

of interlinked multistage fractionation units. MultiFrac
models can handle a complex configuration consisting of:

Any number of columns, each with any number of

stages
Any number of connections between columns or
within each column
Arbitrary flow splitting and mixing of connecting
streams

MultiFrac can handle operations with:

Side strippers
Pumparounds
External heat exchangers
Single-stage flashes
Feed furnace

Typical MultiFrac applications include:

Heat-interstaged columns, such as Petlyuk towers

Air separation column systems
Absorber/stripper combinations
Ethylene plant primary fractionator/quench tower
combinations

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

SCFrac

Use SCFrac to simulate complex distillation columns with a

single feed, optional stripping steam, and any number of
products. SCFrac also estimates the number of theoretical
stages and the heating/cooling duty for each section.
SCFrac can model complex columns, such as crude units and
vacuum towers. SCFrac performs shortcut distillation
calculations for columns with a single feed, one optional
stripping steam stream, and any number of products. SCFrac
divides a column with n products into n 1 sections. These
sections are numbered from the top down. SCFrac assumes:

PetroF
rac

Relative volatilities are constant for each section

The flow of liquid from section to section is
negligible

PetroFrac is a rigorous model designed for simulating all

types of complex vapor-liquid fractionation operations in the
petroleum refining industry. Typical operations include:

Preflash tower
Atmospheric crude unit
Vacuum unit
Catalytic cracker main fractionator
Delayed coker main fractionator
Vacuum lube fractionator

You also can use PetroFrac to model the primary

fractionator/quench tower combination in the quench section
of an ethylene plant. PetroFrac can detect a free-water phase
in the condenser or anywhere in the column. It can decant the
free-water phase on any stage.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Reactors

Name
RStoic

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Application

Use RStoic to model a reactor when:

Reaction kinetics are unknown or unimportant and

Stoichiometry and the molar extent or conversion is known for
each reaction

RStoic can model reactions occurring simultaneously or sequentially. In

addition, RStoic can perform product selectivity and heat of reaction
calculations.

RYield

Use RYield to model a reactor when:

Reaction stoichiometry is unknown or unimportant

Reaction kinetics are unknown or unimportant
Yield distribution is known

You must specify the yields (per mass of total feed, excluding any inert
components) for the products or calculate them in a user-supplied Fortran
subroutine. RYield normalizes the yields to maintain a mass balance.
RYield can model one-, two-, and three-phase reactors.

REquil

Use REquil to model a reactor when:

Reaction stoichiometry is known and

Some or all reactions reach chemical equilibrium

REquil calculates simultaneous phase and chemical equilibrium. REquil

allows restricted chemical equilibrium specifications for reactions that
do not reach equilibrium. REquil can model one- and two-phase reactors.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

RGibbs

RGibbs uses Gibbs free energy minimization with phase splitting to

calculate equilibrium. RGibbs does not require that you specify the
reaction stoichiometry. Use RGibbs to model reactors with:

Single phase (vapor or liquid) chemical equilibrium

Phase equilibrium (an optional vapor and any number of liquid
phases) with no chemical reactions
Phase and/or chemical equilibrium with solid solution phases
Simultaneous phase and chemical equilibrium

RGibbs can also calculate the chemical equilibria between any number
of conventional solid components and the fluid phases. RGibbs also
allows restricted equilibrium specifications for systems that do not reach
complete equilibrium.

RCSTR:
RCST
R

RCSTR rigorously models continuous stirred tank reactors. RCSTR can

model one-, two-, or three-phase reactors. RCSTR assumes perfect
mixing in the reactor, that is, the reactor contents have the same
properties and composition as the outlet stream.
RCSTR handles kinetic and equilibrium reactions as well as reactions
involving solids.

RPlug

RPlug is a rigorous model for plug flow reactors. RPlug assumes that
perfect mixing occurs in the radial direction and that no mixing occurs in
the axial direction. RPlug can model one-, two-, or three-phase reactors.
You can also use RPlug to model reactors with coolant streams (cocurrent or counter-current).
RPlug handles kinetic reactions, including reactions involving solids.
You must know the reaction kinetics when you use RPlug to model a
reactor. You can provide the reaction kinetics through the built-in
Reactions models or through a user-defined Fortran subroutine.

RBatch

RBatch is a rigorous model for batch or semi-batch reactors. Use RBatch

when you know the kinetics of the reactions taking place. You can
specify any number of continuous feed streams. A continuous vent is
optional. The reaction runs until it reaches a stop criterion that you
specify.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Batch operations are unsteady-state processes. RBatch uses holding

tanks and your specified cycle times to provide an interface between the
discrete operations of the batch reactor and the continuous streams used
by other models.
RBatch can model one-, two-, or three-phase reactors.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Pressure Changers

Name

Pump

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Application

Use Pump to model a pump or a hydraulic turbine.

Pump is designed to handle a single liquid phase. For special cases, you
can specify two- or three-phase calculations to determine the outlet
stream conditions and to compute the fluid density used in the pump
equations. The accuracy of the results depends on a number of factors,
such as the relative amounts of the phases present, the compressibility of
the fluid, and the efficiency specified.
Use Pump to change pressure when the power requirement is needed or
known. For pressure change only, you can use other models such as
Heater.
Pump can model pumps and hydraulic turbines.

Compress
or

Use Compr to model a compressor or turbine. For a compressor, the

following types are available:

A polytropic centrifugal compressor

A polytropic positive displacement compressor
An isentropic compressor

For a turbine, only the isentropic type is allowed.

Use Compr to change stream pressure when energy-related information,
such as power requirement, is needed or known.
Compr can handle single-phase as well as two- and three-phase
calculations.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Multi
Stage
Compress
or

Use MCompr to model:

A multi-stage polytropic compressor

A multi-stage polytropic positive displacement compressor
A multi-stage isentropic compressor
A multi-stage isentropic turbine

For polytropic compressors, MCompr can handle a single, compressible

phase. For special cases you can specify two- or three-phase calculations.
These calculations determine the outlet stream conditions and the
properties used in the compressor equations. The accuracy of results
depends primarily on the relative amounts of the phases present and the
efficiency specified. The rigorous polytropic compressor uses real fluid
properties calculated from the property method you specify.

Valve

Pipe

Valve models control valves and pressure changers. Valve relates the
pressure drop across a valve to the valve flow coefficient. Valve assumes
the flow is adiabatic, and determines the thermal and phase condition of
the stream at the valve outlet. Valve can perform one-, two-, or threephase calculations.

Pipe calculates the pressure drop and heat transfer in a single segment
pipe. You can also use Pipe to model the pressure drop due to fittings.
Pipe handles a single inlet and outlet material stream. Pipe assumes the
flow is one-dimensional, steady-state, and fully developed (that is, no
entrance effects are modeled). Pipe can perform one-, two-, or threephase calculations. Flow direction and elevation angle are arbitrary.
To model multiple pipe segments of different diameters or elevations, use
Pipeline instead of Pipe.

Pipeline

Use Pipeline to calculate the pressure drop in a straight pipe or annular

space. Pipeline can:

Simulate a piping network with successive blocks, including

wellbores and flowlines
Contain any number of segments within each block to describe
pipe geometry
Calculate inlet or discharge conditions
Calculate pressure drops for one-, two-, or three-phase vapor and
liquid flows. Pipeline treats multiple liquid phases (for example,
oil and water) as a single homogeneous liquid phase for pressure-

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

drop and holdup calculations. If vapor-liquid flow exists, Pipeline

calculates liquid holdup and flow regime (pattern).
You may specify a flowing fluid temperature profile, or Pipeline can
calculate it from heat transfer calculations. Flow is assumed to be onedimensional, steady-state, and fully developed (no entrance effects are
modeled). Flow direction and elevation angle are arbitrary. To model a
single pipe segment with constant diameter and elevation, you can also
use Pipe.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Manipulators

Name

Stream
Multiplier

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Applications

Mult multiplies the component flow rates and the total flow rate of a
material stream by a factor you supply on the Mult Input
Specifications sheet. For heat or work streams, Mult multiplies the
heat or work flow. Select the Heat (Q) and Work (W) Mult icons from
the Model Library for heat and work streams respectively.
Mult is useful when other conditions during the simulation determine
the flow rate of the stream. Mult does not maintain heat or material
balances. For material streams, the outlet stream has the same
composition and intensive properties as the inlet stream.
Use the Mult form to specify the stream multiplication factor and
diagnostics message levels.

Stream
Duplicator

Dupl copies an inlet stream (material, heat, or work) to any number of

duplicate outlet streams. It is useful for simultaneously processing a
stream in different types of units. Select the Heat (Q) and Work (W)
Dupl icons from the Model Library for heat and work streams
respectively. Dupl does not maintain heat or material balances.
Use the Dupl form to specify diagnostics message levels.

ClChng

ClChng changes the stream class between blocks and flowsheet

sections. You can use ClChng to add or delete empty solid substreams
between flowsheet sections. ClChng does not represent a real unit
operation.
Use the ClChng Input Form to specify diagnostics message levels.

Stream
Analyzer

The Analyzer block is a mole flow based model that allows you to
calculate values of material stream component fractions and stream
properties for use in the equation-oriented (EO) simulation and
optimization phases of a flowsheet. You can specify one inlet and one
outlet material stream, or specify a stream to analyze on the Input
form.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Analyzer performs selected analyses on a connected or referenced

stream.You refer an existing stream in the flowsheet or specify the
connectivity by identifying an inlet and an outlet stream.

FEEDBL

Use Feedbl to maintain compatibility with Feedbl blocks in RT-OPT

version 10.0 projects. If you are creating a new simulation in Aspen
Plus, do not use Feedbl. Aspen Plus automatically creates the
necessary feed specifications.

Selector

The Selector block is a switch between different inlet streams. Any

number of streams may enter the block, and one designated stream
from among these is copied to the outlet stream. The Selector block
can be used with material, heat, or work streams.
Use the Selector Input Form to specify which stream is copied to the
outlet stream.

QTVEC

Qtvec is a load stream manipulator which can be used to combine

multiple heat streams into a single load stream or to add an additional
temperature and duty point to an existing load stream.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Solids

Name
Crystallizer

Figure

Purpose, Basic Principle & Application

Crystallizer models a mixed suspension, mixed product removal
(MSMPR) crystallizer. It performs mass and energy balance
calculations and optionally determines the crystal size distribution.
Crystallizer assumes that the product magma leaves the crystallizer
in equilibrium, so the mother liquor in the product magma is
saturated.
The feed to Crystallizer mixes with recirculated magma and passes
through a heat exchanger before it enters the crystallizer.
The product stream from Crystallizer contains liquids and solids.
You can pass this stream through a hydrocyclone, filter, or other
fluid-solid separator to separate the phases. Crystallizer can have an
outlet vapor stream.

Crusher

Use Crusher to simulate the breaking of solid particles.

Crusher can model the wet or dry continuous operation of:

Gyratory/jaw crushers
Single-roll crushers
Multiple-roll crushers
Cage mill impact breakers

Crusher assumes the feed is homogeneous. The breaking process

creates fragments with the same composition as the feed. Crusher
calculates the power required for crushing, and the particle size
distribution of the outlet solids stream.

Screen

Screen simulates the separation by screens of a mixture containing

various sizes of solid particles into particles that have more uniform
sizes than the original mixture. You can use Screen to model wet or
dry operations and upper or lower level screens.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

Screen calculates the separation efficiency of the screen from the size
of screen openings you specify.

Cyclone

Cyclone separates an inlet gas stream containing solids into a solids

stream and a gas stream carrying the residual solids.
Use Cyclone to simulate cyclone separators in which solid particles
are removed by the centrifugal force of a gas vortex. You can use
Cyclone to size or rate cyclone separators. In simulation mode,
Cyclone calculates the separation efficiency and pressure drop from
a user-specified cyclone diameter.
In design mode, the cyclone geometry is calculated to meet the userspecified separation efficiencies and maximum pressure drop. In
both calculation modes, the particle size distributions of the outlet
solids streams are determined.

Use VScrub to simulate venturi scrubbers.

VScrub

Venturi scrubbers remove solid particles from a gas stream by direct

contact with an atomized liquid stream.
You can use VScrub to rate or size venturi scrubbers.

CFuge

Use CFuge to simulate centrifuge filters. The centrifuge filters

separate liquids and solids by the centrifugal force of a rotating
basket.
Use CFuge to rate or size centrifuge filters.
CFuge assumes that the separation efficiency of the solids equals 1,
so that the outlet filtrate stream contains no residual solids.

Filter

Use Filter to simulate continuous rotary vacuum filters. You can use
Filter to rate or size rotary vacuum filters.
Filter assumes the separation efficiency of the solids equals 1, so that
the outlet filtrate stream contains no residual solids.

Modeling & Simulation Lab Report

CCD

CCD simulates a counter-current decanter or a multistage washer.

CCD calculates the outlet flow rates and compositions from:

Mixing efficiency
Liquid-to-solid mass ratio of each stage

CCD can calculate:

Dryer

The heat duty profile from a specified temperature profile

The temperature profile from a specified heat duty profile

Use the sheets on the Dryer | Input form to enter the specifications
for the Dryer model.