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1- MBBS, Voluntary Community research. 2- M.Sc, (Ph.D), Division of Bio-statistics, National Institute of Nutrition, Hyderabad. 3MBBS, MPH, National Nutritional Monitoring Bureau (NNMB), NIN, Hyderabad.
Abstract
Background: Twentieth century has witnessed the demographic transition in which there is an increased proportion of
elderly population. This increased longevity is associated with health and nutritional related problems. Objective: To
assess the determinants of hypertension and obesity among the adult population of 50 years and above. Material and
Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out in urban and rural areas of Hyderabad and
surrounding villages. Information of socio-demographic particulars and history of hypertension and diabetes was
collected. Information was also collected regarding substance abuse such as tobacco and alcohol consumption.
Anthropometric measurements like weight, height and waist circumference were measured. Results: A total of 81 adults
(Men; 48.1%; Women: 51.9%) from rural areas and 58 adults (Men; 56.9%; Women: 43.1%) from urban areas were
covered for the study. The prevalence of hypertension was 39.6% among the study subjects and the proportion of known
diabetics was 9.8% each in both rural and urban adults. The prevalence of overweight/obesity (BMI 23.0) and
abdominal obesity was about 72% each and the proportion of smokers and alcoholics was 38% and 34%, respectively.
Conclusions: In general, the prevalence of hypertension and overweight/obesity was significantly higher among the
subjects with sedentary physical activity and those residing in urban areas. Adiposity in terms of BMI and WC was
significantly higher in elderly with hypertension as compared to non-hypertensives. Therefore, it is imperative to initiate
appropriate intervention measures during the adolescence and early adulthood to adopt and practice healthy life styles.
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Results
A total of 81 adults (Men; 48.1%; Women:
51.9%) from rural areas and 58 adults (Men; 56.9%;
Women: 43.1%) from urban areas were covered for
the study. The mean height and weight among rural
adult men were 165.1 Cm 9.27 SD and 71.7 Kg
15.00 SD, respectively, while the corresponding
figures for women were 150.9 Cm 5.48 SD and 52.3
Kg 13.08 SD, respectively. In case of urban adult
men, the mean height and weight were 169.5 Cm
6.41 SD and 74.0 Kg 9.63 SD, respectively, while
the corresponding figures for women were 159.7 Cm
5.61 SD and 65.0 Kg 8.28 SD, respectively. In
general, 39.6% of subjects had hypertension and the
proportion of known diabetics was 9.8% each in both
rural and urban adults. The coverage of adults by
socio-economic status, smoking & alcohol
consumption, physical activity and obesity is
presented in Table-1. In general, significant (p<0.001)
differences were observed with respect to variables
such as socio-economic status, smoking & alcohol
consumption, physical activity and obesity between
rural and urban adults. The proportion of illiterates,
labourers and those residing in kutcha (Mud wall +
thatched roof) houses was significantly (p<0.001)
higher in rural areas. Similarly, the proportion of adult
individuals belonged to lower socio-economic status
was significantly (p<0.001) higher in rural areas
compared to those residing in urban areas. The
prevalence of overweight/obesity and abdominal
obesity was higher among the urban adults (p<0.05),
while the proportion of smokers was significantly
(p<0.001) higher in rural areas.
The association between nutritional status and
socio-economic status, smoking & alcohol
consumption, physical activity and obesity is
presented in Table-2. In general, significant (p<0.05)
differences were observed between nutritional status
and socio-economic status, alcohol consumption,
physical activity and obesity except for smoking
(p>0.05) higher among adults of urban areas, with
sedentary activity and those belonged to middle socioeconomic status and residing in pucca houses.
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Occupation
House
SES
Family
Diet
Activity
Smoking
Alcohol
Salt
Abdo. Obesity
BMI-ASIA
BMI-WHO
Illiterate
School education
College & above
Labourer
N
90
33
31
66
Rural
70.0
48.5
6.5
86.4
Urban
30.0
51.5
93.5
13.6
Service
Business
Idle or retired
Pucca
Semi-pucca
Kutccha
Low
21
32
35
94
23
37
71
9.5
53.1
14.3
24.5
91.3
100.0
98.6
90.5
46.9
85.7
75.5
8.7
0.0
1.4
Middle
Nuclear
Joint
Veg
83
122
32
13
13.3
51.6
56.3
100.0
86.7
48.4
43.8
0.0
Non-veg
Sedentary
Moderate
141
108
46
48.2
36.1
91.3
51.8
63.9
8.7
Yes
No
Yes
No
<10 g/day
10 g/day
Normal
Obese
<18.5
18.5 23
23-27.5
>=27.7
58
96
53
101
11
143
43
111
12
30
61
51
74.1
39.6
60.4
48.5
100.0
49.0
65.1
47.7
100.0
56.7
49.2
43.1
25.9
60.4
39.6
51.5
0.0
51.0
34.9
52.3
0.0
43.3
50.8
56.9
<18.5
18.5 25
25-30
12
50
72
100.0
60.0
38.9
0.0
40.0
61.1
>=30
20
55.0
45.0
P-value
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.642
0.001
0.001
0.001
0.161
0.001
0.53
0.004
0.001
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Table 2: Association between nutritional status and different variables among subjects
Particulars
Area
Rural
Urban
SES*
Low
Middle
Education
Illiterate
School education
College & above
Activity
Sedentary
Moderate
Smoking
Yes
No
Alcohol
Yes
No
Type of house
Pucca
Semi-pucca
Kutcha
Occupation
Labourers
Service
Business
Idle/retired
<18.5
>=27.5
P-value
0.004
100.0
0.0
56.7
43.3
49.2
50.8
43.1
56.9
91.7
8.3
56.7
43.3
42.6
57.4
33.3
66.7
91.7
8.3
0.0
70.0
20.0
10.0
57.4
18.0
24.6
45.1
29.4
25.5
25.0
75.0
66.7
33.3
78.7
21.3
72.5
27.5
66.7
33.3
33.3
66.7
39.3
60.7
31.4
68.6
25.0
75.0
13.3
86.7
36.1
63.9
47.1
52.9
16.7
8.3
75
50.0
13.3
36.7
67.2
13.1
19.7
70.6
19.6
9.8
0.000
91.7
0.0
0.0
8.3
50.0
6.7
23.3
20.0
42.6
18.0
18.0
21.3
27.5
15.7
27.5
29.4
0.020
0.02
0.049
0.003
0.140
0.018
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Normal
Pre-hypertension
Hypertension
P-value
50-60
42.9
36.7
50.8
60
Residence
57.1
63.3
49.2
Rural
57.1
70.0
39.3
Urban
42.9
30.0
60.7
<10 10 g/day
6.3
6.7
8.2
10 g/day
93.7
93.3
91.8
Smoking
Yes
25.4
53.3
42.6
No
74.6
46.7
57.4
Alcohol
Yes
No
25.4
74.6
33.3
66.7
44.3
55.7
0.086
65.1
34.9
56.7
43.3
82.0
18.0
0.024
<23
23
Abd.Obesity
34.9
65.1
36.7
63.3
14.8
85.2
0.018
Normal
30.2
36.7
21.3
Obese
69.8
63.3
78.7
Age (years)
0.408
0.015
Salt
0.917
0.020
Activity
Sedentary
Moderate
BMI
Discussion
The study presents the prevalence of hypertension and
overweight/obesity and their association with socioeconomic status, physical activity and consumption of
tobacco, alcohol and salt among the rural urban adults
of 50years and above. In general, about 40% (Men;
0.270
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Submission Date:
Acceptance Date:
Publication Date:
05-10-2013
09-10-2013
31-10-2013
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Corresponding Author:
Dr R.Srinivas,
Scientist C,
National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau (NNMB),
National Institute of Nutrition, ICMR,
Jamai-Osmania (P.O), Hyderabad 500 007, India.
Email: srinivas.nnmb@gmail.com
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