Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Access Modifiers
A.M which gives additional meaning to data, methods and classes, final cannot be modified at any point of time.
Private
Public
Protected
No modifier
Same class
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
Yes
No
No
Q) Default Values
Long
-2^63 to 2^63 1 0L
Double
0.0d
Int
-2^31 to 2^31 1 0
Float
0.0f
Short
-2^15 to 2^15 1 0
Boolean
False
Byte
-2^7 to 2^7 1
Char
Q) Byte code & JIT compiler & JVM & JRE & JDK
Byte code is a highly optimized set of instructions. JVM is an interpreter for byte code. Translating a java
program into byte code helps makes it much easier to run a program in a wide variety of environment.
JVM is an interpreter for byte code
JIT (Just In Time) is a part of JVM, it compiles byte code into executable code in real time, will increase the
performance of the interpretations.
JRE is an implementation of the Java Virtual Machine, which actually executes Java programs.
JDK is bundle of software that you can use to develop Java based software, Tools provided by JDK is
(i)
javac compiler
(ii)
java interpretor
(iii)
jdb debugger
(iv)
javap - Disassembles
(v)
appletviewer Applets
(vi)
javadoc - documentation generator
(vii)
javah - 'C' header file generator
Q) Wrapper classes
Primitive data types can be converted into objects by using wrapper classes. These are java.lang.package.
Q) Does Java pass method arguments by value or by reference?
Java passes all arguments by value, not by reference
Q) Arguments & Parameters
While defining method, variable passed in the method are called parameters. While using those methods, values
passed to those variables are called arguments.
Q) Public static void main (String [] args)
We can overLoad the main() method.
What if the main method is declared as Private?
The program compiles properly but at runtime it will give "Main method not public." Message
What if the static modifier is removed from the signature of the main method?
Program compiles. But at runtime throws an error "NoSuchMethodError".
We can write static public void instead of public static void but not public void static.
Protected static void main(), static void main(), private static void main() are also valid.
If I do not provide the String array as the argument to the method?
Program compiles but throws a runtime error "NoSuchMethodError".
If no arguments on the command line, String array of Main method will be empty or null?
It is empty. But not null.
Variables can have the same name as a method or a class
Q) Can an application have multiple classes having main() method?
A) Yes it is possible. While starting the application we mention the class name to be run. The JVM will look for the
Main method only in the class whose name you have mentioned. Hence there is not conflict amongst the multiple
classes having main method.
Q) Can I have multiple main methods in the same class?
A) No the program fails to compile. The compiler says that the main method is already defined in the class.
Q) Constructor
The automatic initialization is performed through the constructor, constructor has same name has class name.
Constructor has no return type not even void. We can pass the parameters to the constructor. this () is used to invoke
a constructor of the same class. Super () is used to invoke a super class constructor. Constructor is called
immediately after the object is created before the new operator completes.
Constructor can use the access modifiers public, protected, private or have no access modifier
Constructor can not use the modifiers abstract, static, final, native, synchronized or strictfp
Constructor can be overloaded, we cannot override.
You cannot use this() and Super() in the same constructor.
Class A(
A(){
System.out.println(hello);
}}
Class B extends A {
B(){
System.out.println(friend);
}}
Class print {
Public static void main (String args []){
B b = new B();
}
o/p:- hello friend
Q) Diff Constructor & Method
Constructor
Method
Can be inherited
Can be inherited
the garbage collector to automatically free the objects that are no longer referenced by a program. Every class
inherits finalize() method from java.lang.Object, the finalize() method is called by garbage collector when it
determines no more references to the object exists. In Java, it is good idea to explicitly assign null into a variable
when no more in use, calling System.gc() and Runtime.gc(), JVM tries to recycle the unused objects, but there is no
guarantee when all the objects will garbage collected. Garbage collection is a low-priority thread.
G.C is a low priority thread in java, G.C cannot be forced explicitly. JVM may do garbage collection if it is running
short of memory. The call System.gc() does NOT force the garbage collection but only suggests that the JVM may
make an effort to do garbage collection.
Q) How an object becomes eligible for Garbage Collection?
A) An object is eligible for garbage collection when no object refers to it, an object also becomes eligible when its
reference is set to null. The objects referred by method variables or local variables are eligible for garbage collection
when they go out of scope.
Integer i = new Integer(7);
i=n u l l ;
Static methods are implicitly "final", because overriding is only done based on the type of the objects
They cannot refer this are super in any way.
Q) Class variable & Instance variable & Instance methods & class methods
Instance variable
variables defined inside a class are called instance variables with multiple instance of class, each instance has a
variable stored in separate memory location.
Class variables
you want a variable to be common to all classes then we create class variables. To create a class variable put the
static keyword before the variable name.
Class methods
we create class methods to allow us to call a method without creating instance of the class. To declare a class method
use the static key word.
Instance methods
we define a method in a class, in order to use that methods we need to first create objects of the class.
Any sub class of an Abstract class must either implement all the abstract methods in the super class or be declared
itself as Abstract.
Compile time error occur if an attempt to create an instance of an Abstract class.
You cannot declare abstract constructor and abstract static method.
An abstract method also declared private, native, final, synchronized, strictfp, protected.
Abstract class can have static, final method (but there is no use).
Abstract class have visibility public, private, protected.
By default the methods & variables will take the access modifiers is <default>, which is accessibility as
package.
An abstract method declared in a non-abstract class.
An abstract class can have instance methods that implement a default behavior.
A class can be declared abstract even if it does not actually have any abstract methods. Declaring such a class
abstract indicates that the implementation is somehow incomplete and is meant to serve as a super class for one or
more subclasses that will complete the implementation.
A class with an abstract method. Again note that the class itself is declared abstract, otherwise a compile time
error would have occurred.
Abstract class A{
Public abstract callme();
Void callmetoo(){
}
}
class B extends A(
void callme(){
}
}
class AbstractDemo{
public static void main(string args[]){
B b = new B();
b.callme();
b.callmetoo();
}
}
Q) When we use Abstract class?
A) Let us take the behaviour of animals, animals are capable of doing different things like flying, digging,
Walking. But these are some common operations performed by all animals, but in a different way as well. When an
operation is performed in a different way it is a good candidate for an abstract method.
Public Abstarctclass Animal{
Public void eat(food food) {
}
public void sleep(int hours) {
}
public abstract void makeNoise()
}
public Dog extends Animal
{
public void makeNoise() {
System.out.println(Bark! Bark);
}
}
public Cow extends Animal
{
public void makeNoise() {
System.out.println(moo! moo);
}
}
Q) Interface
Interface is similar to class but they lack instance variable, their methods are declared with out any body. Interfaces
are designed to support dynamic method resolution at run time. All methods in interface are implicitly
abstract, even if the abstract modifier is omitted. Interface methods have no implementation;
Interfaces are useful for?
a) Declaring methods that one or more classes are expected to implement
b) Capturing similarities between unrelated classes without forcing a class relationship.
c) Determining an object's programming interface without revealing the actual body of the class.
Why Interfaces?
one interface multiple methods signifies the polymorphism concept.
Interface has visibility public.
Interface can be extended & implemented.
An interface body may contain constant declarations, abstract method declarations, inner classes and inner
interfaces.
All methods of an interface are implicitly Abstract, Public, even if the public modifier is omitted.
An interface methods cannot be declared protected, private, strictfp, native or synchronized.
All Variables are implicitly final, public, static fields.
A compile time error occurs if an interface has a simple name the same as any of it's enclosing classes or
interfaces.
An Interface can only declare constants and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior.
top-level interfaces may only be declared public, inner interfaces may be declared private and protected but
only if they are defined in a class.
A class can only extend one other class.
A class may implements more than one interface.
Interface can extend more than one interface.
Interface A
{
final static float pi = 3.14f;
}
class B implements A
{
public float compute(float x, float y) {
return(x*y);
}
}
class test{
public static void main(String args[])
{
A a = new B();
a.compute();
}
}
Q) Diff Interface & Abstract Class?
A.C may have some executable methods and methods left unimplemented. Interface contains no implementation
code.
An A.C can have nonabstract methods. All methods of an Interface are abstract.
An A.C can have instance variables. An Interface cannot.
An A.C must have subclasses whereas interface can't have subclasses
An A.C can define constructor. An Interface cannot.
An A.C can have any visibility: public, private, protected. An Interface visibility must be public (or) none.
An A.C can have instance methods that implement a default behavior. An Interface can only declare constants
and instance methods, but cannot implement default behavior.
(s1.equals(s2)); T
(sb1.equals(sb2)); F
((s1==s2)); T
(sb1.equals(ss1)); F
(s3.equals(s4)); T
((s3==s4)); F
String s1 = "abc";
String s2 = new String("abc");
s1 == s2 F
s1.equals(s2)) T
Q) Marker Interfaces (or) Tagged Interfaces :An Interface with no methods. Is called marker Interfaces, eg. Serializable, SingleThread Model, Cloneable.
Q) URL Encoding & URL Decoding
URL Encoding is the method of replacing all the spaces and other extra characters into their corresponding Hex
Characters and URL Decoding is the reverse process converting all Hex Characters back their normal form.
Q) URL & URLConnection
URL is to identify a resource in a network, is only used to read something from the network.
URL url = new URL (protocol name, host name, port, url specifier)
URLConnection can establish communication between two programs in the network.
URL hp = new URL (www.yahoo.com);
URLConnection con = hp.openConnection ();
Q) Runtime class
Runtime class encapsulate the run-time environment. You cannot instantiate a Runtime object. You can get a
reference to the current Runtime object by calling the static method Runtime.getRuntime ()
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime ()
Long mem1;
Mem1 = r.freeMemory();
Mem1 = r.totalMemory();
Q) Execute other programs
You can use java to execute other heavy weight process on your multi tasking operating system, several form of
exec() method allow you to name the programme you want to run.
Runtime r = Runtime.getRuntime();
Process p = null;
Try{
p = r.exce(notepad);
p.waiFor()
}
Q) System class
System class hold a collection of static methods and variables. The standard input, output, error output of the java
runtime are stored in the in, out, err variables.
Q) Native Methods
Native methods are used to call subroutine that is written in a language other than java, this subroutine exist as
executable code for the CPU.
Q) Cloneable Interface
Any class that implements the cloneable interface can be cloned, this interface defines no methods. It is used to
indicate that a class allow a bit wise copy of an object to be made.
Q) Clone
Generate a duplicate copy of the object on which it is called. Cloning is a dangerous action.
Q) Comparable Interface
Classes that implements comparable contain objects that can be compared in some meaningful manner. This
interface having one method compare the invoking object with the object. For sorting comparable interface will be
used.
Ex:- int compareTo(Object obj)
Q) Class
Class encapsulate the run-time state of an object or interface. Methods in this class are
Static Class forName(String name) throws ClassNotFoundException
getClass()
getClassLoader()
getConstructor()
getField()
getDeclaredFields()
getMethods()
getDeclearedMethods()
getInterface()
getSuperClass()
Q) java.lang.Reflect (package)
Reflection is the ability of software to analyse it self, to obtain information about the field, constructor, methods &
modifier of class. You need this information to build software tools that enables you to work with java beans
components.
Q) InstanceOf
Instanceof means by which your program can obtain run time type information about an object.
Ex:- A a = new A();
a.instanceOf A;
Q) Java pass arguments by value or by reference?
A) By value
Q) Java lack pointers how do I implements classic pointer structures like linked list?
A) Using object reference.
Q) java. Exe
Micro soft provided sdk for java, which includes jexegentool. This converts class file into a .Exec form. Only
disadvantage is user needs a M.S java V.M installed.
Q) Bin & Lib in jdk?
Bin contains all tools such as javac, appletviewer and awt tool.
Lib contains API and all packages.
Collections Frame Work
Q)
Collection classes
Collection Interfaces
Legacy classes
Legacy interface
Abstract collection
Collection
Dictionary
Enumerator
Abstract List
List
Hash Table
Abstract Set
Set
Stack
Array List
Sorted Set
Vector
Linked List
Map
Properties
Hash set
Iterator
Tree Set
Hash Map
Tree Map
Abstract Sequential List
Collection Classes
Abstract collection Implements most of the collection interfaces.
Abstract List Extends Abstract collection & Implements List Interface. A.L allows random access.
Methods>> void add (int index, Object element), boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), boolean
addAll(int index, Collection c), Object remove(int index), void clear(), Iterator iterator().
Abstract Set Extends Abstract collection & Implements Set interface.
Array List Array List extends AbstractList and implements the List interface. ArrayList is a variable length of
array of object references, ArrayList support dynamic array that grow as needed. A.L allows rapid random access to
element but slow for insertion and deletion from the middle of the list. It will allow duplicate elements. Searching
is very faster.
A.L internal node traversal from the start to the end of the collection is significantly faster than Linked List traversal.
A.L is a replacement for Vector.
Methods>>void add (int index, Object element), boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), boolean
addAll(int index, Collection c), Object remove(int index), void clear(), object get(int index), int indexOf(Object
element), int latIndexOf(Object element), int size(), Object [] toArray().
Linked List Extends AbstactSequentialList and implements List interface. L.L provide optimal sequence access,
in expensive insertion and deletion from the middle of the list, relatively slow for random access. When ever there is
a lot of insertion & deletion we have to go for L.L. L.L is accessed via a reference to the first node of the list. Each
subsequent node is accessed via a reference to the first node of the list. Each subsequent node is accessed via the
link-reference number stored in the previous node.
Methods>> void addFirst(Object obj), addLast(Object obj), Object getFirst(), Object getLast(),void add (int index,
Object element), boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), boolean addAll(int index, Collection c),
Object remove(int index), Object remove(Object o), void clear(), object get(int index), int indexOf(Object element),
int latIndexOf(Object element), int size(), Object [] toArray().
Hash Set Extends AbstractSet & Implements Set interface, it creates a collection that uses HashTable for storage,
H.S does not guarantee the order of its elements, if u need storage go for TreeSet. It will not allow duplicate
elements
Methods>>boolean add(Object o), Iterator iterator(), boolean remove(Object o), int size().
Tree Set Extends Abstract Set & Implements Set interface. Objects are stored in sorted, ascending order. Access
and retrial times are quite fast. It will not allow duplicate elements
Methods>> boolean add(Object o), boolean addAll(Collection c), Object first(), Object last(), Iterator iterator(),
boolean remove(Object o).
Hash Map Extends Abstract Map and implements Map interface. H.M does not guarantee the order of elements,
so the order in which the elements are added to a H.M is not necessary the order in which they are ready by the
iterate. H.M permits only one null values in it while H.T does not
HashMap is similar to Hashtable.
Tree Map implements Map interface, a TreeMap provides an efficient means of storing key/value pairs in sorted
order and allow rapid retrieval.
Abstract Sequential List Extends Abstract collection; use sequential access of its elements.
Collection Interfaces
Collection Collection is a group of objects, collection does not allow duplicate elements.
Methods >> boolean add(Object obj), boolean addAll(c), int Size(), Object[] toArray(), Boolean isEmpty(), Object
[] toArray(), void clear().Collection c), Iterator iterator(), boolean remove(Object obj), boolean
removeAll(Collection
Exceptions >> UnSupportedPointerException, ClassCastException.
List List will extend Collection Interface, list stores a sequence of elements that can contain duplicates,
elements can be accessed their position in the list using a zero based index, (it can access objects by
index).Methods >> void add(int index, Object obj), boolean addAll(int index, Collection c), Object get(int index),
int indexOf(Object obj), int lastIndexOf(Object obj), ListIterator iterator(), Object remove(int index), Object
removeAll(Collection c), Object set(int index, Object obj).
Set Set will extend Collection Interface, Set cannot contain duplicate elements. Set stored elements in an
unordered way. (it can access objects by value).
Sorted Set Extends Set to handle sorted sets, Sorted Set elements will be in ascending order.
Methods >> Object last(), Object first(), compactor compactor().
Exceptions >> NullPointerException, ClassCastException, NoSuchElementException.
Map Map maps unique key to value in a map for every key there is a corresponding value and you will lookup
the values using keys. Map cannot contain duplicate key and value. In map both the key & value are
objects.
Methods >>Object get(Object k), Object put(Object k, Object v), int size(), remove(Object object), boolean
isEmpty()
Iterator Iterator makes it easier to traverse through the elements of a collection. It also has an extra feature not
present in the older Enumeration interface - the ability to remove elements. This makes it easy to perform a search
through a collection, and strip out unwanted entries.
Before accessing a collection through an iterator you must obtain one if the collection classes provide an iterator()
method that returns an iterator to the start of the collection. By using iterator object you can access each element in
the collection, one element at a time.
Methods >> boolean hasNext(), object next(),void remove()
Ex:- ArayList arr = new ArrayList();
Arr.add(c);
Iterator itr = arr.iterator();
While(itr.hashNext())
{
Object element = itr.next();
}
List Iterator List Iterator gives the ability to access the collection, either forward/backward direction
Legacy Classes
Dictionary is an abstract class that represent key/value storage repository and operates much like Map once the
value is stored you can retrieve it by using key.
Hash Table HashTable stores key/value pairs in hash table, HashTable is synchronized when using hash table
you have to specify an object that is used as a key, and the value that you want to linked to that key. The key is then
hashed, and the resulting hash code is used as the index at which the value is stored with the table. Use H.T to store
large amount of data, it will search as fast as vector. H.T store the data in sequential order.
Methods>> boolean containsKey(Object key), boolean containsValue(Object value), Object get(Object key), Object
put(Object key, Object value)
Stack is a sub class of vector, stack includes all the methods defined by vector and adds several of its own.
Vector Vector holds any type of objects, it is not fixed length and vector is synchronized. We can store
primitive data types as well as objects. Default length of vector is up to 10.
Methods>> final void addElement(Object element), final int size(), final int capacity(), final boolean
removeElementAt(int index), final void removeAllElements().
Properties is a subclass of HashTable, it is used to maintain the list of values in which the key/value is String.
Legacy Interfaces
Enumeration Define methods by which you can enumerate the elements in a collection of objects. Enumeration
is synchronized.
Methods>> hasMoreElements(),Object nextElement().
Q) Which is the preferred collection class to use for storing database result sets?
A) LinkedList is the best one, benefits include:
1. Retains the original retrieval order. 2. Has quick insertion at the head/tail 3. Doesn't have an internal size
limitation like a Vector where when the size is exceeded a new internal structure is created. 4. Permits usercontrolled synchronization unlike the pre-Collections Vector which is always synchronized
ResultSet result = stmt.executeQuery("...");
List list = new LinkedList();
while(result.next()) {
list.add(result.getString("col"));
}
If there are multiple columns in the result set, you'll have to combine them into their own data structure for each row.
Arrays work well for that as you know the size, though a custom class might be best so you can convert the contents
to the proper type when extracting from databse, instead of later.
Q) Efficiency of HashTable - If hash table is so fast, why don't we use it for everything?
A) One reason is that in a hash table the relations among keys disappear, so that certain operations (other than
search, insertion, and deletion) cannot be easily implemented. For example, it is hard to traverse a hash table
according to the order of the key. Another reason is that when no good hash function can be found for a certain
application, the time and space cost is even higher than other data structures (array, linked list, or tree).
Hashtable has two parameters that affect its efficiency: its capacity and its load factor. The load factor should be
between 0.0 and 1.0. When the number of entries in the hashtable exceeds the product of the load factor and the
current capacity, the capacity is increased by calling the rehash method. Larger load factors use memory more
efficiently, at the expense of larger expected time per lookup.
If many entries are to be put into a Hashtable, creating it with a sufficiently large capacity may allow the entries to
be inserted more efficiently than letting it perform automatic rehashing as needed to grow the table.
Q) How does a Hashtable internally maintain the key-value pairs?
A) The Hashtable class uses an internal (private) class named Entry to hold the key-value pairs. All entries of the
Hashtable are stored in an array of Entry objects with the hash value of the key serving as the index. If two or more
different keys have the same hash value these entries are stored as a linked list under the same index.
Q) Array
Array of fixed length of same data type; we can store primitive data types as well as class objects.
Arrays are initialized to the default value of their type when they are created, not declared, even if they are local
variables
Q) Diff Iterator & Enumeration & List Iterator
Iterator is not synchronized and enumeration is synchronized. Both are interface, Iterator is collection interface that
extends from List interface. Enumeration is a legacy interface, Enumeration having 2 methods Boolean
hasMoreElements() & Object NextElement(). Iterator having 3 methods boolean hasNext(), object next(),
void remove(). Iterator also has an extra feature not present in the older Enumeration interface - the ability to
remove elements there is one method void remove().
List Iterator
It is an interface, List Iterator extends Iterator to allow bi-directional traversal of a list and modification of the
elements. Methods are hasNext(), hasPrevious().
Q) Diff HashTable & HashMap
Both provide key/value to access the data. The H.T is one of the collection original collection classes in java.
H.P is part of new collection framework.
H.T is synchronized and H.M is not.
H.M permits null values in it while H.T does not.
Iterator in the H.P is fail-safe while the enumerator for the H.T is not.
Q) Converting from a Collection to an array - and back again?
The collection interface define the toArray() method, which returns an array of objects. If you want to convert back
to a collection implementation, you could manually traverse each element of the array and add it using the
add(Object) method.
// Convert from a collection to an array
Object[] array = c.toArray();
// Convert back to a collection
Collection c2 = new HashSet();
for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
{
c2.add(array[i]);
}
Q) How do I look through each element of a HashMap?
A) <select id="swf" name="swf" onChange="showStandardWF()" style="width:175px;">
<option value=""><Select Standard WorkFlow></option>
<%
hmap =(HashMap)request.getAttribute("stdwf");
if( hmap.size() != 0){
Throwable
Error
AWT Error
Exception
OutOfMemory.E StackOverFlow.E
EOF.E
Runtime Exception
(Unchecked)
FilenotFound.E
Arithmetic.E
NullPointer.E
Indexoutof
Bound.E
ArrayIndexoutOfBound.E
StirngIndexoutOfBound
Q)Exception & Error
Exception and Error both are subclasses of the Throwable class.
ExceptionException is generated by java runtime system (or) by manually. An exception is an abnormal
condition that transfers program execution from a thrower to catcher.
Error Will stop the program execution, Error is an abnormal system condition we cannot handle these.
Q) Can an exception be rethrown? A) Yes, an exception can be rethrown.
Q) try, catch, throw, throws
try This is used to fix up the error, to prevent the program from automatically terminating, try-catch is used to
catching an exception that are thrown by the java runtime system.
Throw is used to throw an exception explicitly.
Throws A Throws clause list the type of exceptions that a methods might through.
Q) What happens if an exception is not caught?
A) An uncaught exception results in the uncaughtException() method of the thread's ThreadGroup being invoked,
which eventually results in the termination of the program in which it is thrown.
Q) What happens if a try-catch-finally statement does not have a catch clause to handle an exception that is
thrown within the body of the try statement?
The exception propagates up to the next higher level try-catch statement (if any) or results in the program's
termination.
Q) Checked & UnChecked Exception :Checked exception is some subclass of Exception. Making an exception checked forces client programmers to deal
with the possibility that the exception will be thrown. eg, IOException thrown by java.io.FileInputStream's read()
method
Unchecked exceptions are RuntimeException and any of its subclasses. Class Error and its subclasses also are
unchecked. With an unchecked exception, however, the compiler doesn't force client programmers either to catch the
exception or declare it in a throws clause. In fact, client programmers may not even know that the exception could
be thrown. eg, StringIndexOutOfBoundsException thrown by String's charAt() method Checked exceptions must be
caught at compile time. Runtime exceptions do not need to be. Errors often cannot be.
Checked Exceptions
Un checked exception
ClassNotFoundException
NoSuchMethodException
NoSuchFieldException
ArithmeticException
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundException
ClasscastException
InterruptedException
IllegalArgumentException
IllegalAccessException
IllegalMonitorSateException
CloneNotSupportedException
IllegalThreadStateException
IndexOutOfBoundException
NullPointerException
NumberFormatException
StringIndexOutOfBounds
OutOfMemoryError-->Signals that JVM has run out of memory and that the garbage collector is unable to
claim any more free memory.
StackOverFlow-->Signals that a stack O.F in the interpreter.
ArrayIndexOutOfbound-->For accessing an array element by providing an index values <0 or > or equal to
the array size.
StringIndexOutOfbound-->For accessing character of a string or string buffer with index values <0 or > or
equal to the array size.
Arithmetic Exception-->such as divide by zero.
ArrayStore Exception-->Assignment to an array element of an incompatible types.
ClasscastException-->Invalid casting.
IllegalArgument Exception-->Illegal argument is used to invoke a method.
Nullpointer Exception-->If attempt to made to use a null object.
NumberFormat Exception-->Invalid conversition of string to numeric format.
ClassNotfound Exception-->class not found.
Instantion Exception-->Attempt to create an object of an Abstract class or Interface.
NosuchField Exception-->A request field does not exist.
NosuchMethod Exception-->A request method does not exist.
Q) Methods in Exceptions?
A) getMessage(), toString(), printStackTrace(), getLocalizedMessage(),
Q) What is exception chaining?
A) An exception chain is a list of all the exceptions generated in response to a single root exception. As
each exception is caught and converted to a higher-level exception for rethrowing, it's added to the chain.
This provides a complete record of how an exception is handled The chained exception API was introduced in 1.4.
Two methods and two constructors were added to Throwable.
Throwable getCause()
Throwable initCause(Throwable)
Throwable(String, Throwable)
Throwable(Throwable)
The Throwable argument to initCause and the Throwable constructors is the exception that caused the current
exception. getCause returns the exception that caused the current exception, and initCause returns the current
exception.
Q) Primitive multi tasking
If the threads of different priorities shifting the control depend on the priority i.e.; a thread with higher priority is
executed first than the thread with lower priority. This process of shifting control is known as primitive multi
tasking.
Q) Http Status Codes
To inform the client of a problem at the server end, you call the sendError method. This causes the server to
respond with status line, with protocol version and a success or error code.
The first digit of the status code defines the class of response, while the last two digits do not have categories
Number
1xx
Type
Informational
Description
Requested received, continuing to process
2xx
3xx
4xx
5xx
Success
Redirection
Client Error
Server Error
All Packages
Q) Thread Class
Methods: getName()
run()
getPriority()
Sleep()
isAlive()
Start()
join()
Q) Object class
All other classes are sub classes of object class, Object class is a super class of all other class.
Methods: void notify()
void notifyAll()
Object clone()
Sting toString()
void wait()
void finalize()
int hashcode()
Q) throwable class
Methods: String getMessage()
String toString()
Q) Javax.servlet Package
Void printStackTrace()
Throwable fillInStackTrace()
Interfaces
Classes
Servlet
GenericServlet
ServletConfig
ServletInputStream
ServletContext
ServletOutputStream
ServletRequest
ServletContextAttributeEvent
ServletResponse
SingleThreadModel
ServletContextListener
ServletContextAttributeListener
ServletContextInitialization parameters
ServletRequestAttributeListener
ServletRequestListner
Filter
FilterChain
FilterConfig
RequestDispatcher
GenericServlet (C) public void destroy();
public String getInitParameter(String name);
Exceptions
ServletException
UnavaliableException
Classes
Cookies
HttpServlet (Abstarct Class)
HttpUtils
HttpSessionBindingEvent
Exceptions
ServletException
UnavaliableException
HttpSessionAttributeListener
HttpSessionBindingListener
HttpSessionContext (deprecated)
Filter
ServletContextListener (I) public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent event)
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent event)
ServletContextAttributeListener (I) public void attributeAdded(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
public void attributeRemoved(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
public void attributeReplaced(ServletContextAttributeEvent scab)
ServletContextInitilazation parameters
Cookies (C) public Object clone();
public int getMaxAge();
public String getName();
public String getPath();
public String getValue();
public int getVersion();
public void setMaxAge(int expiry);
public void setPath(String uri);
public void setValue(String newValue);
public void setVersion(int v);
HttpServlet (C) public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res)
protected void doDelete (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doGet (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doOptions(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doPut(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected void doTrace(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
protected long getLastModified(HttpServletRequest req);
protected void service(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res)
HttpSessionbindingEvent (C) public String getName();
public HttpSession getSession();
HttpServletRequest (I) public abstract Cookie[] getCookies();
public abstract String getHeader(String name);
public abstract Enumeration getHeaderNames();
public abstract String getQueryString();
public abstract String getRemoteUser();
public abstract String getRequestedSessionId();
public abstract String getRequestURI();
public abstract String getServletPath();
public abstract HttpSession getSession(boolean create);
public abstract boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromCookie();
public abstract boolean isRequestedSessionIdFromUrl();
public abstract boolean isRequestedSessionIdValid();
HttpServletResponse (I) public abstract void addCookie(Cookie cookie);
public abstract String encodeRedirectUrl(String url);
public abstract String encodeUrl(String url);
public abstract void sendError(int sc, String msg) throws IOException;
public abstract void sendRedirect(String location) throws IOException;
public abstract void addIntHeader(String header, int value);
public abstract void addDateHeader(String header, long value);
public abstract void setHeader(String name, String value);
public abstract void setIntHeader(String header, int value);
public abstract void setDateHeader(String header, long value);
public void setStatus();
Classes
DriverManager
Date
TimeStamp
Time
Types
SQL Exception, SQL Warnings
Classes
ConnectionEvent
RowsetEvent
Exceptions
ClassNotFoundException
Instantiation Exception
Exceptions
RowSet
RowSetListener
RowSetMetaDate
RowSetReader/Writer
XAConnection
XADataSource
Q) java.lang Package
Interfaces
Cloneable
Classes
Double, Float, Long, Integer, Short,
Byte, Boolean, Character,
Exceptions
ArithmeticException, ArrayIndexOutOfBoundOf.E,
ClassCast.E, ClassNotFound.E
Runnable
Comparable
Class, ClassLoader
Process, RunTime, Void
String, StringBuffer
Thread, ThreadGroup
IlleAcess.E, IllegalArgument.E
IllegalSate.E, NullPointer.E
NoSuchField.E, NoSuchMethod.E
NumberFormat.E
Q) java.IO Package
Interfaces
DataInputstream
DataOutputstream
ObjectInputStream
ObjectOutputstream
Serializable
Externializable
Classes
BufferInputstream, BufferOutputStream
BufferReader, BufferWriter
ByteArrayInputStream, ByteArrayOutputstream
CharacterarrayReader, CharacterArayWriter
DataInputStream, DataOutputStream
Filereader, FileWriter
ObjectInputStream, ObjectOutputStream
Exceptions
Threading Questions
Q) What threads will start when you start the java program?
A) Finalizer, Main, Reference Handler, Signal dispatcher.
Q) Thread
Thread is a smallest unit of dispatchable code.
Q) Diff process and threads?
A) Thread is a smallest unit of dispatchable code, Process is a sub program will perform some specific actions.
(I) Process is a heavy weight task and is more cost. (ii) Thread is a lightweight task, which is of low cost.
(iii) A Program can contain more than one thread. (v) A program under execution is called as process.
Q) Sleep(), wait(), notify(), notifyAll(), stop(), suspend(), resume()
sleep
sleep for a thread until some specific amount of time.
wait
wait for a thread until some specific condition occurs (Or) Tells the calling thread to give up the
monitor and go to sleep until some other thread enters the same monitor and calls notify().
notify( ) wakes up the first thread that called wait() on the same object.
notifyAll( ) wakes up all the threads that called wait() on the same object, the highest priority thread will run first.
stop( )
The thread move to dead state.
suspend( ) & resume( ) To pass and restart the execution of a thread. In case of suspend, thread will be
suspended by calling the lock on the object. Resume will restart from where it is suspended.
join( )
wait for a thread to terminate.
Q) Yield( )
Yield method temporarily stop the callers thread and put at the end of queue to wait for another turn to be executed.
It is used to make other threads of the same priority have the chance to run.
Thread.sleep(milliseconds);
Thread.sleep(milliseconds, nanoseconds);
Q) Multi Threading
Multithreading is the mechanism in which more than one thread run independent of each other within the process.
Q) Daemon Thread
Daemon thread is one which serves another thread, it has no other role normally a daemon thread carry some
background program. When daemon thread remains the program exist.
Q) Thread Priority
MIN_PRIORITY = 1
NORM_PRIORITY = 5
MAX_PRIORITY = 10
Q) Can I restart a stopped thread?
A) Once a thread is stopped, it cannot be restarted. Keep in mind though that the use of the stop() method of Thread
is deprecated and should be avoided.
Q) Thread Priorities
Class A implements Runnable{
Thread t;
Public clicker(int p){
T = new Thread(this)
t.setPriority(p);}
public void run(){
}
public void stop(){
}
public void start(){
t.start();
}
try{
thread.sleep(1000);
}
lo.stop();
hi.stop();
try{
hi.t.join();
lo.t.join();
}
class HiLo{
public static void main(Stirng args[]){
Thread.currentThread().setPriority(Thread.MAX_PRIORITY);
Clicker hi = new Clicker(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY+2);
Clicker lo = new Clicker(Thread.NORM_PRIORITY-2);
Lo.start();
Hi.start();
Q) What is the use of start() function in starting a thread? why we do not use the run() method directly to run
the thread?
Start method tell the JVM that it needs to create a system specific thread. After creating the system resources it
passes the runnable object to it to execute the run() method.
Calling run() method directly has the thread execute in the same as the calling object, not a separate thread of
execution.
Q) What are the different levels of locking using Synchronize key word?
A) Class level, method level, object level, block level
Q) Which attribute are thread safe?
Objective
Local variables
Instance variables
Class variables
Request attributes
Session attributes
Context attributes
JDBC Questions
Q) What Class.forName will do while loading drivers?
A) Will create an instance of the driver and register with the DriverManager.
Q) JDBC 3.0 new features?
A) 1. Transaction Savepoint support: - Added the Savepoint interface, which contains new methods to set, release,
or roll back a transaction to designated savepoints.
2. Reuse of prepared statements by connection pools: - to control how prepared statements are pooled and reused
by connections.
3. Connection pool configuration :- Defined a number of properties for the ConnectionPoolDataSource interface.
These properties can be used to describe how PooledConnection objects created by DataSource objects should be
pooled.
4. Retrieval of parameter metadata: - Added the interface ParameterMetaData, which describes the number, type
and properties of parameters to prepared statements.
5. Retrieval of auto-generated keys: - Added a means of retrieving values from columns containing automatically
generated values.
6. Multiple open ResultSet objects: - Added the new method getMoreResults(int).
7. Passing parameters to CallableStatement objects by name: - Added methods to allow a string to identify the
parameter to be set for a CallableStatement object.
8. Holdable cursor support: - Added the ability to specify the of holdability of a ResultSet object.
9. BOOLEAN data type: - Added the data type java.sql.Types.BOOLEAN. BOOLEAN is logically equivalent to
BIT.
10. Making internal updates to the data in Blob and Clob objects: - Added methods to allow the data contained
in Blob and Clob objects to be altered.
11. Retrieving and updating the object referenced by a Ref object: - Added methods to retrieve the object
referenced by a Ref object. Also added the ability to update a referenced object through the Ref object.
12. Updating of columns containing BLOB, CLOB, ARRAY and REF types: - Added of the updateBlob,
updateClob, updateArray, and updateRef methods to the ResultSet interface.
Q) JDBC Drivers
o JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver
o Native API - Partly Java Driver
o Network protocol - All Java Driver
o Native Protocol - Pure Java Driver
Tier
Driver
mechanism
Description
Two JDBC-ODBC
JDBC access via most ODBC drivers, some ODBC binary code and client code must be
loaded on each client machine. This driver is commonly used for prototyping. The JDBCODBC Bridge is JDBC driver which implements JDBC operations by translating them to
ODBC operations.
This driver converts JDBC calls to database specific native calls. Client requires database
specific libraries.
Network
Thre
protocol - All
e
Java Driver
This driver converts JDBC calls into DBMS independent network protocol that is sent to the
middleware server. This will translate this DBMS independent network protocol into DBMS
specific protocol, which is sent to a particular database. The results are again rooted back to
middleware server and sent back to client.
Two
Native protocol They are pure java driver, they communicate directly with the vendor database.
All - Java driver
Q) JDBC connection
import java.sql.*;
public class JDBCSample {
public static void main(java.lang.String[] args) {
try {
Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
} catch (ClassNotFoundException e) {
System.out.println("Unable to load Driver Class");
return;
}
try {
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:odbc:companydb","", "");
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT FIRST_NAME FROM EMPLOYEES");
while(rs.next()) {
System.out.println(rs.getString("FIRST_NAME"));
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
con.close();
}
catch (SQLException se) {
System.out.println("SQL Exception: " + se.getMessage());
}
}
}
Q) 4th type driver
class.forName(oracle.jdbcdriver.oracledriver);
connection con = driverManager.getConnection(JDBC:oracle:thin:@hostname:portno:oracleservice,uid,
pwd);
Q) Steps to connect to JDBC?
A) 1. First thing is using jdbc you have to establish a connection to the data base this is 2 steps process (i) you must
load the jdbc driver (ii) then make a connection, to do this we can call the getConnection() method of driver
manager class.
2. To execute any sql commands using jdbc connection you must first create a statement object to create this call
statement st = con.createSteatement().
This is done by calling the createStatement() method in connection interface. Once the statement is created you can
executed it by calling execute() method of the statement interface.
Q) Resultset Types
rs.beforeFirst() goto 1st record
rs.afterLast() goto last record
isFirst() / isLast()
res.absolute(4) will got 4th record in result set.
rs.deleteRow()
rs.updateRow(3,88) value in column 3 of resultset is set to 88.
rs.updateFloat()
rs.relative(2)
Q) Transactional Savepoints
Statement stmt = conn.createStatement ();
Int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate ("insert into etable (event) values ('TMM')");
Int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate ("insert into costs (cost) values (45.0)");
Savepoint sv1 = conn.setSavePoint ("svpoint1"); // create save point for inserts
Int rowcount = stmt.executeUpdate ("delete from employees");
Conn.rollback (sv1); // discard the delete statement but keep the inserts
Conn.commit; // inserts are now permanent
pst.setInt(1, dno);
ResultSet rs = pst.executeQuery();
Callable statement C.S used to retrieve data by invoking stored procedures, stored procedure are program units
placed at data base server side for reusability. These are used by n-number of clients. Stored procedure is
precompiled in RDBMS, so they can run faster than the dynamic sql.
Callable statement will call a single stored procedure, they perform multiple queries and updates without network
traffic.
callableStatement cst = con.prepareCall({CALL procedure-name(??)} );
DataInputStream dis = new DataInputStream(System.in);
Int enum = Integer.ParseInt(dis.readLine());
cst.setInt(1, enum);
cst.registerOutParameter(2, types.VARCHAR)
resultset rs = cst.execute();
In
used to send information to the procedure.
Out used to retrieve information from data base.
InOut both.
Q) In which interface the methods commit() & rollback() savepoint() defined ?
A) java.sql.Connection interface
Q) Retrieving very large values from database?
A) getASSCIISteram() read values which are character in nature.
GetBinaryStream() used to read images.
Q) ResultSetMetaData
It is used to find out the information of a table in a data base.
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM "+ table);
ResultSetMetaData rsmd = rs.getMetaData();
Methods getColumnCount(), getColumnName(), getColumnLabel(), getColumnType(), getTableName(),
Q) Database MetaData
You need some information about the data base & dictionary we use this .To find out tables, stored procedure
names, columns in a table, primary key of a table we use this, this is the largest interface in java.sql package
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection(jdbcURL, "", "");
DatabaseMetaData dbmd = con.getMetaData();
ResultSet rs= dbmd.getxxx();
Methods getColumns(), getTableTypes(), getTables(), getDriverName(), getMajorVersion(), get MinorVersion(),
getProcedures(), getProcedureColumns(), getTables().
Q) SQL Warnings
Warnings may be retrieved from Connection, Statement, and ResultSet objects. Trying to retrieve a warning
on a connection after it has been closed will cause an exception to be thrown. Similarly, trying to retrieve a warning
on a statement after it has been closed or on a result set after it has been closed will cause an exception to be thrown.
Note that closing a statement also closes a result set that it might have produced.
Connection.getWarnings()
Statement.getWarnings(),
ResultSet.getWarnings(), Serialized Form
SQLWarning warning = stmt.getWarnings();
if (warning != null)
{
while (warning != null)
{
System.out.println("Message: " + warning.getMessage());
System.out.println("SQLState: " + warning.getSQLState());
System.out.print("Vendor error code: ");
System.out.println(warning.getErrorCode());
warning = warning.getNextWarning();
}}
Q) Procedure
Procedure is a subprogram will perform some specific action, sub programs are name PL/SQL blocks that can take
parameters to be invoked.
create (or) replace procedure procedure-name (id IN INTEGER , bal IN OUT FLOAT) IS
BEGIN
select balance into bal from accounts where account_id = id;
Bal: = bal + bal * 0.03;
Update accounts set balance = bal where account_id = id;
END;
Q) Trigger
Trigger is a stored PL/SQL block associated with a specific database table. Oracle executes triggers automatically
when ever a given SQL operation effects the table, we can associate 12 data base triggers with in a given table.
Create/Replace trigger before Insert (or) Delete (or) Update on emp for each row
Begin
Insert into table-name values(:empno; :name)
end
Q) Stored Images into a table
Public class img
{
Public static void main(String args[]){
Class.forName();
Connection con = DriverManager.getConnection();
Preparestatement pst = con.prepareStatement(insert into image value(?));
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream(a.gif);
Pst.setBinaryStream(1, fis, fis.available);
Int I = pst.executeUpadate();
}
Retrieve Image
Statement st = con.CreateStatement();
ResultSet rs = st.executeQuery(select * from img);
Rs.next();
InputStream is = rs.getBinaryStream(1);
FileOutPutStream fos = new FileOutPutStream(g2.gif);
Int ch;
While((ch=is.read(1))!=!-1)
{
fos.write(ch);
}
SERVLET Questions
Class path: set path= c:\j2sdk1.4.2\bin
set classpath= c:\ j2sdk1.4.2\lib\tools.jar;c:\servlet.jar
C:\Tomcat5\bin\startup.bat shortcut
Q) Servlet
Servlet is server side component, a servlet is small plug gable extension to the server and servlets are used to extend
the functionality of the java-enabled server. Servlets are durable objects means that they remain in memory specially
instructed to be destroyed. Servlets will be loaded in the Address space of web server.
Servlet are loaded 3 ways 1) When the web sever starts 2) You can set this in the configuration file 3) Through an
administration interface.
Q) What is Temporary Servlet?
A) When we sent a request to access a JSP, servlet container internally creates a 'servlet' & executes it. This servlet
is called as 'Temporary servlet'. In general this servlet will be deleted immediately to create & execute a servlet base
on a JSP we can use following command.
|
+ weblogic.xml
WAR-> WARfile can be placed in a servers webapps directory
Q) Web.xml: <web-app>
<!-- Defines WebApp initialization parameters.-->
<context-param>
<param-name>locale</param-name>
<param-value>US</param-value>
</context-param>
<!-- Defines filters and specifies filter mapping -->
<filter>
<filter-name>Test Filter</filter-name>
<filter-class>filters.TestFilter</filter-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>locale</param-name>
<param-value>US</param-value>
</init-param>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>Test Filter</filter-name>
<servlet-name>TestServlet</servlet-name>
</filter-mapping>
<!-- Defines application events listeners -->
<listener>
<listener-class>
listeners.MyServletContextListener</listener-class>
</listener>
<listener>
<listener-class>
listeners.MySessionCumContextListener
</listener-class>
</listener>
<!-- Defines servlets -->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>servlets.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>driverclassname</param-name>
<param-value>sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>dburl</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:odbc:MySQLODBC</param-value>
</init-param>
<security-role-ref>
<!-- role-name is used in HttpServletRequest.isUserInRole(String role) method. -->
<role-name>manager</role-name>
<!-- role-link is one of the role-names specified in security-role elements. -->
<role-link>supervisor</role-link>
</security-role-ref>
</servlet>
<!-- Defines servlet mappings -->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>HelloServlet</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<!--specifies session timeout as 30 minutes. -->
<session-config>
<session-timeout>30</session-timeout>
<session-config>
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.html</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<! -- Error page -- >
<error-page>
<error-code>404</error-code>
<location>notfoundpage.jsp</location>
</error-page>
<error-page>
<exception-type>java.sql.SQLException</exception-type>
<location>sqlexception.jsp</location>
</error-page>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>http://abc.com/testlib</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tlds/testlib.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/examplelib</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/tlds/examplelib.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<!-- only POST method is protected -->
<http-method>POST</http-method>
<web-resource-collection>
<web-resource-name>Another Protected Area</web-resource-name>
<url-pattern>*.hello</url-pattern>
</web-resource-collection>
<!-- auth-method can be: BASIC, FORM, DIGEST, or CLIENT-CERT -->
<auth-method>FORM</auth-method>
<realm-name>sales</realm-name>
<form-login-config>
<form-login-page>/formlogin.html</form-login-page>
<form-error-page>/formerror.jsp</form-error-page>
</form-login-config>
</login-config>
</web-app>
Q) Automatically start Servlet?
A) If present, calls the servlet's service() method at the specified times. <run-at> lets servlet writers execute periodic
tasks without worrying about creating a new Thread.
The value is a list of 24-hour times when the servlet should be automatically executed. To run the servlet every 6
hours, you could use:
<servlet servlet-name='test.HelloWorld'>
<run-at>0:00, 6:00, 12:00, 18:00</run-at>
</servlet>
Q) ServletConfig Interface & ServletContex Interfaces
ServletConfig ServletConfig object is used to obtain configuration data when it is loaded. There can be multiple
ServletConfig objects in a single web application.
This object defines how a servlet is to be configured is passed to a servlet in its init method. Most servlet containers
provide a way to configure a servlet at run-time (usually through flat file) and set up its initial parameters. The
container, in turn, passes these parameters to the servlet via the ServetConfig.
Ex:<web-app>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>TestServlet</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>TestServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>driverclassname</param-name>
<param-value>sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver</param-value>
</init-param>
<init-param>
<param-name>dburl</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:odbc:MySQLODBC</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
</web-app>
--------------------------------------
}
=============
class CustomBindingListener implements HttpSessionBindingListener
{
ServletContext context;
public CustomBindingListener(ServletContext context) {
this.context = context;
}
public void valueBound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
context.log("BOUND as " + event.getName() + " to " + event.getSession().getId());
}
public void valueUnbound(HttpSessionBindingEvent event) {
context.log("UNBOUND as " + event.getName() + " from " + event.getSession().getId());
}
}
Q) Filter
Filter is an object that intercepts a message between a data source and a data destination, and then filters the data
being passed between them. It acts as a guard, preventing undesired information from being transmitted from one
point to another.
When a servlet container receives a request for a resource, it checks whether a filter is associated with this resource.
If a filter is associated with the resource, the servlet container routes the request to the filter instead of routing it to
the resource. The filter, after processing the request, does one of three things:
It generates the response itself and returns it to the client.
It passes on the request (modified or unmodified) to the next filter in the chain
It routes the request to a different resource.
Examples of Filtering Components
Authentication filters
Logging and auditing filters
Encryption filters
Tokenizing filters
MIME-type chain filters Caching filters
The javax.servlet.Filter interface defines three methods:
A) Yes, you can catch servlet errors and give custom error pages for them, but if there are exceptional conditions you
can anticipate, it would be better for your application to address these directly and try to avoid them in the first
place. If a servlet relies upon system or network resources that may not be available for unexpected reasons, you can
use a RequestDispatcher to forward the request to an error page.
RequestDispatcher dispatcher = null;
request.getRequestDispatcher(/err/SQL.jsp);
try {
// SQL operation
}
catch (SQLException se) {
dispatcher.forward(request, response);
}
Web.xml
<error-page>
<error-code>
HTTP error code (404)
<error-code>
<exception-type>
java.lang.RuntimeException
</exception-type>
<location>
/err/RuntimeException.jsp
</location>
</error-page>
Q) How many ways we can instantiate a class?
A) Class.forName().newInstance() and new keyword
Q) Client pull & Server push?
Client pull
Client pull is similar to redirection, with one major difference: the browser actually displays the content from the
first page and waits some specified amount of time before retrieving and displaying the content from the next page.
It's called client pull because the client is responsible for pulling the content from the next page.
Client pull information is sent to the client using the Refresh HTTP header. This header's value specifies the number
of seconds to display the page before pulling the next one, and it optionally includes a URL string that specifies the
URL from which to pull. If no URL is given, the same URL is used. Here's a call to setHeader() that tells the client
to reload this same servlet after showing its current content for three seconds: setHeader("Refresh", "3");
And here's a call that tells the client to display Netscape's home page after the three seconds:
setHeader("Refresh", "3; URL=http://home.netscape.com");
Server push
Server push because the server sends, or pushes, a sequence of response pages to the client. With server push, the
socket connection between the client and the server remains open until the last page has been sent.
<META HTTP-EQUIV="Refresh" CONTENT="5;URL=/servlet/stockquotes/">
Q) How can a servlet refresh automatically if some new data has entered the database?
A) You can use client side refresh or server push
Q) How can i upload File using a Servlet?
<FORM ENCTYPE="multipart/form-data" method=post action="/utils/FileUploadServlet">
<INPUT TYPE="file" NAME="currentfilename">
<INPUT TYPE="submit" VALUE="upload">
</FORM>
Q) Session Tracking techniques
(i) URL Rewriting
(ii) Hidden form Field
(iii) Persistence Cookies
(iv) Session Tracking API
session.putValue("valueName", valueObject);
Session objects can be retrieved using getValue(String name), while a array of all value names can be retrieved
using getValueNames(). Values can also be removed using removeValue(String valueName)
User Authorization
Servers can be set up to restrict access to HTML pages (and servlets). The user is required to enter a user name and
password. Once they are verified the client re-sends the authorisation with requests for documents to that site in the
http header.
Servlets can use the username authorization sent with request to keep track of user data. For example, a hashtable
can be set up to contain all the data for a particular user. When a user makes another request the user name can be
used to add new items to their cart using the hashtable.
Q) Retrieving query parameters names?
Disadvantage The biggest problem with cookies is that browser do not always accept cookies. Some times
browser does not accept cookies. Browser only requires accepting 20 cookies per page and they can limit the cookie
size to 4096 bytes. It cannot work if the security level set too high in browser. Cookies are stored in a plain text
format so every one can view and modify them. We can put maximum 300 cookies for entire application.
Q) Advantages of Sessions over Cookies & URLRewriting?
Sessions are more secure and fast because they are stored at server side. But sessions has to be used combindly
with cookies (or) URLRewriting for maintaining client id that is session id at client side.
Cookies are store at client side so some clients may disable cookies so we may not sure that the cookies which
we are maintaining may work or not, if cookies are disable also we can maintain sessions using URLRewriting.
In URLRewriting we cannot maintain large data because it leads to network traffic and access may be become
slow. Where in sessions will not maintain the data which we have to maintain instead we will maintain only the
session id.
Q) If the cookies at client side are disabled then session don't work, in this case how can we proceed?
A) 1. (from servlet) write the next page with a hidden field containing a unique ID that serves as "session ID". So
next time when the user clicks submit, you can retrieve the hidden field.
2. If you use applet, you may avoid "view source" (so that people can't see the hidden field). Your applet reads back
an ID from the servlet and use that from then on to make further requests
Q) How to confirm that user's browser accepted the Cookie?
A) There's no direct API to directly verify that user's browser accepted the cookie. But the quick alternative would
be, after sending the required data to the users browser, redirect the response to a different Servlet which would try
to read back the cookie. If this Servlet is able to read back the cookie, then it was successfully saved, else user had
disabled the option to accept cookies.
Q) Diff between Multiple Instances of Browser and Multiple Windows? How does this affect Sessions?
A) From the current Browser window, if we open a new Window, then it referred to as Multiple Windows.
Sessions properties are maintained across all these windows, even though they are operating in multiple windows.
Instead, if we open a new Browser, by either double clicking on the Browser Shortcut then we are creating a new
Instance of the Browser. This is referred to as Multiple Instances of Browser. Here each Browser window is
considered as different client. So Sessions are not maintained across these windows.
Q) encodeURL & encodeRedirectURL
These are methods of HttpResponse object, encodeURL is for normal links inside your HTML pages,
encodeRedirectURL is for a link your passing to response.sendRedirect().
Q) SingleThread model
SingleThreadModel is a tag interface with no methods. In this model no two threads will execute concurrently the
service method of the servlet; to accomplish this each thread uses a free servlet instance from the servlet pool. So
any servlet implementing this can be considered thread safe and it is not required synchronize access to its variables.
(or)
If a servlet implements this interface, the server ensures that each instance of the servlet handles only one service
request at a time. Servers implement this functionality by maintaining a pool of servlet instances and dispatching
incoming requests to free servlets within the pool. SingleThreadModel provides easy thread safety, but at the cost of
increased resource requirements as more servlet instances are loaded at any given time.
public interface SingleThreadModel {
}
Q) Request Headers
User-agent: - Gives the information about client software, browser name, version and information about the
machine on which it is running.
request.getHeader(user-agent);
Q) Why do you need both GET & POST methods in servlets?
A) A single servlet can be called from different HTML pages, so different method calls can be possible.
Q) Servlet output - to - another Servlet? Inter-servlet communication?
A) As the name says it, it is communication between servlets. Servlets talking to each other. [There are many ways
to communicate between servlets, including
Request Dispatching
HTTP Redirect
Servlet Chaining
Servlet1
ServletContext sc = getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher rd = sc.getRequestDispatcher (/../srevlet2) ;
rd.forward(req, res);
Servlet2
Public void service(servletRequest req, servletResponse res)
{
ServletContext sc = getServletContext();
RequestDispatcher rd = sc.getRequestDispatcher (/../srevlet1) ;
rd.include(req, res);
}
Basically interServlet communication is acheived through servlet chaining. Which is a process in which you pass the
output of one servlet as the input to other. These servlets should be running in the same server.
Ex:- ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher(HttpRequest, HttpResponse).forward("NextServlet") ;
You can pass in the current request and response object from the latest form submission to the next servlet/JSP. You
can modify these objects and pass them so that the next servlet/JSP can use the results of this servlet.
There are some Servlet engine specific configurations for servlet chaining.
Servlets can also call public functions of other servlets running in the same server. This can be done by obtaining a
handle to the desired servlet through the ServletContext Object by passing it the servlet name ( this object can return
any servlets running in the server). And then calling the function on the returned Servlet object.
Ex:- TestServlet test= (TestServlet)getServletConfig().getServletContext().getServlet("OtherServlet");
otherServletDetails= Test.getServletDetails();
You must be careful when you call another servlet's methods. If the servlet that you want to call implements the
SingleThreadModel interface, your call could conflict with the servlet's single threaded nature. (The server cannot
intervene and make sure your call happens when the servlet is not interacting with another client.) In this case, your
servlet should make an HTTP request to the other servlet instead of direct calls.
Servlets could also invoke other servlets programmatically by sending an HTTP request. This could be done by
opening a URL connection to the desired Servlet.
Q) Servlet to- JSP/Servlet communicate? (or) How Servlet invoke a JSP page?
public void doPost(HttpServletRequest req,
HttpServletResponse res){
Try{
govi.FormBean f = new govi.formBean();
f.setName(req.getParameter(name));
f.setAdress(req.getParameter(addr));
f.setPersonalizationInfo(info);
req.setAttribute(fBean,f);
getServletConfig().getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(/jsp/Bean1.jsp).forward(req, res);
} catch(Exception ex);
}
}
The jsp page Bean1.jsp can then process fBean,
<jsp:useBean id=fBean class=govi.formBean scope=request />
<jsp:getProprety name=fBean property=name />
<jsp:getProprety name=fBean property=addr />
------------------------------------------------------------ (Or) ----------------------------------------------------------------You can invoke a JSP page from a servlet through functionality of the standard
javax.servlet.RequestDispatcher interface. Complete the following steps in your code to use this mechanism:
1) Get a servlet context instance from the servlet instance:
ServletContext sc = this.getServletContext();
2) Get a request dispatcher from the servlet context instance, specifying the page-relative or application-relative path
of the target JSP page as input to the getRequestDispatcher() method:
RequestDispatcher rd = sc.getRequestDispatcher("/jsp/mypage.jsp");
Prior to or during this step, you can optionally make data available to the JSP page through attributes of the HTTP
request object. See "Passing Data Between a JSP Page and a Servlet" below for information.
3) Invoke the include() or forward() method of the request dispatcher, specifying the HTTP request and response
objects as arguments.
rd.include(request, response); / rd.forward(request, response);
The functionality of these methods is similar to that of jsp:include and jsp:forward actions. The include()
method only temporarily transfers control; execution returns to the invoking servlet afterward.
Note that the forward() method clears the output buffer.
Q) context.getRequestDispatcher()
request.getRequestDispatcher()
context.getNamedDispatcher()
1) ServletContext.getRequestDispatcher( / ) > You must use Absolute paths, it can extend outside current servlet
context.
2) ServletRequest.getRequestDispatcher(Relative Path) > The path may be Relative, but cannot extend outside
current servlet context, the URL in the address bar doesnt change. The client looses path information when it
receives a forwarded request.
3) ServletRequest.getNamedDispatcher(String name)> This name is the name of the servlet for which a dispatcher
is requested, and is in the web.xml file
Ex :public class ServletToServlet extends HttpServlet
{
public void doGet (HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException
{
try {
getServletConfig()
.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/HelloWorldExample").forward(request, response);
} catch (Exception ex) {
ex.printStackTrace ();
}
}
}
RequestDispatcher dispatcher = getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher(path);
if (dispatcher == null)
{
out.println(path + " not available");
return;
} else
{
dispatcher.include(request, response);
}
Q) Different cases for using sendRedirect() vs. getRequestDispatcher() / getNamedDispatcher?
When you want to preserve the current request/response objects and transfer them to another resource WITHIN
the context, you must use getRequestDispatcher (or) getNamedDispatcher.
If you want to dispatch to resources OUTSIDE the context, then you must use sendRedirect. In this case you
won't be sending the original request/response objects, but you will be sending a header asking to the browser to
issue a request to the new URL.
Q) How can I pass data from a servlet running in one context (webapp) to a servlet running in another
context?
A) You can bind this information to a context that is accessible to all servlet contexts, such as the application server's
context. This way, you can keep the data you want to share in memory.
Q) How can I share data between two different web applications?
A) Different servlets may share data within one application via ServletContext. If you have a compelling to put the
servlets in different applications.
Q) How do servlets handle multiple simultaneous requests?
A) The server has multiple threads that are available to handle requests. When a request comes in, it is assigned to a
thread, which calls a service method (for example: doGet(), doPost( ) and service( ) ) of the servlet. For this reason,
a single servlet object can have its service methods called by many threads at once.
Q) How do i get the name of the currently executing script?
A) req.getRequestURI() / req.getServletPath(). The former returns the path to the script including any extra path
information following the name of the servlet; the latter strips the extra path info.
URL
http://www.javasoft.com/servlets/HelloServlet/jdata/userinfo?pagetype=s3&pagenum=4
GetRequestURI
servlets/HelloServlet/jdata/userinfo
GetServletPath
servlets/HelloServlet/
GetPathInfo
/jdata/userinfo
GetQueryString
pagetype=s3&pagenum=4
this.user = user;
this.password = password;
this.increment = increment;
connections = new Hashtable();
// Put our pool of Connections in the Hashtable
// The FALSE value indicates they're unused
for(int i = 0; i < initialConnections; i++) {
connections.put(DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, password), Boolean.FALSE);
}
}
public Connection getConnection() throws SQLException {
Connection con = null;
Enumeration cons = connections.keys();
synchronized (connnections) {
while(cons.hasMoreElements()) {
con = (Connection)cons.nextElement();
Boolean b = (Boolean)connections.get(con);
if (b == Boolean.FALSE) {
// So we found an unused connection. Test its integrity with a quick setAutoCommit(true) call.
// For production use, more testing should be performed, such as executing a simple query.
try {
con.setAutoCommit(true);
}
catch(SQLException e) {
// Problem with the connection, replace it.
con = DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, password);
}
// Update the Hashtable to show this one's taken
connections.put(con, Boolean.TRUE);
return con;
}
}
}
// If we get here, there were no free connections.
// We've got to make more.
for(int i = 0; i < increment; i++) {
connections.put(DriverManager.getConnection(dbURL, user, password),
Boolean.FALSE);
}
// Recurse to get one of the new connections.
return getConnection();
}
public void returnConnection(Connection returned) {
Connection con;
Enumeration cons = connections.keys();
while (cons.hasMoreElements()) {
con = (Connection)cons.nextElement();
if (con == returned) {
connections.put(con, Boolean.FALSE);
break;
}
}
}
}
JSP Questions
Directives
Page Page
Directive
Taglib
Directive
<Jsp:
setProperty>
<Jsp:
getProperty>
<Jsp:
param>
<Jsp:
include>
<Jsp:
forward>
<Jsp:
plugin>
Implicit Objects
Objects
Type / purpose
Request
Subclass of
javax.servlet.http.ServletRequest
- Refers to the current request passed to
the _jspService() method
Response
Session
Subclass of
javax.servlet.http.ServletResponse
- Refers to the response sent to the client.
It is also passed to the _jspService()
method.
javax.servlet.http.HttpSession
Scope
Request
- Objects
accessible from
pages processing
the request where
they were created.
Page
getAttribute, getId,
setAttribute.
Out
javax.servlet.jsp.JspWriter
Session
- Objects
accessible from
pages belonging
to the same
session as the one
in which they
were created.
Application
- Objects
accessible from
pages belonging
to the same
application.
Page
Config
Page
getInitParameter,
getInitParameterNames
Page
Page
- Objects
accessible only
within jsp pages
where it was
created.
javax.servlet.ServletContext
- Use it to find information about the
servlet engine and the servlet
environment.
getAttribute, getMimeType,
getRealPath, setAttribute
pageContex
t
exception
javax.servlet.jsp.PageContext.
Page
findAttribute, getAttribute,
getAttributesScope,
getAttributeNamesInScope,
setAttribute.
Page
getMessage,
getLocalizedMessage,
printStackTrace, toString
Scriptlet
XML syntax: -
<jsp: declaration>
int counter=0;
</jsp: Declaration>
Expression
s
Comments
Model: - model is a java bean/entity bean that represent the data being transmitted are received
Controller: - Controller is a servlet that performs necessary manipulations to the model.
View: - is a screen representation of the model.
Major benefits of using the MVC design pattern is separate the view & model this make it is possible to create
are change views with out having to change the model.
1) The browser makes a request to the controller servlet 2) Servlet performs necessary actions to the java bean
model and forward the result to the jsp view. 3) The jsp formats the model for display and send the html results back
top the web browser.
Q) WebApplication scopes?
A) Request, Session, Application.
Request :- Life time is until the response is return to the user
Session :- Until the session timeout (or) session id invalidate.
Application :- Life of container (or) explicitly killed
Q) Life-cycle of JSP
Page translation
Jsp compilation
Load class
Create Instance
jspInit( ), _jspservice( ), jspDestroy( )
jspInit( )
container calls the jspInit() to initialize to servlet instance. It is called before any other method,
and is called only once for a servlet instance.
_jspservice( ) container calls _jspservice() for each request, passing it the request and the response objects.
jspDestroy( ) container calls this when it decides take the instance out of service. It is the last method called n
the servlet instance.
Destroy is not called if the container crashes.
jspInit() & jspDestroy() called only once so we cannot override these methods.
Q) RequestDispatcher.forward(req, res)
RequestDispatcher.include(req, res)
PageContext.forward()
res.sendRedirect(url)
<jsp:forward>
RequestDispatcher.forward(req, res) in forward req, res would be passed to the destination URL and the control
will return back to the same method, it will execute at server side.
res.sendRedirect(url) when ever the client request will come just it will take the request and the request to be
forwarded to another page. It cannot forward the http parameters of the previous page. This will work at client
side. If page1.jsp redirects to page2.jsp, the browser's address bar be updated to show page2.jsp.
PageContext.forward() and RequestDispatcher.forward() are effectively the same. PageContext.forward is a helper
method that calls the RequestDispatcher method.
The difference between the two is that sendRedirect always sends a header back to the client/browser. this header
then contains the resource(page/servlet) which you wanted to be redirected. the browser uses this header to make
another fresh request. thus sendRedirect has a overhead as to the extra remort trip being incurred. it's like any other
Http request being generated by your browser. the advantage is that you can point to any resource(whether on the
same domain or some other domain). for eg if sendRedirect was called at www.mydomain.com then it can also be
used to redirect a call to a resource on www.theserverside.com.
In the case of foward() call, the above is not true. resources from the server, where the fwd. call was made, can only
be requested for. But the major diff between the two is that forward just routes the request to the new resources
which you specify in your forward call. that means this route is made by the servlet engine at the server level only.
no headers are sent to the browser which makes this very efficient. also the request and response objects remain the
same both from where the forward call was made and the resource which was called.
RequestDispatcher.include(req, res) RequestDispatcher.include() and <jsp:include> both include content. The
included page is inserted into the current page or output stream at the indicated point. It will execute at server
side.
<Jsp: forward> Forwards a client request to an HTML file/JSP file/servlet for processing. When ever the client
request will come it will take the request and process the request and the request to be forward to another page, it
will also forward the http parameters of the previous page to the destination page. It will execute at server side so
the browser unaware of the changes. If page1.jsp redirects to page2.jsp, the browser address bar will still show
page1.jsp. Forward operations are faster because all processing is done at server side. res.sendRedirect() operations
updates the browser history.
Ex -- of RequestDispatcher.forward(req, res)
public class BookStoreServlet extends HttpServlet {
public void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse res) throws ServletException, IOException {
// Get the dispatcher; it gets the main page to the user
RequestDispatcher dispatcher = config.getServletContext().getRequestDispatcher("/bookstore.html");
if (dispatcher == null) {
// No dispatcher means the resource (bookstore.html in this case) cannot be found
res.sendError(response.SC_NO_CONTENT);
} else {
// Send the user the bookstore's opening page
dispatcher.forward(request, response);}
Q) Diff res.sendRedirect( ) & req.forward( )
sendRedirect() sends a redirect response back to the client's browser. The browser will normally interpret this
response by initiating a new request to the redirect URL given in the response.
forward() does not involve the client's browser. It just takes browser's current request, and hands it off to
another servlet/jsp to handle. The client doesn't know that they're request is being handled by a different servlet/jsp
than they originally called.
For ex, if you want to hide the fact that you're handling the browser request with multiple servlets/jsp, and
all of the servlets/jsp are in the same web application, use forward() or include(). If you want the browser to initiate
a new request to a different servlet/jsp, or if the servlet/jsp you want to forward to is not in the same web
application, use sendRedirect ().
Q) Diff <%@ include file="file" %> & <jsp:include page=abc.jsp %>
<%@include file="abc.jsp"%> directive acts like C "#include", pulling in the text of the included file and
compiling it as if it were part of the including file. The included file can be any type (including HTML or text). (Or)
includes a jsp/servlet at compile time meaning only once parsed by the compiler.
<jsp:include page="abc.jsp"> include a jsp/servlet at request time it is not parsed by the compiler.
Q) Diff Jsp & Servlet
Internally when jsp is executed by the server it get converted into the servlet so the way jsp & servlet work is
almost similar.
In jsp we can easily separate the P.L with B.L, but in servlet both are combined.
One servlet object is communicate with many number of objects, but jsp it is not possible.
Q) Can JSP be multi-threaded? How can I implement a thread-safe JSP page?
A) By default the service() method of all the JSP execute in a multithreaded fashion. You can make a page threadsafe and have it serve client requests in a single-threaded fashion by setting the page tags is Thread Safe attribute
to false:
<%@ page is ThreadSafe=false %>
Q) How does JSP handle runtime exceptions?
A) You can use the errorPage attribute of the page directive to have uncaught run-time exceptions automatically
forwarded to an error processing page. For example: <%@ page errorPage=\"error.jsp\" %>
redirects the browser to the JSP page error.jsp if an uncaught exception is encountered during request processing.
Within error.jsp, if you indicate that it is an error-processing page, via the directive:
<%@ page isErrorPage=\"true\" %>.
Q) How do I prevent the output of my JSP or Servlet pages from being cached by the Web browser? And
Proxy server?
A) Web browser caching
<% response.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-store");
response.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
response.setDateHeader ("Expires", 0);
%>
Proxy server caching
response.setHeader("Cache-Control","private");
Q) What's a better approach for enabling thread-safe servlets & JSPs? SingleThreadModel Interface or
Synchronization?
A) SingleThreadModel technique is easy to use, and works well for low volume sites. If your users to increase in the
future, you may be better off implementing explicit synchronization for your shared data
Also, note that SingleThreadModel is pretty resource intensive from the server's perspective. The most serious
issue however is when the number of concurrent requests exhaust the servlet instance pool. In that case, all the
unserviced requests are queued until something becomes free.
Q) Invoking a Servlet from a JSP page? Passing data to a Servlet invoked from a JSP page?
A) Use <jsp:forward page="/relativepath/YourServlet" />
(or)
response.sendRedirect("http://path/YourServlet").
Variables also can be sent as:
<jsp:forward page=/relativepath/YourServlet>
<jsp:param name="name1" value="value1" />
<jsp:param name="name2" value="value2" />
</jsp:forward>
You may also pass parameters to your servlet by specifying response.sendRedirect("http://path/YourServlet?
param1=val1").
Q) JSP- to-EJB Session Bean communication?
<%@ page import="javax.naming.*, javax.rmi.PortableRemoteObject, foo.AccountHome, foo.Account" %>
<%!
AccountHome accHome=null;
public void jspInit() {
InitialContext cntxt = new InitialContext( );
Object ref= cntxt.lookup("java: comp/env/ejb/AccountEJB");
accHome = (AccountHome)PortableRemoteObject.narrow(ref,AccountHome.class);
}
%>
<%
Account acct = accHome.create();
acct.doWhatever(...);
%>
Q) How do you pass an InitParameter to a JSP?
<%!
ServletConfig cfg =null;
public void jspInit(){
ServletConfig cfg=getServletConfig();
for (Enumeration e=cfg.getInitParameterNames(); e.hasMoreElements();)
{
String name=(String)e.nextElement();
String value = cfg.getInitParameter(name);
System.out.println(name+"="+value);
}
}
%>
Q) How to view an image stored on database with JSP?
<%@ page language="java" import="java.sql.*,java.util.*"%>
<%
String image_id = (String) request.getParameter("ID");
if (image_id != null){
try
{
Class.forName("interbase.interclient.Driver");
Connection con =
DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:interbase://localhost/D:/examp/Database/employee.gdb","java","java"
);
Statement stmt = con.createStatement();
ResultSet rs = stmt.executeQuery("SELECT * FROM IMMAGINE WHERE IMMAGINE_ID = " +
image_id);
if (rs.next())
{
String dim_image = rs.getString("IMMAGINE_DIMENSIONE");
byte [] blocco = rs.getBytes("IMMAGINE_IMMAGINE");
response.setContentType("image/jpeg");
ServletOutputStream op = response.getOutputStream();
for(int i=0;i<Integer.parseInt(dim_image);i++)
{
op.write(blocco[i]);
}
}
rs.close();
stmt.close();
con.close();
} catch(Exception e) {
out.println("An error occurs : " + e.toString());
}
}
%>
Q) How do I pass values from a list box (with multiple selects) to a Java Bean?
Consider the following HTML, which basically allows the user to select multiple values by means of a checkbox:
What's your favorite movie?
<form method=post action=Movies.jsp>
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="2001: A Space Odyssey"> 2001: A Space Odyssey
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="The Waterboy"> The Waterboy
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="The Tin Drum"> The Tin Drum
<input type=checkbox name=faveMovies value="Being John"> Being John Malkovich
<input type=submit>
</form>
To handle HTML elements like checkboxes and lists which can be used to select multiple values, you need to use a
bean with indexed properties (arrays). The following bean can be used to store the data selected from the above
check box, since it contains an indexed property movies:
package foo;
public class MovieBean {
private String[] movies;
public MovieBean() {
String movies[] = new String[0];
}
public String[] getMovies() {
return movies;
}
public void setMovies(String[] m) {
this.movies = m;
}
}
Although a good design pattern would be to have the names of the bean properties match those of the HTML input
form elements, it need not always be the case, as indicated within this example. The JSP code to process the posted
form data is as follows:
<html> <body>
<%! String[] movies; %>
<jsp:useBean id="movieBean" class="foo.MovieBean">
<jsp:setProperty name="movieBean" property="movies" param="faveMovies" />
</jsp:useBean>
<% movies = movieBean.getMovies();
if (movies != null) {
out.println("You selected: <br>");
out.println("<ul>");
for (int i = 0; i < movies.length; i++) {
out.println ("<li>"+movies[i]+"</li>");
}
out.println("</ul>");
} else
out.println ("Don't you watch any movies?!");
%> </body></html>
Q) Tag Libraries
These all methods are callback methods.
Tag methods: doStartTag()
doEndTag()
Body Tag : doAfterBody()
Struts Questions
Q) Framework?
A) A framework is a reusable, ``semi-complete'' application that can be specialized to produce custom applications
Q) Why do we need Struts?
A) Struts combines Java Servlets, Java ServerPages, custom tags, and message resources into a unified framework.
The end result is a cooperative, synergistic platform, suitable for development teams, independent developers, and
everyone in between.
Q) Diff Struts1.0 & 1.1?
1.RequestProcessor class, 2.Method perform() replaced by execute() in Struts base Action Class
3. Changes to web.xml and struts-config.xml, 4. Declarative exception handling, 5.Dynamic ActionForms, 6.Plugins, 7.Multiple Application Modules, 8.Nested Tags, 9.The Struts Validator Change to the ORO package, 10.Change
to Commons logging, 11. Removal of Admin actions, 12.Deprecation of the GenericDataSource
Q) What is the difference between Model2 and MVC models?
In model2, we have client tier as jsp, controller is servlet, and business logic is java bean. Controller and business
logic beans are tightly coupled. And controller receives the UI tier parameters. But in MVC, Controller and business
logic are loosely coupled and controller has nothing to do with the project/ business logic as such. Client tier
parameters are automatically transmitted to the business logic bean, commonly called as ActionForm.
So Model2 is a project specific model and MVC is project independent.
Q) How to Configure Struts?
Before being able to use Struts, you must set up your JSP container so that it knows to map all appropriate requests
with a certain file extension to the Struts action servlet. This is done in the web.xml file that is read when the JSP
container starts. When the control is initialized, it reads a configuration file ( struts-config.xml) that specifies
action mappings for the application while it's possible to define multiple controllers in the web.xml file, one for
each application should suffice
Q) ActionServlet (controller)
The class org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet is the called the ActionServlet. In Struts Framework this class plays
the role of controller. All the requests to the server goes through the controller. Controller is responsible for
handling all the requests. The Controller receives the request from the browser, invoke a business operation and
coordinating the view to return to the client.
Q) Action Class
The Action Class is part of the Model and is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action Class is to
translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use the Action, we need to Subclass and overwrite the
execute() method. In the Action Class all the database/business processing are done. It is advisable to perform all the
database related stuffs in the Action Class. The ActionServlet (commad) passes the parameterized class to Action
Form using the execute() method. The return type of the execute method is ActionForward which is used by the
Struts Framework to forward the request to the file as per the value of the returned ActionForward object.
Ex: package com.odccom.struts.action;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.http.HttpServletResponse;
public class BillingAdviceAction extends Action {
public ActionForward execute(ActionMapping mapping,
ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response)
throws Exception {
BillingAdviceVO bavo = new BillingAdviceVO();
BillingAdviceForm baform = (BillingAdviceForm)form;
DAOFactory factory = new MySqlDAOFactory();
BillingAdviceDAO badao = new MySqlBillingAdviceDAO();
ArrayList projects = badao.getProjects();
request.setAttribute("projects",projects);
return (mapping.findForward("success"));
}}
Q) Action Form
An ActionForm is a JavaBean that extends org.apache.struts.action.ActionForm. ActionForm maintains the
session state for web application and the ActionForm object is automatically populated on the server side with data
entered from a form on the client side.
Ex: package com.odccom.struts.form;
public class BillingAdviceForm extends ActionForm {
private String projectid;
private String projectname;
public String getProjectid() { return projectid; }
public void setProjectid(String projectid) { this.projectid = projectid; }
public ActionErrors validate(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request) {
ActionErrors errors = new ActionErrors();
if(getProjectName() == null || getProjectName().length() < 1){
errors.add(name, new ActionError(error.name.required));
}
return errors;
}
public void reset(ActionMapping mapping, HttpServletRequest request){
this.roledesc = "";
this.currid
= "";
} }
Q) Message Resource Definition file
M.R.D file are simple .properties file these files contains the messages that can be used in struts project. The
M.R.D can be added in struts-config.xml file through <message-resource> tag
ex: <message-resource parameter=MessageResource>
Q) Reset :This is called by the struts framework with each request, purpose of this method is to reset all of the forms data
members and allow the object to be pooled for rescue.
U p o n
i n i t i a l i z a t i o n ,
t h e
p l u g - i n
l o a d s
t h e
c o m m a - d e l i m i t e d
l i s t
o f
V a l i d a t o r
c o n f i g
f i l e s
s p e c i f i e d
b y
t h e
p a t h n a m e s
p r o p e r t y .
Validator-rules.xml
<form-validation>
<global>
<Validator name="required" classname="org.apache.struts.validator.FieldChecks" method="validateRequired"
methodParams="java.lang.Object,
org.apache.commons.validator.ValidatorAction,
org.apache.commons.validator.Field,
org.apache.struts.action.ActionErrors,
javax.servlet.http.HttpServletRequest"
msg="errors.required">
<javascript>
<![CDATA[
function validateRequired(form) {
]]>
</javascript>
</validator>
</global>
</form-validation>
Q) How struts validation is working?
Validator uses the XML file to pickup the validation rules to be applied to a form. In XML validation requirements
are defined applied to a form. In case we need special validation rules not provided by the validator framework, we
can plug in our own custom validations into Validator.
The Validator Framework uses two XML configuration files validator-rules.xml & validation.xml. The validatorrules.xml defines the standard validation routines; such as Required, Minimum Length, Maximum length, Date
Validation, Email Address validation and more. These are reusable and used in validation.xml. To define the form
specific validations. The validation.xml defines the validations applied to a form bean.
Q) What is Tiles?
A) Tiles is a framework for the development user interface, Tiles is enables the developers to develop the web
applications by assembling the reusable tiles.
1. Add the Tiles Tag Library Descriptor (TLD) file to the web.xml.
2. Create layout JSPs.
3. Develop the web pages using layouts.
Q) How to call ejb from Struts?
1use the Service Locator patter to look up the ejbs.
2Or you can use InitialContext and get the home interface.
Q) What are the various Struts tag libraries?
Struts-html tag library -> used for creating dynamic HTML user interfaces and forms.
Struts-bean tag library -> provides substantial enhancements to the basic capability provided by .
Struts-logic tag library -> can manage conditional generation of output text, looping over object collections for
repetitive generation of output text, and application flow management.
Struts-template tag library -> contains tags that are useful in creating dynamic JSP templates for pages which
share a common format.
Struts-tiles tag library -> This will allow you to define layouts and reuse those layouts with in our site.
Struts-nested tag library ->
Q) How you will handle errors & exceptions using Struts?
-To handle errors server side validation can be used using ActionErrors classes can be used.
-The exceptions can be wrapped across different layers to show a user showable exception.
- Using validators
Q) What are the core classes of struts?
A) ActionForm, Action, ActionMapping, ActionForward etc.
Q) How you will save the data across different pages for a particular client request using Struts?
A) If the request has a Form object, the data may be passed on through the Form object across pages. Or within the
Action class, call request.getSession and use session.setAttribute(), though that will persist through the life of the
session until altered.
(Or) Create an appropriate instance of ActionForm that is form bean and store that form bean in session scope. So
that it is available to all the pages that for a part of the request
Q) How would struts handle messages required for the application?
A) Messages are defined in a .properties file as name value pairs. To make these messages available to the
application, You need to place the .properties file in WEB-INF/classes folder and define in struts-config.xml
<message-resource parameter=title.empname/>
and in order to display a message in a jsp would use this
<bean:message key=title.empname/>
Q) What is the difference between ActionForm and DynaActionForm?
A) 1. In struts 1.0, action form is used to populate the html tags in jsp using struts custom tag.when the java code
changes, the change in action class is needed. To avoid the chages in struts 1.1 dyna action form is introduced.This
can be used to develop using xml. The dyna action form bloats up with the struts-config.xml based definetion.
2. There is no need to write actionform class for the DynaActionForm and all the variables related to the actionform
class will be specified in the struts-config.xml. Where as we have to create Actionform class with getter and setter
methods which are to be populated from the form
3.if the formbean is a subclass of ActionForm, we can provide reset(),validate(),setters(to hold the values),gettters
whereas if the formbean is a subclass to DynaActionForm we need not provide setters, getters but in strutsconfig.xml we have to configure the properties in using .basically this simplifies coding
DynaActionForm which allows you to configure the bean in the struts-config.xml file. We are going to use a
subclass of DynaActionForm called a DynaValidatorForm which provides greater functionality when used with the
validation framework.
<struts-config>
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="employeeForm" type="org.apache.struts.validator.DynaValidatorForm">
<form-property name="name" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="age" type="java.lang.String"/>
<form-property name="department" type="java.lang.String" initial="2" />
<form-property name="flavorIDs" type="java.lang.String[]"/>
<form-property name="methodToCall" type="java.lang.String"/>
</form-bean>
</form-beans>
</struts-config>
This DynaValidatorForm is used just like a normal ActionForm when it comes to how we define its use in our action
mappings. The only 'tricky' thing is that standard getter and setters are not made since the DynaActionForms are
backed by a HashMap. In order to get fields out of the DynaActionForm you would do:
String age = (String)formBean.get("age");
Similarly, if you need to define a property:
formBean.set("age","33");
Q) Struts how many Controllers can we have?
A) You can have multiple controllers, but usually only one is needed
Q) Can I have more than one struts-config.xml?
A) Yes you can I have more than one.
<servlet>
<servlet-name>action</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>org.apache.struts.action.ActionServlet</servlet-class>
<init-param>
<param-name>config</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
<! module configurations -- >
<init-param>
<param-name>config/exercise</param-name>
<param-value>/WEB-INF/exercise/struts-config.xml</param-value>
</init-param>
</servlet>
Q) Can you write your own methods in Action class other than execute() and call the user method directly?
A) Yes, we can create any number of methods in Action class and instruct the action tag in struts-config.xml file to
call that user methods.
Public class StudentAction extends DispatchAction
{
public ActionForward read(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exceptio
{
Return some thing;
}
public ActionForward update(ActionMapping mapping, ActionForm form,
HttpServletRequest request, HttpServletResponse response) throws Exceptio
{
Return some thing;
}
If the user want to call any methods, he would do something in struts-config.xml file.
<action path="/somepage"
type="com.odccom.struts.action.StudentAction"
name="StudentForm"
<b>parameter=methodToCall</b>
scope="request"
validate="true">
<forward name="success" path="/Home.jsp" />
</action>
Q) Struts-config.xml
<struts-config>
<data-sources>
<data-source>
<set-property property=key value= url= maxcount= mincount= user= pwd= >
</data-source>
<data-sources>
<! describe the instance of the form bean-- >
<form-beans>
<form-bean name="employeeForm" type="net.reumann.EmployeeForm"/>
</form-beans>
<! to identify the target of an action class when it returns results -- >
<global-forwards>
<forward name="error" path="/error.jsp"/>
</global-forwards>
<! describe an action instance to the action servlet-- >
<action-mappings>
<action path="/setUpEmployeeForm" type="net.reumann.SetUpEmployeeAction"
name="employeeForm" scope="request" validate="false">
<welcome-file-list>
<welcome-file>index.jsp</welcome-file>
</welcome-file-list>
<!-- tag libs -->
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>struts/bean-el</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-bean-el.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>struts/html-el</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-html-el.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<!Tiles tag libs -->
<taglib>
<taglib-uri>/tags/struts-tiles</taglib-uri>
<taglib-location>/WEB-INF/struts-tiles.tld</taglib-location>
</taglib>
<!Using Filters -->
<filter>
<filter-name>HelloWorldFilter</filter-name>
<filter-class>HelloWorldFilter</filter-class>
</filter>
<filter-mapping>
<filter-name>HelloWorldFilter</filter-name>
<url-pattern>ResponseServlet</ url-pattern >
</filter-mapping>
</web-app>
Database Questions
Q) DML insert, update, delete
DDL create, alter, drop, truncate, rename.
DQL select
DCL grant, revoke.
TCL commit, rollback, savepoint.
Q) Normalization
Normalization is the process of simplifying the relationship between data elements in a record.
(i) 1st normal form: - 1st N.F is achieved when all repeating groups are removed, and P.K should be defined. big
table is broken into many small tables, such that each table has a primary key.
(ii) 2nd normal form: - Eliminate any non-full dependence of data item on record keys. I.e. The columns in a table
which is not completely dependant on the primary key are taken to a separate table.
(iii) 3rd normal form: - Eliminate any transitive dependence of data items on P.Ks. i.e. Removes Transitive
dependency. Ie If X is the primary key in a table. Y & Z are columns in the same table. Suppose Z depends only on
Y and Y depends on X. Then Z does not depend directly on primary key. So remove Z from the table to a look up
table.
Q) Diff Primary key and a Unique key? What is foreign key?
A) Both primary key and unique enforce uniqueness of the column on which they are defined. But by default
primary key creates a clustered index on the column, where are unique creates a nonclustered index by default.
Another major difference is that, primary key doesn't allow NULLs, but unique key allows one NULL only.
Foreign key constraint prevents any actions that would destroy link between tables with the corresponding data
values. A foreign key in one table points to a primary key in another table. Foreign keys prevent actions that would
leave rows with foreign key values when there are no primary keys with that value. The foreign key constraints are
used to enforce referential integrity.
CHECK constraint is used to limit the values that can be placed in a column. The check constraints are used to
enforce domain integrity.
NOT NULL constraint enforces that the column will not accept null values. The not null constraints are used to
enforce domain integrity, as the check constraints.
Q) Diff Delete & Truncate?
A) Rollback is possible after DELETE but TRUNCATE remove the table permanently and cant rollback. Truncate
will remove the data permanently we cannot rollback the deleted data.
Dropping : (Table structure + Data are deleted), Invalidates the dependent objects, Drops the indexes
Truncating : (Data alone deleted), Performs an automatic commit, Faster than delete
Delete
: (Data alone deleted), Doesnt perform automatic commit
Q) Diff Varchar and Varchar2?
A) The difference between Varchar and Varchar2 is both are variable length but only 2000 bytes of character of data
can be store in varchar where as 4000 bytes of character of data can be store in varchar2.
Q) Diff LONG & LONG RAW?
A) You use the LONG datatype to store variable-length character strings. The LONG datatype is like the
VARCHAR2 datatype, except that the maximum length of a LONG value is 32760 bytes.
You use the LONG RAW datatype to store binary data (or) byte strings. LONG RAW data is like LONG data,
except that LONG RAW data is not interpreted by PL/SQL. The maximum length of a LONG RAW value is 32760
bytes.
Q) Diff Function & Procedure
Function is a self-contained program segment, function will return a value but procedure not.
Procedure is sub program will perform some specific actions.
Q) How to find out duplicate rows & delete duplicate rows in a table?
A)
MPID EMPNAME EMPSSN
----- ---------- ----------1 Jack
555-55-5555
2 Mike
555-58-5555
3 Jack
555-55-5555
4 Mike
555-58-5555
SQL> select count (empssn), empssn from employee group by empssn
having count (empssn) > 1;
COUNT (EMPSSN) EMPSSN
----------------------2 555-55-5555
2 555-58-5555
SQL> delete from employee where (empid, empssn)
not in (select min (empid), empssn from employee group by empssn);
Q) Select the nth highest rank from the table?
A) Select * from tab t1 where 2=(select count (distinct (t2.sal)) from tab t2 where t1.sal<=t2.sal)
Q) a) Emp table where fields empName, empId, address
b) Salary table where fields EmpId, month, Amount
these 2 tables he wants EmpId, empName and salary for month November?
A) Select emp.empId, empName, Amount from emp, salary where emp.empId=salary.empId and month=November;
Q) Oracle/PLSQL: Synonyms?
A) A synonym is an alternative name for objects such as tables, views, sequences, stored procedures, and other
database objects
Syntax: Create [or replace] [public] synonym [schema.] synonym_name for [schema.] object_name;
or replace -- allows you to recreate the synonym (if it already exists) without having to issue a DROP synonym
command.
Public -- means that the synonym is a public synonym and is accessible to all users.
Schema -- is the appropriate schema. If this phrase is omitted, Oracle assumes that you are referring to your own
schema.
object_name -- is the name of the object for which you are creating the synonym. It can be one of the following:
Table
Package
View
materialized view
sequence
stored procedure
user-defined object
Function
Synonym
example:
Create public synonym suppliers for app. suppliers;
Example demonstrates how to create a synonym called suppliers. Now, users of other schemas can reference the
table called suppliers without having to prefix the table name with the schema named app. For example:
Select * from suppliers;
If this synonym already existed and you wanted to redefine it, you could always use the or replace phrase as follows:
Create or replace public synonym suppliers for app. suppliers;
Dropping a synonym
It is also possible to drop a synonym.
drop [public] synonym [schema .] Synonym_name [force];
public -- phrase allows you to drop a public synonym. If you have specified public, then you don't specify a schema.
Force -- phrase will force Oracle to drop the synonym even if it has dependencies. It is probably not a good idea to
use the force phrase as it can cause invalidation of Oracle objects.
Example:
Drop public synonym suppliers;
This drop statement would drop the synonym called suppliers that we defined earlier.
Q) What is an alias and how does it differ from a synonym?
A) An alias is an alternative to a synonym, designed for a distributed environment to avoid having to use the location
qualifier of a table or view. The alias is not dropped when the table is dropped.
Q) What are joins? Inner join & outer join?
A) By using joins, you can retrieve data from two or more tables based on logical relationships between the tables
Inner Join: - returns all rows from both tables where there is a match.
Outer Join: - outer join includes rows from tables when there are no matching values in the tables.
LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTER JOIN
The result set of a left outer join includes all the rows from the left table specified in the LEFT OUTER clause, not just the ones
in which the joined columns match. When a row in the left table has no matching rows in the right table, the associated result set
row contains null values for all select list columns coming from the right table.
RIGHT JOIN or RIGHT OUTER JOIN.
A right outer join is the reverse of a left outer join. All rows from the right table are returned. Null values are returned for the left
table any time a right table row has no matching row in the left table.
FULL JOIN or FULL OUTER JOIN.
A full outer join returns all rows in both the left and right tables. Any time a row has no match in the other table, the select list
columns from the other table contain null values. When there is a match between the tables, the entire result set row contains data
values from the base tables.
3
Director
VP
Asked to write a query to obtain the following output
CEO
Null
VP
CEO
Director
VP
A) SQL> Select a.name, b.name from employee a, employee b where a.mid=b.id(+).
Q) Explain a scenario when you dont go for normalization?
A) If we r sure that there wont be much data redundancy then dont go for normalization.
Q) What is Referential integrity?
A) R.I refers to the consistency that must be maintained between primary and foreign keys, i.e. every foreign key
value must have a corresponding primary key value.
Q) What techniques are used to retrieve data from more than one table in a single SQL statement?
A) Joins, unions and nested selects are used to retrieve data.
Q) What is a view? Why use it?
A) A view is a virtual table made up of data from base tables and other views, but not stored separately.
Q) SELECT statement syntax?
A) SELECT [ DISTINCT | ALL ] column_expression1, column_expression2, ....
[ FROM from_clause ]
[ WHERE where_expression ]
[ GROUP BY expression1, expression2, .... ]
[ HAVING having_expression ]
[ ORDER BY order_column_expr1, order_column_expr2, .... ]
column_expression ::= expression [ AS ] [ column_alias ]
from_clause ::= select_table1, select_table2, ...
from_clause ::= select_table1 LEFT [OUTER] JOIN select_table2 ON expr ...
from_clause ::= select_table1 RIGHT [OUTER] JOIN select_table2 ON expr ...
from_clause ::= select_table1 [INNER] JOIN select_table2 ...
select_table ::= table_name [ AS ] [ table_alias ]
select_table ::= ( sub_select_statement ) [ AS ] [ table_alias ]
order_column_expr ::= expression [ ASC | DESC ]
Q) DISTINCT clause?
A) The DISTINCT clause allows you to remove duplicates from the result set.
> SELECT DISTINCT city FROM supplier;
Q) COUNT function?
A) The COUNT function returns the number of rows in a query
> SELECT COUNT (*) as "No of emps" FROM employees WHERE salary > 25000;
Q) Diff HAVING CLAUSE & WHERE CLAUSE?
A) Having Clause is basically used only with the GROUP BY function in a query. WHERE Clause is applied to each
row before they are part of the GROUP BY function in a query.
Q) Diff GROUP BY & ORDER BY?
A) Group by controls the presentation of the rows, order by controls the presentation of the columns for the results
of the SELECT statement.
> SELECT "col_nam1", SUM("col_nam2") FROM "tab_name" GROUP BY "col_nam1"
> SELECT "col_nam" FROM "tab_nam" [WHERE "condition"] ORDER BY "col_nam" [ASC, DESC]
Q) What keyword does an SQL SELECT statement use for a string search?
A) The LIKE keyword allows for string searches. The % sign is used as a wildcard.
Q) What is a NULL value? What are the pros and cons of using NULLS?
A) NULL value takes up one byte of storage and indicates that a value is not present as opposed to a space or zero
value. A NULL in a column means no entry has been made in that column. A data value for the column is
"unknown" or "not available."
Q) Index? Types of indexes?
A) Locate rows more quickly and efficiently. It is possible to create an index on one (or) more columns of a table,
and each index is given a name. The users cannot see the indexes, they are just used to speed up queries.
Unique Index : A unique index means that two rows cannot have the same index value.
>CREATE UNIQUE INDEX index_name ON table_name (column_name)
When the UNIQUE keyword is omitted, duplicate values are allowed. If you want to index the values in a column in
descending order, you can add the reserved word DESC after the column name:
>CREATE INDEX PersonIndex ON Person (LastName DESC)
If you want to index more than one column you can list the column names within the parentheses.
>CREATE INDEX PersonIndex ON Person (LastName, FirstName)
Q) Diff subqueries & Correlated subqueries?
A)subqueries are self-contained. None of them have used a reference from outside the subquery.
correlated subquery cannot be evaluated as an independent query, but can reference columns in a table listed in the
from list of the outer query.
Q) Predicates IN, ANY, ALL, EXISTS?
A) Sub query can return a subset of zero to n values. According to the conditions which one wants to express, one
can use the predicates IN, ANY, ALL or EXISTS.
IN
The comparison operator is the equality and the logical operation between values is OR.
ANY
ALL
Allows to check if condition is realized for all the values of the list.
EXISTS
If the subquery returns a result, the value returned is True otherwise the value returned is False.
Business
Tier
Integration Tier
Pattern Name
? Intercepting Filter
? Front Controller
? View Helper
? Composite view
? Service to Worker
? Dispacther View
? Business Delegate
? Value Object
? Session Faade
? Composite Entity
? Value Object Assembler
? Value List Handler
? Service Locator
? Data Access Object
? Service Activator
Service Activator: Service Activator enables asynchronous access to enterprise beans and other business services.
It receives asynchronous client requests and messages. On receiving a message, the Service Activator locates and
invokes the necessary business methods on the business service components to fulfill the request asynchronously. In
EJB2.0, Message Driven beans can be used to implement Service Activator for message based enterprise
applications. The Service Activator is a JMS Listener and delegation service that creates a message faade for the
EJBs.
Q) What is architectural design pattern?
A) Describe MVC2 & Front Controller.
Front Controller
It will dispatch the request to the correct resource, Centralized controller for managing and holding of a
request.
Service Locator
To access different resources/services, J2EE compatible server binds these resources/services to the JNDI server so
that the clients can lookup those resources/services through JNDI lookup process from anywhere in the network.
The resources/services can be
1. EJBHome objects
2. DataSource objects
3. JMS ConnectionFactory
4. JMS Topic/Queue etc.
All these services need to bind to the JNDI services and the clients need to lookup JNDI to get those services.
Clients have to go through JNDI lookup process every time to work with these services. JNDI lookup process is
expensive because clients need to get network connection to the JNDI server if the JNDI server is located on a
different machine and need to go through lookup process every time, this is redundant and expensive.
The solution for the redundant and expensive JNDI lookup process problem is to cache those service
objects when the client performs JNDI lookup first time and reuse that service object from the cache second time
onwards for other clients. This technique maintains a cache of service objects and looks up the JNDI only first time
for a service object.
Session Faade
EJB clients (swing, servlets, jsps etc) can access entity beans directly. If EJB clients access entity beans
directly over the network, it takes more network calls and imposes network overhead.
Here the servlet calls multiple entity beans directly to accomplish a business process, thereby increasing the number
of network calls.
The solution for avoiding number of network calls due to directly accessing multiple entity beans is to wrap
entity beans with session bean (Facade). The EJB client accesses session bean (Facade) instead of entity beans
through coarse grained method call to accomplish a business process.
Message Facade
Session bean and entity bean methods execute synchronously that means the method caller has to wait till a
value is returned. In some situations like sending hundred's of mails or firing a batch process or updating processes,
the client does not have to bother about return value. If you use synchronous session and entity beans in such
situations, they take a long time to process methods and clients have to wait till the method returns a value.
The client has to wait till all the eight synchronous steps complete. This synchronous execution takes a long time
and has an impact on performance when the method process is huge.
To avoid blocking of a client, use asynchronous message driven beans, so that client does not have to wait for a
return value. If a client uses asynchronous messaging then the client need not wait for a return value but can
continue its flow of execution after sending the message.
The solution for avoiding many network calls due to fine-grained method calls is to use coarse-grained approach.
For example:
// Create a Value Object and fill that object locally
PersonInfo person = new PersonInfo();
person.setName("Ravi");
person.setCity("Austin");
// send Value Object through network
remoteObject.getPersonInfo(person);
Here, there is only one network call instead of three network calls and PersonInfo object is a Value Object. The
following figure illustrates the coarse grained approach that is passing a Value Object through network.
Value Object is an object that is passed over the network rather than passing each attributes separately thus
increasing performance by reducing network calls.
ValueObjectFactory
For a single request, a client might need to access multiple server side components such as different session beans
and entity beans. In such situations the client accesses multiple components over the network, this increases the
network traffic and has an impact on the performance.
To reduce the network traffic due to accessing multiple components by a client for a single request, let
ValueObjectFactory hold different ValueObjects as placeholders and respond with a single ValueObject for a client
request.
Singleton
You can achieve this by having the private constructor in the class, so that other classes can't create a new
instance. Its intent is to ensure that a class has only one instance, and to provide a global point of access to it. There
are many situations in which a singleton object is necessary: a GUI application must have a single mouse, an active
modem needs one and only one telephone line, an operating system can only have one window manager, and a PC is
connected to a single keyboard
1.Create a Private constructor, so that outside class can not access this constructor. And declare a private static
reference of same class.
2.Write a public Factory method which creates an object. Assign this object to private static Reference and return
the object
public class Singleton
{
private static Singleton ref;
private Singleton (){
}
public static Singleton getSingleton()
{
if (ref == null)
ref = new Singleton ();
return ref;
}
}
Business Delegate
The B.D acts as a client-side business abstraction and hides the implementation of the business services. such as
lookup & access details of the EJB architecture.
The delegate may cache results and references to remote business services. Caching can significantly improve
performance, because it limits unnecessary and potentially costly round trips over the network.
B.D uses a component called the Lookup Service. The Lookup Service is responsible for hiding the underlying
implementation details of the business service lookup code.
The client requests the BusinessDelegate to provide access to the underlying business service. The BusinessDelegate
uses a LookupService to locate the required BusinessService component.
A) Does the business process span multiple method invocations, requiring a conversational state if so the state full
model fits very nicely. If your business process last for a single method call the stateless paradigm will better suite
needed.
Q) When to choose Session Bean & Entity Bean?
E.B are effective when application want to access one row at a time, if many rows needed to be fetched using
session bean can be better alternative.
E.B are effective when working with one row at a time cause of lot of N.W traffic. S.B are efficient when client
wants to access database directly, fetching, updating multiple rows from database.
S.B for application logic.
Q) When to choose CMP & BMP?
CMP is used when the persistent data store is a relational database and there is one to one mapping between a data
represented in a table in the relational database and the ejb object.
Bean managed persistence is used when there is no one to one mapping of the table and a complex query
retrieving data from several tables needs to be performed to construct an ejb object. Bean managed is also used
when the persistence data storage is not a relational database.
Q) How do Stateful Session beans maintain consistency across transaction updates?
A) S.S.B maintain data consistency by updating their fields each time a transaction is committed. To keep informed
of changes in transation status, a S.S.B implements the SessionSynchronization interface. Container then calls
methods of this interface as it initiates and completes transactions involving the bean.
Q) Can't stateful session beans persistent? Is it possible to maintain persistence temporarily in stateful
sessionbeans?
A) Session beans are not designed to be persistent, whether stateful or stateless. A stateful session bean instance
typically can't survive system failures and other destructive events.
Yes, it is possible using Handle.
Q) Object-Relational Mapping
Mapping of objects to relational database is a technology called O.R.M. O.R.M is a persistence mechanism of
persistence objects than simple object serialization.
Q) Deployment Descriptor
D.D contains information for all the beans in the ejb.jar file. D.D enables ejb container to provide implicit services
to enterprise bean components, these services can gain your bean with out coding. D.D is a XML file.
Q) ejbCreate()
In stateless session bean can have only one ejbCreate() method it must take no arguments. Remember that
ejbCreate() is essentially analogous to a constructor for ejb; it initializes an instance internal state variable. Because
the stateless session bean has no client specific variables.
Q) Can a Session Bean be defined without ejbCreate() method?
The ejbCreate() methods is part of the bean's lifecycle, so, the compiler will not return an error because there is no
ejbCreate() method.
- The home interface of a Stateless Session Bean must have a single create() method with no arguments, while the
session bean class must contain exactly one ejbCreate() method, also without arguments.
- Stateful Session Beans can have arguments (more than one create method). Stateful beans can contain multiple
ejbCreate() as long as they match with the home interface definition
Q) Can I develop an Entity Bean without implementing the create() method in the home interface?
As per the specifications, there can be 'ZERO' or 'MORE' create() methods defined in an Entity Bean. In cases where
create() method is not provided, the only way to access the bean is by knowing its primary key, and by acquiring a
handle to it by using its corresponding finder method. In those cases, you can create an instance of a bean based on
the data present in the table. All one needs to know is the primary key of that table. i.e. a set a columns that uniquely
identify a single row in that table. Once this is known, one can use the 'getPrimaryKey()' to get a remote reference to
that bean, which can further be used to invoke business methods.
Q) How do you determine whether two entity beans are the same?
A) By invoking the EntityBean.isIdentical method. This method should be implemented by the entity bean
developer to determine when two references are to the same object.
Q) How can you capture if findBy method returns more than one row?
A) If finder method returns more than one row, create or instantiate an object (which has instance variable equal to
number of columns to be stored) each time and add the object to vector that stores. Vector stores only the memory
address not object reference. So every time when you instantiate and store object into vector a separate memory
address will be allocated and the same is stored in the vector.
Q) Diff Context, InitialContext & SessionContext & EntityContext
javax.naming.Context is an interface that provides methods for binding a name to an object. It's much like the RMI
Naming.bind() method.
javax.naming.InitialContext is a Context and provides implementation for methods available in the Context
interface.
Where as SessionContext is an EJBContext object that is provided by the EJB container to a SessionBean in order
for the SessionBean to access the information and/or services or the container.
There is EntityContext too which is also and EJBContext object that'll be provided to an EntityBean for the purpose
of the EntityBean accessing the container details. In general, the EJBContext (SessionContext and EntityContext),
AppletContext and ServletContext help the corresponding Java objects in knowing about its 'context' [environment
in which they run], and to access particular information and/or service. Where as, the javax.naming.Context is for
the purpose of 'NAMING' [by the way of referring to] an object.
Q) Can i call remove() on a Stateless Session bean?
A) Yes, The life of a Stateless Session bean for a client is just till the execution of the method that the client would
have called on the beanafter the execution of that method if the client calls another method, then a different bean
is taken from the pool. So the container very well knows that a bean has finished its life for a client and can put it
back in the pool.
Q) Can a Stateless Session Bean maintain state?
A) Yes, A Stateless Session bean can contain no-client specific state across client-invoked methods. For ex states
such as socket connection, dbase connection, references to an EJBObject and so on can be maintained.
Q) How can I map a single Entity Bean to multiple tables?
A) If you use Bean-Managed Persistence(BMP), map the bean to tables manually. Consider applying the DAO
design pattern to accomplish this.
If you choose Container-Managed Persistence(CMP), use the vendors object/relational mapping tool to specify
the mapping between your object state and the persistence schema.
Q) Can EJB handle transaction across multiple databases?
A) The transaction manager in EJB handling transaction across multiple databases. This is accomplished with
multiple Entity beans handling to each database and a single session bean to manage a transaction with the Entity
bean.
Q) Session Bean CallBack methods?
public interface javax.ejb.SessionBean extends javax.ejb.EnterpriseBean
{
public abstract void ejbActivate();
public abstract void ejbCreate();
public abstract void ejbPassivate();
public abstract void ejbRemove();
public abstract void setSessionContext(SessionContext ctx);
}
SessionContext S.C is your beans gateway to interact with the container, S.C query the container about your
current transactional state, your security state.
ejbCreate()
ejbPassivate( ) If too many beans are instantiated, the container can passivate some of them .ie write the bean to
some temp storage. The container should release all resources held by the bean. Just before passivating, the
container calls the ejbPassivate() method. So release all resources here, i.e. close socket connections..etc.
ejbActivate( ) When a passiavted bean is called, its said to be activated. The container then calls the
ejbActivate() method. Acquire all the required resources for the bean in this method. ie get socket connection
ejbRemove() container wants to remove your bean instance it will call this method.
Q) Entity Bean CallBack methods?
public interface javax.ejb.EntityBean extends javax.ejb.EnterpriseBean
{
public abstract void ejbActivate();
public abstract void ejbLoad();
public abstract void ejbPassivate();
public abstract void ejbRemove();
Life cycle of a Stateless Session Bean : - A S.S.B has only two states: Does Not Exist and Method Ready Pool.
- A bean has not yet instantiated when it is in the Does Not Exist Sate.
- When the EJB container needs one are more beans, it creates and set then in the Method Ready Pool Sate.
This happens through the creation of a new instance(Class.newInstance()), then it is set its context
(setSessionContext()) and finally calls the ejbCreate() method.
- The ejbRemove() method is called to move a bean from the Method Ready Pool back to Does Not Exist
State.
passivating, the container calls the ejbPassivate() method. So release all resources here, ie,close socket
connections..etc.
ejbActivate( ) When a passiavted bean is called, its said to be activated. The container then calls the
ejbActivate() method. Acquire all the required resources for the bean in this method. ie get socket
connection
Finally, the no-argument ejbCreate() method is invoked by the container on the bean instance. The MDB has only
one ejbCreate() method, which takes no arguments. The ejbCreate() method is invoked only once in the life
cycle of the MDB.
Q) Transaction Isolation levels
TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED
The transaction can read uncommitted data. Dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantom reads can occur. Bean
methods with this isolation level can read uncommitted change.
TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED
The transaction cannot read uncommitted data; data that is being changed by a different transaction cannot be read.
Dirty-reads are prevented; nonrepeatable reads and phantom reads can occur. Bean methods with this isolation level
cannot read uncommitted data.
TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ
The transaction cannot change data that is being read by a different transaction.
Dirty reads and nonrepeatable reads are prevented; phantom reads can occur. Bean methods with this isolation level
have the same restrictions as Read Committed and can only execute repeatable reads.
TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE
The transaction has exclusive read and update privileges to data; different transactions can neither read nor write the
same data. Dirty reads, nonrepeatable reads, and phantom reads are prevented. This isolation level is the most
restrictive.
Dirty-read When your application reads data from a database that has not been committed to permanent storage
yet.
Un-repeatable read When a component reads some data from a database, but upon reading the data, the data has
been changed. This can arise when another concurrently executing transaction modifies the data being read.
Phantom-read Phantom is a new set of data that magically appears in a database between two databases read
operations.
Q) Diff Phantom & Un-repeatable
Un-repeatable occurs when existing data is changed, where as phantom read occurs when new data is inserted that
does not exist before.
Q) Transaction Attributes
TX_BEAN_MANAGED Then your bean programmatically controls its own transaction boundaries. When you
using programmatically transaction, you issue the begin, commit & abort statements.
TX_NOT_SUPPORTED If you set this your bean cannot be involved in a transaction at all.
TX_REQUIRED If you want your bean to always run in a transaction. If there is a transaction already running
your bean joins in on that transaction. If there is no transaction running, the container starts one for you.
TX_REQUIRES_NEW If you always want a new transaction to begin when your bean is called we should use
this. If there is a transaction already underway when your bean called, that transaction is suspended during the bean
invocation. The container then launches a new transaction and delegate the call to the bean.
TX_SUPPORTS When a client call this it runs only in a transaction if the client had one running already; it then
joins that transaction. If no transaction, the bean runs with no transaction at all.
TX_MANDATORY Is a safe transaction attribute to use. It guarantees that your bean should run in a transaction.
There is no way your bean can be called if there is not a transaction already running.
Q) ACID Properties
When you properly use transaction your operations will execute ACID properties.
Atomicity Guarantees that many operations are bundled together and appears as one contiguous unit of work.
Ex:- When you transfer money from one bank account to another you want to add funds to one account and remove
funds from the other transaction and you want both operations to occur or neither to occur.
Consistency Guarantees that a transaction will leave the system state to be consistent after a transaction
completes.
Ex: - A bank system state could be consist if the rule bank account balance must always be +ve.
Isolation Protect concurrently executing transaction from seeing each other incomplete results.
Ex: - If you write a bank account data to a database, the transaction may obtain locks on the bank account record (or)
table. The lock guarantee that no other updates can interfere.
Durability Resources keep a transactional log for resources crashes; the permanent data can be reconstructed by
reapplying the steps in the log.
Q) Diff Sax & DOM
DOM
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Tree of nodes
Occupies more memory preferred for small XML
documents
Slower at runtime
Stored as objects
Programmatically easy, since objects
Easy of navigation
DOM creates a tree structure in memory
SAX
1.Sequence of events
2.Does not use any memory preferred for
large documents.
3.Faster at runtime
4.Objects are to be created
5.Need to write code for creating objects are
to referred
6.backward navigation is not possible
Q) Hot deployment
Hot Deployment in Web Logic is he acts of deploying, re-deploying and un-deploying EJBs while the server is still
running.
Q) When should I use TxDataSource instead of Datasource?
If your application (or) environment meets the following criteria you should use
- Uses JTA
- Uses EJB container in web logic server to manage transactions.
- Includes multiple database updates with single transaction.
- Access multiple resources, such as database & JMS during transactions.
- Use same connection pool on multiple servers.
Q) Clustering
In J2ee container can be distributed, a distributed container consists of number of JVMs running on one are more
host machines. In this setup, application components can be deployed on a number of JVMs. Subject to the type of
loading strategy and the type of the component the container can distributed the load of incoming request to one of
these JVMs.
Q How to deploy in J2EE (i.e Jar, War file)?
Each web application should be contained in a war (web archive) file. War files are nothing but a jar file containing
atleast one descriptor called web.xml. The file structure of war file is:
/-|
| WEB-INF
| |
| |-- WEB.XML (Deployment descriptor)
| |-- classes (Folder containing servlets and JSPs
|
| META-INF
| |
| |-- MANIFEST.MF
|
| all utility files and resources like error pages etc.
Each enterprise bean is stored in a jar file. The jar file contains all standard files like manifest and atleast one
additional file called ejb-jar.xml. The structure of a jar file is:
/-|
| META-INF
| |
| |-- MANIFEST.MF
| |-- ejb-jar.xml
|
| all classes as in a normal jar file.
Both jar and war files are placed inside a ear (enterprise archive) file. The structure of an ear file is
/-|
| META-INF
| |
| |-- MANIFEST.MF
| |-- application.xml
|
| jar and war files.
Q) How do you configure a session bean for bean-managed transactions?
A) By set transaction-attribute in the xml file or in the deployment descriptor.
Q) Deployment descriptor of EJB (ejb-jar.xml)
<?xml version="1.0"?>
<!DOCTYPE ejb-jar PUBLIC "-//Sun Microsystems, Inc.//DTD Enterprise
JavaBeans 1.1//EN" "http://java.sun.com/j2ee/dtds/ejb-jar_1_1.dtd">
<ejb-jar>
<description>
This Deployment includes all the beans needed to make a reservation:
TravelAgent, ProcessPayment, Reservation, Customer, Cruise, and Cabin.
</description>
<enterprise-beans>
<session>
<ejb-name>TravelAgentBean</ejb-name>
<remote>com.titan.travelagent.TravelAgent</remote>
...
</session>
<entity>
<ejb-name>CustomerBean</ejb-name>
<remote>com.titan.customer.Customer</remote>
...
</entity>
</enterprise-beans>
<! Transactions in EJB -- >
<assembly-descriptor>
<container-transaction>
<method>
<ejb-name>EJBName</ejb-name>
<method-name>methodName / *</method-name>
</method>
<trans-attribute>Required</trans-attribute>
</container-transaction>
</assembly-descriptor>
...
</ejb-jar>
Q) Weblogic-ejb-jar.xml
<weblogic-ejb-jar>
<weblogic-enterprise-bean>
<ejb-name>demo.Story</ejb-name>
<entity-descriptor>
<entity-cache>
<max-beans-in-cache>100</max-beans-in-cache>
<idle-timeout-seconds>600</idle-timeout-seconds>
<read-timeout-seconds>0</read-timeout-seconds>
<concurrency-strategy>Database</concurrency-strategy>
</entity-cache>
<lifecycle>
<passivation-strategy>default</passivation-strategy>
</lifecycle>
<persistence>
<delay-updates-until-end-of-tx>true</delay-updates-until-end-of-tx>
<finders-load-bean>true</finders-load-bean>
<persistence-type>
<type-identifier>WebLogic_CMP_RDBMS</type-identifier>
<type-version>5.1.0</type-version>
<type-storage>META-INF/weblogic-rdbms11-persistence-600.xml</type-storage>
</persistence-type>
<db-is-shared>true</db-is-shared>
<persistence-use>
<type-identifier>WebLogic_CMP_RDBMS</type-identifier>
<type-version>5.1.0</type-version>
</persistence-use>
</persistence>
<entity-clustering>
<home-is-clusterable>true</home-is-clusterable>
</entity-clustering>
</entity-descriptor>
<transaction-descriptor>
<trans-timeout-seconds>30</trans-timeout-seconds>
</transaction-descriptor>
<enable-call-by-reference>true</enable-call-by-reference>
<jndi-name>demo.StoryHome</jndi-name>
</weblogic-enterprise-bean>
</weblogic-ejb-jar>
Q) Session Bean Example
Remote Interface
public interface Hello extends javax.ejb.EJBObject
{
public String hello() throws java.rmi.RemoteException;
}
Home Interface
public interface HelloHome extends javax.ejb.EJBHome
{
Hello create() throws java.rmi.RemoteException; javax.ejb.CreateException;
}
Bean Class
public class HelloBean implements javax.ejb.SessionBean
{
private SessionContex ctx;
public void ejbCreate();
public abstract void ejbRemove();
public abstract void ejbActivate();
public abstract void ejbPassivate();
public abstract void setSessionContext(SessionyContext ctx);
public String hello(){
System.out.println(hello());
Return hello world;
}
Client
public class HelloClient
{
public static void main(String args[ ])
properties props = system.getProperties();
Context ctx = new InitialContext(props);
Object obj = ctx.lookup(HelloHome);
HelloHome home = (HelloHome)
javax.rmi.protableRemoteObject.narrow(obj, HelloHome.class);
Hello hello = home.create();
System.out.println(hello.hello());
Hello.remove();
}
Q) Entity Bean Example
Home.java (Home Interface)
package test;
public interface Home extends javax.ejb.EJBHome {
public String hello() throws RemoteException;
public int add(int a, int b) throws RemoteException;
public HomeObj findByPrimaryKey(String a) throws RemoteException, FinderException;
}
HelloObj.java (Remote Interface)
package test;
public interface HelloObj extends javax.ejb.EJBObject {
}
HelloBean.java (Bean class)
package test;
import javax.ejb.*;
public class HelloBean extends com.caucho.ejb.AbstractEntityBean {
public String ejbHomeHello()
{
return "Hello, world";
}
public int ejbHomeAdd(int a, int b)
{
return a + b;
}
public String ejbFindByPrimaryKey(String key) throws FinderException
{
throw new FinderException("no children");
}
}
Client
package test.entity.home;
import javax.naming.*;
public class HomeServlet extends GenericServlet {
Home home;
public void init() throws ServletException
{
try {
Context env = (Context) new InitialContext().lookup("java:comp/env");
home = (Home) env.lookup("ejb/home");
} catch (Exception e) {
throw new ServletException(e);
}
}
public void service(ServletRequest req, ServletResponse res) throws IOException, ServletException
{
PrintWriter pw = res.getWriter();
try {
pw.println("message: " + home.hello() + "");