Unit 7: Electricity and

Magnetism
19.1 Electric Circuits
19.2 Current and Voltage
19.3 Electrical Resistance and Ohms
Law
Chapter 19 Objectives
1. Describe the difference between
current and voltage.
2. Describe the connection between
voltage, current, energy, and
power.
3. Describe the function of a battery
in a circuit.
4. Calculate the current in a circuit
using Ohms law.
5. Draw and interpret a circuit
diagram with wires, battery, bulb,
and switch.
6. Measure current, voltage, and
resistance with a multimeter.
7. Give examples and applications of
conductors, insulators, and
semiconductors.
Chapter 19 Vocabulary Terms
19.1 Electric Circuits
Key Question:
What is an electric circuit?
19.1 Electric Circuits
Electricity refers to the presence of
electric current in wires, motors, light
bulbs, and other devices.
Electric current is similar to a current of
water, but electric current flows in solid
metal wires so it is not visible.

Electric current can carry a lot of power.

19.1 Electric Circuits
An electric circuit is something that
provides a complete path through which
electricity travels.
Wires in electric circuits are similar in
some ways to pipes and hoses that
carry water.
19.1 Electric Circuits
When drawing a circuit diagram,
symbols are used to represent each
part of the circuit.
These electrical symbols are quicker
and easier to draw than realistic
pictures of the components.
19.2 Current and Voltage
Key Question:
How does current move through a circuit?
19.2 Current and voltage
Electric current is measured in units called
amperes, or amps (A) for short.
One amp is a flow of a certain quantity of
electricity in one second.
The amount of electric current entering a
circuit always equals the amount exiting the
circuit.
19.2 Current and voltage
Conventional current was proposed by
Ben Franklin in the 1700s.
Scientists later discovered that the
particles that carry electricity in a wire
actually travel from negative to
positive.
Today, we still use Franklins definition.
19.2 Voltage

Voltage is a measure of electric

potential energy, just like height is a
measure of gravitational potential
energy.
Voltage is measured in volts (V).
A voltage difference of 1 volt means 1
amp of current does 1 joule of work in 1
second.

A battery uses chemical energy to

create a voltage difference between its
two terminals.
In a battery, chemical reactions provide
the energy to pump the current from
low voltage to high voltage.
A fully charged battery adds energy
proportional to its voltage.

19.2 Voltage

19.2 What does a battery do?

Since 1 joule per second is a watt

(power), you can interpret voltage as
measuring the available electrical
power per amp of current that flows.

A battery uses chemical energy to move

charges.

19.2 Voltage
The positive end of a 1.5 volt battery is
1.5 volts higher than the negative end.
If you connect batteries positive-tonegative, each battery adds 1.5 volts to
the total.
Three batteries make 4.5 volts.
Each unit of current coming out of the
positive end of the three-battery stack
has 4.5 joules of energy.

If you connect a circuit with a battery

the charges flow out of the battery
carrying energy.
19.2 How do these batteries differ?
Some are smaller and don't store as
much energy.
Other batteries made with Ni and Cd
can be recharged.
Which battery above has the greatest
voltage capacity?
19.2 Measuring Current

Set the meter to DC volts.

In practical electricity, we still label

current flowing from plus to minus or
HIGH voltage to LOW voltage.

Touch the red (+) lead of the meter to

the (+) battery terminal.

Current can't be measured unless the

charges flow through the meter.

Touch the black (-) lead of the meter to

the (-) battery terminal.

19.2 Current is a flow of charge

19.2 Measuring voltage of a cell

Adjust the meter dial as necessary.

19.3 Electrical Resistance and Ohms

Law

19.2 Measuring voltage in a circuit

Key Question:

Measure the voltage across the battery

exactly as before.

How are voltage, current, and resistance

related?

DO NOT DISCONNECT THE CIRCUIT.

19.3 Electrical resistance

19.2 Current and voltage

Resistance measures how difficult it is

for current to flow.

19.3 Electrical Resistance

The total amount of electrical
resistance in a circuit determines the
amount of current that in the circuit for
a given voltage.
The more resistance the circuit has, the
less current that flows.

Each device is designed with a

resistance that allows the right amount
of current to flow when connected to
the voltage the device was designed
for.
19.3 Changing resistance

19.3 Measuring resistance

The resistance of many materials,

including those in light bulbs, increases
as temperature increases.

Set the meter to measure resistance

(W).

A graph of current versus voltage for a

light bulb shows a curve.

Set the black and red leads on opposite

ends of the objects.

A device with constant resistance would

show a straight line on this graph.

19.3 The ohm

19.3 Electrical Conductivity

Resistance is measured in ohms (W).

The electrical conductivity describes a

materials ability to pass electric current.

One ohm is the resistance when a

voltage of 1 volt is applied with a
current of 1 amp.
19.3 Ohm's law
German physicist Georg Ohm experimented
with circuits to find an exact mathematical
relationship between voltage, current and
resistance.

19.3 Conductors and insulators

A material such as copper is called a
conductor because it can conduct, or
carry, electric current.
Materials that insulate against (or
block) the flow of current are classified
as electrical insulators.

Ohm's law can be used to predict any one of

the three variable if given the other two.

Some materials are neither conductors

nor insulators.

19.3 Calculate current

These materials are named

semiconductors.

A light bulb with a resistance of 2 ohms

is connected in a circuit that has a
single 1.5-volt battery.
Calculate the current that flows in the
circuit.
Assume the wires have zero resistance.
19.3 The resistance of electrical devices
The resistance of electrical devices
ranges from very small (0.001 ) to
very large (10106 ).

19.3 Resistors
Electrical components called resistors
can be used to control current.
Resistors have striped color codes to
record their "values" (writing on them is
difficult).
19.3 Potentiometers
Potentiometers are a type of "variable"
resistor that can change from low to
high.

They are wired so that as you turn the

knob, it changes the distance the
current has to flow.
Application: Hybrid Gas/Electric Cars

3. A commutator that switches the

electromagnets from north to south
at the right place to keep the rotor
spinning.
AC and DC motors
Motors that run on alternating current
(AC) electricity are easier to make
because the current switches direction all
by itselfa commutator isnt needed.

Electric motors
Electric motors convert electrical
energy into mechanical energy.
The disk in the motor is called the rotor
because it can rotate.
The disk will keep spinning as long as the
external magnet is reversed every time
the next magnet in the disk passes by.
One or more stationary magnets
reverse their poles to push and pull on a
rotating assembly of magnets.
Using magnets to spin a disk
Reversing the magnet in your fingers
attracts and repels the magnets in the
rotor, making it spin.
Commutation
The process of reversing the current in
the electromagnet is called
commutation and the switch that makes
it happen is called a commutator.
Electric Motors
All types of electric motors have three key
parts:
1. A rotating element (rotor) with
magnets.
2. A stationary magnet that surrounds
the rotor.

Electric motors
The rotating part of the motor, including
the electromagnets, is called the
armature.
It has 3 electromagnets that correspond
to the 3 coils.
Electric motors
The permanent magnets are on the
outside, and they stay fixed in place.
The wires from each of the three coils are
attached to three metal plates
(commutator) at the end of the
armature.
Electric Motors
As the rotor spins, the three plates come
into contact with the positive and
negative brushes.
Electric current flows through the brushes
into the coils.
Unit 5: Electricity and Magnetism
Chapter 16: Electromagnets and
Induction
16.1 Electric Current and Magnetism
16.2 Electric Motors
16.3 Electric Generators and
Transformers
16.3 Investigation: Generators and

Transformers
Key Question:
How do electricity and magnetism
work together in generators and
transformers?
Electromagnetic Induction
If you move a magnet near a coil of
wire, a current will be produced.
This process is called
electromagnetic induction,
because a moving magnet induces
electric current to flow.
Moving electric charge creates
magnetism and conversely, changing
magnetic fields also can cause electric
charge to move.
Induction
Current is only produced if the magnet
is moving because a changing
magnetic field is what creates current.
If the magnetic field does not change,
such as when the magnet is
stationary, the current is zero.
Induction
If the magnetic field is increasing, the
induced current is in one direction.
If the field is decreasing, the induced
current is in the opposite direction.
Faradays law of induction
A moving magnet induces current in a
coil only if the magnetic field of the
magnet passes through the coil.
Faradays law of induction
Michael Faraday (17911867), an
English physicist and chemist, was

first to explain how moving magnets

and coils induced voltage.
Faradays found that the induced
voltage is proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field through
the coil.
Faradays law of induction
Faradays law says the current in a
coil is proportional to the rate at which
the magnetic field changes.
Faraday's Law
Generators
A generator is a device that uses
induction to convert mechanical
energy into electrical energy.
Electrical generators
The electrical energy created by a
generator is not created from nothing.
Energy must continually be supplied to
keep the rotating coil or magnetic disk
turning.
In hydroelectric generators, falling
water turns a turbine which spins a
generator to produce electricity.
Producing and transporting energy
Hoover Dam is called a hydroelectric
plant because it converts the energy
of falling water into electricity.
Using the potential energy of water is
one way to produce electricity.
Energy flow
With each transformation (green
arrows), some energy is lost to the
system in the form of heat (red
arrows).
Electricity from different resources

 A nonrenewable resource is not

replaced as it is used.
Any fossil fuel is an good example of
nonrenewable resource.
Besides their growing scarcity, burning
fossil fuels produces sulfur oxide
emissions that reduce air quality and
may be accelerating climate change.
Electricity from different resources
A renewable resource can be
replaced naturally in a relatively short
period of time.
Falling water, energy from the Sun,
wind energy, and geothermal energy
are examples of renewable resources.
Geothermal, biomass and
hydroelectric
energy
Geothermal power plants use Earths
internal heat in the form of water or
steam, to produce electricity.
Biomass, such as organic material
from plants or animals or municipal
waste, can be burned to produce
steam for a turbine.
Impoundment and pumped storage
hydroelectric power plants use falling
water differently to generate
electricity.
Electrical Power
Anything that uses electricity is
actually converting electrical energy
into some other type of energy.
Utility companies charge customers
for the number of kilowatt-hours (kWh)
used each month.
Transformers

Transformers are extremely useful

because they efficiently change
voltage and current, while providing
the same total power.
The transformer uses
electromagnetic induction, similar
to a generator.
Transformers
Consider the transformer between the
outside power lines and your house:
1. The primary coil is connected
to outside power lines. Current
in the primary coil creates a
magnetic field through the
secondary coil. The primary
coils field is shown by the
magnetic field lines (green
arrows)
2. The current in the primary coil
changes constantly because it is
alternating current.
Transformers
3. As the current changes, so does the
strength and direction of the magnetic
field through the secondary coil.
4. The changing magnetic field through
the secondary coil induces current in
the secondary coil. The secondary coil
connects to your homes wiring.
Transformers
In the same changing magnetic field, a
coil with 100 turns produces 10 times
the voltage of the induced current as a
coil with 10 turns.
Changing voltage in a transformer
1. Looking for: no. of turns of the
secondary coil.

2. Given: voltage of each coil (120VAC

and 6 VDC) and the no. of turns of the
primary coil (240)

3. Predict the direction of the force

on a magnet placed in a given
magnetic field.

3. Relationships: V1 =
for N2 = V2 x N1

4. Explain why ferromagnetic

materials always attract magnets
of either pole.

V2

N1 Solve

N2

V1
1. Solution: 6 V x 240 = 12 turns
120 V

5. Describe the theory behind why a

compass works.
6. Use a compass to find the
direction of true north.

Michael Faraday

Chapter 22 Vocabulary Terms

Despite little formal schooling,

Michael Faraday rose to become
one of Englands top research
scientists of the nineteenth
century.

22.1 Properties of Magnets

He is best known for his discovery

of electromagnetic induction,
which made possible the largescale production of electricity in
power plants.

Key Question:
How do magnets interact with each other?
22.1 What is a magnet?
If a material is magnetic, it has the
ability to exert forces on magnets or
other magnetic materials.
A permanent magnet is a material that
keeps its magnetic properties even
when it is NOT close to other magnets.
22.1 Properties of Magnets

Unit 7, Chapter 22

Magnets have two opposite poles.

north

Unit 7: Electricity and Magnetism

south

22.1 Properties of Magnets

Magnets exert forces on each other.

22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials

The forces depend on the alignment of

the poles.

22.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth

Chapter 22 Objectives
1. Describe the forces between two
permanent magnets.
2. Sketch the magnetic field of a
single permanent magnet.

22.1 Properties of Magnets

Plastics, wood, and most insulating materials
are virtually transparent to magnetic forces.
Conducting metals, like aluminum, also allow
magnetic forces to pass through, but may
change the forces.
22.1 The force between two magnets

The strength of the force between magnets

depends on the distance between them.
The magnetic force decreases with distance
much faster than does either gravity or the
electric force.
22.1 The force between two magnets
Two magnets near each other often feel
a twisting force, or torque.
This is a result of having two poles.
The combination of attractive and
repulsive forces on the same magnet
creates a torque.
22.1 The magnetic field
All magnets create a magnetic field in the
space around them, and the magnetic field
creates forces on other magnets.
22.1 The magnetic field
The number of field lines in a certain
area indicates the relative strength of
the magnetic field in that area.
The arrows on the field lines indicate
the direction of the force.
The closer the lines are together, the
stronger the field.

There are two ways in which electrons

create magnetism:
1. Electrons around the
nucleus and their motion
makes the entire atom a
small magnet.
2. Electrons themselves act as
though they were magnets.
22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials
All atoms have electrons, so you might
think that all materials should be
magnetic, but there is great variability
in the magnetic properties of materials.
The electrons in some atoms align to
cancel out one anothers magnetic
influence.
While all materials show some kind of
magnetic effect, the magnetism in most
materials is too weak to detect without
highly sensitive instruments.
22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials
In diamagnetic materials, the electrons
are oriented so their individual
magnetic fields cancel each other out.

Magnetic field lines always point away

from a magnets north pole and toward
its south pole.

Individual atoms in paramagnetic

materials are magnetic but the atoms
themselves are randomly arranged so
the overall magnetism of a sample is
zero.

22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials

22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials

Key Question:

A small group of metals have very

strong magnetic properties, including
iron, nickel, and cobalt.

How do magnets interact with different

materials?
22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials
The sources of nearly all magnetic
effects in matter are the electrons in
atoms.

These metals are the best known

examples of ferromagnetic materials.
Atoms with similar magnetic
orientations line up with neighboring
atoms in groups called magnetic
domains.

22.2 Magnetic Properties of Materials

Magnetic domains in a ferromagnetic
material will always orient themselves
to attract a permanent magnet.
If a north pole approaches, domains
grow that have south poles facing out.
If a south pole approaches, domains
grow that have north poles facing out.
22.2 Properties of magnets
Materials that make good permanent
magnets are called hard magnets.
Steel, which contains iron and carbon, is a
common and inexpensive material used to
create hard magnets.
Materials that lose their magnetism quickly
are called soft magnets.
22.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth
Key Question:

toward a spot near (but not exactly at)

the Earths geographic north pole.
The Earths magnetic poles are defined
by the planets magnetic field.
That means the south magnetic pole of
the planet is near the north geographic
pole.
22.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth
The gauss is a unit used to measure the
strength of a magnetic field.
The magnetic field of the Earth is very
weak (0.5 gauss) compared with the
strength of the field on the surface of
the classroom ceramic magnets (1000
gauss).
Historical data shows that both the
strength of the Earths magnetic field
and the location of the north and south
magnetic poles can switch places.

How do we use Earths magnetic field to tell

direction?

Today, the Earths magnetic field is

losing approximately 7 percent of its
strength every 100 years.

22.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth

22.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth

As early as 500 B.C. people discovered that

some naturally occurring materials such as
lodestone and magnetitehave magnetic
properties.

Depending on where you are, a

compass will point slightly east or west
of true north.

By 1200, explorers from Italy were using a

compass to guide ocean voyages beyond the
sight of land.
22.3 The Magnetic Field of the Earth
When you use a compass, the northpointing end of the needle points

The difference between the direction a

compass points and the direction of
true north is called magnetic
declination.
Application: Magnetic Resonance
Imaging