QUESTION COMPILED BY WEBER LIU

THE CHEMICAL EARTH

Topic test

1. The diagram below shows the relative abundances of elements in the lithosphere.

Which of the following statements is true?

(A) Metals are more abundant than non-metals in the lithosphere.
(B) Oxygen is commonly present as a gas in the lithosphere.
(C) Silicon is the most abundant non-metal in the lithosphere.
(D) Aluminium is the most abundant metal in the lithosphere.
2. Which of the following reactions is incorrect?
(A) silver chloride silver + chlorine + light
(B) copper(II) carbonate + heat copper(II) oxide + carbon dioxide
(C) magnesium + oxygen + heat magnesium oxide + light + heat
(D) water + electricity hydrogen + oxygen
3. Identify from the examples the reaction which represents a physical change.
(A) Decomposition of copper carbonate
(B) Condensation of water vapour
(C) Electrolysis of water
(D) Burning of Hydrogen

4. Given the following processes

i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

production of oxygen gas when mercury (II) oxide is heated.

production of water vapour when water is boiled.
production of misty cloud when dry ice is placed in water.
production of water droplets on the outside of a soft drink bottle when taken out of the
fridge.

Which of the processes is a chemical change?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

(i) only
(i) & (iii) only
(i), (iii) & (iv) only
(i), (ii), (iii) & (iv)
5. Which of the following substances has the greatest ionic bond strength?
Substance

Melting Point (oC)

(A)

ZnO

1970

(B)

HgO

d* 500

(C)

MgO

2800

(D)

graphite

3730

* decomposes
6. Which of the following is not a molecule?
(A)
(B)
(C)

(D)

He
N2
NH3
Al

7. Of the four ions below, which of the following statements is true?

19 9

23

Na

11

24

2+

27

Mg

Al

12

3+

13

(A) The number of neutrons is the same in each.

(B) They are all members of the same periodic group.
(C) They all belong to the same period.
(D) They all contain the same number of electrons.
8. The characteristics of a certain solid, X, is detailed in the table below along with some
other known substances.
Substance

Appearance

Conductivity (MS m-1) at 25oC

carbon (graphite)

dull black

0.07

magnesium

silvery

23

phosphorus

dull white

10-15

silvery-white

10-3

What is X likely to be?

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

metal
non-metal
semi-metal
noble gas

9. The physical properties of solid metals can best be explained by which of the following?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

Each atom is bonded in the crystal lattice by covalent bonds.

Positive metal ions are arranged in an orderly way, with valence electrons able to
move freely through the crystal lattice.
Positive and negative metal ions are arranged in an orderly way, with mobile valence
electrons able to migrate easily around the crystal lattice.
Each metal atom is surrounded by a variable number of valence electrons which
complete the "noble gas" electronic structure in the crystal lattice.

10. Sydneys main water supply comes from Warragamba dam. Before being distributed to
Sydney households, the water is first purified in one of the various purification plants in
the outskirts of the city. What process do you think is being used to remove relatively
large (pebble sized) debris from the water?
(A) sieving
(B) evaporation
(C) distillation
(D) filtration
11. The flow chart below shows the extraction of zinc metal from the mineral sphalerite in
four steps.

Which steps in this process are chemical changes and which steps are physical changes?
A
B
C
D

Chemical Changes
Step 1
Step 1 and 3
Steps 2 and 4
Steps 2, 3 and 4

Physical Changes
Steps 2, 3 and 4
Steps 2 and 4
Steps 1 and 3
Step 1

12. The table below shows the melting point of four different chlorides.

Compound

Formula

Melting Point ( oC)

hydrogen chloride
nitrogen trichloride
silicon tetrachloride

HCl
NC13
SiCl4

-114
-27
-68

sodium chloride

NaCl

801

Why does sodium chloride have a much higher melting point than the other three compounds?
(A) Sodium chloride has a greater molar mass than the other three.
(B) Sodium chloride is ionic while the other three are covalent molecular substances.
(C) The intermolecular forces are greater in sodium chloride than in the other three.
(D) The percentage of chlorine by mass is lower in the sodium chloride than in the other three.

Question 13 (5 marks)
The properties of five substances are listed below

Substance

MP.
(C)

B.P.
(C)

Density
(g ml-1)

Solubility in
water

Solubility in
octane

silicon dioxide

1700

2230

2.6

no

no

potassium iodide

681

1324

3.1

yes

no

naphthalene

80

218

1.2

no

yes

water

100

1.0

yes

no

octane

-95

111

1.5

no

yes

Use the information in the table to answer the following questions

(A)
Which two substances could be separated from each other using a separating funnel? [1]
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(B)

All of these substances were placed in a large test-tube, shaken up and then allowed to
settle. Assume that the density of any solution is similar to that of the solvent.
Use a labelled diagram to show the composition of each layer. [2]

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(C)

Describe the steps necessary to separate the potassium iodide from the mixture in the test
tube. [2]

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Question 14 (3 marks)
Explain the relationship between reactivity of an element and the likelihood of it existing on
Earth as an uncombined element. Illustrate with examples.
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Question 15 (6 marks)

Potassium has the electron configuration of 2,8,8,1 and Sulfur has the electron configuration
2,8,6.
(a) Write a half equation for each showing how the ions are formed in each case. [1]
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(b) Identify the product formed when potassium reacts with sulfur to form an ionic
compound and write its formula. [2]
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(c) Predict the formula for the compound formed between Sulfur and X then identify the
type of bonding present in the compound. [2]
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Question 16 (5 marks)
Describe the chemical bonding in sodium chloride. Explain how it leads to the compound having
a high melting point, being hard and brittle, and being a non-conductor of electricity as a solid
but a conductor as a liquid.
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Question 17 (1 marks)
Draw an electron dot diagram to represent a water molecule. [1]

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Question 18 (4 marks)
A particularly keen TheBrain student obtained water samples from the Dead Sea, while
holidaying in Jerusalem. He wanted to compare the percentage total salt of this seawater with
that of his hometowns. Using school equipment he determined the percentage of total salt in
his Dead Sea water sample. The results of his analysis is detailed below:
mass of evaporating basin
= 253.3 g
mass of evaporating basin + seawater = 766.2 g
mass of salt residue = 165.0 g
(a)

Calculate the percentage composition of the seawater sample. Show your

working. (3 marks)
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(b)

State one possible source of error for this determination. (1 mark)

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Question 18 (3 marks)
Complete the table to illustrate the contrast between boiling and electrolysis of water in terms of
physical & chemical change, breaking of a chemical bond or intermolecular forces and the
relative amount of the energy required.
Boiling

Electrolysis

Type of change
Type of forces broken
Magnitude of energy
involved in the process
(high/low)
Question 19 (4 marks)
A variety of chemical equations can be used to describe chemical reactions.
(a)

Give a word equation for the chemical reaction that occurs when
sulfur is strongly heated in oxygen. (1 mark)

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(b)

Give a balanced formulae equation for the reaction of sodium in water. (1 mark)

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(c)

Give the half equations for the reaction of iron metal with hydrochloric acid.
(2 marks)

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Question 20 (5 marks)
Refer to the table below to answer question 20.

Substance

MP
(0C)

Electrical conductivity
Solid state

Liquid state

-102

Nil

Nil

1423

Nil

Conducts

3600

Nil

Nil

1535

Conducts

Conducts

(a)

Which substance is iron?

(b)

Which substance is calcium fluoride?..

(c)

Which substance is dinitrogen trioxide?

(d)

Which substance is diamond?

(e)

For substance X, identify the type of particle

that carries the current in the liquid state.

(f)

For substance Z, identify the type of particle

that carries the current in the liquid state.

Question 21 (7 marks)

..

..

Describe an industrial process that involves the separation of a mixture obtained from the
atmosphere, hydrosphere or lithosphere. Hat properties are used to bring about the separation? In
what ways (if any) does this process affect the environment?
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