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254Aannouncement:Analyticprimenumbertheory
13November,2014in254Aanalyticprimenumbertheory,admin

Inthewinterquarter(startingJanuary5)IwillbeteachingagraduatetopicscourseentitledAnintroductionto
analyticprimenumbertheory.Asthenamesuggests,thisisacoursecoveringmanyoftheanalyticnumber
theorytechniquesusedtostudythedistributionoftheprimenumbers
.Iwilllistthe
topicsIintendtocoverinthiscoursebelowthefold.Aswithmypreviouscourses,Iwillplacelecturenotes
onlineonmybloginadvanceofthephysicallectures.
ThetypeofresultsaboutprimesthatoneaspirestoprovehereiswellcapturedbyLandausclassicallistof
problems:
1. EvenGoldbachconjecture:everyevennumber greaterthantwoisexpressibleasthesumoftwo
primes.
2. Twinprimeconjecture:thereareinfinitelymanypairs

whicharesimultaneouslyprime.

3. Legendresconjecture:foreverynaturalnumber ,thereisaprimebetween
4. Thereareinfinitelymanyprimesoftheform

and

AllfourofLandausproblemsremainopen,butwehaveconvincingheuristicevidencethattheyarealltrue,
andineachofthefourcaseswehavesomehighlynontrivialpartialresults,someofwhichwillbecoveredin
thiscourse.Wealsonowhavesomeunderstandingofthebarrierswearefacingtofullyresolvingeachofthese
problems,suchastheparityproblemthiswillalsobediscussedinthecourse.
Oneofthemainreasonsthattheprimenumbers aresodifficulttodealwithrigorouslyisthattheyhavevery
littleusablealgebraicorgeometricstructurethatweknowhowtoexploitforinstance,wedonothaveany
usefulprimegeneratingfunctions.Oneofcoursecancreatenonusefulfunctionsofthisform,suchasthe
orderedparameterisation
thatmapseachnaturalnumber tothe prime ,oronecouldinvoke
Matiyasevichstheoremtoproduceapolynomialofmanyvariableswhoseonlypositivevaluesareprime,but
thesesortsoffunctionshavenousablestructuretoexploit(forinstance,theygivenoinsightintoanyofthe
LandauproblemslistedaboveseealsoRemark2below).Thevariousprimalitytestsintheliterature,while
usefulforpracticalapplications(e.g.cryptography)involvingprimes,havealsoproventobeoflittleutilityfor
thesesortsofproblemsagain,seeRemark2.Infact,inordertomakeplausibleheuristicpredictionsaboutthe
primes,itisbesttotakealmosttheoppositepointofviewtothestructuredviewpoint,usingasastartingpoint
thebeliefthattheprimesexhibitstrongpseudorandomnesspropertiesthatarelargelyincompatiblewiththe
presenceofrigidalgebraicorgeometricstructure.Wewilldiscusssuchheuristicslaterinthiscourse.
Itmaybeinthefuturethatsomeusablestructuretotheprimes(orrelatedobjects)willeventuallybelocated
(thisisforinstanceoneofthemotivationsindevelopingarigoroustheoryofthefieldwithoneelement,
althoughthistheoryisfarfrombeingfullyrealisedatpresent).Fornow,though,analyticandcombinatorial
methodshaveproventobethemosteffectivewayforward,astheycanoftenbeusedeveninthenearcomplete
absenceofstructure.
Inthiscourse,wewillnotdiscusscombinatorialapproaches(suchasthedeploymentoftoolsfromadditive
combinatorics)indepth,butinsteadfocusontheanalyticmethods.Thebasicprinciplesofthisapproachcanbe
summarisedasfollows:
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1. Ratherthantrytoisolateindividualprimes in ,oneworkswiththesetofprimes inaggregate,


focusinginparticularonasymptoticstatisticsofthisset.Forinstance,ratherthantrytofindasinglepair
oftwinprimes,onecanfocusinsteadonthecount
oftwinprimesup
tosomethreshold .Similarly,onecanfocusoncountssuchas
,
,or
,whicharethenaturalcountsassociatedto
theotherthreeLandauproblems.InallfourofLandausproblems,thebasictaskisnowtoobtainanon
triviallowerboundsonthesecounts.
2. Ifonewishestoproceedanalyticallyratherthancombinatorially,oneshouldconvertallthesecountsinto
sums,usingthefundamentalidentity

(orvariantsthereof)forthecardinality ofsubsets ofthenaturalnumbers ,where isthe


indicatorfunctionof (and rangesover ).Thuswearenowinterestedinestimating(andparticularly
inlowerbounding)sumssuchas

or

3. Onceoneexpressesnumbertheoreticproblemsinthisfashion,wearenaturallyledtothemoregeneral
questionofhowtoaccuratelyestimate(or,lessambitiously,tolowerboundorupperbound)sumssuch
as

ormoregenerallybilinearormultilinearsumssuchas

or

forvariousfunctions ofarithmeticinterest.(Importantly,oneshouldalsogeneralisetoincludeintegrals
aswellassums,particularlycontourintegralsorintegralsovertheunitcircleorrealline,butwe
postponediscussionofthesegeneralisationstolaterinthecourse.)Indeed,ahugeportionofmodern
analyticnumbertheoryisdevotedtopreciselythissortofquestion.Inmanycases,wecanpredictan
expectedmaintermforsuchsums,andthenthetaskistocontroltheerrortermbetweenthetruesumand
itsexpectedmainterm.Itisoftenconvenienttonormalisetheexpectedmaintermtobezeroor
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negligible(e.g.bysubtractingasuitableconstantfrom ),sothatoneisnowtryingtoshowthatasumof
signedrealnumbers(orperhapscomplexnumbers)issmall.Inotherwords,thequestionbecomesoneof
rigorouslyestablishingasignificantamountofcancellationinonessums(alsoreferredtoasagainor
savingsoverabenchmarktrivialbound).Ortophraseitnegatively,thetaskistorigorouslypreventa
conspiracyofnoncancellation,causedforinstancebytwofactorsinthesummand
exhibitingan
unexpectedlylargecorrelationwitheachother.
4. Itisoftendifficulttodiscerncancellation(ortopreventconspiracy)directlyforagivensum(suchas
)ofinterest.However,analyticnumbertheoryhasdevelopedalargenumberoftechniquesto
relateonesumtoanother,andthenthestrategyistokeeptransformingthesumintomoreandmore
analyticallytractableexpressions,untilonearrivesatasumforwhichcancellationcanbedirectly
exhibited.(Notethoughthatthereisoftenashorttermtradeoffbetweenanalytictractabilityand
algebraicsimplicityinatypicalanalyticnumbertheoryargument,thesumswillgetexpandedand
decomposedintomanyquitemessylookingsubsums,untilatsomepointoneappliessomecrude
estimationtoreplacethesemessysubsumsbytractableonesagain.)Therearemanytransformations
available,rangingsuchbasictoolsasthetriangleinequality,pointwisedomination,ortheCauchy
Schwarzinequalitytokeyidentitiessuchasmultiplicativenumbertheoryidentities(suchastheVaughan
identityandtheHeathBrownidentity),Fourieranalyticidentities(e.g.Fourierinversion,Poisson
summation,ormoreadvancedtraceformulae),orcomplexanalyticidentities(e.g.theresiduetheorem,
Perronsformula,orJensensformula).Thesheerrangeoftransformationsavailablecanbeintimidating
atfirstthereisnoshortageoftransformationsandidentitiesinthissubject,andifoneappliesthem
randomlythenonewilltypicallyjusttransformadifficultsumintoanevenmoredifficultandintractable
expression.However,onecanmakeprogressifoneisguidedbythestrategyofisolatingandenhancinga
desiredcancellation(orconspiracy)tothepointwhereitcanbeeasilyestablished(ordispelled),or
alternativelytoreachthepointwherenodeepcancellationisneededfortheapplicationathand(or
equivalently,thatnodeepconspiracycandisrupttheapplication).
5. Oneparticularlypowerfultechnique(albeitonewhich,ironically,canbehighlyineffectiveinacertain
technicalsensetobediscussedlater)istouseonepotentialconspiracytodefeatanother,atechniqueI
refertoastheduelingconspiraciesmethod.Thistechniquemaybeunabletopreventasinglestrong
conspiracy,butitcansometimesbeusedtopreventtwoormoresuchconspiraciesfromoccurring,which
isparticularlyusefulifconspiraciescomeinpairs(e.g.throughcomplexconjugationsymmetry,ora
functionalequation).Arelated(butmoreeffective)strategyistotrytodisperseasingleconspiracy
intoseveraldistinctconspiracies,whichcanthenbeusedtodefeateachother.
Asstatedbefore,theabovestrategyhasnotbeenabletoestablishanyofthefourLandauproblemsasstated.
However,theycancomeclosetosuchproblems(andwenowhavesomeunderstandingastowhythese
problemsremainoutofreachofcurrentmethods).Forinstance,byusingthesetechniques(andalotof
additionaleffort)onecanobtainthefollowingsamplepartialresultsintheLandauproblems:
1. Chenstheorem:everysufficientlylargeevennumber isexpressibleasthesumofaprimeandan
almostprime(theproductofatmosttwoprimes).Theproofproceedsbyfindinganontriviallower
boundon
,where isthesetofalmostprimes.
2. Zhangstheorem:Thereexistinfinitelymanypairs
ofconsecutiveprimeswith
.Theproofproceedsbygivinganonnegativelowerboundonthequantity
forlarge andcertaindistinctintegers
between and
.(Thebound
hassincebeenloweredto
.)
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3. TheBakerHarmanPintztheorem:forsufficientlylarge ,thereisaprimebetween and


Provenbyfindinganontriviallowerboundon
.
4. TheFriedlanderIwaniectheorem:Thereareinfinitelymanyprimesoftheform
findinganontriviallowerboundon
.

.Provenby

Wewilldiscuss(simplerversionsof)severaloftheseresultsinthiscourse.
Ofcourse,fortheabovegeneralstrategytohaveanychanceofsucceeding,onemustatsomepointusesome
informationabouttheset ofprimes.Asstatedpreviously,usefullystructuredparametricdescriptionsof do
notappeartobeavailable.However,wedohavetwootherfundamentalandusefulwaystodescribe :
1. (Sievetheorydescription)Theprimes consistofthosenumbersgreaterthanone,thatarenotdivisible
byanysmallerprime.
2. (Multiplicativenumbertheorydescription)Theprimes arethemultiplicativegeneratorsofthenatural
numbers :everynaturalnumberisuniquelyfactorisable(uptopermutation)intotheproductofprimes
(thefundamentaltheoremofarithmetic).
Thesievetheoreticdescriptionanditsvariantsleadonetoagoodunderstandingofthealmostprimes,which
turnouttobeexcellenttoolsforcontrollingtheprimesthemselves,althoughthereareknownlimitationsasto
howmuchinformationontheprimesonecanextractfromsievetheoreticmethodsalone,whichwewilldiscuss
laterinthiscourse.Themultiplicativenumbertheorymethodsleadone(aftersomecomplexorFourier
analysis)totheRiemannzetafunction(andotherLfunctions,particularlytheDirichletLfunctions),withthe
distributionofzeroes(andpoles)ofthesefunctionsplayingaparticularlydecisiveroleinthemultiplicative
methods.
Manyofourstrongestresultsinanalyticprimenumbertheoryareultimatelyobtainedbyincorporatingsome
combinationoftheabovetwofundamentaldescriptionsof (orvariantsthereof)intothegeneralstrategy
describedabove.Incontrast,moreadvanceddescriptionsof ,suchasthosecomingfromthevariousprimality
testsavailable,have(untilnow,atleast)beensurprisinglyineffectiveinpracticeforattackingproblemssuchas
Landausproblems.Onereasonforthisisthatsuchtestsgenerallyinvolveoperationssuchasexponentiation
orthefactorialfunction
,whichgrowtooquicklytobeamenabletotheanalytictechniques
discussedabove.
Togiveasimpleillustrationofthesetwobasicapproachestotheprimes,letusfirstgivetwovariantsofthe
usualproofofEuclidstheorem:

Theorem1(Euclidstheorem)Thereareinfinitelymanyprimes.
Proof:(Multiplicativenumbertheoryproof)Supposeforcontradictionthattherewereonlyfinitelymany
primes
.Then,bythefundamentaltheoremofarithmetic,everynaturalnumberisexpressibleasthe
productoftheprimes
.Butthenaturalnumber
islargerthanone,butnotdivisibleby
anyoftheprimes
,acontradiction.
(Sievetheoreticproof)Supposeforcontradictionthattherewereonlyfinitelymanyprimes
bytheChineseremaindertheorem,thesetofnaturalnumbers thatisnotdivisiblebyanyofthe
hasdensity
,thatistosay
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.Then,

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Inparticular, haspositivedensityandthuscontainsanelementlargerthan .Buttheleastsuchelementisone


furtherprimeinadditionto
,acontradiction.

Remark1OnecanalsophrasetheproofofEuclidstheoreminafashionthat
largelyavoidstheuseofcontradictionseethispreviousblogpostformore
discussion.
Bothproofsinfactextendtogiveastrongerresult:

Theorem2(Eulerstheorem)Thesum

isdivergent.

Proof:(Multiplicativenumbertheoryproof)Bythefundamentaltheoremofarithmetic,everynaturalnumberis
expressibleuniquelyastheproduct
ofprimesinincreasingorder.Inparticular,wehavetheidentity

(bothsidesmakesensein
handsideisaswell.But

and

aseverythingisunsigned).Sincethelefthandsideisdivergent,theright

,so

mustbedivergent.

(Sievetheoreticproof)Supposeforcontradictionthatthesum
isconvergent.Foreachnaturalnumber
,let bethesetofnaturalnumbersnotdivisiblebythefirst primes
,andlet bethesetof
numbersnotdivisiblebyanyprimein .Asinthepreviousproof,each hasdensity
.Also,
since
containsatmost multiplesof ,wehavefromtheunionboundthat

Since
isassumedtobeconvergent,weconcludethatthedensityof convergestothedensityof
thus hasdensity
,whichisnonzerobythehypothesisthat
converges.Ontheother
hand,sincetheprimesaretheonlynumbersgreaterthanonenotdivisiblebysmallerprimes, isjust ,
whichhasdensityzero,givingthedesiredcontradiction.

Remark2WehaveseenhoweasyitistoproveEulerstheorembyanalytic
methods.Incontrast,theredoesnotseemtobeanyknownproofofthistheorem
thatproceedsbyusinganysortofprimegeneratingformulaoraprimalitytest,
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whichisfurtherevidencethatsuchtoolsarenotthemosteffectivewaytomake
progressonproblemssuchasLandausproblems.(Buttheweakertheoremof
Euclid,Theorem1,cansometimesbeprovenbysuchdevices.)
ThetwoproofsofTheorem2givenaboveareessentiallythesameproof,asishintedatbythegeometricseries
identity

OnecanalsoseetheRiemannzetafunctionbegintomakeanappearanceinbothproofs.Onceonegoesbeyond
Eulerstheorem,though,thesievetheoreticandmultiplicativemethodsbegintodivergesignificantly.Onone
hand,sievetheorycanstillhandletosomeextentsetssuchastwinprimes,despitethelackofmultiplicative
structure(onesimplyhastosieveouttworesidueclassesperprime,ratherthanone)ontheother,
multiplicativenumbertheorycanattainresultssuchastheprimenumbertheoremforwhichpurelysieve
theoretictechniqueshavenotbeenabletoestablish.Thedeepestresultsinanalyticnumbertheorywilltypically
requireacombinationofbothsievetheoreticmethodsandmultiplicativemethodsinconjunctionwiththemany
transformsdiscussedearlier(and,inmanycases,additionalinputsfromotherfieldsofmathematicssuchas
arithmeticgeometry,ergodictheory,oradditivecombinatorics).
1.Topicscovered
Analyticprimenumbertheoryisavastsubject(the615pagetextofIwaniecandKowalski,forinstance,givesa
goodindicationastoitsscope).Iwillthereforehavetobesomewhatselectiveindecidingwhatsubsetofthis
fieldtocover.Ihavechosenthefollowingcoretopicstofocuson:
Elementarymultiplicativenumbertheory.
Heuristicrandommodelsfortheprimes.
ThebasictheoryoftheRiemannzetafunctionandDirichletLfunctions,andtheirrelationshipwiththeprimes.
ZerofreeregionsforthezetafunctionandtheDirichetLfunction,includingSiegelstheorem.
Theprimenumbertheorem,theSiegelWalfisztheorem,andtheBombieriVinogradovtheorem.
Sievetheory,smallandlargegapsbetweentheprimes,andtheparityproblem.
Exponentialsumestimatesovertheintegers,andtheVinogradovKorobovzerofreeregion.
Zerodensityestimates,Hohieselstheorem,andLinnikstheorem.
Exponentialsumestimatesoverfinitefields,andimproveddistributionestimatesfortheprimes.
(Iftimepermits)Exponentialsumestimatesovertheprimes,thecirclemethod,andVinogradovsthreeprimes
theorem.
Inordertocoverallthismaterial,Iwillfocusonmorequalitativeresults,asopposedtothestrongest
quantitativeresults,inparticularIwillnotattempttooptimisemanyofthenumericalconstantsandexponents
appearinginvariousestimates.Thisalsoallowsmetodownplaytheroleofsomekeycomponentsofthefield
whicharenotessentialforestablishingthecoreresultsofthiscourseatsuchaqualitativelevel:
Iwillminimisetheuseofalgebraicnumbertheorytools(suchastheclassnumberformula).
Iwillavoiddeployingthefunctionalequation(orrelatedidentities,suchasPoissonsummation)iftheyare
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unnecessaryataqualitativelevel(thoughIwillnotewhenthefunctionalequationcanbeusedtoimprovethe
quantitativeresults).Asitturnsout,allofthecoreresultsmentionedabovecaninfactbederivedwithoutever
invokingthefunctionalequation,althoughoneusuallygetspoorernumericalexponentsasaconsequence.
Somewhatrelatedtothis,Iwillreducetherelianceoncomplexanalyticmethodsascomparedtomore
traditionalpresentationsofthematerial,relyinginsomeplacesinsteadonFourieranalyticsubstitutes,oron
resultsaboutharmonicfunctions.(ButIwillnotgoasfarasdeployingtheprimarilyrealvariablepretentious
approachtoanalyticnumbertheorycurrentlyindevelopmentbyGranvilleandSoundararajan,althoughmy
approachheredoesaligninspiritwiththatapproach.)
Thediscussiononsievemethodswillbesomewhatabridged,focusingprimarilyontheSelbergsieve,whichis
agoodgeneralpurposesieveforqualitativeapplicationsatleast.
Iwillalmostcertainlyavoidanydiscussionofautomorphicformsmethods.
Similarly,Iwillnotcovermethodsthatrelyonadditivecombinatoricsorergodictheory.
Ofcourse,manyoftheseadditionaltopicsarewellcoveredinexistingtextbooks,suchastheabovementioned
textofIwaniecandKowalski(or,forthefinerpointsofsievetheory,thetextofFriedlanderandIwaniec).Other
goodtextsthatcanbeusedforsupplementaryreadingareDavenportsMultiplicativenumbertheoryand
MontgomeryVaughansMultiplicativenumbertheoryI..Asforprerequisites:someexposuretocomplex
analysis,Fourieranalysis,andrealanalysiswillbeparticularlyhelpful,althoughwewillreviewsomeofthis
materialasneeded(particularlywithregardtocomplexanalysisandthetheoryofharmonicfunctions).
Experiencewithotherquantitativeareasofmathematicsinwhichlowerbounds,upperbounds,andotherforms
ofestimationareemphasised(e.g.asymptoticcombinatoricsortheoreticalcomputerscience)willalsobe
useful.Knowledgeofalgebraicnumbertheoryorarithmeticgeometrywilladdavaluableadditionalperspective
tothecourse,butwillnotbenecessarytofollowmostofthematerial.
2.Notation
Inthiscourse,allsumswillbeunderstoodtobeoverthenaturalnumbersunlessotherwisespecified,withthe
exceptionofsumsoverthevariable (orvariantssuchas , ,etc.),whichwillbeunderstoodtobeover
primes.
Wewilluseasymptoticnotationintwocontexts,oneinwhichthereisnoasymptoticparameterpresent,and
oneinwhichthereisanasymptoticparameter(suchas )thatisgoingtoinfinity.Inthenonasymptoticsetting
(whichisthedefaultcontextifnoasymptoticparameterisexplicitlyspecified),weuse
,
,
or
todenoteanestimateoftheform
,where isanabsoluteconstant.Insomecaseswe
wouldliketheimpliedconstant todependonsomeadditionalparameterssuchas ,inwhichcasewewill
denotethisbysubscripts,forinstance
denotestheclaimthat
forsome depending
on .
Insomecasesitwillinsteadbeconvenienttoworkinanasymptoticsetting,inwhichthereisanexplicitly
designatedasymptoticparameter(suchas )goingtoinfinity.Inthatcase,allmathematicalobjectswillbe
permittedtodependonthisasymptoticparameter,unlesstheyareexplicitlyreferredtoasbeingfixed.Wethen
use
,
,or
todenotetheclaimthat
forsomefixed .Notethatinslight
contrasttothenonasymptoticsetting,theimpliedconstant hereisallowedtodependonotherparameters,so
longastheseparametersarealsofixed.Assuch,theasymptoticsettingcanbeaconvenientwaytomanage
dependenciesofvariousimpliedconstantsonparameters.Intheasymptoticsettingwealsouse
to
denotetheclaimthat
,where isaquantitywhichgoestozeroastheasymptoticparametergoesto
infinity.
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Remark3Inlaterpostswewillmakeadistinctionbetweenimpliedconstants
thatareeffective(theycanbecomputed,atleastinprinciple,bysomeexplicit
method)andthoseatareineffective(theycanbeproventobefinite,butthereisno
algorithmknowntocomputetheminfinitetime).
Weuse

todenotetheassertionthat divides ,and

todenotetheresidueclassof modulo .

Weuse todenotetheindicatorfunctionofaset ,thus


when
and
otherwise.
Similarly,foranymathematicalstatement ,weuse todenotethevalue when istrueand when is
false.Thusforinstance
istheindicatorfunctionoftheevennumbers.
Weuse

todenotethecardinalityofaset .

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Commentsfeedforthisarticle

13November,2014at8:09pmThankyouforgivingmeopportunityforthemostpreciouscomment!

KumarAshok

Since1901insecondweekSeptembereveryyearallMathematiciansfeel
embarrassedandslappednottonominatedforNobelPrize.Why?Notthestoryoflove
floatedforA.Nobel.ButforthereasonMathematiciandonotdothemathematicsthatsuitmankindbutdothat
suittothem.Mostofthemdonotrecognizegoodworkforothers,soitwouldbedifficulttoselectthebest
Todaymanyproblemsareremainevenaftersomepeoplehavesolvedthem,butafterduetonottocooperate
natureofmostofmathematiciansandrubbishpoliciesofJournalsmostoftheproblemsareunsolvedevenafter
gettingsolved.Thesemathematicianareprintingrubbishsubjectmaterialaburdentocominggenerationwithout
anyapplicationtomankind.Mathematicianneedtothinkmanytimesiftheyareworkingfoemankindorfor
self.Differentiationbetweenthenisdifficultastheyallareidenticalsotheythemselvesrecognizeworkamong
them.
Youallhaveaccepted100+pagesolutionofFermateTheorem(realsolis78page),Goldbachproblemissolved
(sol1012page),TwinprimeProblemisslved(sol10+page),Riemannproblemissolved(sol810
Follow

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Follow

page).aaaaannnn..dddddmanymore.

F O L LO W

BUTNONEUTRALJOURNALISFOUNDTHISISMOSTTEDIOUSANDDIFFICULTPROBLEMTO
WH AT 'S NEW
BESOLVED.
Firstmathematicianshavetosolvethisproblemotherwillgetsolvedimmediately.
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KumarAshok
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16November,2014at2:30pmYourcommentwasquiteinsightfulsiranditreallystatestheproblemswith

ChandanSinha

mathematicianstoconsiderableextentbutyoushouldalsotakeintoaccountthe
Build a website with WordPress.com
applicabilityofadvancement.Thoughtheroleoftodaysmathematicaldevelopment
forthewelfareofhumanityisnotapparentbutitdoesaffectininconspicuouswaysforthebetterment.Alsowe
shouldseethattheresearcheshavebeendonesincealmostthebeginningofcivilizationandithascometoofar.
LetssayIntegrationitispartofmathematicsandwouldbeconsideredasinventedbymathematicianitself(
NewtonorLeibnitzwhomeveryouconsider)butitsfindsitsapplicationasatoolinalmosteveryareawhich
enhancesthelivingstandard.Thoughitwasthecontributingsubjectbutsodoeseverythingelseforwhich
Nobelprizeisgiven.Thecombinationofallthesebringstheapplicableresulthopeyougetmypoint!Anyway
itissaidthatMathematicsisthequeenofscienceandittoowouldhavearoleinrunningthewholeempire:)
0 8
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13November,2014at9:01pmRemark2WehaveseenhoweasyitistoproveEulerstheoremreadRemark

BoJacoby

2WehaveseenhoweasyitistoproveEuclidstheorem

[Actually,myintenthereisindeedtohighlighttheeaseofproofofEulerstheoremifoneusesanalytic
techniques.T.]
3 0
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13November,2014at11:11pmRebloggedthisonSingaporeMathsTuitionandcommented:

mathtuition88

BookmarkTerenceTaossiteifyouareinterestedinhisnotesonAnalytic
numbertheory!Hewillbeplacinglecturenotesonlineonhisblog.
ThisisaoneinalifetimechancetolearnAnalyticNumberTheoryfromaMasterFieldsMedallist
TerrenceTao.
0 0
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14November,2014at6:59amThereferencedLandausProblemsWikipediaarticlereportsonlypartial

arch1@gmail.com

progressonGoldbachsweak(3primes)conjecture,whiletheGoldbachsweak
conjecturearticlereportsa2013solution.Perhapsoneofyouwhoknowsthereal

storycanfix.
PS.Atleastthe1starticlespellsD.H.J.Polymathcorrectly:)
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254Aannouncement:Analyticprimenumbertheory|What'snew

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14November,2014at9:35am1)Holymoly.*Thanks*fortheselecturenotes.

arch1

2)usingsomecombinationintothegeneralstrategy:using>
incorporating

[Corrected,thanksT.]
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14November,2014at9:36am:star::star::star:onceagainbigcongratulationsonyour$3Mbreakthruprizeand

vznvzn

appearingoncolbert!soyourblogoverflowswithdenseimpersonalmath,butit
wouldbeveryinterestingtohearyouropinionoftheawards,amsuremanywould
like/appreciateit,apersonalreactiontotheceremony,etc.egdidyougettoflirtwithcamerondiazorkate
beckinsdaleatalllol:pasamodelconsiderGowerscoverageoftheIMU2014meetinginkoreainhisblog.
alas,thinkingyouarenotgonnagoforit,soasavastlyinferiorsubstituteforyourreaders,seeegmore
coverage/commentaryetcatthislink,starstudded,cashoverflowing2015breakthruawards
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14November,2014at2:54pmArethereanyreferencesfortherealvariableapproachtakenbyGranvilleand

Anonymous

Soundararajan?

[Thereisabookinpreparation,untilthenonehastogototheoriginalarticles,suchas
http://arxiv.org/abs/math/0503113T.]
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14November,2014at4:40pmNaiveQ:IsitreallythecasethattheproofofChenstheoremproceedsby

arch1

lowerboundingtheverysamesumthatoneseekstolowerboundwhen
attackingtheGoldbachconjectureitself?OrinthedescriptionofChenstheorem,
shouldoneoftheindicatorfunctionsinthesumindicatealmostprimalityratherthanprimality?
[Corrected,thanksT.]
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15November,2014at12:47pmTerry,therefyoucite(andtheMathworldarticle*it*cites)saythatP2isthe

arch1

setof2almostprimes(exactly2primefactors,countingmultiplicity).
ShouldtheP2subscriptinsteadbePunionP2?

[Corrected,thanksT.]
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14November,2014at10:31pmTheresanextra(inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphupfrom

AviLevy

Theorem1:withthedistributionofzeroes(andpolesofthesefunctions
playingaparticularlydecisiveroleinthemultiplicativemethods.

[Corrected,thanksT.]
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14November,2014at11:56pmRebloggedthisonZHANGRONG.

zr9558

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15November,2014at8:13am

IamstillbusyreadingyourotherMath254A

MrCactu5(@MonsieurCactus)

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16November,2014at9:14amPerri:

FrankLesley
Thislookslikearareopportunityanonlinecourseonthistopic,givenbyareal
master.IComingtoacomputernearyouinJanuary.
David
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16November,2014at1:28pmThisseemslikeafantasticcourse,IwishIcouldtakeit.Bestofluck!

Anonymous

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16November,2014at2:32pmWillyoubepostingthevideolecturesalsoonanysite?

ChandanSinha

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16November,2014at2:34pmRebloggedthisonDivine_Lifezandcommented:

ChandanSinha
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Mathematics!!!

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24November,2014at7:50pmIsortoffollowedtheinterestingarticleconcerningLandausProblems.Theone

MikeRoss

mostobviousthingthatwasnotsaidaboutthemistheyareallrelatedtoperfect
squares.ThethirdandfourthLegendresconjectureandArethereinfinitelymany
primespsuchthatp1isaperfectsquare?areovertlyso.ThesecondistheTwinPrime,andtheconnection
hereisthattheproductofpandp+2is(X^2)1.(ThatleavesGoldbachsconjecture,wheretheconnection
requireslookingattheproductsofthepartitionsinrelationtoperfectsquares.)Thatthetwinprimesarealways
thefactorsof(x^2)1,actuallyx1andx+1,showsaveryprecisegeometricrelationshipwithsquarenumbers
thatIthinkiseasytooverlook.Reversingthelogicandconsideringcompositesfirstandtheirprimefactors
http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2014/11/13/254aannouncementanalyticprimenumbertheory/

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254Aannouncement:Analyticprimenumbertheory|What'snew

secondcanbringunexpectedclaritytothesefourproblems.
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25November,2014at8:58amThisshowsthatthetwinprimeconjectureisequivalenttotheconjecturethat

EytanPaldi
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thereareinfinitelymanysemiprimesoftheform

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2December,2014at9:33amAninterestingpropertyofevenperfectsquaresminus1isthetrivialityoftheir

MikeRoss

smallestprimefactorunlesstheyaretwinprimecomposites.Thismakesit
extremelyfasttofactorthemandeasytodeterminetheinstancesoftwinprimes(simply
byelimination).TheruleisthatthesmallestprimefactorofanontwinprimeX^21compositecannotbe
greaterthanthesquarerootofitssquarerootandusuallymuchsmaller.Ifsuchafactorisnotfound,the
compositemustbetheproductoftwinprimes.Thusthelargestofthesenontwinprimefactorslessthan1
millionis991for999836006723.
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28November,2014at6:44pmIenjoyedreadingthisentry.Lookingforwardtofollowingalongtherestofthese

EnriqueTrevio

lecturenotes.

Ifoundtwotypos:
1)Oneofcoursecreateismissingcan.
2)Ahaspositivedensityandisthuscontains.hasanextrais.
[Corrected,thanksT.]
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7December,2014at10:08pmRebloggedthisonMathOnlineTomCircleandcommented:

tomcircle
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Thisisexcellentlecturenotes.ThanksProf.TerenceTao.!
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3January,2015at7:30pmWhatdoyoumeanhere?Theredoesnotseemtobeanyknownproofofthis

Anonymous

theoremthatproceedsbyusinganysortofprimegeneratingformulaoraprimality
test.Ithinkthefirstproofisfromaround1300or1400.Whichmakesmethinkweare
notcommunicatingwell.
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7January,2015at9:14amIntheSievetheoreticproofofTheorem2,shouldthesentenceinsteadreadAsin

Anonymous

thepreviousproof,each

hasdensity

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asopposedto

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254Aannouncement:Analyticprimenumbertheory|What'snew

[Corrected,thanksT.]
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