Bernoulli eqution for incompressible liquid

The Bernoulli Equation is a statement derived from conservation of energy and work-energy ideas
that come from Newton's Laws of Motion.

Fx dx F y dy Fz dz

1 p
p
p
dx dy dz

x
y
z

V x dV x V y dV y Vz dVz .

V x2
V x dV x d
2

V y2

V y dV y d
2

Vz2
Vz dVz d
2

,
V 2
V x2 V y2 Vz2
d
2

,
The equation (3.9) can be written down as follows:

V 2
1
Fx dx F y dy Fz dz dp d
2

As body forces have potential the left part of the equation (3.10) is a total

(3.10)

U x , y,z
differential of some function

, which partial derivatives in respect to

Fx F y Fz
coordinate axes will be equal

that is

U
U
U
Fx
Fy
Fz
x
y
z
.
Function

is named forcing function. This function is equal to the potential of

forces with opposite sign. Entering the function

dU

, we shall have

V 2
1
dp d
2

Integrating the equation (3.11), well get

(3.11)

dp V 2
U

(3.12)

where
is constant value along the given streamline, which changes
with transition from one streamline to another in general.
The expression (3.12) establishes bond between flow parameters along flowline
at the steady flow and is called the Bernoulli integral.

const
For incompressible liquid (

p V2
U
C

If we have only one body force the force of gravity (

(3.13)

Fx F y 0 Fz g
,

),

dU g dz
then

or

U g z const
Substituting this expression for

in the equation (3.13), we shall have

p V2
gz
C

g
or, having divided by

, we shall receive
p V2
z

H
g 2 g

(3.14)

Thus, we get Bernoulli equation. Items of Bernoulli equation (3.14) are measured
in units of length and named as follows:

z
is leveling height, or geometrical head;

p
g
is piezometric height, or piezometric head;

V2
2g
is velocity height, or dynamic head;

is the sum of all counted heights, or gross head (hydraulic thrust load).

Bernoulli equation, which has been written down for two arbitrary chosen
sections of flow filament, expresses the equality of gross head in these sections,
that is

p1 V12
p2 V22
z1

z2

H
g 2 g
g 2 g
.
For nonviscous liquid flow, the sum of these three heights is a constant
value along the flow filament. It is a so-called geometrical interpretation of
Bernoulli equation, which can be illustrated with the graph shown in fig. 3.4.

Fig. 3.4. Geometrical interpretation of Bernoulli equation for nonviscous

liquid
The line of change of piezometric heights is called piezometric line; it can be
considered as a geometrical level of liquid in piezometers.
Let's consider the interpretation of Bernoulli equation in respect to energy. The

hydraulic thrust load

can be considered as total specific energy of the flow
filament. For nonviscous liquid flow, the sum of specific energy of positions,
specific energy of pressure and kinetic energy is constant along the flow
filament. Ratio of energy to a unit of weight is called as liquid specific energy:

z
is specific energy of position (as the particle of liquid with weight
, has the potential energy of position, which equals to

on a unit of weight is

Gz
z
G

, thus energy

);

p
g
is specific pressure energy (particlepof liquid with weight

under pressure
p

p
is capable to rise up to the heightp
after division by
2

and get energy in this way

well receive

);

2
is specific kinetic energy (kinetic
energy
mV
Vof2the particle

G mg
unit of weight

V
2g

, being at

Gz

z
height

2 mg

mV 2
2

, related to a

2g

, equals

);

is total specific energy of liquid flow.

When nonviscous liquid flows one type of energy can transform into another,
but the total specific energy of the flow remains constant.
In problems of aerodynamics we can neglect the body forces, as they are smaller
then internal forces of pressure and forces of inertia. In this case Bernoulli
integral (3.12) will not include function
of the energy equation) looks like

and the integral (the mechanical form

dp V 2

(3.16)

For incompressible liquid the equation (3.16) can be written down as

V 2
p
C
2

(3.17)

p
where
is static pressure;
pressure).

V 2
2

is dynamic pressure (velocity