Mars Habitation Colony

cutout region for the whole book
H.O.M.E
MARTIAN HABITAT COLONY
Jasim Azhar Saeed
H.O.M.E:
MARTIAN HABITAT COLONY

a design approach based on technology
Msc. Sustainable Urban Design

Jasim Azhar Saeed
672-F, Johar Town
Lahore, Pakistan
Email: jasimazhar@hotmail.com
Master thesis in order to obtain the degree of

Master of Science in Sustainable Urban Design
University of Liechtenstein
Graduate School
Institute of Architecture and Planning
Concentration: Sustainable Urban Design
Semester: Summer Semester 2014
Professor: DI MAAS Peter Droege
Assistant: Anis Radzi
This thesis work is subject to copyright.

All rights are reserved, whether the whole or
part of the material is concerned, specifically
those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machines or similar means, and storage in data banks.
@2014
Layout: Author
Printing: Univerisity of Liechtenstein
Binding: Thony AG
II
ABSTRACT
Mars has been a point of interest to us for
many reasons. It is about time that we explore it and expand our horizons. A human
touchdown on mars, is expected by Mars
one, in as soon as; 2025. Marsonauts will
be prisoners of their articial environment
inside a cramped and uncomfortable habitat; therefore a human friendly habitat seems
crucial. It is imperative to understand the
need of an expandable colony for our Marsonauts. The consideration of human factors
is as important as technological problems,
while designing a sustainable environment
for the Marsonauts.
While thinking about the expansion of these
colonies, one must consider factors that will
make a place in isolation, appealing to people. The real question is, that how do we expect the colony to expand with the advance
technologies that makes human friendly
shelter for long term stay. The design must
focus on performance and to a lesser extent, to its aesthetic appeal. A habitat colony with technological advancement and
human aspects would be useful not only in
increasing our knowledge about Mars, but
also in paving the way for human exploration
of deploying the new infrastructure needed
to support humans.
in mind the human aspect (physiological,

socio-psychological) while designing them.
Human conflicts occur when there are more
people living in the same environment.
Therefore, it will be important to divide the
built environment in zones to provide a
sense of security, comfort and to respect
socio-cultural boundaries. We must also focus on the important aspects, needed for
the design of individual and group modules
so that they can be translated or replicated
in spatial terms to increase performance.
Since basic human survival is our biggest
concern, physiological and socio-psychological health will be the foremost factor in
designing these colonies.
It must be taken into account, that starting a

colony from scratch will not be an easy task.
The expansion of the colony through a high
habitability design will allow to create a
more comfortable environment for the habitants. Creation of easily useable, livable and
flexible modules can allow expansion of the
colony. To ensure the success of the individual and collective modules, one must keep
III
CONTENTS
i. Preface................................................................................................................... VIII
ii. Acknowledgments................................................................................................ IX
Part I: THE ESTABLISHMENT

Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 The Brief............................................................................................................... 03
1.2 Research Gap...................................................................................................... 05
1.3 Research Methodology........................................................................................ 07
1.4 Objectives of this thesis....................................................................................... 08
1.5 Research Content................................................................................................ 09
Part II: UNDERSTANDING AND SETTING UP

Chapter 2: The Background
2.1 Quest for Habitability............................................................................................ 13
2.2 A support for Earth............................................................................................... 15
2.3 Why live on Mars.................................................................................................. 17
2.4 Mission requirements: Physics............................................................................. 20
Chapter 3: Human & Communal Aspect
3.1 Need for Habitability on LDM............................................................................... 24
3.2 Survival Problem
3.2.1 Socio-psychological Problem............................................................................ 25
3.2.2 Physiological Problem....................................................................................... 28
3.2.3 Socio-cultural Problem...................................................................................... 31
3.3 Resources for Life Supporting System................................................................. 32
Chapter 4: Habitats in Extreme Conditions
4.1 Polar Habitat
4.1.1 Halley VI............................................................................................................ 33
4.2 Underwater Habitats
4.2.1 Aquarius............................................................................................................ 35
4.3 Micro-architecture
4.3.1 Diogene house.................................................................................................. 37
4.4 Informal Settlemen
4.4.1 Dharavi.............................................................................................................. 39
Chapter 5: Experimental Habitat
IV
5.1 MDRS................................................................................................................... 41
5.2 Bio Sphere 2........................................................................................................ 43
Chapter 6: Habitat in Space
6.1 Orbital Habitat
6.1.1 ISS environment................................................................................................ 45
Part III: MOVING UP

Chapter 7: Mars Space Agents
7.1 Earth-Mars Vehicles
7.1.1 NASA................................................................................................................ 49
7.1.2 ESA................................................................................................................... 53
7.1.2.1 ExoMars Orbitor............................................................................................. 55
7.1.2.2 ExoMars Rover............................................................................................... 56
7.1.3 SpaceX............................................................................................................. 57
7.2 Mars exploration scenarios
7.2.1 Mars one........................................................................................................... 59
7.2.2 Inspiration Mars................................................................................................ 61
7.3 Movement in Mars
7.3.1 Marscruiser one................................................................................................ 63
7.3.2 Mars Hopper..................................................................................................... 65
Part IV: SETTLING IN MARS

Chapter 8: Mars Areography
8.1 Environment Conditions of Mars
8.1.1 The Overview.................................................................................................... 69
8.1.2 Analogy to Earth............................................................................................... 75
8.1.2.1 Valles............................................................................................................. 76
8.1.2.2 Aureum Cherso............................................................................................. 77
8.1.2.3 Gusev Crater................................................................................................. 78
8.1.2.4 Capri Chasma............................................................................................... 79
8.2.1 Design Opportunities....................................................................................... 80
8.2.2 Preferable Site.................................................................................................. 81
8.3 Martian Climate
8.3.1 The Radiation................................................................................................... 82
8.4 Martian Resources
8.4.1 Solar.................................................................................................................. 83
8.4.2 Wind............................................................................................................... 84
8.4.3 Water.............................................................................................................. 85
8.4.4 InSitu Resource Utilization............................................................................. 86
8.4.5 Xeriscaping.................................................................................................... 87
8.5 Martian Livability
8.5.1 Hydroponics................................................................................................... 88
8.5.2 Aquacultre...................................................................................................... 89
8.6 Life Support System (LSS)
8.6.1 Water and Waste Management System......................................................... 91
8.6.2 Food Production System................................................................................ 92
8.6.3 Air and Thermal System................................................................................. 93
8.6.4 Overall System............................................................................................... 94
Chapter 9: Consideration of Martian Base
9.1 The Framework................................................................................................. 95
9.2. Site Selection .................................................................................................. 99
9.3 Community Development
9.3.1 The Overview................................................................................................. 104
9.3.1.1 Linear Development.................................................................................... 105
9.3.1.2 Polycentric Development............................................................................ 107
9.3.1.3 Grid City Development................................................................................ 109
Chapter 10: Emerging Technologies
10.1 Nanotechnology
10.1.1 Smart materials............................................................................................ 111
10.1.2 Nano Vent Skin............................................................................................ 113
10.1.3 Carbon Nano Tube...................................................................................... 115
10.2 3D Printing Technology................................................................................... 117
10.4 HyperBaric Clothing
10.4.1 EVA: Bio Suit................................................................................................ 119
Chapter 11: Habitat System
11.1 Habitat Structures
11.1.1 Rigid Habitat................................................................................................ 121
11.1.2 HyperBaric Habitat...................................................................................... 123
11.1.3 Brick Vault Habitat....................................................................................... 125
11.1.4 Underground Habitat................................................................................... 127
11.1.5 Fractal Growth............................................................................................. 129
11.2 Coping with Disaster
11.2.1 The Backup Strategy................................................................................... 130
Chapter 12: Martian Settlement Plan
12.1 The Timeline: Basics....................................................................................... 131
12.2 2030-2250*: Settlement System
12.2.1 2030-2036: Stage 1...................................................................................... 133
VI
12.2.2 2036-2060: Stage 2..................................................................................... 134

12.2.3 2060-2110*: Stage 3.................................................................................... 135
12.3.1 Zone Plan 1.................................................................................................. 136
12.3.2 Zone Plan 2 ................................................................................................. 137
12.3.3 Zone Plan 3................................................................................................. 138
Chapter 13: Martian Habitat Design
13.1 Settlement Plan..............................................................................................
13.2 Settlement Diagram.......................................................................................
13.3 Settlement Section.........................................................................................
13.4 Module Design...............................................................................................
139
149
153
159
Part IV: THE OUTCOME

Chapter 14: Conclusion
14.1 Project Reflection...........................................................................................
14.2 Personal Reflection........................................................................................
14.3 Critics Reflection............................................................................................
14.4 Sustaianing Life on Earth? Learning..............................................................
163
164
165
166
Appendix
A1 Studio Description.............................................................................................. 169
A2 Design Exploration Sketches............................................................................. 172
A3 Acronyms & Abrreviations.................................................................................. 184
References............................................................................................................ 185
List of Figures....................................................................................................... 191
iii. Affidavit............................................................................................................ 201
VII
i.
PREFACE
The idea of conquering the outer space has

encouraged architects to think creatively
by designing innovative living spaces and
habitats. These ideas can be found in avantgrade movements where a generation of architects got inspired and started to depict
futuristic visions. Some of his examples from
the early work are like Plug-in City and
Walking City by Archigram (Cook, 1991)
and Oasis 7 by Haus-Rucher-Co (Ortner,
1967-92).
Now the visions have become reality and
we have the opportunity to look forward and
communicate our understanding to the next
generation of space habitats.
With the changing time and advancement
in technological aspects it is imperative that
we need to think more about extra terrestrial
habitats that can be used for future missions.
This will not only provide a new building typology, but will be occupied by the people
from earth.
Habitiabilty is a general term to describe
the suitability of a built habitat for its inhabitants in a specific environment and over a
certain period of time. In the extra-terrestrial
context, habitability can be understood as a
measure of how well the (built) environment
supports human health, safety and well being to enable productive and reliable mission operation and success. (Cohen, 2011)
To make the human survival possibilities this
thesis looks at the important aspects of the
extra-terrestrial habitats and develops a futuristic vision with a framework for the design which differs from the usual analysis by
placing the building first but it assigns human activity to a superior rank. Furthermore,
this thesis also offers us to understand the
VIII
importance of life support system for our

earth based architecture and provides a
new direction that can be dealt with in future.
ii.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
It would not have been possible to write and

manage this project without the help and
support of the kind people around me, to
only some of whom it is possible to give particular mention here.
I would like to express my deepest gratitude
to my supervisor and mentor Prof. Peter
Droege, for his excellent guidance, caring,
patience, and providing me with an excellent support throughout the thesis as well in
the last two semesters of my studio projects.
I would like to thank Anis Radzi for always
giving her useful feedback and correcting
the general mistakes while making a design
strategy. I would like to thank Pia Scherrer,
who let me experience the practical issues
of writing the thesis book, patiently corrected my writing and gave me their useful
feedback about my writing and regulations.
I would also like to thank Barbar Imhof and
Susmita Mohanty for guiding and helping
me to develop my design strategy, while
giving positive feedback during the reviews.
I would like to acknowledge Arzoo, who is

more than a friend to me. She was always
willing to help and give her best suggestions
whenever I needed. She was always there,
cheering me up and stood by me through
the good and bad times.
I would like to express my gratitude for the

financial staff, academic and technical support of the Universitat Liechtenstein. They
all greeted me well and worked to make
me feel very comfortable. I would also like
to show my appreciation for my classmates
with whom I have learned new things and
explored new places.
I would like to thank Allah Almighty, who has
blessed me with the people who mean the
world to me, my parents, brothers and lots
of things that I cant imagine off. My parents
always supported and encouraged me with
their best wishes in a new country, where I
needed to adapt and work everything myself.
IX
PART 1
THE ESTABLISHMENT
This chapter gives a short summary on the research

methodology, its objectives and the structure of this
book.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
THE BRIEF
We are much closer today to being able to
send humans to Mars than we were to being
able to send men to the moon in 1961, and
we were there eight years later. Given the
will, we could have humans on Mars within a
decade (Dr. Robert Zubrin, n.d.).
The nature of this project will involve making
broad assumptions and speculations about
the development of space and technology in
the future. Current plans are to complete the
International Space Station in 2010-2014.
NASA and ESA plan a return of humans to
the moon by 2020, and the development of
a semi-permanently occupied lunar base
as a platform for future missions to Mars in
2030. Mars one wants to send human missions to Mars by 2023 but it is suggested
to take more time. The proposal for a permanent Martian settlement in 2040 seems to
be more reliable and based on the benchmarks, it is well within reach due to emerging technologies for future explorations.
Human ability to adapt to the new environments is very critical and important to its
own survival. Our species rely upon this ability to inhibit other extra-terrestrial planet beyond our home planet. The main purpose of
this thesis to explore and define the opportunities needed for spatial design of the first
permanent human habitat on the surface of
another planet i.e. Mars. The idea is to explore the benefits, advantages and potential
for new technology and material with the
human factors in order to increase human
performance. This research is not about to
debate on morals or ethics of moving to and
living on Mars.
It is assumed that Mars has the potential to
become the first permanent human habi-
03
tat colony beyond Earth as opposed to the

Moon. Mars has the similarity of its diurnal
cycle and available material resources.
The imperative goal of space exploration is
to find new resources and form of life that
can be beneficial for scientific exploration
and human survival. Therefore, the need of
architecture dialog arises to inhabit the humans on Mars.
In the past, all structures are designed to
be temporary or semi-permanent habitats lacked the support for human factors,
emerging technology and materials to make
a safe shelter. The architecture proposals
were also dependant on those materials
that could be taken to Mars on space vehicles while neglecting the existing terrain
or context. As a result, architectural quality
suffered primarily due to financial, technical
engineering restraints.
Architect and human psychologists play minor roles while engineer and project managers have been the primary and major
decision makers in most space exploration
fig 0.1: satellite in Low Earth Orbit
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1
THE BRIEF
habitat projects. With the rapid development
of material, technology, robotics, computer
science and the new knowledge about human aspects, coupled with the wealth of
Martian material resources, it is clear that
the design and construction of future settlement will be drastically more advanced
that the current proposals and what theories
suggest.
in Mars or any other extra-terrestrial planet.

A project like this with 25 years into the future, requires to create a theoretical framework (explained in detail in chapter 9); while
making assumptions and speculations in order to begin with the design process. This
will not only help and assist us to think about
future missions, but also taking drastic steps
to sustain life on Earth in a better way.
With the shortage of resources, climate

change and the rise in population on Earth,
will provide a sufficient motivation and incentives for human to migrate permanently
fig 0.2: Martian surface from space, looking at Vallies Marineris (largest Canyon in Solar System)
04
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.2
RESEARCH
GAP
The design of long duration human space
missions is a highly complex and expensive
process. It involves different kinds of expertise, such as: structure, configuration,
space environment, environmental control
and life support system, HF (Human Factors), crew performance, radiation, electrical
power system, thermal control system, communication system, in-situ resource utilization, operation and risk analysis, health and
medical care, cost estimation, future options
and development, outreach and marketing, transportation and logistics, mobility
and robotics. (SSDW, 2010)
In the process of making a selection between different factors, it is important to
focus on human habitability during LDM. A
higher level of habitability will ensure a high
level of performance. This can be achieved
through analyzing human factors and
emerging technologies which will support
the Marsonauts mission.
Humans can cope and adapt to difficult
conditions in respect to short time frame.
This is not the case with Mars, as it will take
at least several months to rescue, with respect to each planets orbit. Consequently,
the greatest challenge to humans living in
the extreme hostile environment of Mars will
include isolation, remoteness, and claustrophobia. These factors can become really
serious and can affect their lives with, most
importantly, their performance to work will
decrease. The human factors like physiology, social-psychology becomes important
for individuals and group of people living
together. These factors are important to
study and should be completely understood
before any serious design effort is made.
The choice of arranging the interior spaces
should be taken into consideration that will
05
influence the human habitability.

As defined by www.about.com, human factors are,
A discipline of study that deals with human
machine interface. Human Factors deal with
the psychological, social, physical, biological and safety characteristics of a user and
the system the user is in.
In an essence, the entire Martian settlement
seems to be like a machine composed of
different parts working together in a correct
order (shown in fig 0.3). The spatial interface between the structure and the inhabitants will provide the greatest opportunity to
mediate and decrease the negative effects
of dwelling through the design approach in
such an extreme environment. The problem
concerning in Martian habitat is like construction with current technology and the
problem of a form, function and interiors.
Taking both into consideration, it is possible
after having analyzed the existing conditions in Mars and its environment to build a
specific Martian base.
fig 0.3: high habitability means high human performance. This can be achieved
through architecture design that is dependent on human aspects and technology.
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.2
RESEARCH
GAP
Living in isolated and confined environment
for long-term missions is a demanding and
difficult experience, both psychologically
as well as interpersonally. The natural desire, is to stay connected with the people,
while staying in a larger environment and to
contact with more than few human beings.
The scientists, research study shows that
the manned mission to Mars might fail if the
human aspects are not taken into consideration.
The need of time is to make improvements
and make suggestions with the already
available materials that influences reliability,
safety, and stability of constructing structures for future missions. It becomes handy
to explore the structures on Earth that will

act in a similar way in Martian conditions. It
is a need to develop the guidelines for Martian architecture and analyze different building technologies that can become a part for
future habitats in the planet.
There have been no buildings that are
constructed on Mars, and there in no
assurance that technical or engineering process is better than another, but it is worth
to explore the architecture through the human aspects and technological advances.
Thanks to science and new technologies,
what seemed to be improbable in the past,
now has the potential to become reality.
fig 0.4: opportunity roving through the Martian Surface
06
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.3
RESEARCH
METHODOLOGY
The design of long duration human space
The topic is based on another planet, therefore it is imperative to research and review
the available data. The methodologies used
to carry out this thesis includes literature
review (books, website, journals), consultation (space experts, studio professor)
and graphical (illustration, sketches) understanding. In this thesis, there are four focuses are defined on the basis of different
problems to build up a habitat colony on the
Red Planet: Mars, Human Factors, Architecture and Technology. All these sets will be
explained through the graphical illustrations
with the supporting text.
1. Mars: The extreme Martian climate will
influence the human life and their habitat.
It is very important to research the factors
that are involved in the extreme environment. The understanding about land relief,
available resources and climate change is
important while selecting the site. The book
named as Human Missions to Mars presents the detail information about the Martian
Terrain and human Missions to Mars. There
are some website sources that also give a
detail outlook on the Martian atmosphere.
2. Human Factors: There is no way to know
exactly who is going to go to Mars so the
narrative is required to set up the client. The
assumptions made up are based on reality.
However, the research available on human
needs, and human behavior is useful to define the role of architecture in extreme condition. Space Habitability is a well written
journal that deals with the human factors
once they are isolated and presents some
solutions how to cater to it.
3. Architecture: To build a Martian base
the analysis of habitats in extreme con-
07
ditions on Earth and in outer-space are

both conducted. There are lots of examples
that can be found in a book named as extreme architecture and they also become
the case study to design a Martian habitat. It
will be important to choose those construction, form and function, completed with interior design that will enable and guide the
design scheme.
Architecture designing depends on graphic
and model devices. What usually is described in words, is graphically illustrated
and architecture design is always completed with a technical description, but most of
the problems are illustrated with pictures.
Hereby in this thesis the conceptual project
will device to present the solutions in the
end.
4. Technology: Only those emerging technological solutions are analyzed which have
the potential to be useful on Mars. There are
different journals available on the websites
about the emerging technologies in Earth,
but it takes a careful consideration of which
technology can be utilized in the future endeavors especially on Mars.
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.4
RESEARCH
CHALLENGE & OBJECTIVE
Research Challenge
The Objectives
It is needless to say that developing this

thesis research in the field of Martian habitability is not an easy task. There have
been three main challenges: the first one
is the area of research that is quite restricted and not easily accessible. The field is
expanding, but there are low number of
users who have published their articles,
especially on the emerging technology in
reference to space missions. The second
one is that the space industry is dominated
by engineering oriented fields whereas, the
space specialists are trying to accumulate
the knowledge between the different fields
including architecture and human aspects
through the concurrent designing facility. The concurrent design facility has just
been applied so it becomes hard to understand, which pathway is correct, since it is
based on assumptions. The third one is as
the field is ever expanding and vast that
anyone can get lost while doing research.
The time for compiling all the research and
design in a short period is a big challenge.
Nevertheless, this thesis sought to develop
an idea that would lay a foundation for the
future and will contribute in this ever expanding field.
To elaborate comprehensively the range of the

subject, hereby I am stating the following objectives:
1. To identify the Martian environment as a
new building location and its influence on the
architecture urban planning.
2. To better understand the human factors that
can be a problem for Martian Habitat.
3. To pave a new horizon for future exploration
and settlement during long term stay.
4. Applying the architectonic concepts already
established for extreme environment habitats.
5. To search new emerging building technologies that can aid Martian settlement.
6. Applying the architecture and colonial solutions that can have influence on psychological
and physical comfort of the inhabitants of Martian base.
7. Promoting new guidelines for architect and
designer to use the existing Martian environment in an efficient way.
8. New techniques that can help to implement
solutions on Earth in an efficient way.
08
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.5
RESEARCH
CONTENTS
PART I: Establishment
PART II: Understanding and Setting up
The introduction provides the background

for the challenges involved in the Martian
habitat design and the reasons for undertaking this topic. Chapters have been organized into five main parts / headings with
their respective sub headings.
Chapter 2: The Background

This chapter presents the detail outlook on
the need of habitability in extra-terrestrial
land. This section presents the idea about
going to Mars as how it can become a support for Earth. It includes the information
about the space environment as what it feels
like and what will be required for LDM to be
successful.
The first main heading provides an insight

about the research framework by aiming to
present the context, research gap, research
question and the methodology for the project to be carried out.
The second man gives an understanding
and providing information about the need
of habitability on Mars, while knowing the
important human factors that can aid the
design scheme. Afterwards, this chapter
is supported by some real examples from
Earth.
The third heading provides an insight about
moving up to space and eventually to Mars
by using different space vehicles.
The fourth heading is about settling in Mars,
that includes the basis of the design project.
It includes the important information about
Martian land features, the site selection, and
the important aspect of technology that can
aid human habitat system to develop a successful colony.
The fifth and last heading is about the conclusions, the learning outcome throughout
this project and furthermore, how the learning can be applied to sustain life on Earth in
a sustainable way.
09
Chapter 3: Human & Communal Aspect

This chapter presents the important knowledge about human factors during both long
and short term stay. It describes those factors that play a key role in the process of
habitat design and should be kept in mind
while designing the habitat colony.
Chapter 4: Habitats in Extreme Conditions on Earth
This chapter presents the example of existing design projects that have been built
in the extreme environmental conditions on
Earth in different locations. The selected
projects are from underground, underwater,
Antarctica and mini architecture spaces that
can aid the design colony
Chapter 5: Experimental Approach
This chapter presents the example of different projects that have been tested for LDM.
These examples aim to improve the human
performance by focusing important aspects
of human factors.
Chapter 6: Habitat in Space
This chapter presents the example of a habitat system that has been constructed in
Space.
chapter 1
INTRODUCTION
1.5
RESEARCH
CONTENTS
PART III: Moving up
Chapter 7: Mars Exploration Missions
This chapter gives an insight on the EarthMars vehicles and their technology for future
robotic missions. This section also includes
a proposal about making a habitat system
in Mars.
PART IV: Settling in Mars

Chapter 8: Mars Aerography
This chapter presents an introduction to the
Mars terrain, its physical characteristics and
the climate. This section makes analogies
to the Earths surface and proposes some
solutions in order to design in Martian land.
Chapter 9: Consideration of Martian Base
This chapter presents a description about
the people who are going to live and work
on Mars. This section includes the best possible site for constructing a habitat based on
the available research data till now (2014).
Chapter 10: Emerging Technologies
This chapter presents an important knowledge about the new technologies that can
become a part of the habitat colony while
catering to extreme Martian climate. The
technology will be vital to transform the
constructions, but will also revolutionize the
space endeavors
Chapter 12: Martian Settlement Plan

This chapter presents the narrative on which
the entire design is based upon. This chapter includes the timeline, the program for
settlement and the people who will go there
to explore and mine the first habitat colony
for the new arrivals.
Chapter 13: Martian Habitat Design
This chapter presents the implementation
process of design scheme through the research done. This section will include
sketches, illustration and drawings.
PART V: Learning Outcome

Chapter 14: CONCLUSION
This final chapter presents a critical review
of the overall achievements. It will include
a detailed summary regarding the design
contributions, the critical review and will
suggest possibilities for further research. Afterwards, it includes a section about how the
life can be sustained on Earth.
Chapter 11: Habitat System

This chapter presents the strategies needed
to make a colonial habitat in respect to technology and human factors. This section also
provides useful information on how to cope
with disasters.
10
PART 2
UNDERSTANDING AND SETTING UP
This section presents the detail outlook on the need

of habitability in the extra - terrestrial land. It also
deals with what is required and should be understood before we are encouraged to design a new
habitat system in an extra-terrestrial land.
CHAPTER 2
BACKGROUND
2.1
QUEST FOR
HABITABILITY
he manned mission to the outer space began in the early 1960s of the 20th century.
The exploration and colonization of the universe possible with contemporary technologies are the reason to conduct scientific
researches in the different fields of science
and engineering. Thanks to it the best solutions to implement the big objectives are being gained to know better and to establish
settlements in the universe.
Up till now humans landed on the Moon
only, the natural satellite of Earth. It has appeared to be an inhospitable place, dry,
empty, deprived of any atmosphere; a very
low gravitation makes moving around very
difficult. There are completely strange environments for humans on other planets and
moons and human beings are not adjusted
to them. There is a possibility to terra-form,
which means reshaping those celestial bodies to make proper life conditions. However,
the process is always very long, complicated and dangerous as well as changing the
scenery is irreversible. If that is the case,
there should be built artificial hermetic ecosystems where people could safely live and
work. The dimensions of those compounds
could meet even the ones of cities. There is
also an idea of creating settlements in the
Space itself, as well as in the insides of planetoids. Nevertheless, regarding contemporary capabilities the most rational decision
seems to be the colonization of Mars.
There are many reasons for this, where the
most important seems to be the most similar
to the Earths gravity (1/3 g, when the gravity
of the Moon is 1/6g only, and in the Space 0
g) and the existence of some different local
resources, counting water as the most important one.
13
Mars is only the third closest to the Earth celestial body. However, temperature is not as
extreme as on the Moon deprived of the atmosphere and on the hot and volcanically
active the Venus there. The popular belief is
that the colonization of other planets belongs
to science fiction. In the meanwhile the first
manned missions to Mars are planned for the
years 2025-2030. The first schemes of the
universe exploration have been worked out
considering establishing first human settlements in the outer space.
Scientists of different space agencies of
many countries prepare them. One of such
programs is Mars Direct. This has been established during the Case for Mars conference and its assumptions were published for
instance, in Zubrins and Wagners The Time
of Mars (1997). This is the fastest, the safest,
the most factual and the cheapest program
for the exploration of the Red Planet and settling there.
It states that every three years there should
be a manned mission organized regarding a
suitable planets arrangement to each other.
The first one to send should be a coming back
module for the first mission. After the landing
in a chosen place on the surface, it should
start a fuel production from the brought hydrogen and local resources. Thanks to that
there would be no need to build a huge space
shuttle in the orbit of Earth and collecting reserves for the mission in there.
One mission would last about 2.5 years,
which is 6 months one way, 1.5 years on the
planet and 6 months for the return. The technological solutions to realize the program are
available today. NASA has approved the program Mars Direct and on the basis of it the
Mars DRM Mars Design Reference Mission
chapter 2
BACKGROUND
2.1
QUEST FOR
HABITABILITY
has been established. Mars DRM is the program of the model manned mission to Mars!
building settlements in the universe shapes

the whole new definition of the phrase.
Among others branches of science and engineering connected with a manned mission
to Mars there is architecture, but not yet contributing much. There is not much literature
the subject of the shape and construction
of the future base on the Red Planet. There
are mostly sketches of some solutions or one
particular technological solution is described
in detail. There is still not enough professional
literature showing clearly technically guidelines and possibilities of the architectures on
Mars, as well as there is nowhere to find such
literature concerned with the architectural design of the Mars colonization.
A phrase an outer-space architecture is
rather thought as a non-science concept. On
the contrary, the actuality of the problem of
fig 0.5: the current potential habitable exoplanets, including the newly discoved HD 40307 g.
Image Credit: PHL@UPR Arecibo
14
chapter 2
THE BACKGROUND
2.2
A SUPPORT FOR
EARTH
Human progress and evolution has been
marked by our natural desire to explore new
environments and to inhabit and manipulate
the environment around us. We now occupy every continent, the air, and the sea. For
some, the trip to Mars and the very thought
of living there may be outside the realm of
possibility.
The evidence for that was recorded - in
words and illustrations - by the Sumerians,
whose civilization blossomed out in Mesopotamia (now mostly Iraq) some six thousand years ago.
In texts dealing with the actual space travel
between the planets, Earth was designated
as the seventh planet which indeed it is
but only if one counts from outside-in, where
Pluto would be the first, Neptune the second,
Uranus and Saturn third and fourth, Jupiter
the fifth, Mars the sixth and Earth the seventh. In those texts, Mars was called The
Way Station a stopover place between Nibiru and Earth. (Sitchin, 2007)
The crews of the first polar bases and submarines were the first to inhabit extreme
environments, similar to those that the first
settlers on Mars will experience- in places
where simply stepping outside unprotected
or any structural failure results in death. The
fig 0.6: seal created by Sumerian
15
success of these facilities demonstrates the

potential for designing habitats in extreme
environments. The occupants in these cases
face similar claustrophobic conditions, limited views to the outside, remoteness, isolation, and the constant threat of danger from
external conditions.
Astronauts can be compared to the first permanent settlers on Mars, and specifically
those who travelled to the Moon and lived
aboard Skylab, Mir, and the International
Space Station. These explorers faced many
unknown challenges, dangers, and obstacles becoming pioneers in the final frontier
of space.
Escaping the Earths atmosphere has allowed studies of radiation and microgravity and its effects on human physiology and
psychology. The first permanent settlers will
have the benefit of knowledge gained from
all of these experiments, as well as everything learned from missions between now
and the time of this project in the year 2040.
Future lunar and Mars missions, both robotic and manned, will provide access to untold
knowledge and technology benefitting and
aiding the design of space architecture in the
solar system and the first human settlers on
other worlds.(CA Travor, 2009)
fig 0.7: the illustration of possible destruction of Earth in future
16
chapter 2
THE BACKGROUND
2.3
WHY LIVE ON
MARS
On Mars, the development still has to be
kick started, but it has not stopped the people to sign up for going to Mars. 200,000
prospective space travelers who have already paid fees of as much as $75 per application to the Mars One foundation, the
Dutch company which announced that its
moving ahead with contracts to first build an
unmanned spacecraft, whose 2018 mission
to Mars will be followed a few years by the
first group of four Earthlings making the big
move out of town. There are some reasons
that give an insight why people would want
to live on Mars that are mentioned as:
- Finite Resources: Our resources are finite.
Many sources for the raw goods that we require to fulfill our demand are currently laid
in near space. Geologic statistics already
show that some of our resources will only be
available through recycling within 50 years
because all viable sources on earth will be
depleted. For some of these we have likely
In the words of the great science fiction author Kim Stanley

Robinson, We are the consciousness of the universe, and our
job is to spread that around, to go look at things, to live everywhere we can. Its too dangerous to keep the consciousness
of the universe on one planet; it could be wiped out.
Mars will always remain Mars, different from Earth, colder
and wilder. But it can be Mars and ours at the same time. And
it will be. There is this about the human mind: if it can be done,
it will be done. We can do it, so we will do it. So we might as
well start. (Red Colony, 2004)
already waited too late. Establishing a human

presence off world is becoming imperative.
- Extinction: One simple fact screams out for
human beings to colonize Mars with all due
haste. That fact makes it crystal clear that the
Earth has a deplorable track record when it
comes to its ability to support life. Consider
that 99.9% of all species that have ever existed on planet Earth are extinct.
fig 0.8: the extinction of species over time
fig 0.9: future of Martian property on sale
17
fig 1.0: resources ramianing on Earth
fig 1.1: future expansion in extra-terrestrial land
18
chapter 2
THE BACKGROUND
2.3
WHY LIVE ON MARS

- Similarity to Earth: Mars has water, frozen
underground and at the polar caps. There
is evidence that this water has, in the past
and present, flooded the surface in liquid
form. Signs of erosion can be found on the
slopes of craters and volcanoes. Geological
features resembling those on Earth suggest
that Mars was once a wet and hospitable
planet.
-Scientific Secrets: With its similarity to Earth,
there is a strong possibility that bacterial life
(or something more?) exists on the planet.
Some people believe that Viking detected it
way back in 1976. Others believe that we
found it in a Martian meteorite.
- Location: Mars is relatively close to the
Earth. Mars sits between the asteroid belt
and us, acting as a kind of stepasteroid belt
and us, acting as a kind of stepping stone to
what lies beyond. It remains close enough
fig 1.2: mining from the asteroid belt
19
to the sun to benefit from its heat (and light)

but remains far enough away to be protected
from any significant change in the suns heat
output. (We still know little about the suns
long-term heat cycles.)
- Economic Value: There is an abundance
of rare metals on Mars such as platinum,
gold, silver, and others. Shipping from Mars
to Earth, is much easier than the other way
around. Even more promising is the proximity
of the asteroid belt to Mars. These asteroids
could be mind near Mars and shipped from
the planet for less cost.
-Backup Plan: Colonizing Mars is that it offers
a backup plan for humanity. Every few million
years, the Earth tends to be wiped clear of
almost all life in a globally catastrophic event.
An asteroid the size of Dactyl could wipe us
off the face of the Earth. Who knows how
close weve already come to blowing our-
chapter 2
THE BACKGROUND
2.3
MISSION REQUIREMENT:
PHYSICS
selves to smithereens.
- Extra Time: On Mars, youll get extra time
in the day to do the things you want to do-like sleep in! Martian days are about half an
hour longer than Earth days. Deep space).
But with all these pros come some cons.
Human beings are not used to living in the
conditions presented by mars. Mars being
an alien planet has dramatically different
conditions of the Earths.
The atmosphere is so thin and low in oxygen, that it is not suitable for breathing;
Lack of moisture in the atmosphere would
cause the skin to dry rapidly;
Lack of liquid water precludes straight forward drinking, washing and Gardening water supply;
Low temperatures and often rapid changes of temperature in a short time may cause
drastic chilling of the body and lowering its
stamina;
Very tiny and harsh Martian dust in the atmosphere can penetrate lungs along with
the air and cause scratches in the epithelium and damages of internal organs;
Electrified dust particles rushing at great

speed during dust storms may cause skin
abrasions and unpleasant electrostatic unloading;
Dwelling on the surface during solar storms
may be life-threatening because of A fatal
dose of radiation and may cause radiation
illness;
Long-term cosmic radiation exposure on
the surface of Mars (especially on high-level
terrain) may cause radiation illness and increase danger of cancer.
When we think about habitation on mars, recognizing and manipulating the physical aspects becomes of prime importance.
1. Gravity is a very important force. Every
object in space exerts a gravitational pull
on every other, and so gravity influence the
paths taken by everything traveling through
space. It is the glue that holds together entire
galaxies. It keeps planets in orbit. It makes it
possible to use human-made satellites and
to go to and return from the Moon. It makes
fig 1.3: the act of gravity on other body
20
chapter 2
THE BACKGROUND
2.3
MISSION REQUIREMENT:
PHYSICS
planets habitable by trapping gasses and
liquids in an atmosphere. It can also cause
life-destroying asteroids to crash into planets (Gravity, n.d.).
2. On Earth, we weigh things to figure out
how much mass there is. The more matter
there is, the more something will weigh.
have almost no weight. It still has matter in it,

though, so it still has mass.
4. An orbit is a regular, repeating path that an
object in space takes around another one. An
object in an orbit is called a satellite. A satellite
can be natural, like the moon, or human.
3. The difference between mass and

weight is that weight is determined by how
much something is pulled by gravity. If we
are comparing two different things to each
other on Earth, they are pulling the same
by gravity and so the one with more mass
weighs more. But in space, where the pull
of gravity is very small, something can
fig 1.6: different level of air pressure in atmosphere
21
fig 1.4: possibility of Mars lost its atmosphere
fig 1.5: satellites revolving around the Earth in LEO
22
fig 1.7: testing of body motion in space flight
fig 1.8: launching trajectory for Mars comes after 1.8 year
23
CHAPTER 3
HUMAN & COMMUNAL ASPECT
3.1
NEED FOR
HABITABILITY ON LDM
The relevance of habitability is given by
the duration of the mission but also with
the distance. This parameter needs to deal
with the users autonomy, but also with the
need of performance and habitability. There
is a strong difference between being on a
56-million km journey to Mars and just orbiting in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) inside the
ISS at 400 km from Earth. The distance
from Earth strongly affects the habitability
needs. Considering, for example, a mission
to Mars, we will have to deal with extreme
psychological and social-cultural factors
that have only been encountered to a minor
degree or even never before, like the Earth
out of view phenomenon. With the 44-minute communication delay between the two
planets, no familiar conversation will be possible, nor can there be ground -based psychological support sessions.
As Kanas explains, moreover, those astro-
nauts will not be able to receive surprise

presents, like special cookies or favorite
movies, which are often brought to the space
station on supply shuttles when someone
starts feeling homesick or maybe a little blue.
Thus, decking out the Martian-bound craft
with family photographs, special trinkets,
books and even plants will be crucial for a
mostly monotonous extraterrestrial road trip
that will bring a whole new meaning to the
are we there yet? question. If someone becomes sick either physically or mentally
the crew has to be ready to cope with that,
too. If someone gets suicidal, you have to
take care of it on board, Kanas said. Mission
Control might also have to make some tough
calls, like whether to tell an astronaut about a
death in his or her family or other tragedies
back home (Farrar, 2008).
Indeed, one focal point of the distance variable is the autonomy and the reliability of the
user.
fig 1.9: the search for habitable zone
24
chapter 3
3.2
SURVIVAL PROBLEM
3.2.1 SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL
TThe addition of space must be studied in
relation to the group, individual, private, and
public needs, separating areas with zoning
research.
Environmental isolation and monotony: In
space stations, isolation within natural human environments incorporates a normal
earthly cycle with diurnal and nocturnal
rhythms, the change of seasons, and seasonal weather such as rain and wind. This
effect on humans amounts to sensory
deprivation (quoting Jorgensen, 2010 p.
250) or maybe more appropriately sensory
monotony (cf. Section 2.2.3, part Sensory
Monotony and Variety). There has been ongoing research and one them is mars500.
The experiment of mars 500 was designed
to allow planning the methods and means of
control and monitoring of the habitat during
lengthy crew stays in confined and cramped
fig 2.1: illustration of a Martianaut being alone
25
PROBLEM
conditions. The experimental facility was located at the Institute of Biomedical Problems
site in Moscow. The complex consisted of the
isolation facility, the mission operations room
and technical facilities.
Psychological factors are the factors involving the astronauts mental health. Habitat and
laboratories have been specially developed
on Earth to shield against extreme environmental conditions. In such conditions, humans may experience psychological effects
caused by lifes danger, high work load, social isolation, spatial confinement, temporal
confinement, environmental isolation, and
monotony (Kanas & Manzey, 2003) but also
the effect on Earth is out of view. While each
of the extreme environments may have one
or more of these conditions, the space environment has them all. Some of the major
factors are:
-Life danger and work load: In an environment where humans are not naturally at
home, the danger of life is particularly high.
Adding to the high cost is higher performance and work load expected of the astronauts so that the first factors of psychological stress are quite understandable (Kanas
& Manzey, 2008).
-Social isolation: So far, crews are composed
of three to six members. Telephone and video transmissions with friends and family
members are possible; however, in the case
of a mission to Mars, the delay could be as
much as 44 minutes. This kind of isolation
has strong repercussions at the social level.
Indeed, one particularly important task will
be picking a team of astronauts who can
both work and get along with each other on
a trip lasting at least two years, spent mostly
within the confines of a not-so-big spacecraft sailing through the dark (Farrar, 2008).
- Spatial confinement: The area available in
the spacecraft is limited. In the case of EVA,
astronauts will be able to move around the
station for a short period of time. The isolation
facility consisted of five different modules.
fig 2.2: illustration of Martian feeling depressed
Three of the modules the habitat, utility,

and medical modules simulated the main
spacecraft. The fourth module simulated the
Martian-lander ship and was connected to
the main spacecraft. The fifth module was a
simulator of the Martian surface, and is connected to the Martian-lander.
fig 2.3: fundamentals of Mars500 project
26
fig 2.4: Mars500 project testing area
fig 2.5: Mars500 interior exercise room
fig 2.6: hydroponics area in Mars500
27
chapter 3
3.2
SURVIVAL PROBLEM
3.2.2 PHYSIOLOGICAL
PROBLEM
1. Past research has shown that spaceflight can have an effect on the human
cardiovascular system. Even brief periods of exposure to reduced gravity environments can result in cardiovascular
changes such as fluid shifts, changes in
total blood volume, heartbeat and heart
rhythm irregularities, and diminished
aerobic capacity. When crewmembers
return to Earth gravity, symptoms such
as difficulty standing, low blood pressure, and even fainting have been observed.
2. Extended stays in reduced-gravity environments can cause a number of negative health impacts on the human body.
Without effective countermeasures in
place, crew members could lose up to
1 to 2% of their overall bone density per
month, which is more than
Twice the amount that the average adult
loses in an entire year. Besides bone

loss, space travel can contribute to other bone-related health issues, such as
increased risk of kidney stones, hip and
spine problems, fractures and other injuries, and impaired healing capability.
3. After just a few days in space, reduced
gravity begins to impact muscle density and function. During shuttle missions
that last less than two weeks, it was not
uncommon that crew members often experience a reduction of their muscle fiber mass. It is suggested that long-term
stays in space could result in up to a 40%
reduction in overall muscular function.
4. Just as space flight can exact a significant toll on the human body, it can
also prove to be psychologically stressful. Factors ranging from sleep loss and
anxiety to communication difficulties and
productivity of crew members.
fig 2.7: physiological impact in Space and Earth
28
fig 2.8: some of the physiological issues

human boday has to sustain while going
to space
5. The sensorimotor system is a network that includes the sensory organs (eyes, ears,
skin), parts of the nervous system, and the bodys motor controls. It governs the human bodys ability to perceive and respond to the external environment.
29
fig 2.9: body facing some issues in space
fig 3.1: two layers of clothing needed for Extra Vehicular Activity
30
chapter 3
3.2
SURVIVAL PROBLEM
3.2.3 SOCIO-CULTURAL
PROBLEM
Socio-cultural factors are those factors related to the human cultural component and
its relational and communicational aspects
(Edwards, 1972; cited after Universit di Siena, 2001). There are some factors involved
like:
Cultural issues: The actual crews are formed
from members with different specializations,
hobbies, cultures, languages, and religions.
The official languages are English and Russian. Cultural activities are considered only
as free time. Cultural issues have a great
relevance on long duration missions. The
numbers of men and women, their ages
and even their cultural upbringings must be
carefully calculated to try to prevent what
could be potentially devastating cosmic
quarrels. You cant just take a walk and get
away from somebody, the space psychologist Kanas said (Farrar, 2008).
Interaction in isolation: The isolation of space

missions also has other effects, such as on
the interaction with reality, which can be classified into two types: direct and indirect. Of
course, the crew cannot have direct access
to the external unpressurized environment,
it can be seen that even the crew and crew
relations may be indirect because the noise
problem interferes with communication and
the crew may use the intercom tools even to
communicate within the same area (Schlacht
et al., 2008b). Social activities like sitting together and interacting as much as possible
will play an important role to decrease the
impact of this factor.
fig 3.2: the relationship of different actvities and interactions
31
chapter 3
3.3
RESOURCES FOR LIFE

SUPPORTING SYSTEM
There are four kinds of resources needed to
support life in the Martian habitat: storage,
physic-chemical regeneration, bio regeneration and reprocessing local resources.
Reserves: This is a source of resources crucial to support life,that have been practiced
during Space missions. This is the easiest
way to provide food, water and oxygen to
the inhabitants of an outer-space base, because it does not require any sophisticated
instruments, but storage rooms only. However, this solution is acceptable only for shortterm missions (Dry dale and others 2003).
However, some of the reserves should be
taken from Earth. Those are the things, that
production on Mars would be impossible or
very troublesome, e.g. clothes, pharmaceuticals, spare parts of LSS, tools, etc. Among
the reserves there should be things of the
highest quality, checked and proved on
Earth. There are advantages of such a situation: people would take from Earth some
specific things like their favorite food, that
would help to over- come stressful situations. (Sweets, favorite food, spices, animal
food [in case of lack of possibility raising animals on Mars]).
Physiochemical regeneration PC: Physiochemical regeneration in a Space that

takes place with the help of different devices, which are sustaining air purification and
oxidization, and regeneration of the atmosphere, food and water, with the use of waste.
The production of such apparatus has started along with the first Space stations and to
be provided for the Moon mission.
Bio-regeneration: Bio-regeneration means
of using alive organisms to recycle atmosphere, water and in food production, with
exploitation waste products in LSS. BIO LSS
is the only system that might be completely closed, because it ensures food production (it is independent from irreplaceable reserves). Without bio-regeneration a long term
manned mission to Mars seems impossible.
In-Situ Resources Utilization (ISRU): There
are the same elements on Mars known on
Earth, however, in different amounts, and
chemical or mineral form. They might be exploited to support life in the habitat. ISRU LS
is a collection of adapted to that kind of job
devices. They serve the habitat with oxygen
supplying to breathe, natural gas in the atmosphere inside, and with drinking, hygiene
and economic water.
fig 3.3: Martianauts exploring the resources
32
CHAPTER 4
HABITATS IN EXTREME CONDITION
4.1
POLAR HABITAT
4.1.1 HALLEY
VI
The coldest regions on Earth are Arctic

and Antarctica. The majority of those terrains is under domain of the eternal winter,
some parts of them are continental glaciers.
The flora there is exceptionally poor, there
are no trees. The terrain is mostly flat and
not sheltered. Because of that the winds there
reach great speeds, up to 324 km/h. Antarctica is the most windy area on Earth. Because of the poor sunlight the temperatures
there are very low, the minimal temperature
noted there was -89.2 C). Most of the year
the sky is cloudy, and for only about 100 days
are sunny. Paradoxically, this is a very dry
terrain, because the yearly precipitation
is very low. The blizzards are connected
with picking up the snow reclining on the
surface (Wikipedia 2007). So, analogically
to Mars, there is very cold, dry, lack of
flora and poor sunlight.
The first English Halley Station was built in
1967. There was a group of wooden cabins,
that disintegrated quickly. The next habitable and laboratories buildings of Halley II
were strengthen with metal roof trusses, but
still it was not enough. Halley III Station was
build from trapezoidal sheets of steel tubes.
fig 3.4: plan of the Halley VI
33
The streamlined shape conduced the

snow to slide down from the surface.
Today the new station Halley VI is under
construction. Its designers took care about
connecting its usefulness as well as its attractive looks. Modern metal modules
are propped up with retractable legs to
separate the station from cumulating snow
underneath. The legs are equipped with
skis to move the whole station to the chosen place. The modern buildings assures
human-friendly insides as well. (BAS 2006)
Looking at the architecture of polar stations there might be noticed two solutions of locating different functions, where
each one might be helpful to plan them
in the Martian habitat, depending on chosen building technologies. The first one is to
locate different functions in separate buildings, constructed differently, the second
one is to locate the functions in buildings
constructed the same way. Each solution
has its advantages and disadvantages. Locating different functions in separate buildings enable to adapt them better.
fig 3.5: sectional elevation of communal space
fig 3.6: modules connecting together
34
chapter 4
4.2
UNDERWATER HABITAT
4.2.1 AQUARIUS
Deployed in 1993, 60 feet beneath the

surface in the Florida Keys National Marine
Sanctuary, Aquarius is a globally significant
asset that provides an unparalleled means
to study the ocean, test and develop stateof-the-art undersea technology, train specialized divers and astronauts, and engage
the worlds imagination. At Aquarius, scientists are at the cutting edge of research
on coral reefs, ocean acidification, climate
change, fisheries and the overall health of
the oceans (FIU, n.d).
Aquarius is contemporary, the only one under-water laboratory to conduct research
of the sea. There are three elements to it:
a habitat, a buoy with the LSS system and
a platform holding the habitat on the given,
fig 3.7: conceptual sectional elevation of Aquarius
35
specified depth. The habitat of 11m2 consists of the residential room and a laboratory.
The under-water module was 82tons heavy,
14m long, and 3m in diameters. It built from
welded together thick steel sheets shaped
ovoid with the help of explosion materials.
The module consists of two hermetic parts:
the entrance and the main part. Before the
main residence-working part there is a wet
foyer. Next, there is a technical room with the
life supporting system; there is also a toilet.
Through this part a passage leads to the
main deck. There is a mess and a small gathering part joined to
It assures the construction with stability.
Thanks to it, there is no need for the time
consuming decompression after the diving
and the work is more productive. The researches that would take 60 days, there
takes 10 days only. After the mission ends,
the pressure lowers inside for 17 hours to 1
atmosphere and at the end the aquanauts
can swim out of it in their diving suits to the
surface. The construction performs well
as the pressure changes. The habitat was
built in 1986 and has been exploited since
then. (NEEMO 2006).
The modern way of shaping the residential
places underwater, considering new technological solutions and the artistic inspirations may influence the vision of the Martian
architecture. Water is a completely different
environment than air. It is a comparatively
thick liquid, where people cannot move as
efficient as on the land. There are cases of
a sudden weather change in the seas and
oceans, that can cause a drastic change
of conditions in just a few minutes. There is
also darker under water, not much sunlight
can reach deep into the water. There is some

oxygen in water, but it is not suitable for people to breath, because it is diluted in water. On
Mars like as under the water, there is no possibility to move and breathe freely. There is cold
in both kinds of environment. It is also better
when the pressure in the air to breathe is similar to the one around, even if some discomfort
goes along.
fig 3.8: underwater view of the habitat
fig 3.9: sectional elevation with zoning
fig 4.1: plan of Aquarius
36
chapter 4
4.3
MICRO ARCHITECTURE
4.3.1 DIOGENE
HOUSE
Storage units have been incorporated

throughout the entire unit they are built
into the walls, the floors and even the roof.
Furthermore, each internal component has
been ergonomically designed to occupy
the minimum amount of space, and for easy
usage.The Diogene home sits just above
the ground, so it has very little impact on
its sur-rounding environment and its total
weight is just a few tons, thus allowing it to
be transported easily, be it by helicopter or
truck.
a self-sufficient hideaway that can be used as

a workplace or as a weekend home.
While its hard to imagine how a unit that measures 3 by 2.5 meters (9.8 by 8.2 ft) can be
big enough to be called a home, the Diogene
Renzo Piano has become the latest

high-profile architect to add a building to
the Vitra Campus in Weil am Rhein, Germany, by completing a tiny wooden cabin with
room for just a single inhabitant.
The one-room hut is named Diogene, after a
Greek philosopher who rejected luxury and
chose to live in a barrel, and is intended as
fig 4.3: overall view of Diogene
37
fig 4.2: Axnometric view of the habitat
model provides the simplest of comforts for

one person without leaving anything out.
The micro home features a living area which
comes equipped with a foldaway desk and
chair, sofa bed and recessed storage boxes. A separated utilities space features a
composting toilet, shower plate and a small
kitchen unit with built-in sink and refrigerator.
tional, however, is the amount of storage

space. Storage units have been incorporated
throughout the entire unit they are built into
the walls, the floors and even the roof. Furthermore, each internal component has been
ergonomically designed to occupy the minimum amount of space, and for easy usage
(Diogene, 2013).
What really makes this tiny home func-
fig 4.4: sectional elevation of Diogene house
38
chapter 4
4.4
INFORMAL SETTLEMENT
4.4.1 DHARAVI
What really makes this tiny home functional, however, is the amount of storage space
greenhouse gas emissions. For instance,
energy use per building can be cut far
more in terraces and apartments than in
freestanding housing. Dense cities make
high-quality public transport cheaper and,
when well managed, encourage more walking and cycling.
planning and building regulations (unauthorized housing). (Informal Settlements, 2001)

Dharavi in Mumbai is a popular place to live
among low-income groups not because of its
health advantages but because of the economic advantages which result from the large
concentration of income-earning opportu-
The idea of self-governance is very important as the settlers are resolving many conflicts and they also dont rely much on the
external support.
Informal settlements are:
1. areas where groups of housing units have
been constructed on land that the occupants have no legal claim to, or occupy illegally;
2. unplanned settlements and areas where
housing is not in compliance with current
fig.5.2: exploded axonometric of one habitat
fig.5.3: overall impression of informal settlement
39
nities there. The pavement

dwellers in Mumbai live
where they live not for the
health advantages but for
the quick, easy and cheap
access to income-earning
opportunities. In large cities,
most low-income groups
do not want to move to the
city periphery where land
may be cheaper and more
space available because it
brings such high costs in
time and money getting to
and from work. Cities that
work well have diverse accommodation possibilities
for lower-income groups
so they have a choice in
regard to the tradeoff between good location, space
and housing quality.
Dense cities also provide
more possibilities of combining a high quality of life
with lower greenhouse gas
emissions. For instance, energy use per building can
be cut far more in terraces
and apartments than in freestanding housing. Dense
cities make high-quality
public transport cheaper
and, when well-managed,
encourage more walking
and cycling (Dense Cities,
n.d).
fig 5.4: order between a chaos
fig 5.5: living modules of informal settlements
40
CHAPTER 5
5.1
EXPERIMENTAL HABITAT
5.1.1 MDRS
A world with a surface area the size of the

combined continents of the Earth, the Red
Planet contains all the elements needed to
support life. Mars is the great challenge of
our time.
In order to help develop key knowledge
needed to prepare for human Mars exploration, and to inspire the public by making
sensuous the vision of human exploration
of Mars, the Mars Society has initiated the
Mars Analog Research Station (MARS) project. A global program of Mars exploration
operations research, the MARS project will
include four Mars base-like habitats located
in deserts in the Canadian Arctic, the American southwest, the Australian outback, and
Iceland. In these Mars-like environments, we
will launch a program of extensive long-duration geology and biology field exploration
operations conducted in the same style and
fig 4.5: MDRS with its context
41
under many of the same constraints as they

would on the Red Planet. By doing so, we will
start the process of learning how to explore
on Mars.
The Mars Desert Research Station (MDRS)
is the second of four planned simulated Mars
surface exploration habitats (or Mars Analogue Research Stations) owned and operated by the Mars Society. Built in the western
United States in the early 2000s, it is typically
manned by small crews who visit the site for
short periods of time to conduct scientific research. Besides a large building that serves
as the center of activities, the complex includes a greenhouse, an observatory, and
assorted open areas (Wikipedia, 2014).
fig 4.6: testing and moving around the habitat
fig 4.7: gound floor plan of the habitat
42
chapter 5
5.1
EXPERIMENTAL HABITAT
5.1.1 BIO
SPHERE 2
Researches conducted on bioregeneration for the manned Space missions

started in the 50s of the 20th century. Since
that time BIO life supporting systems have
been tested in different simulations. Every simulation has been slightly different
characteristic, but the general idea of
alive organisms exploitation for recycling
in closed ecosystems has been common
for all of them; to grow and reproduce
plants to collect, to use carbon dioxide e
haled by people, and to release oxygen to
breathe (Janek,2008). Waste water is used
for watering plants, and during respiration
and vapor process clean water is collected. At last, plants are the source of
food, vitamins and mineral salts for the simulations participants. Some of the plants are
perennial and produce edible fruit, other
plants produce seeds to so in and produce next edible plants during following
season.
fig 4.8: overall impression of Bio Sphere2
43
Constructed between 1987 and 1991, Bio

Sphere 2 explored the web of interactions
within life systems in a structure with five areas based on biomes, and an agricultural
area and human living and working space
to study the interactions between humans,
farming and technology with the rest of nature. It also explored the use of closed biospheres in space colonization, and allowed
the study and manipulation of a biosphere
without harming Earths.
Biosphere 2 contained representative biomes: a 1,900 square meter rainforest, an
850 square meter ocean with a coral reef,
a 450 square meter mangrove wetlands, a
1,300 square meter savannah grassland,
a 1,400 square meter fog desert, a 2,500
square meter agricultural system, a human
habitat, and a below-ground infrastructure.
Heating and cooling water circulated through
independent piping systems and passive solar input through the glass space frame pan-
fig 4.8: axonometric view of Bio Sphere 2
els covering most of the facility, and electrical power was supplied into Biosphere 2 from an
on-site natural gas energy center. The main outcome of this project was that it calculated
the area of vegetation for the survival of a single human being i.e. 200 square meter, but
now the researchers realize that this number can be brought to 100 square meters with the
advancement in technology. This research center has been closed down due to bad press
and technical flaws, but now its a research center for the students of Arizona university.
(Wikipedia, 2014b)
fig 5.1: plan of Bio Sphere 2 with its zoning
44
CHAPTER 6
HABITAT IN SPACE
6.1
ORBITAL HABITAT
6.1.1 ISS
Environment
There are suitable conditions to live for a

human being on Earth only. The Space is a
strange environment, which a human being
is not adapted to, although humans have
left Earth and survived in the outer space
in specifically adapted habitats. Here there
are elaborated some Space habitats orbital, on the Moon and prototypes of the Martian habitat.
The Space is almost perfectly empty its
density is very low. Temperature is only
about -270 C. There is no atmosphere, so
no one can breathe there. There is no gravitation; there is nothing to push from to move
around. There is nothing, apart the radiation. The Sun Rays are strong enough to
heat the sunlit surface of the object floating
in the Space to a very high temperature
even 200 C.
The Cosmic Rays pace the Space in all possible directions, because it originates from
different parts of the Galaxy. The Sun Rays
that accompany the Sun storms also pace
the Space without being stopped. There are
sometimes meteors and micrometers. They
fig 5.7: ISS in space
45
are incredibly seldom, however, they gain so

much speed that they can damage easily
any object floating in the Space on their way.
Contemporary, there is only one orbital station in use International Space Station
ISS. This is a very sophisticated multi-modular construction that has been built since
1998 by 16 countries from all over the world
cooperating. It consists of over 100 elements. One of them is a habitat called The
Star (Russ. Zwiezda). It was made in Russia.
It was assembled in the same place what
initially produced habitats, that is why it is
fig 5.6: ISS axonometric view
of similar construction. However, the insides are completely

different. The modern
habitat was cleared
out of most of the researchs equipment
that was installed in
separate
modules
of the station. Also,
most of the laboratory
spaces were moved
out to the separate
module. Thus, much
more comfortable living space was created. The designers
also took care of the
interior design, painting the insides with
warm, pastel colors.
The private cabins
are still small, but in
general, the psychological comfort has increased significantly.
.
fig 5.8: moving inside ISS through connector module
fig 5.9: working module of ISS
46
PART 3
MOVING UP
This chapter gives an insight on the Earth-Mars vehicles and that their technology can be used for future robotic and human missions.
CHAPTER 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.1
EARTH MARS VEHICLE

7.1.1 NASA
NASA stands for National Aeronautics and

Space Administration. NASA is a United
States government agency that is responsible for science and technology related to air
and space. The Space Age started in 1957
with the launch of the Soviet satellite Sputnik. NASA was created in 1958. The agency
was created to oversee U.S. space exploration and aeronautics research (NASA, 2008)
Many Americans may be aware of some of
NASAs major responsibilities. Astronauts
in orbit conduct scientific research. Satellites help scientists learn more about Earth.
Space probes study the solar system, and
beyond. New developments improve air
travel and other aspects of flight. NASA is
also beginning a new program to send humans to the moon, Mars and beyond.
In addition to those major missions,
NASA does many other things. The agency shares what it learns, so that its information can make life better for people all over
the world. For example, companies can use
NASA discoveries to create new spinoff
products. NASAS education office helps
teachers to prepare the students who will
fig 6.1: impression of payload landing in Mars
49
be the engineers, scientists, astronauts

and other NASA workers of the future. They
will be the adventurers that will continue
the exploration of the solar system and the
universe in the years to come. NASA has a
tradition of investing in programs and activities that inspire and engage students,
educators, families and communities in the
excitement and discovery of exploration.
NASA offers training to help teachers learn
new ways to teach science, technology,
engineering and mathematics. The agency
also involves students in NASA missions
to help them get excited about learning.
(NASA 2008)
In 2004 the President said, America must
explore the space. Therefore, the Constellation program was established by NASA.
Some goals of Constellation project:
-Continuous human presence on the Moon
-Preparation a flight to Mars with people
Research on the solar system
-In 2007 gave NASA announced in 2037
they would like to bring the first people to
Mars.
A launch vehicle provides the velocity needed by a spacecraft to escape Earths gravity and
set it on its course for Mars. When mission planners are considering different launch vehicles,
what they take into consideration is how much mass each launch vehicle can lift into space.
Project Constellation included an Orion Mars Mission. United States President George W.
fig 6.2: futuristic missions list from NASA
50
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.1
EARTH MARS VEHICLE

7.1.1 NASA
Bush announced an initiative of manned

space exploration on January 14, 2004,
known as the Vision for Space Exploration.
It included developing preliminary plans for
a lunar outpost by 2012 and establishing an
outpost by 2020.
The Ares V (formerly known as the Cargo
Launch Vehicle or CaLV) was the planned
cargo launch component of the Constellation program, which was to have replaced
the Space Shuttle after its retirement in 2011.
Ares V was also planned to carry supplies
for a human presence on Mars.Ares V and
the smaller Ares I was named after Ares, the
Greek god of war, which is the equivalent to
the Roman god Mars (Ares,n.d.).
As of now, NASA says it has plans to test
fig 6.3: comparison between space rockets
51
out an unmanned Orion spacecraft later this

year, with an expected journey of 3,600 miles,
and fifteen times farther from Earth than the
ISS. It will then return to Earth, where scientists expect the spacecraft could reach an
incredible 4,000 miles-per-hour as it burns
through the planets atmosphere
(Moving forward, 2014).
fig 6.4: operating system inside the rocket
fig 6.5: overall journey form Earth to Mars and back
52
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.1
EARTH MARS VEHICLE

7.1.2 ESA
In the 15th century, Europeans began to explore beyond their known frontiers, searching for wealth, trading routes and allies to
expand their economic and political power. The encounters with new people, and
the discovery of new countries, have had a
lasting impact on Europe, and on her relations with the rest of the world. (Europeans,
2014)
Aims of Aurora Project:
Europeans in space: allowing Europe to be
a significant partner in exploration by assuring access to enabling technologies,
fig 6.6: rocket system from ESA
53
the presence of European culture in future

space endeavors, the enhancement of European integration, and ambitious cooperative project;
Habitability and life beyond Earth: increasing our knowledge of life, its evolution and
its environment; Sustainable human life in
space: the development of enabling technologies to support life and protect health,
to access energy, manage environmental
risks and exploit local resources;
Sharing the space adventure and bene-
fits: communicating the excitement of human spaceflight and exploration, and sharing
the benefits with the general public.
The rocket system for going to Mars is known as Ariane 5. Ariane 5 is a European rocket, that
is a part of the Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system used to deliver payloads
into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO). The Ariane 5 ME (Mid-life
Evolution) is currently in development and will replace Ariane 5 ECA and Ariane 5 ES. With
first flight planned for 2018, it will become ESAs principle launcher until the arrival of the new
Ariane 6 version.
The approved Aurora Space Exploration Programme consists of two main elements: the
Core Programme and Robotic Missions. The first is defining architectures and scenarios,
and preparing for missions and their enabling technologies; the other is developing actual
missions.
CORE PROGRAM: The core program will enable Europe to determine its objectives, interests
and priorities by identifying further missions and elements for realization; development
fig 6.7: Missions deveolped by ESA for Mars exploration
54
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.1
EARTH MARS VEHICLE

7.1.2.1 EXOMARS
ORBITOR
of enabling technologies for Mars Sample

Return (MSR). The goal of bringing back
the first sample of Martian soil is a major
technological challenge. It has important
implications for understanding the planets,
studying the origin of the Solar System, and
searching for life on Mars. MSR is also a
major milestone for exploration because its
mission profile is suitable for a subsequent
human visit to Mars.
ROBOTIC MISSIONS: This component
covers the development, launch and
operation of selected exploration missions.
The first proposed European mission is
ExoMars. Slated for launch in 2011, it will
provide valuable experience in the design
and operation of new enabling technologies
and capabilities: the entry, descent and
fig 6.8: Orbitor view from space
55
landing system, and the rover, drill and

sample- acquisition systems (Aurora, n.d.).
THE EXOMARS
PROGRAM: The
programme is divided into two different
missions. One consisting of an Orbiter
plus an Entry, Descent
and Landing
Demonstrator Module, to be launched in
2016, and the other, featuring a rover, with
a launch date of 2018. Both missions will be
carried out in cooperation with Roscosmos.
(Russian Space Agency).
EXOMARS MISSION 2016: The Orbiter
and EDM will be launched together in
January 2016 on a Proton rocket and will
fly to Mars in an automated configuration.
Three days before reaching the atmosphere
of Mars, the EDM will be ejected from the
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.1
EARTH MARS VEHICLE

7.1.2.2 EXOMARS
ROVER
Orbiter towards the Red Planet. The EDM

capsule will then coast towards Mars.
From its coasting to Mars till its landing, the
EDM will communicate with the Orbiter.
(ExoMars, 2014)
The ExoMars Rover, developed by ESA,
provides key mission capabilities: surface
mobility, subsurface drilling and automatic
sample
collection,
processing,
and
distribution of instruments. It hosts a suite
of analytical instruments dedicated to
exobiology and geochemistry research.
Due to the infrequent communication
opportunities, only 1 or 2 short sessions
per sol (Martian day), the ExoMars Rover
are highly autonomous. The locomotion is
achieved through six wheels. Each wheel
pair is suspended on an independently

pivoted bogie (the articulated assembly
holding the wheel drives), and each wheel
can be independently steered and driven.
The Rover uses solar panels to generate the
required electrical power, and is designed
to survive the cold Martian nights with the
help of novel batteries and heater units.
The Rover subsurface sampling device
will then autonomously drill to the required
depth (maximum 2 m) while investigating
the borehole wall mineralogy, and collect a
small sample. This sample will be delivered
to the analytical laboratory in the heart of the
vehicle.
fig 6.9: robotic mission for EXO mars
56
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.1
EARTH MARS VEHICLE

7.1.3 SPACEX
SpaceX designs, manufactures and

launches advanced rockets and spacecraft.
The company was founded in 2002 to
revolutionize space technology, with the
ultimate goal of enabling people to live on
other planets. (SpaceX, 2014)
SpaceX, officially operating as the Space
Exploration Technologies Corporation, is a
private space transport company currently
located in Hawthorne, California. The
company, founded in 2002 by PayPal and
Tesla Motors co-founder Elon Musk.
VISION:1. SpaceX is revolutionizing access
to space with a family of launch vehicles and
spacecraft designed to increase the reliability
and reduce the cost of both manned and
unmanned space transportation, ultimately
by a factor of ten.
2. Elon Musk has stated that his personal
goal for SpaceX is to help humanity open
the surface of Mars for exploration and
settlement. His vision is to first send a small
crew of about ten humans to Mars, utilizing
reusable Falcon Heavy rockets. He plans on
fig 7.1: comparison between different rocket system
57
continuing to send more and more humans

to settle on Mars with the hope that his first
Martian colony has a population of about
80,000 people.
3. In June 20 13, Musk used the descriptor
Mars Colonial Transporter to refer to the
privately funded development project to
design and build a spaceflight system of
rocket engines, launch vehicles and space
capsules to transport humans to Mars and
return to Earth.
FALCON 1: The Falcon 1 was a small
rocket capable of placing several hundred
kilograms into low earth orbit.
FALCON HEAVY: Falcon Heavy, the worlds
most powerful rocket, represents SpaceXs
entry into the heavy lift launch vehicle
category. With the ability to carry satellites or
interplanetary spacecraft weighing over 53
metric tons (117,000 lb) to Low Earth Orbit
(LEO), Falcon Heavy can lift nearly twice the
payload of the next closest vehicle, the US
Space Shuttle. (Falcon, 2011)
fig 7.2: Mars Colonial Transporter concept
fig 7.3: Flacon Heavy shuttle concept for taking more payloads to Mars in future
58
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.2
MARS EXPLORATION SCENARIO

7.2.1 MARS
ONE
Mars One is a non-profit organization based

in the Netherlands that has put forward conceptual plans to establish a permanent human colony on Mars by 2025. The private
spaceflight project is led by Dutch entrepreneur Bas Lansdorp, who announced plans
for the Mars One mission in May 2012.
Mars Ones current concepts include
launching four carefully selected applicants
in a Mars-bound spaceflight in 2024, to become the first residents of Mars, and that
every step of the crews journey will be documented for a reality television program.
In 2018, a telecom orbiter would be sent, a
rover in 2020, and after that the base components and its settlers. The base would be
powered by 3,000 square meters of solar
panels. The SpaceX Heavy rocket would
fig 7.4: Mars one colony approach
59
launch flight hardware. The first crew of 4 astronauts would land on Mars in 2025. Then,
every two years, a new crew of 4 astronauts
would arrive. Current plans specify that the
entire mission is to be filmed and broadcast
back to Earth as a media event, revenues
from which would help fund the program
(Telecom Orbitor, n.d.).
In 2013, Mars One selected a second-round
pool of astronaut candidates of 1058 people586 men and 472 women from 107
countriesfrom a larger number of some
200,000 who showed interest on the Mars
(Mars One, n.d.).
fig 7.4: Mars one module launching in Mars
fig 7.5: different interior concepts for Mars one habitat
60
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.2
MARS EXPLORATION SCENARIO

7.2.2 INSPIRATION
MARS
At the Inspiration Mars Foundation, we have

designed the architecture for a mission carrying two astronauts to the far side of Mars
and back. It would be a voyage around the
sun of more than 808 million miles in 501
days. We propose to do this in collaboration
with NASA, as a partner in a NASA mission,
in the name of America, and for the good of
humanity.
Every 15 years or so, there is a rare planetary alignment that makes a Mars journey
relatively less complex, relying on the gravitational forces of Mars, the Sun, and Earth.
An American spacecraft would have to be
on its way in the first days of 2018. Otherwise, were looking at another 15 years before that perfect alignment occurs again
(Next, 2013).
For Mars flight, a capsule, modified from

NASAs Orion spacecraft is mated to a habitat module derived from Orbital Sciences
Corporations Cygnus pressurized cargo
spacecraft. A service module docked to the
front of the vehicle carries solar panels. The
habitat is boosted into Earth orbit by NASAs
Space Launch System heavy-lift rocket. Or
Mars flight, the capsule would have to be
modified to support two astronauts for the
501-day round trip. An inflatable habitation module could be docked to the front of
Dragon for additional living space and for
carrying more supplies. The crew of two
would probably consist of a middle-aged
married couple. The danger of radiation
damage during the flight would suggest that
a man and a woman who are past reproductive age would be preferable. (Human
Mars, 2012)
fig 7.6: Overall strategy of Inspiration Mars which will revolve around Mars and return back
61
fig 7.7: different parts of Inspiration Mars
fig 7.8: conceptual illustration of Inspiration Mars
62
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.3
MOVEMENT IN MARS
7.3.1 MARSCRUISER
ONE
Architectural choices made by Architecture

+ Vision, the team in charge of the project
of designing the rover, are a good basis on
which work will leverage future studies for
the movement in extra terrestrial land could
be made possible.
The Mars Cruiser One can also be deployed by a Saturn V rocket. More than just
a vehicle for exploring the Moon or Mars.
The multi-purpose living / research space
was informed by studies of mobile homes,
boats, and aircraft construction. And until
space garages become commonplace, the
Mars Cruiser One can conveniently dock
with a Moon Base Two airlock. Alternately,
it could stand alone and serve as the starting point for a new human settlement like
living in a trailer until your new home is finished (Cruiser, 2009).
MarsCruiserOne is a pressurized rover designed for human space exploration on the
Moon and Mars. It is a mobile laboratory,
fig 7.9: conceptual diagram of Marscruiser one
63
which takes mankind into the unknown world

of space exploration. The rover will be able
to transport a crew of up to 3 astronauts for a
20 day mission before it needs to re-supply
at the base station.
The Ares rockets, part of the larger Constellation program, are on track for a 2015
launch, but the Obama administration wants
to move the timeline forward a bit.
fig 8.1: conceptual idea for Marscruiser one
fig 8.2: overall impression of Marscruiser one in Mars
fig 8.3: elevation of Marscruiser one
64
chapter 7
MARS SPACE AGENT
7.3
MOVEMENT IN MARS
7.3.1 MARS
HOOPER
A UK team is developing its idea for a Mars

hopper - a robot that can bound across
the surface of the Red Planet. The research
group is led from Leicester University and
the Astrium space company. They propose
the use of a vehicle powered by a radioisotope thermal rocket engine.
At the moment, landing missions use wheels
to move around, but their progress can be
stalled by sand-traps, steep slopes and
boulder fields.
A hopper would simply leap across these
obstacles to the next safest, flat surface. As
outlined in fig8.4, the Mars hopper would
carry a small (16.5 kilogram, 36 pounds) science payload. The hopper would spend at
least a week at each landing site, studying
the area while reloading its fuel supply. The
hopping power comes from a thruster that
fires, carbon-dioxide gas collected from the
atmosphere by an air pump through a bed
of pebbles preheated by a radioisotope.
To date, wheeled rovers and static landers
have been doing a great job. And if we do
decide to go to another form of locomotion,
there are plenty of competing ideas out
there, including planes, balloons and even
tumbleweed devices that would be blown
fig 8.4: the latest researching robots that will move in Martian atmosphere with ease
65
across the Martian landscape in the wind (Hooper, 2014).

The advantage of this approach is that you have the ability to traverse more aggressive terrains but also that you have wider mobility - the possibility of traversing much greater distances than we have with even the very successful rovers, says Hugo Williams, from Leicesters
Space Research Centre.
fig 8.5: Mars hooper from inside with its propulsion area at bottom
fig 8.6: overall impression of Mars hooper one fig 8.7: impression of Mars hooper one sitting in land
66
PART 4
SETTLING IN
This chapter explains the important factors that are

required for making the first habitation in Mars. Furthermore, It also includes the design strategy with
its optimal location and presents an overall image
of the first habitation.
CHAPTER 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.1
ENVIORNMENT CONDITION OF MARS

8.1.1 THE
OVERVIEW
Mars in diameter is two to one in comparison with Earth it is 6794 km. It is also ten
times lighter in comparison to Earth and
its average density is 3.9 g/cm. Because
of that the gravitation on Mars is only 3.69
m/s2, so approximately 1/3 g(ESA 2007).
Martian atmosphere mainly consists of
carbon dioxide and low oxygen concentration. Nitrogen, which is the most common element in the Earths atmosphere,
here its percentage is low. Moroz (1998)
gives the composition of Martian atmosphere: 95.72% CO2, 2.7% N2, 1.6% Ar,
0.2% O2. Tiny and light Martian dust can
stay in the atmosphere even with a help of
a very light breeze. It colors the atmosphere
pinkish. (Williams 2006).
Despite one cannot breath in the Martian atmosphere as its composition, it is important
to notice that it is not as toxic as the Venusian is (high concentration of sulfur) or so
dangerous as titanium is (methane, that
creates its gas layer, explodes rapidly in
contact with oxygen). On the Moon, the

atmosphere is only a very thin surface-near
layer. The Martian atmosphere is very thin
and on the surface, its average density is
0.000015 g/cm3 that decreases exponentially along with the height. (Lei and others
2004).
The closer to the equator, the higher density of the atmosphere. Low density influences a very low atmospheric pressure.
The average pressure is 6.5 hPa (NASA
Mars Fact Sheet) and is less than 1/100 of
the Earth pressure (average 1013hPa). Due
to the low pressure Martian atmosphere
reacts rapidly for an energy bust, i.e. a
change in temperature or a wind are
easy to generate, which can lead to
pressure fluctuations (MGCMG 2006).
Carbon dioxide in a state of gas drifts
up and mix with the atmosphere, causing
its higher density and higher pressure.
The warmest day, the more carbon dioxide
sublimate and the higher pressure.
fig 8.8: different images from Venus, Earth, Moon and Mars
69
fig 8.9: Mars analysis (its key information)
70
the martian year is almost 2

times of earth i.e 687days.
iron oxide surface
mars core solidfied i.e mantle,

for so it has low magnetic field
i.e. 39% of earth
summer
polar cap CO2 (seasonal ice)

H2O (constant ice)
short mild winter with avg. temp. of

-140C,
long chill summer with avg temp. of
-105C.
avg. year temperature -63C,

difference during the day from
-89C to -31C.
during summer temperature

near equator can reach upto
+20 degree Celcius
mons olympus 27 km height
1. after 1year &10months the launch

window exist for moving to mars.
2. seasonal and daily winds cause huge
dust storms.
3.color of the sky is yellow orange.
4. light day begins before sunrise, and
goes long after sun set.
5. solar energy can be produced of 45%
of that on Earth
winter
day
melting of temporary glaciers during

summer can cause severe winds
(10-40m/sec, sometimes upto
100m/sec)
last
37m
25.14 degree
tilt
24h
polar cap CO2 (seasonal ice)

H2O (constant ice)
rarefied atmosphere due to its

sloght gravity structure: 95%
CO2, 2.7% N2, 0.13% O2.
due to poor atmosphere (i.e.

0.09 of earth) and weak gravity
allows solar wind and glactic
cosmic rays to penetrate that
evaporates any liquid available
on the surface.
there are 4 seasons in Mars

just like earth and are 2 times
longers than on earth.
average wind speed 2-7 m/sec

(summer) 5-10m/sec (autumn)
short mild winter with avg. temp. of -140C,

long chill summer with avg temp. of -105C.
vallis marineris 2500m long,

125m wide, 600m depth. it is
largest canyon range in solar
system
volume -0.151 of earth

weight -0.107 of earth
area -0.283 of earth
density -0.714 of earth
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.1

8.1.1 THE
OVERVIEW
The surface of Mars is approximately

equal to the Earths lands. There are
different formations, some similar to those
known on Earth and the land relief on Mars
is very diversified, as on Earth. There is
no water barrier - sea or river cuts.

Martian landscape has been shaped for millions of years to look as it is now. The main
factors that has shaped up the land are: operation of winds and water, volcanos erup-
fig 9.1: Map of Planet Mars showing its variation in temperature in regards to land relief (depth)
71
72
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.1

8.1.1 THE
OVERVIEW
tions and meteor impact. Nowadays the surface of Mars has not changed much, only
winds lift and move dust around, while forming and moving dunes. There is no seismic
activity and volcanoes are assumed to be
extinct. Much of water evaporated many
years ago. The landscape might be considered as stable and there is rather a slight
only possibility of its transformation.
The regolith is an outside layer of lithosphere made from loose surface rocks
and ground (ASEB 2002). The surface of
Mars is covered with a thick layer of a crumbled rock (Pic. 9.2), dust, soil, and other related materials. This is the effect of strong
weathering, caused by large daily temperature fluctuations and the work of winds. Taylor says (2002) that most of Mars surface is
fig 9.2: formation of Land in Mars
73
covered with a very tiny, reddish dust. It

settles in depressions or creates dunes
pushed by winds. Its gauge may be large,
even over several meters.
Basalt is the most common rock in our Solar
System, it can be found on Venus, Mercury,
the Moon, and on some asteroids, too (Taylor 2002). Basalts are rocks of volcanic origin, their structure is very fine
grained, and rock solid. After the recasting, they are very hard and hard wearing.
A magma rock of porphyric structure and
of gray, darkish, green or black color. It is
not as hard as basalt is. It is exploited on
Earth as a building and decorative material,
and also as an acid-proof material. Land
formations on Mars may be categorized by
several main groups: volcanoes, plains, val-
fig 9.3: no more platonic motion in Mars due to its frozen core
fig 9.4: section of Planet Mars
74
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.1

8.1.2 ANALOGY
TO EARTH
leys, slopes and craters. Some are listed as

below:
- Valles are (most probable) the result
of water operating there on Mars. They
may differ. Martian valleys the most similar
to the Earths river valleys of gentle slopes
are called valles. Next are chasmata and
fossae. Chasma is a very deep and extended
- Chaos is more complicated, often
cross-sectioning systems of valleys divided
by hills or ramparts create chaos and labyrinths. Often their bottoms are covered with
a thick layer of dust. On their slopes there
might be landslides. Besides of this, the
area consist lots of smaller valleys on Mars.
fig 9.5: similarity between Earth and Mars
75
- Craters cover most of the Martian land.

Their most common on the south hemisphere and almost omnipresent. These
rounded depressions, made by meteor
drops, may be of different diameter from
a very small (tracks of small meteors) to a
huge one.
- Chasma is the deepest type of valley. It
can be found in the most often unassisted,
and fossa lays often in parallel collections
of depressions in the ground. Fossais are
extended and rather shallow valley.
Furthermore, the explanations are given
with its adjacent illustrations to give an insight into its strengths and weaknesses
ters caused a revolution in our ideas about

ater on Mars; huge river valleys were found
many areas. Space craft cameras showed
at floods of water broke through dams,
arved deep valleys,
grooves into bedchapter eroded
8
ock, and traveled
thousands
of kilometers.
MARS AREOGRAPHY
gested that massive amounts of water were

trapped under pressure beneath a thick
cryosphere (layer of frozen ground), then
the water was suddenly released, perhaps
when the cryosphere was broken by a fault.
8.1
ome valles on Mars (Mangala Vallis, Ath-
RS

8.1.2.1 VALLES
SECTION
fig 9.6: dried valles in Mars

PROS
Easy to set up. Minimum excavations needed.
Easy access to other Martian destinations.
. Open for further expansion
CONS
ALPINE
VALLEY
Exposed to radiation (GCR&SW) and micrometeoroid
impacts.
fig 9.7: section of martian vallis
fig 9.8: impression in Rhine valley on Earth
76
Student: Jorge , Jasim
4
tude and 27 need water to form, so the area may once

os is a major have contained large amounts of water.
d area. Large
re believed to Dallol, Ethpoia: Centered on a collapsed
discharges of volcano, the hottest inhabited place on
chapter 8
Earth is an area of brutal beauty. Burnt
hannels begin
MARS AREOGRAPHY
e ground has orange mineral crusts, vivid yellow sulphur
8.1
lapsed section, deposits and lime green acid lakes merge
Latin for trough) region is character

tems of grabens running mainly no
south-east. Claritas Fossae is a grou
in the Phoenicis Lacus and Thaum
rangles of Mars, located at 31.5 S a
Long narrow depressions on Mars
fossae. This term is derived from L
fore fossa is singular and fossa

8.1.2.2 AUREUM
CHAOS
fig 9.9: Aureum chaos in Mars

PROS
Protected against radiation sources (GCR&SW) and micrometeoroid impacts.
. Easy to use existing hills.
. Proximity to exploration
. Minimum volume of mining needed.
. On ground and under ground structures can be build up.
AureaCONS
Cherso on Mars
Section of Aurea Cherso
Difficult to set up.
on Mars
Dallol on Earth
fig 10.0: section of Aureum chaos
77
fig 10.1: impression chaos valley in Earth (Dalol)
3000 feet thick.

here may once
near the source
rock. The object that excavated the crater was

a nickeliron meteorite about 50 meters (55
yards) across. Modeling initially suggested that
Solar System. Olympus Mons

three times as tall as Mount E
above sea level. Because of th
Section Crater Gusev on Mars
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.1

8.1.2.3 GUSEV
CRATER
Barringer Cretar on Earth
fig 10.2: site view of Gusev Crater
PROS
Partially protected against radiation sources. Base level below horizon.
Easy to set up. Minimum excavations needed (for foundations only).
CONS
Difficult access to other Martian destinations. Crater exit structures needed.
Possible poor quality of ground due to craters meteoroid impact origin.
Crater Gusev on Mars
Barringer Cretar on Earth
fig 10.3: section of crater
fig 10.4: impression of Barringer crater on Earth
78
the Mariner 9 Mars orbiter of

ch discovered it) is a system ineris system starts in the west with Noctis
hat runs along the Martian sur- Labyrinthus; proceeding to the east are Tithothe Tharsis region. At more nium and Ius chasmata, then Melas, Candor
m (2,500 mi) long, 200 km (120 and Ophir chasmata, then Coprates Chasma, then Ganges, Capri and Eos chasmata.
up to 7 km (23,000
chapter 8 ft) deep,[1]
Marineris riftMARS
system
is one of
AREOGRAPHY
nyons of the Solar
8.1 System, surby the rift valleys of Earth and
ly) by Baltis Vallis on Venus.
steep-sided canyon ca
River in the United St
izona. The Grand Can
km) long, up to 18 m
attains a depth of ove
1,800 meters).[1] Nea
Earths geological hist
as the Colorado River
their channels throug
rock while the Colorad

8.1.2.4 CAPRI
CHASMA
SECTION
fig 10.5: Vallis Marineris on Mars

PROS
. Near to exploration sites.
Partially protected against radiation sources (GCR&SW) and micrometeoroid impacts. At least one
side open to atmosphere.
CONS
Difficult to set up. Large volume of excavation needed.
Rigid scheme for future growing
ATION IN MARS
GREAT CANYON
fig 10.6: section of Vallis Merineris
79
fig 10.7: Grand canyon on Earth
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
2
1
8.2
CRATER
AUREUM CAOS

LANDSCAPE
8.2.1 DESIGN
OPPORTUNITES
Task 1.5.2
graphy II: TERRAIN / LANDSCAPE

But the first colony sets the precedent for future
settlements on the red planet. For instance,
Aureum Chaos:
igate a ship for landing.
Fossae:
n of
settlements
life-support systems, raw material processing
But the first colony sets the precedent for future

igate a ship for landing.
Another factor when choosing
site, 3 - Possible independent chambers setparated - Terraces spaces 1
2 the landing
the im-redbyplanet.
For instance,
1 be thesettlements
factories, and even architecture will be dupliwould
availability of wateron
and other
rock formations
- Different heights and views form every hab2 landing site,
life-support systems,
raw
material
processing
Another
choosing the
Its
theThemost
of Marcated.
altitudeimportant
of Colony I willpart
become
portant resources.
- Protection
from sand
storms.
itat. factor when
1
2
factories, and even architecture
bechambers.
dupliwould
be the form
availability
of water
somewhat A
of amisplaced
guideline for future
cities,or
andsettle- Carved spaceswill
between
- Protection
solar radiation
in carvedand other imnization.
city
3
a center for
all terraforming
thereafter.
spaces.
2
3
Land formations
building
structures
cated.as The
altitude
of Colony I will become
portant
resources.
d mean
disaster
for efforts
all who
live there.
Canyon:
- Visual conection between every space.
somewhat of a guideline
for future cities, and
colonys location is vitally important
When choosing a landing site, we will have to Crater:
2 building structures
a center for all3terraforming efforts thereafter.
elopment of the Martian community.
Land formations as
1
take into account everything that is to be ac- Protection form solar radiation.
nycomplished
settlements,
lower
elevation
sites
in Colony I. Geologists in particular - Contained flat aera, protected by perimeter.
- Canyon viwe form all the habitats..
3
When
choosing a landing
site, with
webubbles
will have
to
entually
frombuiltthe
air
Crater:
would like benefit
to see the colony
in a higher
region - Protection
- Protection
is not necessary.
from2sand storms.
take
into
account
everything
that
is
to
be
acbut
bevalley,
swallowed
up by
suchcould
as a crater,
or other land-cut.
Un- rising
- Huge amount of craters in the planet
Areography
TERRAIN
/ LANDSCAPE
3on Vallis
fortunatley
theseother
are
the hardest
areas
nav-II: are
complished
in Colony I. Geologists
in particular
els.
On the
hand,
if to
cities
FOSSAE
- Contained flat aera, protected by perimeter.
CANYON
fig
10.8:
Design
strategy
would like to see the colony built in a region
ar above the datum, terraforming will
- Protection from sand
storms.
Student:
Jorge , Jasim
such as a crater, valley, or other land-cut. Unaffect on them.
- Huge amount of craters in the 5planet
fortunatleyBut
these
are
the sets
hardest
areasfortofuture
nav- igate a ship for landing.
the first
colony
the precedent
Aureum Chaos:
Location of settlements
Location. Its the most important part of Martian colonization. A misplaced city or settlement could mean disaster for all who live there.
The first colonys location is vitally important
to the development of the Martian community.
As with any settlements, lower elevation sites
would eventually benefit from the higher air
pressure, but could be swallowed up by rising
water levels. On the other hand, if cities are
2
built too far above1the datum, terraforming will
have little affect on them.
settlements on the red planet. For instance,

life-support systems, raw material processing
1 and even architecture will be duplifactories,
cated. The altitude of Colony I will become
2 of a guideline for future cities, and
somewhat
a center for all terraforming efforts thereafter.
Crater:
Canyon:
- Protection form so
- Canyon viwe form
- Protection with bu
- Contained flat aera, protected by perimeter.

- Protection from sand storms.
- Huge amount of craters in the planet
AUREUM CAOS
Possible indepen
by rock formations
- Protection from sa
- Carved spaces be
Land formations as building structures
When choosing a landing site, we will have to

take into account everything that is to be1accomplished in Colony I. Geologists in particular
3
would like to see the colony built in a region
such as a crater, valley, or other land-cut. Unfortunatley these are the hardest areas to nav-
figCRATER
10.9: Design strategy on Chaos
2-
Another factor when choosing the landing site,

would be the availability of water and other important resources.
1
CRATER
CRATER
CANYON
1
fig 11.1: Design strategy on Crater
2
1
AUREUM CAO
2
3
2
1
FOSSAE
Student: Jorge , Jasim
2
fig 11.2: Design strategy on Canyon
3
1 2
2
3
CANYON
1
2
CANYON
1
2
80
FOSSAE
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.2

8.2.2 PREFERABLE
SITE
A connection between the terrain,the landing of space vehicle and availability of resources makes an exact choice for selection on the Mars. The selected site for this
project is Aureum Chaos which consists of
small hills. This area also consists of nickel
deposits which can be mined out. This site
is selected on the basis of its potential for
availability water resource. The preference

is given due to the easy landing/launch of
space vehicles since it is near to Mars equator. Furthermore, the temperature will stay
optimized and movement within for future
exploration will be at ease due to its proximity to potential land reliefs.
CLIMATE
EASE OF LAUNCH
MOVEMENT WITHIN
LANDSCAPE INTEREST
PROTECTION
WATER
POTENTIAL
PROXIMITIY TO EXPLORATION
fig 11.3: impression of Vallis
fig 11.4: impression of Chaos
fig 11.5: impression of Crater
fig 11.6: impresssion of Canyon
81
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.3
MARTIAN CLIMATE
8.3.1 THE
RADIATION
Due to the low density of the Martian atmosphere, a significant amount of radiation
reaches the surface of the Mar. There are
two main types of harmful radiations which
can have a dangerous impact on Martianauts: the Suns and the cosmic radiation.
The most dangerous radiation is the solar radiation. This is a stream of highly
charged particles, mostly protons and alpha particles, which moves with enormous
speed of the Sun to the external surface of
our Solar System (PWN 2006).
Even a short time exposure to its oper-
ation might be fatal or cause a strong

case of radiation sickness. Human being
and its body are not prepared in any way
to get such big amounts of highly energetic
radiation.
The cosmic radiation, similar to the solar
radiation, consists of highly energized ions.
Its intensity is much lower (PWN 2006).
However, it is still very dangerous, because it constantly bombards the surface of Mars. Cosmic radiation is not so
strongly directed as solar one is, because
it originate from all the stars in Our Galaxy.
fig 11.7: map about radiation in Mars
82
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.4
MARTIAN RESOURCES
8.4.1 SOLAR
NASA first used photovoltaic power systems on the Vanguard satellite in 1958.
More recent technologies have begun to
develop very thin film cells with the inherent advantages of high radiation tolerance, high specific power (W/kg) and
flexibility, increasing the potential applications for solar cells, however, thin film cells
currently have lower efficiencies (Hender,
2010).
Temperature also affects the performance
of solar power panels. The optimum
temperature for solar power production is

120C to 70C (Haberle, 1993), which
is within the surface temperature range of
Mars of 130C to +30C. Large scale solar
power stations are currently in use in Earth
also solar panels are commonly used in
space stations and have potential on Mars.
It is therefore considered that solar technology is viable for the habitat colony, its use
is subject to the selection of appropriate
energy storage technology.
fig 11.8: PV solar collecter for energy production
fig 11.9: Himawari on roof in Earth
83
fig 12.1: Himawari systems and its features
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.4
MARTIAN RESOURCES
8.4.2 WIND
The Martian atmosphere is very thin and

light. In spite of this, winds occur on the Red
Planet, sometimes reaching an enormous
speed and strong enough to sweep up the
surface dust very high.The key reason of
creating winds on Mars are sublimation and
condensation of carbon dioxide that follow
the changes in the temperature (Tillman
1998b).
The winds depend on the shape of its surface. There are no water reservoirs on the
planet that could stop strong wind blows, as
it takes place on Earth. The weather becomes predictable because of small wind
fluctuations. The next consequence of
this is that very strong winds may rush
enormous distances practically unstoppable and starting dust storms encompassing even the whole planet. Consequently,
this might take several or more months
before such a dust storm settles down
(Mars Climate NASA 2006).
The average speed of Martian winds is
36km/h. They are usually of moderate
strength, and their speed does not exceed 100km/h. Only during large dust
storms Martian winds can reach the speed
of 100 to 160 km/h. Because Martian atmosphere is extraordinarily thin and less gravity, the pressure of even very strong
winds would be felt exceedingly weaker
than on Earth.
fig 12.2: generating energy from wind mills / turbines
84
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.4
MARTIAN RESOURCES
8.4.3 WATER
There is no liquid water on Mars it is

unsustainable. Under the conditions of
pressure and temperature there, water can
occur only in a state of gas or ice. Those
conditions change only on some underground level.
The observations of different forms of
terrain can lead to conclusion of appearance of water streaming down on the
surface in the history of the planet. There
are nets of smaller and larger channels;
grooves in the hills might have been created
by ice crystals moving down and now

they are probably formed by ice crystals moving right under the surface, when its
temperature rises (NASA 2003a).
There is thick water and carbon dioxide
ice covers on Mars, mainly on the poles,
in a form of ice caps, and also in a form
of a glacier on the bottoms of craters (Pic.
12.4). Ice on Mars is usually firm because of
constant low temperatures, especially in the
overshadowed places. Also water vapors
can be produced through evaporation.
fig 12.3: total proportion of water on Mars if melted down
fig 12.4: frozen layer of CO2 ice on polar caps, 2004
85
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.4
MARTIAN RESOURCES
8.4.4 INSITU
RESOURCES UTILIZATION (ISRU)
There are the same elements on Mars known

on Earth, however, in different amounts, and
chemical or mineral form. They might be exploited to support life in the habitat.
IRSU instruments may be multi-functional.
For example, IRSU responsible for collecting underground water could at the same
time serve to excavate underground habitats, to mine regolith to build a base safe from
the Space radiation (Cosmic Rays) barriers,
and to exploit mineral sources. Sanders
(2005) lists different technologies of utilization of local resources, that may cooperate
with each other during different tasks. He
also notes that one device might exploit
several different technologies, that would
cause lowering costs of sending machines
to Mars.
complete atmosphere in the habitat is the

survival problem. The longer the mission,
the larger amount of gas should be taken. However, there should not be too
much of anything not to overload the
spacecraft. Devices for utilization, local
sources to complete the life supporting
system might be sent before people could
go to Mars and start collecting resources in
advance (Zubrin and Wagner 1997).
Such a solution lowers the risk of mission
failure and allows taking smaller amounts
of LSS reserves from Earth. The instruments sent once may serve any mission to Mars. ISRU exploitation expands
self-sufficiency of a base and its independence from supplies from Earth.
The amount of taken compressed gas to
fig 12.5: sketch about utlizing the reosurces available in Mars
86
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.4
MARTIAN RESOURCES
8.4.2 XERISCAPING
Xeriscaping has become widely popular

in some areas because of its environmental and financial benefits. The most important environmental aspect of xeriscaping is
choosing vegetation that is appropriate for
the climate. Vegetation that thrives with little
added irrigation is called drought-tolerant
vegetation. (Xeriscaping, 2014)
Xeriscaping (less commonly known as xeroscape) is landscaping and gardening that
reduces or eliminates the need for supplemental water from irrigation. It is promoted in
regions that do not have easily accessible,
plentiful, or reliable supplies of fresh water,
and is gaining acceptance in other areas as
water becomes more limiting. (Xeriscaping, n.d.)
longed droughts have led water to be regarded as a limited and expensive resource.
Xeriscaping
often
means
replacing
grassy lawns with soil, rocks, mulch, and
drought-tolerant native plant species. Trees
such as myrtles and flowers such as daffodils are drought-tolerant plants. The possibility of xeriscaping can be used to Terraform the Martian atmosphere and transform
its environment.
Xeriscaping has been embraced in dry

regions of the western United States. Pro-
fig 12.6: testing of grwing plants on desert like areas / iron oxide soil
87
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.5
MARTIAN LIVABILITY
8.5.1 HYDROPONICS
The word hydroponics technically means

working water, stemming from the Latin
words hydro meaning water, and ponos
meaning labor. Many different civilizations
from the beginning of time have relied on
hydroponics for growing plants, such as the
early Mexican and Egyptian civilizations.
Basic advantages of hydroponic controlled
environment agriculture (CEA) include

high-density maximum crop yield, crop
production where no suitable soil exists, a
virtual indifference to ambient temperature
and seasonality, more efficient use of water
and fertilizers, minimal use of land area, and
suitability for mechanization, disease and
pest control. (Hydroponics, n.d.)
fig 12.7: conceptual about utilizing the food production from hydroponics
88
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.5
MARTIAN LIVABILITY
8.5.2 AQUACULTURE
The utilization of water on Mars is critical to

any habitat. It will be used for drinking and
wash water as a feedstock for propellant
production, as well as having uses in countless industrial processes (Hender, 2010).
Recycling of oxygen, water, wastes, and
the minerals, plants need to grow is a major challenge. In Biosphere 2, some recycling was done by having an artificial wetland plants growing in fresh water, which
on Earth do a very good job of cleaning up
sewage, taking up and storing nitrogen and
phosphorus in forms that plants can use.
be helpful where the this small scale farming will not only clean the water but will also
provide food for the Martianauts. Additional
food sources can be introduced through the
use of aquaculture to grow fish and crustaceans .
Aquaculture, utilizing human waste as
fertilizer, operates commercially on Earth,
producing shrimp and fish. Fish varieties, such as Tilapia, can grow rapidly in
dense concentrations and various crustaceans have been suggested for aquaculture systems (Hender, 2010).
Also the terminology of Aquaculture known

as aqua-farming, is the farming of aquatic
organisms such as fish, crustaceans, molluscs and aquatic plants. (Aqua, 2014).
This concept of providing some spaces can
fig 12.8: aqua culture tank with hydroponics
89
fig 12.9: aqua culture trays connected
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.5
MARTIAN LIVABILITY
8.5.3 PRODUCING
OXYGEN
The oxygen in Mars will be produced through

the electrolysis method. For this chemical
reaction hydrogen will be required to react
with the carbon dioxide that is present in
abundance in the Martian atmosphere.
As it is illustrated in fig 13.1 this method will
not only produce the oxygen for the inhabitants, but will also produce methane as a
source of energy / fuel for the rocket system.

Through this method, water can also be produced. As it has also been suggested that
the food production area will act as carbon
dioxide sinkers and will produce enough oxygen through the plants, i.e. from algae, etc.
If this life cycle can be developed then it is
easy to say that the Martianaunts can also
produce oxygen in Mars.
fig 13.1: production of oxygen and methane through electrolysis
fig 13.2: life cycle for oxygen consumption
90
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.6
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

8.6.1 WATER
& WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
The tasks of the subsystem (Dursap and

Poughon 2001, Henniger and others 1996):
drinking water supply, hygiene, water supply, food preparation, water supply and
economic water supply (recycling sewer,
water and chemical production of water);
sustaining sufficient humidity in the atmosphere; monitoring of quality, quantity and
chemical composition of supplying water
and completing water storage.
Mars or Bust teams say (2003, p. 70) that
the main task of Water Managing Subsystem is to supply drinking water and economic water for the members of the crew during
the whole mission. It is assumed that a six
person crew needs 4 liters of drinking water
and 23,5 liters of economic water per day.

collection and storage of solid waste; collection and recycling of urine; not-recyclable
water collection and storage; segregation
and recycling. Waste Managing Subsystem is responsible for the efficient collection, storage and recycling solid, liquid and
gas waste; i.e. it collects food remains, used
packagings, used filters, gas collected by
the Atmosphere Managing Subsystem,
urine, feces, used hygiene and drinking
water, dust and others. The management
of different waste may be diversified:
waste not available for recycling should
be stored differently from those, that might
be recycled. The subsystem should also
channel waste to other devices or places to
recycle it. (Dursap and Poughon 2001).
Tasks of the subsystem (Dursap and
fig 13.3: sectional elevation of ISS with different needs
91
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.6
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM

8.6.2 FOOD
PRODUCTION SYSTEM
Even though the task of space agriculture

is not limited to the production of food, but
includes the revitalization of air and water.
The choice of farming species is the start
of designing agriculture on Mars. The species should be selected on the basis of the
nutritional content that will meet human requirements for a healthy life. Secondly, crop
efficiency should be considered. Since the
area of the habitation will be small therefore the consideration of effectively using
the space becomes the bigger criteria as
shown in fig 13.5.
a suitable lighting system. The system is

also responsible for food preparation, i.e.
it should be also equipped with devices like
a kitchen robot, a microwave oven, a kettle
etc.agricultural system, a human habitat,
and a below-ground. The main producers
are photosynthetic plants, which convert
solar energy to a chemical form of energy
fixed in their biomass. Plants in space agriculture also act as water distillers.
Food Managing Subsystem tasks are to

store food properly e.g. in dehydrated
food or frozen food. If the system is ready
to acquire food it is equipped with many elements to cultivate plants or inbreeding
and raise animals. It may occupy even
several chambers (Dursap and Poughon
2001) .
It would be equipped with farming machines, cultivation or acre containers, cans
with plant seeds, harvest containers, and
fig 13.4: food production system
fig 13.5: hydroponics lab view
92
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.6
MARTIAN LIVABILITY
8.6.3 AIR
AND THERMAL SYSTEM
Another task of a subsystem (Dursap and

disposal of carbon dioxide and supplying
oxygen - revitalization of the atmosphere;
the chemical control of the atmosphere; the
pressure control of the atmosphere; the
temperature control; constant monitoring of
the atmospheric quality (searching for fungi and bacteria, and pollution control) and
smoke monitoring.
The Earths ecosystem realizes most of these
tasks that regulate the atmosphere behavior
as a unit in specific parts. On the whole the
Earths atmosphere supply people with oxygen, removes metabolic products (gas
in vestigial quantity and carbon dioxide)
and regulates temperature, pressure and
humidity by physical and biological processes. Exactly the same operations must
take place in enclosed ecosystems, although in a smaller scale.
fig 13.6: air control unit
93
Mars and Bust team says (2003, p. 60) the

main objective of the atmosphere, the
managing subsystem job is maintaining
an atmosphere acceptable for a human
being.
The temperature control system takes care
of sustaining humidity between 25-75%
(50% is optimal), and temperature between 18-26.7C. Oxygen supply is around
1 kg per person for one day in the atmosphere to breathe, considering possible
additional loss (oxidization in the environment around).
fig 13.7: oxygen pumping machine
chapter 8
MARS AREOGRAPHY
8.6
MARTIAN LIVABILITY
8.6.4 OVERALL
SYSTEM
LSS is an abbreviation of a name Life

Support System, what implies a combination of different instruments to support all life
functions of a human being. The system is
used in a hermetically enclosed place,
cut off from the extreme conditions of
the surrounding environment. Thus, it is
crucial in every kind of Space habitats,
including a Martian base. LSS artificially
imitates mechanisms that take place in
the Earths ecosystem which a human
being organism is used to (Janek, 2008).
Every subsystem consists of different
cooperating instruments to maintain the
main objective, that is the imperative of said
subsystem. The subsystems cooperate with
each other and depends on one another
because they all manage to create the adequate life environment in a habitat.
fig 13.8: connection between different units
fig 13.9: overall cycle for LSS
94
CHAPTER 9
SETTLING IN MARS
9.1
CONSIDERATION FOR MARTIAN BASE

9.1 THE
FRAMEWORK
Before designing the Martian habitat colony, it is imperative to make a narrative proposal that can suggest what Martianauts will
do on Mars; how they will tackle to the disaster, and what technologies they will require.
In fig 14.0, the general timeline has been
drawn out for the missions and their strateROBOT
mission
New rockets
BIG payload /
people
MANNED
Sci. mission
ROBOT SEARCH
HABITAT / ROVER technology development
Location research / Data analysis
gy which will start over from robots and then

afterwards manned mission to Mars will follow. To think about the future, this suggested timeline also represents the missions that
will be accomplished in due time after taking considerations of NASA and ESA available technologies.
is an international program, held by the strongest space agencies, in which all c

/ MINI
HUMAN in
EXPLORATION
programs will merge
to a single one, taking advantage of the most advancedHARVESTING
technologies
a
The nal goal is to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars. Human settlement in Mars is
Short-term Hab. / Labs
1st Permanent settlement / Short - term stays
1st Martian
leap for humankind and we think that exploring the solar system as a united humanity will bring u
gether.
will aid our understanding
the origins of the solar
system, the origins
of life/
4th group
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in the universe and our new hope.
nano technology soil testing through the robots
materials
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The Program will be implication
dividedofinsmart
4 Stages:
ROBO, FIX,
TERRA and STABLE MARS.
Each stage ha
dateS and specic goals, leading the program to its nal goal: to build an optimum habitable set
Mars.
2020
2030
EARTH YEAR
EARTH YEAR
fig 14.0: timeline for Mars mission
2020 - 2030
SCALE
Robots I are exploring and

testing the ground composition for the future settlement.
Finding optimal location,
DURATION
2020 - 2030 water and other minerals is
very important for the setbots are exploring and testing the ground composition for the future
tlements construction. The
ttlement. Finding optimal location, water and other minerals is very
data obtained by the robots,
portant for the settlements construction.
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and rovers.
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ogiesfor for
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one year.
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LOCATION
LAND EXPLORER
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10 YEARS
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TO START HABITAT COLONY
EXPLORE / SEARCH
Training programs for the

marsonauts are taken
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trainieeship eill be conductSCALE
ed for at least one year.
95
st manned mission will be taken place in this stage. Rockets with first
tlers, rovers and provisional settlements will be sent to Mars.
e first marsonauts are trained and prepared Scientists. There will be no
2020 - 2030
2020 - 2030
EARTH
LUNAR
BASE
T
SETTLERS AGE : 40 - 50
10 - 15 PEOPLE
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TECHNICIAN
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BIOLOGIST
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PROGRAM
SETTLEMENT
RO
mis
is an international program, held by the strongest space agencies, in which all current martian
programs will merge in to a single one, taking advantage of the most advanced technologies and knowledge.
The nal goal is to establish a permanent human settlement on Mars. Human settlement in Mars is the next giant
leap for humankind and we think that exploring the solar system as a united humanity will bring us all closer together. The program will aid our understanding of the origins of the solar system, the origins of life and our place
in the universe and our new hope.
The Program will be divided in 4 Stages: ROBO, FIX, TERRA and STABLE MARS. Each stage has a mission,
dateS and specic goals, leading the program to its nal goal: to build an optimum habitable settlement in
Mars.
2020
EARTH YEA
Incoming Permanent Settlelers
ROBOT
es, in which all current martian
mission
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MANNED
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MANNED
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ement in Mars is the next giant

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2020 - 2030
N growing
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EARTH
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- term stays
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nanostage
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. Each
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um habitable
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EARTH YEAR
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2040
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EARTH
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2020 - 2030
SCALE
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EARTH
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2030 - 2045
LOCATION
10 ROBOTS
2020 - 2030
LAND EXPLORER
AIR EXPLORER
LUNAR
UNDERGROUND
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First manned mission will be taken

LAND
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settlers,
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AIR EXPLORER
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MARS
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030
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nd testing the ground composition for the future

timal location, water and other minerals is very
ments construction.
MARS
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10 YEARS
10 YEARS
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PLAN II
FINDING OPTIMAL
LOCATION
TO START HABITAT COLONY
Robots are exploring and testing the ground composition for the future
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important for the settlements construction.
MISSION
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he robots, is analized in earth, by the mars prodeveloping construction techniques and technoloan habitats and rovers.
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proEXPLORE
gram Scientists, while developing construction techniques and technologies for the future human habitats and rovers.
the marsonauts are taken place during this

eill be conducted for at least one year.
Training programs for the marsonauts are taken place during this
stage. The trainieeship eill be conducted for at least one year.
TRAVEL PLAN I
place for mistakes or unprepared p

2.8 years is the return missions to
EXOMARS
ORBITOR
Their mission is to explore and exp

from the previous stage. Exper
extraction and materials for const
labs. First permanent settlement
worker.
EXPLORE / SEARCH
2020 - 2030
2045- 2060
SETTLERS
AGE : 40 - 50
SCALE
SCALE
2020 - 2030
10 - 15EARTH
PEOPLE
DOCTOR
TECHNICIAN
LUNAR
ARCHITECT
BASE
BIOLOGIST
CHEMIST
96
2045 -AGE
2060
SETTLERS
: 40 - 50
SETTLEMENTDOCTOR
The first stage ofBIOLOGIST
the permanent se
10 - 15 PEOPLE
MARS
spacecrafts will take

bigger payload
TECHNICIAN
CHEMIST
group will stay permanent
The first
2nd orbitor
ARCHITECT
EARTH
2020 - 2030
EARTH
LUNAR
BASE
LUNAR
BASE
TR
TR
2030 - 2045
First manned mission will be

taken place in this stage. Rockets with first settlers, rovers and
provisional settlements will be
sent to Mars The first marsonauts
are trained and prepared Scientists. There will be no place for
mistakes or unprepared people.
The stage is divided in 4 parts,
2.8 years is the return missions
to earth.
2020 - 2030
2020 - 2030
2020 - 2030
Their mission is to explore and

experiment with the rovers information from the previous stage.
Experiments about plant growth,
water extraction and materials
for construction will take place in
provisional labs. First permanent
settlement is being built with the
contruction worker.
EARTH
EARTH
2020 - 2030
LUNAR
BASE
LUNAR
BASE
2030- 2045
2030- 2045
EXOMAR
ORBITOR
EXOMAR
ORBITOR
TR
TR
2045 - 2060
The first stage of the permanent

settlement is finished. Bigger and
faster spacecrafts will take bigger payloads and more people to
the red planet. The first group will
stay permanently at this stage.
Couples are giving birth to the
first Martian borns. The settlement is now prepared for a bigger community with more green
spaces.
Development of green houses for
harvesting, and water extraction
facilities are being tested and developed by this stage.
2020 - 2030
2020 - 2030
2045- 2060
2020 - 2030
EARTH
EARTH
2045- 2060
2020 - 2030
LUNAR
BASE
LUNAR
BASE
2030- 2045
2030- 2045
EXOMAR
ORBITOR
EXOMAR
ORBITOR
TR
TR
2060 -
The settlement now hosts around

80 people and more are coming
in the next years. Life quality is
increasing and people are beginning to feel like more home.
Green spaces reminds of earth,
but martian identity is growing.
First tourist and non-scientific
people are visiting the planet for
the first time. Plans of buiding
new settlements in other location
are being taken into discussion.
First Terraform Experiments will
take place in controlled enviroments, hoping for a more habitable planet in the future.
97
2020 - 2030
2020 - 2030
2045- 2060
2045- 2060
EARTH
EARTH
LUNAR
BASE
LUNAR
BASE
2040
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EXOMA
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ments
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table planet in the future.
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planet
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+
++
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ataken
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Development
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me. Plans
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being
hoping for a more habitable planet in the future.
ties are being tested and developed.
nto discussion.
irst Terraform Experiments are taking place in controlled enviroments,

hoping for a more habitable planet in the future.
+ +++ + +
+ ++ +++ +
+
+
+
+
+
98
+
SCALE
SCALE
SCALE
SCALE
SETTLERS
SETTLERS
AGEAGE
: 25 -: 40
25 - 40
DOCTORSETTLERS
DOCTOR
AGRONOMIST
AGRONOMIST
SETTLERS
AGE
AGE
:
0
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0
- 80
30 - 60
30PEOPLE
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TECHNICIAN
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COUPLES
ARCHITECT
ARCHITECT
DOCTOR
DOCTOR
TOURISTS
TOURISTS
chapter 9
SETTLING IN MARS
9.2

9.2 SITE
SELECTION
The average Martian temperature is only

-60C. Yearly fluctuations near the surface
of the planet are large: during the coldest
winter night the temperature can drop to minus 140 C, and during the warmest summer
day the temperature can rise to plus 27 C
(ESA 2007). Chaos terrain, especially labyrinths, creates an illusion of an urban
area A net of valleys crisscrossed a kind
of a small plateau, as if there were small
cracks in it. Narrow canyons are easy to

caulk, and on steep, not withered slopes
there might be build many chambers
with lots of windows. Chaotic terrains and
labyrinths provide the best wind protection.
Their additional advantage is that chaos and
labyrinths are mostly found near the equator, where there is a warmer climate. However, the supply of machines to a building site
may become more complicated.
elevation is
okay
highest
mountain in
solar system
viking 1
PATHFINDER
thorium
silicon
iron
land relief
methane
sulphate
too m
du
too much
dust
dark streak
largest
canyon in
solar system
fig 14.1: opportunities in Mars
99
+ low radiation
+ clay minerals
+ water approx.
+optimum gravity
+ thermal approx.
selected site
HYDRAOTES
CHAOS
magnesium
opporunity
The other important aspects is

the mineral resource that can
be found in abundance in the
nearby areas. This can be also
seen from the fig 14.1, where
the robotic explorers are currently finding the evidence of life
and all the future ambitions / explorations are to be done in this
central area. The fig 14.2 suggests the philosophy of science
study that this site of Aureum
Chaos was formed due to the
abundance of water and when
the water started to evaporate
due to high exposure, the whole
site crumbled and left with a hill
like structures.
fig 14.2
elevation too
low and
difficult to
land
viking 2
too much
dust
DER
thorium
wind direction
acceptable
latitude
region for
high sunlight
iron
methane
site
TES
S
sulphate
too much
dust
spirit
curiosity
opporunity
elevation too
high
PAST EXPLORATION SITE through ROVERS

CURRENT EXPLORATION SITE through ROVERS
FUTURE EXOMARS EXPLORATION SITE
100
chapter 9
SETTLING IN MARS
9.2

9.2 SITE
SELECTION
Martian ground is a mixture of very tine

particles of dust and particles of a size of
sand grains, originating from weathering
processes of volcanic rocks. The researches on Martian dust in the atmosphere show
that those grains are rather shaped like flattened tiles, like a sticky clay, and not
in a form of identical dimensions, like
spheres of river sand (Markiewicz and
others 1999). There are being discovered areas rich in clay layers in the ground.
They have probably been created because
of water operation (MRO NASA 2006).
The chaos terrain on Mars is distinctive;

nothing on Earth compares to it. Chaos terrain generally consists of irregular groups
of large blocks, some tens of kilometers
across and a hundred or more meters high.
The greatest concentrations of chaotic terrain are in the same locations as giant, ancient river valleys. Because so many large
channels seem to originate from chaotic terrain, it is widely believed that chaos terrain
is caused by water coming out the ground in
the form of massive floods. Scientists think
+1000
-1600
1:50 000m
0
fig 14.3: selected site view
101
10
20km
it is made of distinct
layers created by the
evaporation of fluids or
by hydrothermal activity (Chaos, n.d.)
Many different theories have been argued
upon about how floods
of water came into existence with the formation of chaotic terrain.
Evidence for the involvement of water has
been foundminerals
associated with water,
such as gray, crystalline
hematite and phyllosilicates, are present in
chaos reigns.
Hereby in fig 14.4, the
site at 1:5000m shows
the hill side topography
which can be used for
further expansion by
mining out of the hills
at underground. The illustration in fig 14.6 and
fig 14.7 shows the conceptual collage for the
first habitation in which
it shows the entrance
being merged into a hillside and in another one
the use of technology
becomes an important
part in designing the
first habitation.
fig 14.4: selected site impression through working model
fig 14.5: aerial view of the Aureum Chaos
102
fig 14.6: collage showing the entrance of the habitation with tower like structure on top
fig 14.7: collage of the exterior wall that will incorporate nano-technologyto lit up the habitation
103
chapter 9
9.3
COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
9.3.1 THE
OVERVIEW
The community development and sufficiency are based on the production of food.
Food production is a basic necessity for human life and the nature of the Martian environment dictates that food production spaces will occur indoors. Whist a completely
closed ecosystem is not necessary due
to the possibility of the resupply of elements from local resources, an essentially
closed agricultural system is possible.
ronment on the Martian surface, the development of radiation resistant strains of crop
may be desirable (or the use of UV filters
(Cockell, 2001a) or artificial lighting). Plants
used for breeding must be protected from
the effects of harmful radiation to ensure
the genetic integrity and future viability
of the crop, however, this degree of protection is not necessary for crops being
planted for consumption (Hender, 2010).
Ideally, greenhouses would be stocked

with plants comparatively well suited to the
harsh conditions of Mars (Hender, 2010).
This would include UV tolerance to maximize the amount of natural light that may be
used and, thus, minimize power consumption. Alternatively, due to the radiation envi-
Greenhouses are capable of supplying

food to the colonists. Within closed loop
greenhouses will tend to work as a byproduct of photosynthetic reactions, the plants
will provide a bio-regenerative supply of
oxygen and will remove carbon dioxide from
the LSS.
fig 14.8: food production as an integral part of the habitat colony
104
chapter 9
9.3
9.3.1.1
LINEAR CITY DEVELOPMENT
A city is not only a fact in nature, but also a

conscious work of art (Mumford, 1938). The
concept of a linear city is old. Linear form of
human settlements is widespread in history
of urbanization. An ordinary village along
a road, known from ancient times, symbolizes the linear urban form. The road is the
village backbone along which habitation,
manufacture, storage and trade are located.
As well, a town beside a river frequently has
linear form. Previous two examples (village,
town) indicate that linear urban development is often a spontaneous response to local building conditions (road, river). We can
learn a lot from these old examples to make
a habitation colony for Mars. (Furundzic,
2014)
expanded along the main axis. It also has

its problems, particularly with respect to
traffic and congestion, and travel distances
from the extremities to central points. In a
linear city, unlike a traditional city, not only
a city center and suburbs are merged, but
also a city expansion is along a line without
taking up more space than is necessary.Linear urban form, well known in urban history,
was founded theoretically by the end of the
nineteenth century, the time when modern
Urbanism has appeared as the art and science. The essential characteristic of a linear city and a corridor is: a line. Regardless
of linear form strict conditions and certain
contradictions, linear concept demonstrates
adaptability.
A linear configuration credited first to Arturo

Soria in his partial plan for Madrid, which
is still evident today and also studied by
LeCorbusier. The plan has its benefits, a
logical compact linear design and is easily
The chief characteristic of linear concept

is a rapid and efficient movement of people and goods. The idea of linearity, being
utopian and without significant realizations
in the past, become promising and applica-
fig 14.9: proposed by Arturo Sorias project for the Ciudad Lineal of Madrid
105
ble to modern infrastructure corridors.

Analogous to linear city, infrastructure
corridor is a spine of elongated urban
formation which can expand without
growing wider (Furundzic, 2014).
PROS
Allows access to every building from
the interior and the exterior.
Minimizes length of the connecting
corridors.
CONS
Large extension.
As it continues to grow makes impossible shortcuts
fig 15.1: idea for the growth of colony in Mars
fig 15.2: linear pattern of connecting with exisiting area
fig 15.3: lot division in linear expansion
106
chapter 9
9.3
9.3.2 POLYCENTRIC
CITY DEVELOPMENT
The second approach to making a habitation

on Mars could be making multiple individual centers to cater very specific needs. Poly
means many and centric means center
so in a literal sense, the term polycentric indicates that a spatial entity consists of multiple centres. The term does not, however
clarify what kinds of controls (centers of a
transport axis, for housing, certain economic activities such as retail, industries etc.,).
This concept was introduced in urban geography by Harris and Ullman in 1945, representing an evolution of multi-center city in
multi-center city region or polycentric city
region. The process of sub-urbanization associated to a large city originated numerous
settlements located in its surroundings.
(Botequilha-Leito, 2010)
The form and degree of city function, its
specialization has interesting implications
fig 15.4: conceptual diagram of polycentric cities
107
for urban relationships at regional scales.

Central place theory is based on the hierarchical principle, where specialization relates
to city size, with large settlements providing
all the services of smaller centres. Centres
of the same size provide identical services
and thus there is no demand for horizontal
interaction.
The food production area could act the
centers in the Martian land while marking
the importance of it. These areas can have
communal spaces with different functions.
The centers could be made with different
sizes and materials, while giving freedom
for designing.
PROS
Independent buildings from the circular
axes provide more freedom both in shape
and size.
Large ranges of technologies available as
buildings are independent one, of the other.

Separation between building up to 5 meters to allow reparation and regeneration.
CONS
An eclectic look.
Connections between buildings are extensive.
fig 15.5: food production field at the center
fig 15.6: different examplles of city approach
fig 15.7: Emscher Landscape Park - Landscape of structural change
108
chapter 9
9.3
9.3.3 GRID
CITY DEVELOPMENT
The grid plan, grid street plan or gridiron plan is a type of city planning in which
streets run at right angles to each other,
forming a grid. In the context of the culture
of Ancient Rome, the grid plan method of
land measurement was called Centuriation
(Grid plan, 2014).
Grid systems represented an ideal way of
implementing urban plans, but were also
widely used in situations of rapid growth in
contrast to radial growth around and away
from a center which tended to be the way
in which cities grow naturally or organically
(Kostof, 1991).
A key characteristic of the grid pattern is
that any and all streets are equally accessible to traffic (non-hierarchical) and could be
chosen at will as alternative routes to a destination. In fig 15.8, the plan of Manhattan
shows the clear division of multiple access
fig 15.8: city plan of Manhattan district
109
points. This principle of redundancy can become very important to the Martian habitat
colony as well.
Broadacre City was an urban or suburban
development concept proposed by Frank
Lloyd Wright throughout most of his lifetime.
Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city
of the newly born suburbia, shaped through
Wrights particular vision. It was both a planning statement and a social-political scheme
by which each U.S. family would be given
a one acre (4,000 m) plot of land from the
federal lands reserves, and a Wright-conceived community would be built anew from
this. In a sense it was the exact opposite
of transit-oriented development. There is a
train station and a few office and apartment
buildings in Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small
minority. (Broadacre City, 2014). All important transport is done by automobile and the
pedestrian can exist safely only within the

confines of the one acre plot where most
of the population dwells. This approach
of city making can also be thought about
where there is an abundance of land esp.
on Mars.
PROS
Maximal densification.
Allows multiple routes from one point to
the other.
CONS
Wheeled access for regeneration to the
inner fabric depends on both axes being
accessible by building machinery.
Increments the corridor surface.
fig 16.0: divisions in a Grid city planning
fig 15.9: conceptual layout for grid city expansion
fig 16.1: broadacre city map by Frank Llyod Wright
fig 16.2: 18th century layout plan for Manhattan district
110
CHAPTER 10
EMERGING TECHNOLOGIES
10.1
NANO TECHNOLOGY
10.1.1 SMART
MATERIAL
Nanotechnology, a DISRUPTIVE innovation, the ability to manipulate matter at the

scale of less than one billionth of a meter,
has the potential to transform the built environment in ways almost unimaginable today.
On the near horizon, it may take building
enclosure materials (coatings, panels and
insulation) to dramatic new levels of performance in terms of energy, light, security and
intelligence (carbon, 2009).
hardness, or size.
Interactive smart materials are those that respond to a change in the environment, such
as temperature, pressure, UV radiation,
magnetic field, energetic impact or moisture. In each case, and for each example,
the materials response can be different: the
material could change color, translucency,
We can also consider solar coatings as it

is a paint that generates energy, materials
that can withstand exceptionally powerful
forces. A transparent and exible electrode
based on a precision fabric with metal and
polymer bers woven into a mesh can generate energy in the Martian atmosphere.
Particularly interesting are the materials

which generate energy from the differing
environmental conditions. Examples are piezoelectric cells, which operate under pressure, or thermo-active materials, which are
based on temperature differences. Smart
materials are not new. They are already being used. (Smart, 2003)
fig 16.3: applying the nano technology on exterior and structural system
111
fig 16.4: size of nano unit in comparison to body tissue
fig 16.5: properties of a material
fig 16.6: temperature regulation: PHASE CHANGE MATERIALS
112
chapter 10
10.1
NANO TECHNOLOGY
10.1.2 NANO
VENT SKIN
NVS is not trying to reinvent or reshape

nature. Its just acting as a merger of different means and approaches into energy
absorption and transformation, which will
never happen in nature. Square meter agricultural system, a human habitat, and a below-ground.
Designer Agustin Otegui has invented a
living building skin called the Nano Vent
Skin employing several of these emerging
technologies being described. It features
micro-turbines that generate wind power,
an exterior photovoltaic skin that generates
solar power, and an interior skin of microorganisms that filter CO from the atmosphere
and produce oxygen. (Vent, 2008)
The outer skin of the structure absorbs sun-
light through an organic photovoltaic skin

and transfers it to the nano-fibers inside the
nano-wires which then is sent to storage
units at the end of each panel.
Each turbine on the panel generates energy
by chemical reactions on each end where it
makes contact with the structure. Polarized
organisms are responsible for this process
on every turbines turn.
The inner skin of each turbine works as a
filter absorbing CO2 from the environment
as wind passes through it. These micro organisms have not been genetically altered;
they work as a trained colony where each
member has a specific task in this symbiotic
process. For example, an ant or a bee colony, where the queen knows what has to be
fig 16.7: conceptual Nano Vent tower by Agustin Otegui
113
done and distributes the tasks between the members. The fact of using nano-bioengineering
and nano-manufacturing as means of production is to achieve an efficient zero emission material which uses the right kind and amount of material where needed. The Nano VentSkin is
another external skin system that can be applied to virtually any surface (Vent, 2008).
fig 16.8: nano scale vents to produce electricity and purify air
fig 16.9: nano solar fiber to become part of fabric
114
chapter 10
10.1
NANO TECHNOLOGY
10.1.3 CARBON
NANO TUBE
Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and

stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of
tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. With their extraordinary strength and
fascinating knack for conducting electricity
and heat, nanotubes are finding applications in everything from cancer treatments
to hydrogen cars(Tube, 2009).
nanotube diameter is about 10,000 times

smaller than a human hairbut their impact
on science and technology has been enormous.
These structures of carbon may be tinya
A mid horizon, the development of carbon

nanotubes and other breakthrough materials could radically alter building design and
performance. The entire distinction between
structure and skin, for example, could disappear as ultralight, super-strong materials
fig 17.1: mechanism for space elevator
fig 17.2: detail outlook on space elevator
115
functionalities as both structural

skeleton and enclosing skin are
developed(carbon, 2009).
It is expected that a new substance, known as diamond and
constructed of all carbon nanotubes made of the highest molecular density and bonding power, will
be fifty times the strength of steel
and lighter in weight (NanoArchitecture, 2011)
They are at least 100 times stronger than steel, but only one-sixth as
heavy so nanotube fibers could
strengthen any material. Also, nanotubes can conduct heat and
electricity far better than copper,
and are already being used in polymers to control or enhance conductivity.
fig 17.3:nano carbon tube structure
fig 17.4: illustration of space elevator
116
chapter 10
10.2
3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY
Setting up a lunar base could be made much
simpler by using a 3D printer to build it from
local materials. Industrial partners, including renowned architects Foster + Partners
have joined with ESA to test the feasibility of
3D printing using lunar soil.
The multi - dome base being constructed
Multi-dome lunar base being constructed,
based on the 3D printing concept. Once
assembled, the inflated domes are covered
with a layer of 3D-printed lunar regolith by
robots to help protect the occupants against
space radiation and micrometeorites.3D
printouts are built up layer by layer. A mobile printing array of nozzles on a 6 m frame
sprays a binding solution onto a sand-like
building material. First, the simulated lunar
material is mixed with magnesium oxide to
turn it into paper to print with. Then for the
structural ink a binding salt is applied to
convert the material to a stone-like solid.
Currently 3D printers are built at a rate of
around 2 m per hour, while next-gen designs

should attain 3.5 m per hour, completing
an entire building in a week. (Lunarbase,
2013)
The company more typically uses its printer
to create sculptures and is working on artificial coral reefs to help preserve beaches
from energetic sea waves. Foster + Partners
devised a weight-bearing catenary dome
design with a cellular structured wall to
shield against micrometeorites and space
radiation, incorporating a pressurized inflatable to shelter astronauts. A hollow closedcell structure reminiscent of bird bones
provides a good combination of strength
and weight (ESAc, n.d.).
fig 17.5: Lunar habitat made from 3D printer technology
117
fig 17.6: testing lab in Italy
fig 17.7: covering the habittat from celluose fibre from regolith
118
chapter 10
10.3
HYPO-BARRIC MARTIAN CLOTHING

10.3.1 BIO
SUIT
The Bio-Suit System stands to revolutionize human space exploration by providing

enhanced astronaut extravehicular activity
(EVA) locomotion and life support based on
the concept of providing a second skin capability for astronaut performance.
The novel design concept is realized
through symbiotic relationships in the areas of wearable technologies; information
systems and evolutionary space systems
design; and biomedical breakthroughs in
skin replacement and materials. By working
at the intersection of engineering; design;
medicine; and operations, new emergent
capabilities could be achieved (Flexible,
2012).
The Bio-Suit System would provide life support through mechanical counter-pressure
where pressure is applied to the entire body
through a tight-fitting suit with a helmet for
the head. Wearable technologies will be embedded in the Bio-Suit layers and the outer
layer might be recyclable. Hence, images of
spraying on the inner layer of the Bio-Suit
System emerge, which offers design advantages for extreme, dusty, planetary environments.
Flexible space system design methods are
slated to enable adaptation of Bio-Suit hardware and software elements in the context
of changing mission requirements. Reliability can be assured through the dependence
of Bio-Suit layers acting on local needs and
conditions through self-repair at localized
sites while preserving overall system integrity. The Bio-Suit System is relevant to NASAs
strategic plan and stated visionary challenges in the Human Exploration and Development of Space, AeroSpace Technology,
and Space Science (Flexible, 2012)
fig 17.8: illustration of Matrianaut wearing Bio Suit for EVA
119
fig 17.9: different concepts for the Bio Suit
fig 18.1: astranauts suits change over time to skin fit Bio suit
SOn the left, an astronaut on Mars is depicted donning the comfortable elastic Bio-Suit layer (1). The
hard torso shell (4) is donned next and seals with
couplings at the hips and portable life support system, (5) attaches mechanically to the hard torso
shell, and provides gas counter pressure. Gas pressure flows freely into the helmet (2) and down tubes
on the elastic bio-suit layer to the gloves and boots
(3). The Bio-suit layer is lightweight and easy to don
and doff. It is custom fitted to each astronaut using
a laser scanning/electrospinlacing process (Natick
Soldier Center). Remaining suit elements are simple, functional, interchangeable and easy to maintain and repair. (BIO, n.d)
fig 18.2: different parts of Bio Suit
120
CHAPTER 11
HABITAT SYSTEM
11.1
HABITAT STRUCTURE
11.1.1 RIGID
HABITAT
One-element modules are the classic example of previously built Space habitats.
These kind of module is a prepared and
finished element. It is also completely
fixed and rigid. That is why their cubature
is limited by the cargo space of amounting
rockets. In case of NASA they are 8m in diameter and of similar length, and in case
of the Russian Space Agency about 4m
in diameter and a dozen or so meters in
length. Those types of construction offer
only limited residential space.
Metal constructions are very resistant and
trustworthy, because they proved useful
many times in different Space shuttles.
These habitat structures have some advantages as well and they are stated as below:
- One-element modules could work as containers to transport other elements, assembling constructions, amounting to Mars.
Those modules might be also connected
together to build a larger complex.
- Fixed constructions in a form a horizontal cylinder or a sphere need to be stabilized, e.g. in a form of legs on their sides
not to let them to roll.
- The assembly of unfolded modules should
be automated.
- The skeletal structures may imitate their
Earths prototypes. There are many different
sources of inspiration. However, an ob-
fig 18.3: rigid habitat to be carried in a pay load from Earth
121
long form is highly recommended.

- Metal constructions might be painted optionally. Also, plastics are easy to color or to cover with colored foil. A well planned color would enhance the aesthetics of the habitat
significantly.
fig 18.4: illustration of Rigid habitat on Mars
fig 18.5: experimenatal Rigid habitat
122
chapter 11
HABITAT SYSTEM
11.1
HABITAT STRUCTURE
11.1.2 HYPERBARRIC
HABITAT
The inflatable structures are exceptionally light and easy to transport. However,
to mount them it requires heavy inflating
vehicles. To minimize the mass of the
amounted load of cargo, there could be
planned a ballasting tube filled with the
Martian regolith in situ with the use of inflatable anchorage. There could be small
membrane elements put into the drilled
holes in the ground, inflated in situ. The inside atmosphere of the Martian habitat
is kept at higher pressure than the outside
fig 18.6: inflatable habitat module for Mars
123
one so that Martianauts can breathe comfortably.

In the Earths inflatable architecture structures, the foil is not very often used, because
it is expensive and less resistant to damage
than covered fabrics. The most often in use
are air-bags with ETFE. They are transparent, considerably resistant, and they are
characterized with a low building energy.
(Janek, 2008).
fig 18.7: conceptual illutration for inflatable habitat
For inflatable constructions on Earth, these structure are made up of FEP foil. In the astronautics, now the most popular material is PI (polymide).
fig 18.8: connection of different modules at Lunar surface
124
chapter 11
HABITAT SYSTEM
11.1
HABITAT STRUCTURE
11.1.3 BRICK
VAULT HABITAT
The optimum on-site material to use for

construction of structures on Mars is brick
the biggest advantage of brick is that it is
very simple to make. The raw material for
bricks can be found nearly everywhere on
the Martian surface in the form of iron-rich
clay-like dust, fibers that have been brought
along could also be added to create a
stronger brick. According to a test done at
Martin Marietta the Martin soil can be turned
into Duricrete that is half as strong as normal concrete (Thomas, 2001).
The surface material of Mars also contains
gypsum, which when added to mortar creates the Portland cement; this will greatly
improve the tensile strength. As brick has
large compression strength, it is a good idea
to build vaults, in this way an entire structure
can be built using compression forces and
only a minimum of tensile forces will occur.

Some useful tips for constructing this kind of
habitats are as stated:
- With the Martian regolith and stones available on the planet in huge quantities can be
made of various types of construction i.e.
gabions, vaults etc.
- Using a variety of building materials influences the diversity base design.
- To reduce the amount of equipment needed can be reduced multifunction machine
and assign them to different tasks, such as
excavator can collect loose soil on Mars.
- The biggest drawback of the structure of
the Martian regolith and rocks is their poor
strength. Consequently, it is necessary to
fig 18.9: testing brick vault structure made from Martian regolith (iron oxide)
125
use special methods of performing ceilings.

- Vaults and domes are the best solution.
fig 19.1: conceptual section of the underground habitat
fig 19.2: conceptual illustration of underground habitat made out of brick vault structure
126
chapter 11
HABITAT SYSTEM
11.1
HABITAT STRUCTURE
11.1.4 UNDERGROUND
HABITAT
Hollow structures in the mining industry

are called pits. There are two basic types
of excavation: surface and underground.
Excavation cast (outcrop) is the surface
exposure of the rock mass. Underground
excavation is empty space surrounded by
a hollow space in the ground around the
rocks. Underground excavation may take
the form of: a tunnel, shaft or chamber. On
Mars, the removal of regolith and use the
excavated material should be digging . In
this type of construction work can be used
simply equipment manual or excavator.
Hereby in fig 19.3, the underground habitation of mole one thing is very important
in their structure is the multiple pathways;
whereas habitat area exist in the bottom.
fig 19.3: Mole underground habitat structure
127
The other two examples fig 19.4 and fig 19.5

resembles the habitation with mole structure,
where the connection of multiple pathway is
vital. In human underground habitation, the
need of light and air circulation becomes
more important, therefore the vertical shaft
system has been deployed.
PROS
Protection against winds, dust, storms and
whirlwinds, frost, Cosmic and Sun Rays.
Possibility of liquid in deep underground
Martian shell.
Natural structures are more durable and
stable, so the base will be intact for ages to
come.
A resistant temperature stability, what
benefits in energy savings while heating
such a structure.
Easy to expand once started.
CONS
Limited view of landscape
fig 19.4: underground city in Derinkyu, Turkey
fig 19.5: underground city of Kayamakli
128
chapter 11
HABITAT SYSTEM
11.1
HABITAT STRUCTURE
11.1.5 FRACTAL
GROWTH
Living cities have intrinsically fractal properties, in common with all living systems. The
word fractal in dictionary.com is defined as
a geometrical or physical structure having an irregular or fragmented shape at all
scales of measurement between a greatest
and smallest scale such that certain mathematical or physical properties of the structure.
A citys life comes from its connectivity (Dupuy, 1991). All the geometry does is to facilitate in the support for human interactions
can occur. Each connection takes place in
order to carry out an information exchange
between two nodes (Castells, 1989; Meier,
1962). Hereby the fractal growth from nature

/ biomimcry can give us direction to work
out for the expansion of the city. (Salingaros, n.d)
The idea for this first habitation is to develop
a system from which the habitation can be
replicated and could be divided into parts.
The accessibility for this growth will become
important and will direct the path for future
expansion.
fig 19.6: fractal growth in leaves in comparison to street heirarchy
129
chapter 11
HABITAT SYSTEM
11.2
COPING WITH DISASTER

11.2.1 THE
BACKUP STRATEGY
Safety is of vital importance to the viability

and sustainability of a habitat in the harsh
conditions on Mars.
Marc Cohen (1995) discusses the safety philosophy for the first Mars outpost
in reference to Rockwell International
Space Station Crew Safety Alternatives
Study (Peercy et al, 1985). Cohens selected
philosophy for the first Mars outpost is to
Cause no damage to the First Mars Outpost or injury to the crew that will result
in a suspension of operations (Hender,
2010).
This is also applicable to a Martian habitat and essentially states that all critical operations must continue during an incident
(or a backup must take over in place of the
other), including habitat atmospheric containment, life support systems, etc. It allows
for an injured individual, or group, to recover in an operational and safe environment. This philosophy implies the need
for redundancy on all life critical systems,
including redundancy in the habitat structure itself, to allow for repairs to take place.
The cost of including a high level of safety
into the habitat design is, as Cohen points
out, not significantly more than the cost
of an unsafe habitat; the expense associated with safety comes about when it is
incorporated into the design during the
final design stages, or during construction
(Hender, 2010).
fig 19.7: different types of habitat structure
130
CHAPTER 12
MARTIAN SETTLEMENT PLAN
12.1
THE TIMELINE: BASIC

The first man made mission will take place in
the year 2030, after which robotic exploration
will suggest a suitable site for the first Martian
habitation. The first habitation will consist of
six people who will be multi-professionals like
architect + miners, biologist + miner etc. They
will start off with mining processes and out of
which the site will be used for for future habitations. The target of this group would be to
construct a safe underground habitation within 5 years of timeline starting from 2030-2035
for twelve people or more. Another part of this
colony will be to construct an industrial rea
for the production of steel that can be easily
produced from the dig up regolith of Mars. The
reason for going underground is that the Martian atmosphere is very harsh to the human
body due to different radiation levels, i.e. solar
or galactic and the pressure of its atmosphere
is very less that is only about 1%. Therefore,
the need for expansion in underground surface looks much viable and efficient as the
Martian surface will hold the hyperbaric habitation inside and will provide the anchorage
as well. The whole underground mining system will be done through robots and the dig up
ground (iron oxide) will be used for production
of the steel that will be used in the construction
of first habitation.
The whole habitation will be lighter in weight
as the horizontal structure (platforms) will be
built up with steel and then will be protected
through the Martian regolith. As it is visible in
fig. 19.8 that some goals have been set up for
each stage. The focus of this project designing has been set on stage F1 where mining,
construction and extraction will start to happen. Afterwards it will start to grow and develop the habitation colony system in later years
to come.
The selected site of Aureum chaos is known
131
2030 - 2045
DURATION 15 YEARS
AGE GRO
F1 2030 - 2035
SCALE 6 PEOPLE 3 MINER,1 ARCHITECT,1GEOLOGIST, 1 BIOLOGIST
SCAL
GENDER
GEND
6 MALE
underground mining
FOCUS: mining & construction

GOAL
1. to lay out a foundation for permanent Martian base by digging the ground
with proper spray insulation technique.
2. to extract water and areothermal from Mars base.
3. to construct a launch facility for 2 rockets.
FOC
GOA
1. to m
2. to co
3. to ex
4. to de
5. to in
NEEDS
NEE
1. A temporary base send from Earth with Wroking, Living & Social area.
2. Construction of launching system.
3. Mobile working and living unit.
4. Basic LSS system.
5. Technical systems equipped with robots.
6. Energy production.
7. Workshop.
8. Steel-making Industry
1. Tran
researc
2. Mob
3. CLSS
4. Stora
5. Hydr
6. Work
7. Proc
8. Ener
9. Laun
10. Ste
for its availability of minerals like nickel and clay, and it has been suggested as well that this
site might have consisted water, since clay minerals are formed due to water. These habitation colonies will also start to extract the water from on a surface by heating up the land with
the evaporation process. The important aspect of this habitation will be to produce energy
and this will be done with the wind, solar and areothermal. Since the habitation will be made
underground therefore, it will be easier to extract the thermal heat from the Martian land.
Overall, the stages hereby defined will become the basis of designing the habitation colony
in years to come and the focus of this narrative would be to extract the minerals from the Martian land and build a new habitation for miners. In later on years, these minerals could send
back to Earth and Matrian land will act as a backup resource point.
2030 - 2045
RS
F2 2036 - 2044
F3 2045 onwards
SCALE 30 PEOPLE 12 MINER, 3 ARCHITECT, 3 GEOLOGIST, 5 BIOLO-
GENDER
GENDER
7 MALE AND 5 FEMALE
underground mining
SCALE 18 PEOPLE 9 MINER,2 ARCHITECT,2 GEOLOGIST, 3 BIOLOGIST

2 CHEMIST+ DOCTOR
STAY PERIOD 2 YEARS & replaced with incoming Martian people
AGE GROUP 40-50
GIST, 1 BIOLOGIST
GIST 4 CHEMIS, 2 DOCTOR, 1 TECHNICIAN
7 MALE AND 5 FEMALE
underground + on surface mining
on surface + underground mining
FOCUS: mining, construction & extraction

GOAL
FOCUS: mining, construction, extraction

& transporting
GOAL
1. to mine out and start to extract the minerals.

2. to continue with making underground habitat.
3. to extract water and areothermal from Mars.
4. to develop a industrial unit for construction and packing the material.
5. to construct a second launch facility for 2 rockets.
6. Use smart material.
7. to extend the energy unit.
by digging the ground
1. to mine out and start to extract the minerals.

2. to continue with making foundation for permanent Martian base.
3. to extract water and areothermal from Mars.
4. to develop a energy Unit.
5. to inhabit the first Martian base.
NEEDS
NEEDS
ving & Social area.
1. Transition from temporary base to permanent. i.e living, social, working,

research & health center.
2. Mobile living & working unit.
3. CLSS system.
4. Storage place.
5. Hydroponic system.
6. Workshop.
7. Processing Unit.
9. Launch Facilty.
1. Permanent base underground with living, working, social, research health

& religious center.
2. Mobile living & working unit.
3. CLSS system.
4. Storage place.
5. Hydroponic & Aquaponic system.
6. Workshop.
7. Processing Unit.
9. Second Launch Facility
10.launching pad
fig 19.8: overall narrative for underground mine out city
132
chapter 12
12.2
2030-2250*: SETTLEMENT SYSTEM

12.2.1 2030-2036
STAGE 1
For F1 stage, a module of 6 meters will be

launched from a payload of a rocket. This
habitat module will be carried from Earth
and will have all the necessities required to
make the habitation in Mars. After landing
on the cardinal points set up by the previous
robotic mission, this habitation will start to
expand by mining out the Martian surface.
Starting in the first year, this habitation will
construct a new LSS, hydroponics area, ingress and egress facility for moving into the
fig 19.9: habitat growth in plan view from 2030-2035
133
rovers and outside. In this first stage, a steel

manufacturing industry will also be set up
so that the resources of the dig out ground
could be utilized for the underground habitation.
There are 2 stages of each habitation i.e.
one is the digging of Martian soil to make
customized light weight steel that will be
used for designing the interior of habitation
and when the habitation will be completed
then the other stage will be started. An-
chapter 12
12.2

12.2.2 2036-2060
STAGE 2
other stage is about making a connection

establish a link as well as a new communal
area between habitation through the underground mining techniques.
The first habitation will be completed in the
year 2035 and further extension will start to
happen in the next phase of F2 stage in later

years of 2036. This extension would be connected to the first habitation with a communal space while making a link between the
other habitations. As it can be seen, the area
marked in red dotted lines show the habita-
fig 20.1: habitat growth in plan view from 2030-2110
134
chapter 12
12.2

12.2.3 2060-2110*
STAGE 3
tion will be constructed in a later years.

The green areas marked as the communal
zone in the plan view and will integrate different functions like food production, institute,
museum, etc. These programs will not only
make these habitation work better but will
have a positive impact on the psychology

of the Martianauts, while making them more
secured in extra terrestrial environment.
These spaces will be interlinked with all the
other habitations and will act as a back up
strategy for future of habitation.
fig 20.2: habitat growth in plan view from 2030-infinity
135
chapter 12
12.3

12.3.1 ZONE
PLAN 1
All three options illustrated below have the

basic habitation system that will grow over
time, one after the other. This system is designed as to be flexible for the number of
years to come. The first settlement will act
as a base area from which the growth will
start to happen from plain underground surfaces to the inside of hills.
The idea for making the residential sector
closer to each other gives a sense of security and neighborhood. Therefore, the yellow zone being marked becomes a center
for residential area, whereas the communal
spaces surround it. These communal areas
also act as a buffer zone and the industrial
area loops around the communal area from
which the energy will be generated. The
zoning plan 1 is a basic configuration of the
first Martian settlement for approximately
1st habitation
fig 20.3: Zoned plan 1
136
chapter 12
12.3

12.3.2 ZONE
PLAN 2
900 people and gives a sense of easy connection with a clear division. The strategy of
this overall organization has been taken from
the gridiron pattern whereas, it also gives a
sense of making boulevard acting as main
connectors while avenues as the intermediate ones with street as the basic ones.
In zoning plan 2 and 3, the the underground
connections between the habitations and
short linkages becomes important. It is easy
1st HABITATION
137
to say if the habitations remain the same, then

the overall organization can be changed according to the new requirements set up by
the Martian community. The roundabouts
seen in all three different zoning plans suggest the tower like structure will be built up
and this also marks the identity for these
habitations. Each habitation in this system
will have multiple emergency exit points as
well.
chapter 12
PRIVATE
12.3
row houses (2 storey deep)

12.3.3 ZONE
WORKING
retail
office
industrial area
PLAN 3
PRIVATE
PUBLIC
workshop
tower (multipurpose)
power production
hospital
cemetaries
lss open space
vegetation space
place for worship
educational
row houses (2 storey deep)

WORKING
retail
office
industrial area
PUBLIC
workshop
tower (multipurpose)
power production
hospital
cemetaries
lss open space
vegetation space
place for worship
educational
1st HABITATION
80
160
320
138
CHAPTER 13
MARTIAN HABITAT DESIGN
13.1
SETTLEMENT PLAN
The grid plan dates from antiquity and
originated in multiple cultures; some of the
earliest planned cities were built using grid
plans.
By 2600 BC, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, major cities of the Indus Valley Civili-
zation, were built with blocks divided by a

grid of straight streets, running north-south
and east-west. Each block was subdivided
by small lanes. A workers village at Giza,
Egypt (2570-2500 BC) housed a rotating labor force and was laid out in blocks of long
galleries separated by streets in a formal
HABITATION FOR 780 INHABITANTS
STEEL & SILCON CHIP

PRODUCTION
LAUNCH PAD FOR INCOMINGS.
LAUNCH PAD FOR OUTGOINGS.
fig 20.6: overall planned view with the context in Martian land
139
NTER
ENTER
ENTER
NING
C AREA
grid. Many pyramid-cult cities used a common orientation: a north-south axis from the royal palace east-west axis from the temple meeting at a central plaza where King and God
merged and crossed. (Grid plan, 2014)
The strong essence of making a place becomes important for the first habitation in Mars that
will mark its identity. The whole urban plan is divided into portions and the connectivity between the habitation gives an importance both from on-surface and underground levels. This
habitation system is flexible enough to design on further habitation; once a portion starts and
could be changed in later on stages. The urban plan grows inside the flat land surrounded
by the hills. It will connect to the surrounded hills so that these hills could become a part of
habitation in future stages. Also, it provides enough space for further changes, if implemented and will start to grow as organic colony inside these hills. This overall scheme will act as
a major base point from where the other settlements will start to grow and will develop up its
own Martian identity. There will be two launching pads that will be developed over time, one
for arrival and another one for departure. The habitation system will start to grow in a very
systematic manner so that energy is used efficiently..
The organization diagrams here suggest the different ideas that have been taken into consideration in making
this overall urban scheme
successful. The first idea was
to build the
CENTER
ORIENTATION
CIRCULATION
ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION
ORIENTATION
CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION
CIRCULATION
DIVIS
DIVIS
DIVI
ZONING
ZONING
ZONING
PRIVA
PRIVATE;
PUBLIC
AREA
PRIVATE;
PUBLIC
AREA
PRIVATE;
PUBLIC
AREA
BOULEVARD;
AVE
BOULEVARD;
AV
BOULEVARD;
AVEN
UNDERGROUND CONNECTION TO
THE PUBLIC SPACES
DIVISION
UNDERGROUND
CONNECTION
TO
UNDERGROUND
CONNECTION
TO
UNDERGROUND
CONNECTION
TO
THE
PUBLIC
SPACES
THE
PUBLIC
SPACES
THE
PUBLIC
SPACES
BOULEVARD; AVENUE; STREET

INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIAL
INDUSTRIAL
AREA
AREA
AREA
fig 20.7: organization diagrams for habitat growth
140
OVERALL STRATEGY FOR CIRCUL

OVERALL
OVERALLSTRATEGY
STRATEGYFOR
FORCIRCULATION
CIRCULATION
chapter 13
13.1
SETTLEMENT PLAN
from solar panels and wind mills / turbines.
The rovers / robots will be attached to the
individual emergency exit modules for each
habitation.
scheme from center with cardinal axis. The

Centre will mark the identity of the Martian
habitation. This idea has been translated
into further developments of making more
access points and act as dividers with multiple ingress/ egress points. The division
of this scheme is connected to the idea of
making these habitations united and will
work together as a community since it can
be seen from these diagrams below.
The system will grow in a linear way and this
ZONING
expansion will be doneDIVISION
in a loop. Habitation
numbers will be tailored to the grid. The divisions are made through calculating the exact number of inhabitants (12 in each) who
will live inside these habitation structures.
As bigger communal spaces are meant to
accommodate 48 people and it will provide
all the amenities needed for Martianauts to
survive in it.
LINEAR EXPANSION
As it is shown in fig 21.1, the on ground surBOULEVARD;

AVENUE;the
STREET
face will be used
to generate
energy
PRIVATE; PUBLIC AREA
COMMUNAL ZONE WITH LSS
+
+
INDUSTRIAL
AREA
fig 20.8: strategy applied from the grid city planning
141
IRCULATION
+
+
INDUSTRIAL
AREA
OVERALL STRATEGY FOR CIRCULATION
fig 20.9: conceptual diagram for connecting each habitat through underground communal corridors
fig 21.1: plan view for habitation
142
fig 21.2: rovers attached to emergency exit module on surface
fig 21.3: overall view of the habitation
fig 21.4: clear paths for EVA on surface
143
fig 21.4: working area on surface with PV cell and wind mills to generate energy
fig 21.5: tower like structures made from carbon nano tube
fig 21.6: overall view of habitation
144
chapter 13
13.1
SETTLEMENT PLAN YEAR 2036

The proposed habitat design becomes
a modular approach as to allow the expansion. It provides redundancy of critical systems and compartmentalization
in the event of decompression, fire or

other event in one of the modules.
Hereby, the proposed plan is the part
of the larger urban plan and it works
DN
fig 21.7: proposed plan view from top of year 2035
egress/ingress with
air lock system
energy production
area
PLAN AT -1.3
fig 21.8: proposed plan view at -1.3
145
for 12 people who can stay in it. As explained earlier that the plan will be done in different phases, but this plan illustrated below is made for the first settlers who will go to live
on Mars. The above ground surface is utilized for energy production and whole habitat
is being built underground to provide shelter from cosmic and solar radiations. The Himarvari technology is used to provide the sunlight inside the habitation that can be used
and fixed easily since it collects the light onto the lens and then transform it through fiber optics. One side of these habitation is used as entrance and at the other extreme
end, an underground connection hub is provided to link it up with the other habitations.
The size for one habitation that will consist 12 people is about 14m x 28m. The size plays
an important role in determining the efficiency to these habitat structures. The ramp takes
the Martianauts down to the habitation where the air lock system is provided. This airlock
is attached to a workshop area to facilitate the rovers and adjacent to it is the power control area. This power generating room will work individually for each habitat and in urban
to be build in 2036, a social

space that is underground
connected to the other habitat
emergency exist and

connection to the rover
and habitat module
emergency exist and

connected to the rover
uction
146
chapter 13
13.1
SETTLEMENT PLAN
context the power generating areas that
are allocated on the periphery will act as
a backup option to provide enough power.
Research indicates that the majority of power used by a Martian habitat is consumed
by ISRU processes, with some estimates
suggesting that this could be as high as 80

of the total energy produced. It is suggested
at this early stage, a power supply of approximately 50kW per person be provided. This
equates to 60kW of active power generation
per person, or 10 times the average Earth
aerothermal power production

area
147
consumption. Detailed power draw calculations must be undertaken on the equipment contained.
The green house / hydroponics area has been provided at the beginning of the habitat. Living
space and greenhouse areas are separated to facilitate the tailoring of atmospheric
conditions to individual greenhouses and also allow the monitoring of its effectiveness in the
life support (atmosphere regeneration) processes. The greenhouse will be separated
from other habitat areas to assess and monitor their contribution to the life support system and allow their individual environmental conditions to be tailored for its suitability to the
particular crop. Greenhouse lighting will be designed to simulate the Earths UV environment and illuminated with LED lights (for energy efficiency) to varying levels and wavelengths
to benefit the yield of the particular plant/crop. The crops will be grown in a treated Martian
soil (washed of salts, nutrients added, etc.) subject to further investigations or, were found to
be impractical, will be hydroponically grown. In addition to crop growth in greenhouses, food
within the habitat may include fish, honey (from bees that will also pollinate crops), chicken,
algae, strawberry, potato, etc. providing variety and contingency in the event of specific disease. The food production area has been linked with the service area that is in the center and
to be build in 2036, a social
space twith passage way
aerothermal power production

area
module in detail
148
chapter 13
13.2
SETTLEMENT DIAGRAM
consists of air control, power control, water
management, storges and hygienic area.
As it has been suggested in the experimental project of Bio Sphere2 that 1 person requires almost 200 square meters of
food production areas, but in the future,
it is assumed that this will reduce to 100
square meters per person. Furthermore,
this area can be divided through the hydroponic system where the plants can be
grown on the shelves at different levels.

The tower in these habitations will act as
vertical gardening tower. The whole plan
is also divided through the programs that
will occur in day or night shift. The usage
of these areas becomes important to make
the plan successful in terms of its efficiency.
Communication with Earth and other surface areas of Mars will need to be maintained at all times. The time lag for commu-
SPACE FARMING recycle system
Supply of food to space stations and proposed

interplanetary spaceships is staggeringly expensive.
The existence of a space farm would aid the creation of
a sustainable environment, as plants can be used to
recycle wastewater, purify air and recycle faeces on the
space station or spaceship.
LINEAR AND VERTICAL GROWTH

dividing in to shelfs to
get maximum efficiency
fig 22.2: overall strategy used in the habitation for food production
149
SLEEP
9h scheculed
HYGIENE
1h (on showerdays)
SLEEP
9h scheculed
FUNCTIONS OVERLAP, BUT CAN BE TEMPORARILY
SEPARATED
WORK
9h
VISUALLY CONNECTED TO INSIDE
HYGIENE
1h (on showerdays)
FUNCTIONS OVERLAP, BUT CAN BE TEMPORARILY
SEPARATED
WORK
9h
VISUALLY CONNECTED TO INSIDE
SLEEP
EVAS
FOOD
3h
WORK
SLEEP
EVAS
FOOD
3h
WORK
LSS SYSTEM
LEISURE
LSS SYSTEM
LEISURE
FOOD
HYGIENE
HYGIENE
LEISURE
2.5h
LEISURE
2.5h
FOOD
TOTAL
TOTAL
24h37min
24h37min
fig 22.3: plan with different timely activities
150
chapter 13
13.2
SETTLEMENT DIAGRAM
nications between Earth and Mars (up to 20
minutes each way) must be considered and
cannot be reduced, as it is constrained due
to the speed of light. This delay varies depending on the distance between Earth
and Mars. Furthermore, communication
between Earth and Mars becomes impossible, without the use of interplanetary relay
satellites. When the Sun-Earth-Mars angle
becomes sufficiently small (i.e. the planets
are in, or near, opposition) when the sun
blocks or interferes with straight line communication. (Thangavelu, 1999). Communication room in the service zone will send
and receive the messages through this interplanetary satellite that will be orbiting
storage
airlock
air
ther.
water
food
food
ctrl
around Mars.
The habitation is divided in two levels, one
level is meant for food production and other one is meant for living and working as
mentioned in fig 22.7. The towerlike structure will also act as a watching tower, light
catching and food production tower. It will
be made up from steel that will be extracted
from the Martian surface. Also in the early
stages the rocket container will be recycled
to make these towers.
food
hydoponics
hydoponics
waste
control
aquaculture
outside
connection
store
store
ctrl
exit
ctrl
thermal
waste
store
store
store
air
social
kitchen
ctrl
thermal area
working lab
view
view
living unit
living unit
view
fig 22.4: general layout for plan
151
living unit
living unit
living unit
toilet
toilet
view
workshop area
view
living unit
view
toilet
RATEGY
TRATEGY
vegetation
vegetationzone
zone
++
service
servicezone
zone
living
living++working
workingzone
zone
fig 22.5
8m
28
m
=390
390sq.
sq.m
m
q.q.m
m
TANTS ==12
BITANTS
12(i.e
(i.e1200
1200sq.m)
sq.m)
eople= 1480sq.
people=
1480sq.m
m
fig 22.6: inside view of the habitation made with light weight steel structure
food
ctrl
food
hydoponics
food
water ther.
store
store
kitchen
hygene
food
exit
communal area
communal area
living unit
living unit
view
view
living unit
living unit
view
waste
aquaculture
store
air
toilet
toilet
view
communal area
connection to a
communal hub
152
chapter 13
13.3
SETTLEMENT SECTION
The living and working is being proposed much deeper to provide protection from solar and
cosmic rays. Beyond the living and working space, a habitat must provide airlocks to, access
to and egress from, the native Martian habitation. Facilities required in the habitat include
all those necessary for living, recreation and working. Living facilities include life support
LSS ZONE
LIVING + WORKING AREA
1:100
fig 22.7: cross section of the proposal
153
systems, sleeping environments, meal preparation and ablution facilities with other such
areas. Recreational facilities include lounge and reading areas, entertainment facilities
which will become part of this habitat in 2036. Working facilities will include laboratories,
office space, industrial areas (power generation, etc.), workshops, food and other program related areas.
VIEWING TOWER
VERTICAL FOOD
PRODUCTION
OPTICAL FIBERS TO
TRANSMIT LIGHT IN
TO THE HABITAT AND
FOOD PRODUCTION
AREA
1:100
fig 22.7: cross section of the proposal
154
chapter 13
13.3
SETTLEMENT SECTION
In fig 22.8, the longitudinal section shows the
extent of the habitation in the area needed
to be dug out. The entire structure is made
up with steel and load bearing columns are
being made up of Martian regolith which will
be sprayed. To make it more stable a celluouse spray will be used on the vertical load
bearing structure so that it also remains air
tight. Due to the less gravity in the Mars, the
Martianauts can easily move up and down.
Therefore, the staircase has been designed
with large risers.
Life support is, of course, a critical consideration. Significant research has been
undertaken in this field, both for earth orbit
and planetary expeditions. Numerous full

scale experiment of closed life support
systems has been undertaken on Earth,
all providing encouraging results. One vital
aspect of any life support system is redundancy and compartmentalization, such that
any individual failure, or series of failures,
does not disable the entire system. Ideally,
any life support system on Mars should
be a largely closed system such that the
need to resupply resources is minimized.
Contamination and toxicity control also hold
a careful consideration.
WIND MILLS WITH TURBINE
BASIC HABITATION FOR 6 PEOPLE
FOOD PRODU
TO LSS SYSTEM
fig 22.8: longitudinal section of the proposal
155
storage
airlock
ther.
air
water
food
food
ctrl
food
food
outside
connection
ctrl
food
hydoponics
hydoponics
waste
control
food
water ther.
air
waste
aquaculture
aquaculture
store
store
ctrl
energy
production
exit
ctrl
thermal
thermal area
store
store
store
store
store
air
social
kitchen
hygene
food
ctrl
waste
LSS ZONE
SERVICES ZONE
working lab
view
WORKING AREA
living unit
storage
air
ther.
water
food
food
ctrl
toilet
toilet
view
airlock
view
workshop area
WORKING AREA
living unit
view
view
communal area
view
connection to a
communal hub
food
ctrl
food
hydoponics
hydoponics
outside
connection
toilet
toilet
food
waste
control
communal area
LEISURE AREA
living unit
living unit
view
communal area
living unit
living unit
living unit
living unit
view
exit
food
water ther.
air
waste
aquaculture
aquaculture
store
store
ctrl
energy
production
exit
ctrl
thermal
waste
store
store
store
store
store
air
social
kitchen
hygene
food
ctrl
thermal area
exit
communal area
working lab
view
view
workshop area
living unit
living unit
toilet
toilet
living unit
living unit
living unit
living unit
view
view
view
view
communal area
living unit
living unit
view
toilet
toilet
connection to a
communal hub
view
+
12
fig 22.9: overall strategy for linkiage with other habitation
communal area
12
24
VIEWING TOWER
UCTION CONNECTED
M
VERTICAL FOOD PRODUCTION

MARTIAN SUNLIGHT CAPTURING THROUGH HIMAWARI
156
chapter 13
13.4
MODULE DESIGN
Besides reduction in cost (due to lesser
customization, and less learning time), and
flexibility in design, modularity offers other
benefits such as augmentation (adding new
solution by merely plugging in a new module), and exclusion. (Baldwin and Clark,
2000)
The module design here is a part of the
above habitation and is utilized as the working and living space. The module has been
designed for 2 people who can work, sleep,
exercise, prepare food and have a common vanity. The width of this module is 2m
whereas it consists of the flexible furniture
system. These flexible furniture can be easily accommodated and fixed in the small
room where it can become table, chair,
bed. The floor has been made up with the
fig 23.1: module in 3D view
157
steel structure, whereas the rest of the module is being carved out of Martian regolith
and then protected. The ducts supply the
sufficient air into the room, while light plays
a pivotal room in this small module. The
light is being carried through the Himawari
technology and these optical wires can be
moved easily.
The personlisation of these small modules
would be important to be worked at, as to
make them more like an Earthly home and
comfortable while affecting the psychology
of Martianauts. There are some decorating
elements introduced into a common space,
created by the crew members. However,
such decorations or rearranging of the public space should be under control of one
person living inside.
ELASTIC BAND
EXERCISE
STORAGE AREA
EMBEDDED IN
THE WALL
MOVABLE CHAIR
(A PART OF BED)
FLOOR
LIGHTING
LED
FOLDED TABLE
IN WALL
C
FOLDABLE BED
VIEW TOWARDS
HYDROPONICS
1:10
0.5
fig 23.2: plan showing the working and sleeping module
158
FOLDABLE BED
EL
EX
VIEW TOWARDS
HYDROPONICS
chapter 13
MO
(A
13.4
MODULE DESIGN
WARDROBE
OXYGEN OUTLET
OPERATING / MANAGEMENT
PUMPING MACHINE
FO
V
H
EXERCISE
MACHINE
STORAGE
SPACE
SECTIONAL ELEVATION AA
OXYGEN INLET
DOOR LINE
FOLDABLE
BED PORTION
SECTIONAL ELEVATION CC
fig 23.3: illustrative sectional view of the module

STORAGE / TREADMILL
SECTIONAL ELEVATION BB
MOVABLE SOLAR LIGHTING

THROUGH HIMARWARI
FOLDED BED PORTION
STEEL FLOOR
fig 23.4: illustrative sectional view of the module
159
OVERHEAD STORAGE
WARDROBE
SECTIONAL ELEVATION AA
fig 23.5: illustrative sectional view of the individual module
160
OXYGEN INLET
OXYGEN OUTLET
OPERATING / MANAGEMENT
DOOR LINE
PUMPING MACHINE
I often hear that our space program is all about

doing science. It is about much more than that. It
is about opening up a new frontier
Astronaut Ed Lu (2003).
PART 5
THE OUTCOME
This chapter gives a short conclusion of what I have

learned through the process of this project and in
the end how this proposal can help us to sustain life
on our home planet.
chapter 14
THE OUTCOME
14.1
CONCLUSION
14.1 PROJECT
REFLECTION
The project is based on the narrative and

the research done. In the year 2030, the
lander will be descending down on the Martian land and it will start to make an underground habitat colony. The planet Mars will
be start terraform in the later years.
This Martian Habitat Colony Framework
seeks to provide guidance in an unfamiliar
setting. The project has been developed
over the narration that makes the different
stages of development in the underground
habitation system. The most important thing
in designing these habitat colonies in the extra - terrestrial land is its interaction between
communities, using the resources efficiently, making a backup option and designing
from the bottom up principle. The intention
of this project is to provide a design solution
that can be used to enhance our knowledge
and develop an urban scheme for the first
habitation in Mars. The whole community
works as a hub for further expansion that
will grow in an organic way afterwards.
This project has lots of interesting scenarios from mining to the utilization of resources efficiently for a fixed number of people.
There has been a lot of development in the
technological sector and this will become
an integral part for our future expansion.
This project also touches upon some of the
new technologies that can revolutionize the
space industry. The question arises of what
can be the best / optimal solution for our future growth? The research work done here
in the earlier chapters can become a guideline for making a habitation on Mars, but
this will also change in the near future due
to advancement in the technology sector.
The problem like transporting the resources is the key for making this habitation successful and this is possible by making large
163
payload areas in the recyclable rockets that

can also use the fuel more efficiently and
will bring costs down.
The nano has the potential to become the
flagship of the new millenniums building
methods and architectural style in the new
Martian land. It will certainly not replace all
other technologies used in architecture, but
will coexist with and borrow the technological inventions of the past. This can become
a vital area, where we can develop and explore new technologies while changing the
architecture thinking in future missions.
In extra-terrestrial habitats, living and working means being potentially vulnerable to
very harsh environmental, social, and psychological conditions. Different from machines, human requirements are not secured constants; instead they are a product
of our society and the experience made in it
by individuals within a certain time and specific environment. (Huplik-Meusburger,
2005 p. 1).
This project shows that the factor time, and
thus unpredictability, must be taken into
account while making the first draft and onwards. For this reason, it is essential to apply in the project all the dynamics that are
currently part of architecture process. If one
of the main goals of human space exploration is the furthering of knowledge, creating
the best and safest habitability conditions to
facilitate such a quest for knowledge must
be at the forefront of space research. As
demonstrated in this project, this can be
supported by integrating the discipline of
human factors into the design of long duration space missions through the application
of technology and making it more efficient.
chapter 14
THE OUTCOME
14.2
CONCLUSION
14.2
PERSONAL REFLECTION
Mars contains all of the essential elements

for sustaining life, since it has been demonstrated by numerous observations and investigations. There is a lot of research still
needed to establish a habitat on Mars and
some of which are discussed in this report. Future missions to Mars will refine our
knowledge of the mineralogy of the Martian
crust, constituents of the atmosphere and
the specifics of the Martian environment in
general. Earth based research will further
develop and test materials, structures, systems and other aspects necessary for the
establishment of a habitat on Mars.
This research based project made me
aware about new things related to technical
and personal issues needed for designing
a habitat in a new place. The realization of
this project is based on the narrative that
becomes instrumental while designing the
colony. While researching the examples
made me aware of how to make a self-sufficient habitat; it has not only broadened
my knowledge, but also made me realize
about the space utilization and psychological aspects that we miss in our designing.
To make a self-sufficient design, we need to
understand the basics well and it can only
be done through a thorough step by step
research while implementing it on to the design.
After doing this project, I think I can apply
these issues while designing the habitat
and regard LSS as the core of the habitat
units. This project was a difficult to design
as I found lots of limitations like the examples were not accessible or even they were
not archived well or some of them were not
tested at all in an extra-terrestrial land, so
everything was based on assumptions and
research. To design this kind of project, I
had to be patient since the design was

changed and transformed after weekly discussions. This method of coming back and
moving forth made me aware of new aspects in design and technology. In the end,
the limitation of time in this project had been
an issue, as I think I am now in a better position to redesign this scheme since I have
learned many issues regarding extra-terrestrial land.
The chapters mentioned in this book took
me through the journey of different levels
of understanding the integrity about space
missions and to realize this kind of a project. As this project is meant to see the independent, efficient module on one hand
where people can interact and live in a form
of community while proposing an urban
plan in the end. The study of reality based
case studies and the needs for making the
colony in Martian land also gave me a new
perspective that I personally think I cannot
achieve in the professional projects and this
kind of experimentation opened up my mind
to think in to the future and make strategy
for every step I had to take.
Before doing this project, I didnt know
much about the space habitation, but after
doing this project now I feel more confident
and feel less experienced in this kind of
space industry. I am also astonished at the
achievements of our worlds famous space
agencies since they are opening new horizons for our future habitation and searching
more resources to benefit our Earth and
people.
164
chapter 14
THE OUTCOME
14.3
CONCLUSION
14.3 CRITICS
REFLECTION
Habitation in Mars requires a lot of effort and

research before we may start a habitation
there. Most concerning thing for making the
habitation on Mars is about the energy requirements and its supply. The effort to dig
up the ground and making an habitation will
require lots of energy so it is very important
to make an accurate assumption while making some energy demand calculations.
The expectations for this kind of project
was very high and some people wanted
to see something futuristic or new in terms
of designing. I think the expectations were
right, but this project is just a basic one from
which we can further develop / refine our
proposals
The back up system for the community is
very important while creating a scenario
for that purpose is imperative. The strategy
used here in the underground mining colony works as a back up for the other habitation. If something goes wrong, then the developing colony design can accommodate
the Martianauts for some time, so the exact
size of these spaces with LSS calculation
might become helpful
The technology sector is very important for
making a habitation in extra-terrestrial land.
To live and survive, we will need all the basic technology. The images for the habitation on Mars could have become more elaborate with the technological research.
The information about this project seemed
to be impressive since many people didnt
know much about the space industry and
got surprised.
165
chapter 14
THE OUTCOME
14.4
CONCLUSION
14.4 SUSTAINING
LIFE ON EARTH? LEARNINGS
The resources in our Planet Earth are deplating, so it is worth to say that our first mission
should be made for minning and finding the
useful resources which could be afterwards,
transported back to planet Earth. As it has
been mentioned by NASA and ESA that no
Martian mission will start until 2025 therefore
it is imperative to research in different fields
so that it enable the Martianauts about the
unfamiliar and unknown issues that they will
face in their hyperbaric habitations in the
planet Mars. This project has also enabled
me to think how it can help to sustain life
on Earth. Some of the basic solutions that
can be applied and they are mentioned as
below:
- Using the LSS for future: Sustainability is the ability to maintain a certain status
or process in existing systems. The most
frequent use of the term sustainability is
connected to biological or human systems
in the context of ecology. LSS is a terminology that has been explained earlier, but to
make our Earth sustainable we have to think
about LSS as integral part that can help
us to achieve sustainability. In future architecture, planning, I think LSS can become
an important element in designing while
changing our mindset. If we need to make
Earth sustainable then the LSS should be
utilized for a whole community rather than
employing on the individual blocks.
After doing this project, I think the utilization of resources and their efficiency can be
achieved through responsible mining techniques. We also need to think about alternatives that becomes a back up plan for future.
A lot of energy is required in the extraction
of those resources (both underground and
on the surface) and once these resources
are taken out the land is left as abundant.
Therefore, it is important to understand the
amount of extraction needed and how to reshape the exploited landscape.
- Space Efficiency: Space Utilization is an
important issue in architecture and for space
designing as well. This project helped me to
better understand the physical needs of a
person in a small unit. Physical needs are
important to human being and their dimensions become important for designing such
a module while keeping human factors in
mind. The need of these modules can be
applied for making such spaces more efficient rather than utilizing a large number of
lots.
- Responsible Mining: Of all of the objects

in the solar system, other than Earth, Mars
is unique in that all the materials necessary
to support life are available on the surface
in some accessible form Mars is the best
candidate for the establishment of the first
self-sufficient human settlement off Earth,
(Meyer and McKay, 1989).
166
PART 5
APPENDIX
This chapter gives a projection on the supplementary material and the progressional sketches that
are a part of this proposal.
A1
APPENDIX
A1.1
STUDIO DESCRIPTION
MasterofScienceinArchitecture;StudioProjectSS2014
ProfessorPeterDroege
SPACEDESIGN:STUDIOMARS
StillfromGravity,2013(WarnerBros.Entertainment,imagefromkulton.hu)
Studiodescription
IntheMARSSTUDIOarchitectureandurbandesignstudentswillengagethesocial,psychological,biologicaland
systemsdesignchallengesofagrowingMarscolony,expandingfromasingleaccommodationtoonethousand
communitymembers.Exploredwillbethespaceflight,planetaryexploration,geoengineering,foodproduction
andbroadcommunityresilienceissuesencounteredinalongtermsettlementgrowthscenario.
Wewilltacklethedesignofmicrolivingspaces,autonomousarchitecturesystemsandbiogenerative
technologiestosustainhumanlifewithoutresortingtononrenewablesystems.Thelearningobjectivesinclude
elementarybiological,systemsdesign,morphologicalandpsychologicaldimensionsoflongtermcolonisation
scenarios,whererelocationtakesplacefromadense,humanlifesupportingatmosphereofamean+15degrees
CelsiusandverylittleCO 2,toamuchthinneroneat63degrees,andcomposedalmostentirelyofCO2,among
othersignificantdifferences.
Thewideraimistoengageinaresearchbydesignstudio,seekingtoultimatelyapplythelessonsofMars
habitabilitytothedesignperformanceofindividualarchitecturalstructures,urbanareasandregenerative
regionaldevelopmentprogramsonEarth,toperformasvitallifesupportforaplanetanditsinhabitantsunder
increasingenvironmentalstress.
ThestudentswillbeaccompaniedandguidedbyProfessorDroege(http://www.uni.li/peter.droege)andother
spatialdesignresearchandteachingexperts.Asetofselectedinputsfromphysics,biology,sociopsychology,
morphology,semioticsandindustrialdesignareprogrammedtosupporttheguidedstudiosessions.
169
A1
APPENDIX
A1.1
STUDIO DESCRIPTION
Peter Droege DI MAAS MCPIA
Professor for Sustainable Development
Institute for Architecture und Planning
Anis Radzi MUD BArch
Urban Design Tutor
SPACE DESIGN: STUDIO MARS
Summer Semester 2014

Master of Science in Architecture
Concentration Sustainable Urban Design
Task 1.1 Read this

Studio Description

The M ARS STUDIO is part of Project H .O.M.E. (Habilitability of M ars and Earth) at the Chair of
Sustainable Spatial D evelopment, extending across both SS 2014 and W S 2014/15. The two studios
are separate, but form part of our unwavering commitment to deliver the best M aster level urban
design studios anywhere.

The focus of this special 2014 Summer Semester studio is the exploration of design challenges in
space. It pursues a n umber of aims, particularly that of learning for sustainable life on Earth.

The related EARTH STUDIO is planned to take place in the W inter Semester 2014/15.

Special M ARS STUDIO opportunities
include excursions, especially a visit to the European Space Research and Technology Centre at the
European Space Agency (ESTEC-ESA) on 17. M arch 2014, as part of a w eek-long, space geared
journey. H ere w e w ill have an opportunity to learn m ore about the challenges of space architecture
and colony design - but also explore future human space exploration scenarios. Besides ESA w e w ill
visit a number of important urban and architectural design innovations across the Netherlands.

Background and context: long-term human space exploration
In the M ARS STUDIO architecture and urban design students w ill engage the social, psychological,
biological and systems design challenges of a growing M ars colony, expanding from a single
accommodation to one thousand community m embers. Explored w ill be the space flight, planetary
exploration, geo-engineering, food production and broad community resilience issues encountered
in a long-term settlement growth scenario.

Opportunities for design learning and research
We w ill engage in the design exploration of m icro-living spaces, m an-machine environmental
interfaces, autonomous architectures and systems, including sustainable energy and biogenerative
www.urbanscape.org
page 1 of 2
170
A1
APPENDIX
A1.1
STUDIO DESCRIPTION
Peter Droege DI MAAS MCPIA
Professor for Sustainable Development
Institute for Architecture und Planning
Anis Radzi MUD BArch
Urban Design Tutor
SPACE DESIGN: STUDIO MARS
Summer Semester 2014

Master of Science in Architecture
Concentration Sustainable Urban Design
technologies to sustain human life w ithout resorting to non-renewable systems. The learning
objectives include elementary biological, systems design, m orphological and psychological
dimensions of long-term colonisation scenarios, w here civilisational relocation tales place from a
dense, human-life supporting atmosphere of a m ean +15 degrees Celsius and very little CO2, to a
much thinner one at -63 degrees, and composed almost entirely of CO2, among other significant
differences.

Learning for design research on sustainable terrestrial living
The w ider aim is to engage in research-by-design-studio, seeking to ultimately apply the lessons of
Mars habitability to developing design performance criteria for individual architectural structures,
urban areas and regenerative regional development on Earth, to perform as life support for a planet
and its inhabitants under increasing environmental stress.

Student participants
The m aster-level M ARS STUDIO is suitable and open to all architecture and urban design
backgrounds and interests, particularly those w ith a focus on urban design and sustainable spatial
development. The final student group w ill be selected at the start of the Summer Semester 2014.

Expert support
The students w ill be accompanied and guided by Professor Droege, expert urban designer Anis Radzi
and other spatial design research and teaching experts. A set of selected imputs from physics,
biology, socio-psychology, m orphology, semiotics and industrial design are programmed to support
the guided student sessions.

Evaluation
Your participation, creativity, energy, commitment, discipline and team spirit form a core value to be
taken into account. Professional aptitude, academic performance, timely delivery and excellence in all
submissions and presentations are key to obtaining an excellent mark. Personal, social, academic and
professional skills are equally furthered, and are key aims of the studio. Conequently, these are equally
strongly evaluated. If you are not clear about your standing at any stage, or feel you do not receive
sufficient feedback please speak to us.
www.urbanscape.org
171
page 2 of 2
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
rigid habitat conceptual sketch
conceptual sketch for underground habitat
172
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration for the growth of colony
173
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration for the growth of colony in stages
designing of a module
174
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration for the growth of colony in stages
175
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration for making the design according to the site
exploration of a livable module
176
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
177
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
first attempt for the habitation colony
module study for the first habitation
178
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration for the growth of colony with green as food production and blue as egress module
overall structure of underground colony
179
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration sketch
working with the contour of Martian land
180
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
habitation growth in different phases
181
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
overall illustration of futuristic colony
182
A1
APPENDIX
A1.2
PROJECT SKETCHES
exploration of a livable module
183
A1
APPENDIX
A1.3
ACRONYMNS AND ABBREVIATIONS
CEF-Concurrent Engineering Facility

CLSS- Collective Life Support System
EDM: ExoMars Demenstrator Module
ESA-European Space Agency
EVA-Extra Vehicular Activity
FEP- Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene
FFD-Final Frontier Design
HAB-Deep Space Habitat Module
ICE- Isolated and Confined Environment
IVA- Intra Vehicular Activity
LDM- Long-term Duration Mission
LSS- Life Support System
MDRS- Mars Desert Research Station
NASA- National Aeronautic Space
Administration
NVS- Nano Vent Skin
S.E.E.D.S- Surface Extreme Environment
Dwelling System
SPACEX- Space Exploration Technologies
Corporation
TGO- Trace Gas Orbitor
184
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iii.
AFFIDAVIT
I hereby declare that this master thesis has
been written only by the undersigned and without any assistance from third parties.
Furthermore, I confirm that no sources have
been used in the preparation of this thesis other than those indicated in the thesis itself.
Vaduz, 2014-07-05
JASIM AZHAR, -------------------------------------Name

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Mars Habitation Colony

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Jasim Azhar Saeed

MARTIAN HABITAT COLONY

Msc. Sustainable Urban Design

Master thesis in order to obtain the degree of

This thesis work is subject to copyright.

in mind the human aspect (physiological,

It must be taken into account, that starting a

Part I: THE ESTABLISHMENT

Part II: UNDERSTANDING AND SETTING UP

Part III: MOVING UP

Part IV: SETTLING IN MARS

12.2.2 2036-2060: Stage 2..................................................................................... 134

Part IV: THE OUTCOME

The idea of conquering the outer space has

importance of life support system for our

It would not have been possible to write and

I would like to acknowledge Arzoo, who is

I would like to express my gratitude for the

This chapter gives a short summary on the research

tat colony beyond Earth as opposed to the

fig 0.1: satellite in Low Earth Orbit

in Mars or any other extra-terrestrial planet.

With the shortage of resources, climate

influence the human habitability.

to explore the structures on Earth that will

fig 0.4: opportunity roving through the Martian Surface

ditions on Earth and in outer-space are

It is needless to say that developing this

To elaborate comprehensively the range of the

PART II: Understanding and Setting up

The introduction provides the background

Chapter 2: The Background

The first main heading provides an insight

Chapter 3: Human & Communal Aspect

PART IV: Settling in Mars

Chapter 12: Martian Settlement Plan

PART V: Learning Outcome

Chapter 11: Habitat System

UNDERSTANDING AND SETTING UP

This section presents the detail outlook on the need

building settlements in the universe shapes

fig 0.6: seal created by Sumerian

success of these facilities demonstrates the

fig 0.7: the illustration of possible destruction of Earth in future

In the words of the great science fiction author Kim Stanley

already waited too late. Establishing a human

fig 0.8: the extinction of species over time

fig 0.9: future of Martian property on sale

fig 1.0: resources ramianing on Earth

fig 1.1: future expansion in extra-terrestrial land

WHY LIVE ON MARS

fig 1.2: mining from the asteroid belt

to the sun to benefit from its heat (and light)

Electrified dust particles rushing at great

fig 1.3: the act of gravity on other body

have almost no weight. It still has matter in it,

3. The difference between mass and

fig 1.6: different level of air pressure in atmosphere

fig 1.4: possibility of Mars lost its atmosphere