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Front.

Energy 2013, 7(3): 388398


DOI 10.1007/s11708-013-0273-7

RESEARCH ARTICLE

Dingding TONG, Jing ZHAO

Analysis of energy saving optimization of campus buildings


based on energy simulation

Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2013

Abstract The energy consumption of campus buildings


has specic characteristics, because of the concentrated
distribution of peoples working time and locations that
change in line with distinct seasonal features. The
traditional energy system design and operation for campus
buildings is only based on the constant room temperature,
such as 25C in summer and 18C in winter in China, not
taking into consideration the real heating or cooling load
characteristics of campus buildings with different functions during the whole day and whole year, which usually
results in a lot of energy waste. This paper proposes to set
different set-point temperatures in different operation
stages of public and residential campus buildings to reduce
the heating and cooling design load for energy station and
total campus energy consumption for annual operation.
Taking a campus under construction in Tianjin, China as an
example, two kinds of single building models were
established as the typical public building and residential
building models on the campus. Besides, the models were
simulated at both set-point room temperature and constant
room temperature respectively. The comparison of the
simulation results showed that the single building energy
saving method of the peak load clipping could be used for
further analysis of the annual energy consumption of
campus building groups. The results proved that the
strategy of set-point temperature optimization could
efciently reduce the design load and energy consumption
of campus building groups.
Keywords campus buildings, set-point temperature,
energy simulation, energy saving optimization

Received February 19, 2013; accepted April 29, 2013

Dingding TONG, Jing ZHAO ( )


School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University,
Tianjin 300072, China
E-mail: zhaojing@tju.edu.cn

Introduction

Nowadays with the expansion of new campus construction


of universities, campus energy consumption has become
an important component in building energy consumption
in China [1]. So the discussion of energy-saving
optimization of campus buildings has a great signicance
because of the huge energy saving potential. Present
researches on campus energy efciency [24] mostly focus
on energy retrot of existing buildings or development of
new energy, instead of on optimization of energy saving of
campus building groups.
The energy consumption of campus building groups has
specic characteristics compared with other ordinary
building groups [5]. On the one hand, the distribution of
the staff on campus is concentrated in time and space. In
the daytime, most of teachers and students usually gather
in public buildings like classrooms, libraries and ofces, so
the room temperature in these buildings should be
increased in winter while the room temperature in
residential buildings where there are not many teachers
and students at that time should be decreased to some
extent. On the contrary, when the students are staying in
dormitories at night, the room temperature in residential
buildings should be kept at the required standard while the
room temperature in the classrooms, libraries and ofces
where there are not many teachers or students at that time
should be adjusted to the duty temperature. On the other
hand, the winter vacation in China usually lasts from lateJanuary to late-February and the summer vacation from
early-July to late-August, during which the conventional
heating and cooling load occurred could lead to less energy
consumption than the design condition. So both the total
design load and the peak load of the annual energy
consumption may be reduced because the design load of
the energy station is determined by the adverse weather
condition which usually appears in vacations. If taking
these characteristics of energy consumption of campus
buildings into account at the design stage, the total annual
energy consumption of campus buildings can be decreased

Dingding TONG et al. Analysis on energy saving optimization

effectively, and thus the initial investments and operation


costs of the energy station also can be saved to some extent
[6,7].
This paper takes a new campus of Tianjin University
which is under construction as an example to analyze the
energy-saving optimization of campus buildings based on
the specic energy consumption characteristics of campus
building groups using energy consumption simulation
software. The simulation software can perform an hour-tohour dynamic energy consumption analysis, so the
characteristics of the energy consumption of campus
building groups can be represented preferably [8,9]. In
view of the particularity of the energy consumption of
campus building groups, an energy saving optimization
mode has been proposed and analyzed with the help of
energy simulation software EnergyPlus [10,11]. It is
concluded that the energy saving optimization strategy
based on the specic characteristics of the energy
consumption of campus building groups can signicantly
reduce the total energy consumption and peak load.

Methodology

Combining the characteristics of energy consumption of


campus buildings with dynamic energy consumption
simulation, the optimization method for the total design
load and annual energy consumption of the campus energy
system was proposed.
The campus buildings were simplied as residential
buildings and public buildings according to their functions.
Therefore, the single residential building model and single
public building model [12] were established based on the
national design standard. Besides, the energy consumption
simulation results of the single building models were
compared with the calculation results of the traditional
design method, and applied to the campus building group
for further prediction analysis.
The conventional building heating or cooling load
calculation method is based only on the constant design
room temperature, such as 18C in heating season and
25C in cooling season during all day. However, the
building load is time-varying, so, constant design temperature cannot t for the varying load, which results in
energy waste. Therefore, the set-point room temperature
mode was proposed to optimize the design load and energy
consumption for the campus energy system compared with
the traditional constant room temperature mode. Xu et al.
[13] proposed that intermittent heating and indoor design
temperature improvement could obviously reduce the
building energy consumption. Engdahl and Johansson
discovered that the optimal control of the temperature of
supply air could result in a signicantly lower HVAC
energy use than with a constant supply air temperature
[14]. Based on this theory, the design load and energy
consumption of two single building models in two room

389

temperature modes were simulated to verify the optimization result. The simulation results were applied for the
prediction of energy saving of the whole campus after
testing the accuracy. Because the peak load of residential
buildings and public buildings on campus appears at
different times, based on the hourly simulation results, the
peak load as well the energy consumption of the whole
campus could be reduced. The comparison of the
simulation results and the traditional calculation results
indicated that the optimization was valid.
It is worth noticing that this paper is mainly focus on
building load simulation, therefore, the term energy
consumption only refers to the thermal consumption.

Establishment of single building model

3.1

Establishment of residential building model

Taking a dormitory building on the old campus of Tianjin


University as the prototype, a residential building model
was created to serve as the criterion for determination of
the average energy consumption of residential buildings on
the campus. The prototype building is a 6-storey building
facing south without basement, whose construction area is
1840.32 m2 with a height of 16.85 m. There is a patio in the
middle section of the building which is used for day
lighting and ventilation of some rooms. The thermal
performance parameters of the building model envelop
were selected according to China National Design
Standard for Residential Buildings [15].
The simplied standard building model is shown in
Fig. 1, while the settings of the space enclosing structure
materials and thermal performance parameters are listed in
Table 1.

Fig. 1

Simplied residential building model

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Front. Energy 2013, 7(3): 388398

Table 1 Space enclosing structure materials of residential building and thermal performance parameters
Building envelope

Exterior wall

Roof

Floor

Exterior window

3.2

Materials

Thickness/mm

l/(W$m1$C1)

Lime mortar

20

0.81

Polystyrene

40

0.042

Aerated concrete blocks

250

0.19

Cement plaster

20

0.93

Cement plaster

10

0.93

Lime mortar

25

0.81

Cement plaster

20

0.93

Blast-furnace slag

30

Polystyrene

60

0.042

Aerated concrete blocks

100

0.19

Compacted clay

300

1.16

Crushed stone concrete

100

1.51

Cement plaster

20

0.93

Glass

0.9

Air

12

Glass

0.9

Polystyrene

10

0.042

Establishment of public building model

Taking a teaching building on the old campus of Tianjin


University as the prototype, a public building model was
created to serve as the criterion for determination of the
average energy consumption of public buildings on the
campus. The prototype building is a 10-storey building
facing south with basement, whose construction area is
31204 m2 with a height of 43.4 m. The thermal performance parameters of building model envelop were selected
according to China National Design Standard for Public
Buildings [16].
The simplied standard building model is illustrated in
Fig. 2. The settings of the space enclosing structure

R/(m2$C$W1)

K/(W$m2$C1)

2.47

0.40

2.21

0.45

0.35

1.98

0.40

2.50

materials and thermal performance parameters are presented in Table 2.


3.3

Settings of other parameters

The energy consumption simulation software EnergyPlus was used to analyze the energy saving optimization
strategy based on the two single building models. The
meteorological data of Tianjin in typical meteorological
years [17] were used as input parameters for the
simulation. Other input parameters are tabulated in Table 3.

4 Analysis of load and energy consumption


of single building model at constant room
temperature
The tradition design method usually calculates the heating
or cooling load based on the constant indoor design
temperature. According to the relevant Chinese building
design standards [18], the indoor design temperature is
18 C during heating season and 25 C during cooling
season.
4.1

Simulation results at constant room temperature

4.1.1 Simulation results of load and energy consumption of


the residential building model
Fig. 2 Simplied public building model

The residential building model was simulated at constant

Dingding TONG et al. Analysis on energy saving optimization

391

Table 2 Space enclosing structure materials of public building and thermal performance parameters
Materials

Thickness/mm

l/(W$m1$C1)

Cement mortar

20

0.93

XPS

70

0.042

Reinforced concrete

150

1.74

Lime mortar

20

0.81

Building envelope

Roof

Polymer mortar

0.87

XPS

40

0.042

Aerated concrete

200

0.19

Exterior wall

Lime mortar

20

0.81

Low emissivity glass

0.9

Air

12

Exterior window

Floor

Low emissivity glass

0.9

Cement plaster

20

0.93

Crushed stone Concrete

60

1.51

Compacted clay

300

1.16

R/(m2$C$W1)

K/(W$m2$C1)

2.17

0.46

1.92

0.52

0.43

2.30

0.39

2.53

Table 3 List of other parameters setting


Heating energy consumption simulation

Items
Personnel density/(m2$per1)
2

Lighting power density/(W$m )


2

Equipment power density/(W$m )


Fresh air volume

Cooling energy consumption simulation

Residential building

Public building

Residential building

Public building

20

20

20

20

1 h1

0.8 h1

50 m3$h1$per1

80 m3$h1$per1

room temperature and the simulation results of the annual


energy consumption were obtained, as demonstrated in
Fig. 3.
It is observed form Fig. 3 that the annual heating energy
consumption is 486858 MJ. The heating load is mainly
concentrated at the period from October 20 to April 10 next
year, while the annual peak load is 68411 W, appearing at

3:00 am on January 6. It is, therefore, deduced that the


heating load index of residential buildings is 37.08 W/m2.
The annual cooling energy consumption is 305594 MJ.
The cooling load is mainly concentrated at the period from
June 25 to September 15, while the annual peak load is
102755 W, appearing at 4:00 pm on July 5. It is, therefore,
deduced that the cooling load index of residential buildings
is 60.17 W/m2.
4.1.2 Simulation results of load and energy consumption of
the public building model

Fig. 3 Annual energy consumption of residential building at


constant temperature

The public building model was simulated at constant room


temperature and the simulation results of daily energy
consumption were obtained, as displayed in Fig. 4.
It is seen from Fig. 4 that the total annual heating energy
consumption is 9434740 MJ. The heating load is mainly
concentrated at the period from October 20 to April 10 next
year, while the annual peak load is 1314887 W, appearing
at 3: 00 am on January 6. It is, therefore, deduced that the
heating load index of public buildings is 42.14 W/m2.
The total annual cooling energy consumption is
6174211 MJ. The cooling load is mainly concentrated at

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Front. Energy 2013, 7(3): 388398

5 Analysis of load and energy consumption


of single building model at set-point room
temperature
5.1

Fig. 4 Annual energy consumption of public building at constant


temperature

the period from June 25 to September 15, while the annual


peak load is 2352130 W, appearing at 4:00 pm on July 5. It
is, therefore, deduced that the cooling load index in public
buildings is 81.85 W/m2.
4.2

Calculation results of load using traditional method

To test the accuracy of simulation results, the heating and


cooling load of two single building models were calculated
using the traditional theoretical calculation method which
involves building envelope basic heat consumption,
inltration heat loss, invasion heat loss respectively. The
traditional theoretical cooling load calculation method
involves cooling load of the building envelope, heat
released by indoor heat and humidity source, outdoor air
cooling load respectively [19].
The calculation made by using the traditional method
shows that the heating and the cooling load of the
residential building is 46.32 and 63.16 W/m2, respectively,
and the heating and the cooling load of the public building
is 40.93 and 82.54 W/m2, respectively.
4.3 Conclusion of load analysis at constant room
temperature

To check the accuracy of the simulation results, load


calculation was conducted using the traditional method.
The summary and comparison of the calculation results
using the two methods are given in Table 4. It can be seen
that there exist relative errors in the acceptable range,
which proves that the simulation results can be considered
to be reliable and effective.

Strategies for load reduction

The operation of the HVAC system should be based on the


use of the buildings. The special characteristics of the
campus buildings energy consumption are embodied by
the relative centralized distributions of peoples working
time and locations on the campus and the reduction of
campus energy consumption in vacations as mentioned
above. So, based on the characteristics of the energy
consumption of campus buildings, when there are not
many teachers or students in certain buildings, the proper
decrease of the design room temperature in winter and
increase of it in summer can effectively reduce the energy
consumption of the HVAC system in buildings. As the
national standard mentioned, the practical building operation condition should be taken into account when setting
the indoor temperature in summer and winter. Therefore,
the concept of set-point temperature mode is proposed,
which means setting another indoor design temperature
during the time when there are not many teachers or
students in residential buildings or public buildings. In this
way, the total energy consumption of heating and cooling
can be reduced to some extent [20].
The specic setting values of set-point temperature and
corresponding time are shown as Table 5. Since not many
students stay at school in the winter and summer vacation,
the indoor design temperature of residential buildings is set
at 15C and that of public buildings 5C in the winter
vacation, while the indoor design temperature of residential buildings is set at 28C and that of public buildings
30C in the summer vacation. At other times during the
heating season, the indoor design temperature of residential buildings is set at different values with the movement
of students at the university. As is presented in Table 5, the
indoor design temperature of public building changes from
5C (00:00 03:00) to 17.5C (07:00 08:00) in the
heating season. The gradual change of the design
temperature may reduce the excessive load.
5.2 Simulation results of load and energy consumption at
set-point temperature

According to the set-point temperature above, the energy

Table 4 Contrast of results calculated in two methods


Simulation results

Items
Heating load index/(W$m2)
2

Cooling load index/(W$m )

Traditional calculation results

Residential building

Public building

Residential building

Public building

37.08

42.14

46.32

40.93

60.17

81.85

63.16

82.54

Dingding TONG et al. Analysis on energy saving optimization

393

Table 5 Settings of the set-point temperature


Date
The winter vacation for the
heating season
(From January 15 to February
20)

Time

Setting temperature of the


residential building/C

Time

Setting temperature of the


public building/C

00:00 24:00

15

00:00 24:00

08:00 12:00

15

00:00 03:00

14:00 18:00

15

03:00 04:00

8.5

04:00 05:00

11.5

05:00 06:00

14.5

06:00 07:00

16.5

07:00 08:00

17.5

Other days during the heating


season

The summer vacation for the


cooling season
(From July 1 to August 20)
Other days during the cooling
season

22:00 24:00

Other days

18

Other days

18

00:00 24:00

28

00:00 24:00

30

00:00 08:00

25

00:00 08:00

30

22:00 24:00

25

22:00 24:00

30

Others

28

Others

25

consumption of the two single building models were


simulated by EnergyPlus.
5.2.1 Simulation results of load and energy consumption of
residential building model

The distribution of the hourly heating energy consumption,


with the highest heating energy consumption January 6,
is depicted in Fig. 5. It can be seen that in the set-point
room temperature mode, there is no signicant change in
the peak load. The reason for this is that the peak load in
the constant temperature mode occurs at 3:00 am, instead
of in the period of set-point temperature mode for
residential buildings. So in the set-point temperature

mode, the peak load which is 69651 W still appears at


3:00 am and the heat load index is 37.85 W/m2.
The date when the highest annual cooling energy
consumption appears moves from July 5 to June 30 due
to the set-point temperature in the summer vacation. The
distribution of the hourly energy consumption of cooling
on that day is illustrated in Fig. 6. It can be seen that the
time for the peak load moves from 4:00 pm to 2:00 pm, and
the peak load changes from 102755 W to 76584 W, thus
the deduced cooling load index is 54.71 W/m2.

Fig. 6 Distribution of hourly cooling energy consumption on


June 30

Fig. 5 Distribution of hourly heating energy consumption on


January 6

In conclusion, the annual heating energy consumption


and cooling energy consumption of the single
residential building model is 426339 MJ and 166540 MJ
respectively.

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5.2.2 Simulation results of load and energy consumption of


public building model

The distribution of the hourly heating energy consumption,


with the highest heating energy consumption January 6,
is exhibited in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the peak load in
constant temperature mode occurs at 3:00 am, just in the
period of set-point temperature for public buildings. So in
the set-point temperature mode the peak load appearing at
9:00 am changes to 1407132 W. And the deduced heat load
index also changes to 45.09 W/m2.

model is 5362360 and 3440570 MJ respectively.

6 Contrast and analysis of simulation


results of single building model in the two
modes
6.1

Contrast and analysis of load simulation

Load index simulation results at constant room temperature (Mode-C) and set-point room temperature (Mode-S)
are shown respectively in Table 6. The distribution of the
annual heating and cooling energy consumption of
residential and public buildings are shown in Figs. 9
and 10.

Fig. 7 Distribution of hourly heating energy consumption on


January 6

The date of the highest annual cooling energy


consumption moves from July 5 to June 30 due to the
set-point temperature in the summer vacation. The
distribution of the hourly cooling energy consumption on
that day is shown in Fig. 8. It can be seen that there is no
signicant change in the peak cooling load. This is because
the peak load in constant temperature mode occurs at 4:00
pm, instead of in the period of set-point temperature mode
for public buildings. So in the set-point temperature mode,
the peak load which is 1641261 W, still appearing at 16:00
pm, and the heat load index is 75.52 W/m2.

Fig. 9 Annual energy consumption of two modes for residential


building

Fig. 10 Annual energy consumption of two modes for public


building

Fig. 8 Distribution of hourly cooling energy consumption on


June 30

In conclusion, the annual heating energy consumption


and cooling energy consumption of single public building

It can be seen that for both the residential building and


the public building, the annual heating and cooling energy
consumption are signicantly reduced in set-point room
temperature. Furthermore, the cooling load index of ModeS decreases signicantly compared with that of Mode-C,
but the heating load index is even slightly higher than that
in Mode-C. This is because in winter, the indoor
temperature of public buildings is set at 5C at night,
while in the daytime the indoor temperature is set at 18C,
which presents such a large temperature gradient that it

Dingding TONG et al. Analysis on energy saving optimization

takes more energy to raise the temperature from 5C to


18C in unit time, making the heating load index of public
buildings in Mode-S slightly larger than that in Mode-C.
And that also accounts for the fact that the set-point
temperature of the public buildings in Table 5 in the
heating season increases hourly, just in order to avoid the
excessive load caused by the large temperature gradient.
The same is true of residential buildings, but the gap
between the heat load indices in the two modes is smaller
than that of public buildings. The reason for this is that the
temperature gradient of residential buildings caused by the
set-point temperature is lower than that of public buildings.
Even though the load increases to some extent, the annual
energy consumption decreases to a great degree.
6.2

Contrast and analysis of energy consumption simulation

6.2.1 Contrast of energy consumption of residential


building

As is shown in Fig. 9, the annual heating energy


consumption of the residential building is 426339 MJ in
Mode-S and 486858 MJ in Mode-C respectively. The
annual cooling energy consumption is 166540 MJ in
Mode-S and 305594 MJ in Mode-C respectively. It is
evident that the monthly heating energy consumption in
Mode-S is lower than that in Mode-C, especially in
January and February, and as well as monthly cooling
energy consumption, especially in July and August; thus it
could be concluded that the indoor design temperature
adjustment can denitely reduce the annual energy
consumption of the residential building.

annual cooling energy consumption is 3440570 MJ in


Mode-S and 6174211 MJ in Mode-C respectively. It is
apparent that the monthly heating energy consumption in
Mode-S is lower than that in Mode-C, especially in
January and February, and as well as monthly cooling
energy consumption, especially in July and August; thus it
could be concluded that the indoor design temperature
adjustment can denitely reduce annual energy consumption of the public building.
6.2.3

Summary and analysis of annual energy consumption

The simulation results are summarized in Table 7. It can be


seen that the annual heating and cooling energy consumption of the residential building is reduced by 12.4% and
45.5% respectively, and the annual heating energy
consumption and cooling energy consumption of public
buildings is reduced by 43.1% and 44.3% respectively. The
reason for the less reduction of total annual heating energy
consumption in residential buildings than public buildings
is that some of the dormitories still need heating in the
winter vacation, so the set-point temperature shouldnt be
set at a very low degree, and therefore, the energy-saving
effect is not as obvious as that of public buildings.

7 Analysis of load and energy consumption


of campus building groups
7.1 Prediction of load and energy consumption of campus
building groups based on energy saving optimization method
7.1.1

6.2.2

395

Optimization method

Contrast of energy consumption of public building

As is shown in Fig. 10, the annual heating energy


consumption of the public building is 5362360 MJ in
Mode-S and 9434737 MJ in Mode-C respectively. The

According to the simulation results in Figs. 5 8, the peak


loads of two kinds of buildings appear at different times.
The simulation results of the single building model at
set-point emperature can be applied to campus

Table 6 Contrast of load index in two modes


Mode-C

Items

Mode-S

Residential building

Public building

Residential building

Public building

Heating load index/(W$m )

37.08

42.14

37.85

45.09

Cooling load index/(W$m2)

60.17

81.85

54.71

75.52

Heating energy consumption/MJ

486858

9434740

426339

5362360

Cooling energy consumption/MJ

305594

6174211

166540

3440570

Table 7 Total load of campus buildings in optimization method


Items
Residential buildings
Public buildings

Cooling load/W

Heating load/W

9653707

16213330

22341226

Cooling load of building group/W

Heating load of building group/W

16213330

31368771

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building groups that include both public and residential


buildings to obtain the total load and energy consumption
[21]. By adding the load hour by hour, the load and
energy consumption of campus building groups can be
obtained.
7.1.2

Prediction of total load in optimization method

The new campus is located in Tianjin in North China. The


total building area of the public buildings is 495430 m2 for
heating and 214700 m2 for cooling. And the total building
area of residential buildings for heating is 255025 m2.
Since there is no central cooling system in the residential
buildings, the cooling load of residential buildings can be
ignored for energy station design. Based on these area data
and simulation results of hourly heating and cooling load
index in unit area of the two single models by the
optimization strategy, the peak load of residential and
public buildings were obtained. It is known that the heating
load and cooling load of all residential buildings are
9653707 W and 0, and the heating load and cooling load of
all public buildings are 22341226 and 16213330 W. Then,
the peak load of the whole campus building groups can
also be calculated by adding the load of residential
buildings and that of public buildings respectively, as
shown in Table 5. It should be noticed that the heating load
of the building groups is not equal to the sum of two kinds
of buildings, which was explained in detail in 6.3.
7.1.3 Prediction of annual energy consumption in
optimization method

Similar to the load calculation, the annual energy


consumption of campus building groups in optimization
method were calculated based on campus area and the
simulation results of hourly heating and cooling energy
consumption in unit area of the two single models. The
results show that the annual heating energy consumption is
138043165 MJ and the annual cooling energy consumption is 23672917 MJ, whose distribution is shown in
Fig. 11.

Fig. 11 Annual energy consumption of campus building groups

7.2 Prediction of total load based on traditional calculation


method

According to the heating and cooling area and the load


index calculated using traditional method, multiplied by
the heating and cooling area, the load of the campus
building groups were obtained. That the heating load and
the cooling load of building groups is 32090708 and
17721338 W.
7.3

Contrast and analysis of the results of load prediction

The results of load prediction above are summarized in


Table 8. It can be seen that both the cooling load and the
heating load of campus building groups when using the
optimization method are obviously less than that when
using the traditional method. This is because the daily peak
load of different types of campus buildings appears at
different times. The specic hourly heating load on
January 6 (the day the annual peak load appears) is
shown in Fig. 12. It is observed from Fig. 12 that the peak
load of residential buildings (9653707 W) appears at 3:00
am and that of public buildings (22341226 W) appears at
9:00 am.
By adding the heating load of all the buildings, the peak
load of campus groups is found to appear at 8:00 am
(31368771 W), neither 3:00 am nor 9: 00am, which is less
than the sum of two buildings in their peak time (22341226
W + 9653707 W = 31994933 W). In addition, since there
is no central cooling system in the residential buildings on
the campus, the peak clipping of total cooling load cannot
be obtained.

Table 8 Contrast of load prediction in two methods


Items

Traditional

Optimization method

Heating load/W

32090708

31368771

Cooling load/W

17721338

16213330

Fig. 12

Daily energy consumption of two modes on January 6

Dingding TONG et al. Analysis on energy saving optimization

7.4 Contrast and analysis of the results of annual energy


consumption prediction

By adding the annual energy consumption of residential


and public buildings, the annual energy consumption of the
whole campus building groups was obtained. The
comparison of the heating energy consumption of two
modes (which is 138043165 and 206390476 MJ respectively) shows that the optimization method can save
33.12% of energy. The comparison of the cooling energy
consumption of two modes (which is 2327291 and
42484830 MJ respectively) shows that the optimization
method can save 45.22% of energy. The distribution of the
total energy consumption of building groups is shown in
Fig. 13.

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operation cost of the HVAC systems. In respect of load


peak clipping, the peak load of two types of building
groups occurs at different times, by which the peak load
clipping can be achieved, and the total campus designed
load can be reduced to save the initial investment.
The optimization strategies are based on the characteristics of the energy consumption of campus buildings,
which is common on university campuses regardless of the
type of the university, the number of the students, and the
region where the university is located. Thus the optimization strategy can be widely used in campus energy
planning. With this optimization strategy, the initial
investment and operation cost of heating and cooling
systems can be reduced effectively.

References

Fig. 13

Annual energy consumption of two modes

As it can be seen that the annual heating and cooling


energy consumption using the optimization method is
obviously lower than the values without optimization,
which proves that the optimization strategy is effective to a
large extent.

Conclusions

The idea of energy-saving optimization for campus


building groups has been proposed based on the energy
consumption characteristics of campus buildings, and the
feasibility of the idea has been veried through specic
case analysis, which creates a new research view on the
energy-saving strategy of campus building groups.
Based on the energy consumption characteristics of
campus buildings, the set-point temperature mode was
proposed. Compared with the traditional theoretical
method to calculate the load, the dynamic simulation
method is the foundation to realize the optimization
strategy under the help of energy simulation software
EnergyPlus. The comparison indicates that applying the
optimization strategy can reduce the annual energy
consumption of campus building groups and save the

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