Section A [40 marks]

Answer all questions in this section.

1. Two adjacent cells and their values for s and p given in kPa are shown in
the diagram
below.

(a) (i) Write down the formula to determine the water potential of a plant
cell. [ 1 mark]

(ii) Define osmosis in terms of water potential.

marks]

[2

(b) State the direction of water flow between the two cells and give a reason
for your
answer.
[3
marks]

(c) Calculate the values of the pressure potential p and the water potential
of cell A and
cell B when equilibrium is reached. Assume that changes in solute
potential are
negligible.
[2
marks]

(d) State two differences between osmosis and the sodium-potassium pump
mechanism.
[ 2 marks]

2. A synapse as seen with an electron microscope is shown in the diagram

below.

(a) State the function of the mitochondria.

[ 1 mark]

.
(b) Give an example of the transmitter substance found in the synaptic
vesicles. [ 1 mark]

...
(c) Describe how the transmitter substance is released into the synaptic
cleft.
[ 2 marks]

(d) Explain how the release of the transmitter substance results in the
transmission of an
impulse across the synapse.
[4
marks]

(e) In normal synaptic transmission, the transmitter substance is rapidly

hydrolysed after
the impulse has been transmitted across the synapse. Suggest why it is
important that
the transmitter substance is rapidly hydrolysed after its release.
[ 1 mark]

(f) Nerve gases are known to prevent hydrolysis of the transmitter substance
at a synapse.
Suggest one symptom of nerve gas poisoning if a nerve gas is applied at a
neuromuscular junction.
[1
mark]

.
3. The figure below shows two methods in which enzymes can be produced
for industrial
processes.

(a) Give three advantages using immobilized enzymes?

[ 3 marks]

(b) Name three ways in which an enzyme or a cell can be immobilized. [ 3

marks]

(c) Suggest why enzymes used in industrial processes can be obtained from
thermophilic
(can be grown at high temperatures) microorganisms.
[2 marks]

(d) Glucose biosensor can be use to measure the blood glucose level of
diabetic patients.
Suggest two advantages of using biosensors and not Benedict test to
measure blood
glucose level.
[2 marks]

4. The process of transcription and translation are shown in the diagrams

below.

(a) Identify the structures A to F.

marks]

[6

A
B
C
D
E
F
(b) State the locations in the cell where transcription and translation occur.
[ 2 marks]
Transcription

Translation

(c) List two additional ways in which the process of transcription differs from
translation.
[2 marks]

(i)

..

(ii)

Section B [60 marks]

Answer any four questions in this section.
5.(a) What are the techniques used in analytical study of cell structures and
functions.
[3 marks]
(b) Relate the structure and function of the following structures.
[12 marks]
(i) Sclerenchyma
(ii) Collenchyma and
(iii) Plasma membrane
6.(a) Explain what happens during atria systole, ventricular systole and
diastole in a
cardiac cycle of the heart.
[7 marks]
(b) Describe the structure of the heart muscles and explain how heartbeat
is initiated.
[8 marks]
7. (a) Explain the roles of liver in human body.
[6 marks]
(b) The nephron is the functional unit of the kidney. Discuss the parts of
the nephron
which is/are associated with following process:
Filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
Countercurrent multiplication
[9 marks]

8.(a) Describe clearly the sequence of events which occurs when a resting
skeletal muscle
is stimulated, contracts and relaxes.
[8 marks]
(b) Explain how plant hormones (plant growth substances) promote, inhibit
or
otherwise modify growth of plants.
[7
marks]
9. (a) Explain briefly Darwins theory of natural selection.
marks]
(b) Explain how
(i) palaeontology
(ii) comparative anatomy
(iii) comparative embryology
support the theory of evolution.
marks]

[5

[10

10. (a) With the aid of a diagram, describe the process of double fertilization
in an
angiosperm.
[5
marks]
(b) Describe the main structural features that favour cross-pollination in
an
angiosperm.
[4
marks]
(c) Describe the characteristics of the following types of asexual
reproduction. [6 marks]
(i) Polyembryony
(ii) Parthenogenesis
(iii) Vegetative reproduction
Disediakan oleh:

.
(Pn. Then moli)
Abd Wahab)
Guru Biologi
Kanan Pra-U

Disemak oleh:

Disahkan oleh:

(Pn. Lourett)

(Pn. Siti Khadijah Bt

Ketua Unit Sains

Penolong