Basic piling technologies

Classification of bearing pile types. After Weltman

and Little (1977) - from Fleming et al. (1994)

DRIVEN PILES
PREFORMED PILES
FRANKI PILES
VIBRO PILES

FRANKI PILES

CONSTRUCTION STAGES

VIBRO PILES

CONSTRUCTION
STAGES

VIBRO PILES

PILE DRIVING EQUIPMENT IN PLACE

VIBRO PILES

BOTTOM PLACEMENT

VIBRO PILES

INSERTION OF THE REINFORCEMENT

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT
AUGER PILES

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT
AUGER PILES

CONSTRUCTION STAGES

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT
AUGER PILES

INSERTION OF THE REINFORCEMENT

CONTINUOUS FLIGHT
AUGER PILES

FINISHED PILE

BORED PILES

THIRD MAINLAND
BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
STAGES
STEEL CASING
INSTALLATION

THIRD MAINLAND
BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
STAGES
BORING

THIRD MAINLAND
BRIDGE
TOOL EXTRACTION

THIRD MAINLAND
BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION STAGES
INSERTION OF THE REINFORCEMENT

THIRD MAINLAND
BRIDGE
CONSTRUCTION
STAGES
CONCRETE
CASTING BY
MEANS OF THE
TREMIE PIPE

THIRD MAINLAND
BRIDGE
CONCRETE CASTING
FUNNEL AND TREMIE PIPE

MICROPILES
EQUIPMENT WEIGHT ABOUT 10 TONN
MAXIMUM DRILLING DEPTH ABOUT 60 m

MICROPILES
SELECTIVE INJECTION

EXECUTION STAGES OF A MICROPILE INJECTED AT HIGH PRESSURE

PILE TESTING
LOAD TESTING
- Pile integrity and ability
to carry the load
- Load bearing and
deformation
carachteristics

NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
- Quality control

PILE LOAD TESTING

IS A METHOD OF CHECKING THE
PERFORMANCE OF A PILE
THE TEST PILE SHOULD BE
TYPICAL IN ALL RESPECTS OF THE
PILES IN THE FOUNDATION
THE OBJECTIVES OF A
PRELIMINARY PILE TEST ARE:
-DETERMINE THE ULTIMATE
BEARING CAPACITY, RELATING
THIS TO THE DESIGN PARAMETERS;
- SEPARATE THE ADHESION AND
END BEARING CAPACITY;
- DETERMINE THE STIFFNESS OF
THE SOIL/PILE SYSTEM

PILE LOAD TESTS

PROCEDURES
A) MAINTAINED LOAD TESTS (MLT)
The load is increased in definite steps, and
is sustained at each level of loading
until all settlements has either stop or
does not exceed a specified amount in a
certain given period of time.

PILE LOAD TESTS

PROCEDURES
B) CONSTANT RATE OF PENETRATION
TEST (CRP)
test pile is jacked into the soil, the load being
adjusted to give constant rate of
downward movement to the pile.
Failure of the pile is defined in two ways:
-the load at which the pile continues to move
downward without further increase in
load
or

-according to the BS, the load which the

penetration reaches a value equal to onetenth of the diameter of the pile at the
base

NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
-INTEGRITY TESTING ARE QUALITY
CHECKS BY INDIRECT METHODS
-MERITS AND LIMITATIONS
-TYPES OF INTEGRITY TESTS:
a) Acoustic tests
b) Radiometric tests
c) Seismic
d) Stress-wave tests
e) Dynamic response tests
f) Electrical tests

NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
TUBE POSITIONING IN A DOUBLE HOLE
ACOUSTIC TEST

NON-DESTRUCTIVE
TESTING
DOUBLE HOLE ACOUSTIC TEST
-DISPLAY OF RESULTS-

Single piles in vertical

(axial) loading
Piles made from steel or reinforced
concrete (formerly of timber) carry
large point loads (eg from columns)
Load transfer into the soil is through
side friction and base bearing
Sometimes used to carry large loads
to a deep, firm foundation eg bedrock
Piles can be driven into the ground or
cast in place (bored piles)
ULS design load is based on the
failure load calculated using a
reduced soil strength
SLS (e.g. excessive settlements)
must also be considered

Skin friction and base

bearing for a single pile

Skin friction will ADD to downward load if

ground swells relative to pile
Pile may carry an upward load in which
case base bearing is not applicable

Skin friction and base bearing

Relative rates of mobilization of skin

friction and base bearing will depend
on method of pile installation

Calculation of failure load

Calculate base bearing capacity as for a
deep foundation using appropriate
bearing capacity equation
Effective stress analysis: skin friction =
pile area normal (horizontal) effective
stress h soil/pile friction coefficient
tan
In a normally consolidated soil, h =
(1-sin).v
In an overconsolidated soil Ko
(=h/h) is greater in situ but may be
reduced near the pile during installation
Total stress analysis: skin friction = pile
area soil/pile adhesion w
Soil pile adhesion often taken as .u
with = 0.5 to allow for local softening
during pile installation

Calculation of failure load

QT

qs

qb

QT + W = QB + QS
QB = qb Ab
QS = qs As

Calculation of failure load

End-bearing pressure
Cohesive soils:
c cu

1
qb = cN c + qN q + BN
2

Nc = 9
q = vo
Nq = 1

Non-cohesive soils:

1
qb = cN c + qN q + BN
2

q = 'vo
Nq

Calculation of failure load

Skin friction
Cohesive soils:
Short Term

qs = cu - Empirical factor: 0,21

Long Term

qs = h' tg ' = K V' 0 tg ' = V' 0

': interface friction angle

h' : normal effective stress
Non-cohesive soils:

qs = h' tg ' = K V' 0 tg ' = V' 0

': interface friction angle

: normal effective stress
'
h