Passive Voice and

Narration
Abstract
I analyzed the whole structure of passive voice with the present use of a
language. Stylistically, passive voice is the use of a style of an individual in
the use of a language. Passive differentiate the form of a verb that is
Transitive verb and intransitive verb. The whole structure of passive is the
unit of the language and style in writing. Passive voice is the deep structure
and unique style of the user in writing and speaking of languages concluded
that passive is the superb structure of the language in daily use. In daily
speaking or writing of a language subject is not agent of the action but
object is also doer to the action. Transitivity and use of the object is the
important task in deep structure in language use. Language is a discourse
unit where there is many actions is taking through language use.
Introduction
Passive is the use language where there is action is done to subject and the
doer of the action is unknown to readers Two "voices" occur in English grammar:
active voice and passive voice. The difference is subtle at first, but it's easy to master once the
grammarian understands the basics. Examine the subject and the main verb in the two sentences
below: In most other cases, it is better rhetoric to use active voice. It is a better choice for several
reasons.
Advantage of Passive Voice

1. Passive voice really is a shortcut to good writing.

2. : Sometimes the passive voice sentence is necessary when the speaker wants to hide the
agent or obscure what occurs.

3. Good writers try to avoid these empty, weak words and replace them with strong words.
4. The agent doing the action might truly be unknown.
5. Passive are used in scientific and technical writing.
6. Passive voice depersonalizes the topic.

7. Passive stress on the object but not subject of the sentence.

8. Most of the newspaper in passive voice.
9. Passive voice is the development in language.
10.

Passive voice makes an individual wise in use of language.

11.

Passive voice is the deep structure of language as Chamsky said.

Disadvantages of Passive Voice

1 )Active voice sentences are often more concise than passive voice. Expressing the same idea
in passive voice frequently takes 30% to 40% more words
(2) Passive voice requires more "weak" words. It uses abstract words like is /am /are /was
/were /being /been/has/have/had, the definite article (the), and prepositions like by and of. These
are dull and colorless compared to concrete nouns, powerful verbs, and vivid adjectives
3) The passive voice clause can be confusing or unclear, especially in long sentences.
4) Passive voice often leads to awkward or stilted writing, especially in
which the student dons a "pseudo-scholarly" tone.

academic arguments in

5) Linguistic studies show that native English speakers are better able to remember material they
read in active voice than the same material in passive voice. Something about the English
speaker's mind remains geared toward a "Subject-Verb-Object" pattern. Passive voice sentences
somehow derail that mental process of retention
Data analysis

Human and animals produce sound which is called voice.

In grammatical term voice is called diathesis.
Voice is two types according to grammatical rules.
1. Active voice
2. Passive Voice
Passive voice further classified into two types that is
a. Impersonal passive voice and

B.Personal passive voice.

A. Impersonal passive voice
The phrase It is said when we are using in our daily
speech or writing is called impersonal passive voice.
Mostly in news paper, the writer uses this phrase which
becomes impersonal passive. E.g.
it is said that women live longer than man.
It is said that children often naughty by nature
b.Personal passive voice.
It presents the agent of the action. The action has done
by someone.
General Rules of Active Passive Voice

For making Active Voice sentence to Passive Voice sentence,

1.

Object is converted to Subject and

2.

Subject is converted to Object.

3.

Use By after 3rd Form of Verb.

4.

Always. Use 3rd form of Verb in passive.

5.

No change a sentence into passive which has intransitive verb.

6.

No change a sentence which has Object complement or Adverb

of place.

Passive Voice of Present Indefinite Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping
verb 'Is/Are/Am' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice
of Present Indefinite Tense. In Active Voice of Present Indefinite
Negative and Interrogative sentences, use of Do/Does is used but for

making Passive Voice only helping verbs - 'Is/Are/Am' are used. Helping
Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the Subject of the Passive Voice
(Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of Passive Voice). If the
Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of plurals will be used
irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was Singular. In
case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added after helping verbs and in
case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting of the
sentence. In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative,
3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice

Examples

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Do you read English?

Is English read by you?

She drives my car.

My car is driven by her.

Heena loves saKina.

sakina is loved by Heena.

The gardener waters plants

Plants are watered by the

every day.

gardener every day.

Teachers do not punish

Students are not punished by

students now-a-days.

teachers now-a-days.

She gives her books to the

The poor boy is given books by

poor boy.

her.

Do you know him?

Is he known by you?

He does not like my advice.

My advice is not liked by him.

Do they require my help in

Is my help required by them in

emergency?

emergency?

John completes the project in The project is completed by

time.

John in time.

Fazal gives food to the

The beggar is given food by

beggar.

Fazal.

salma gives food to the

The food is given to the beggar

beggar.

by salma.

Passive Voice of Present Continuous Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Is/Are/Am + Being' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of
Present Continuous Tense. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the
Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of
Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of
plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was
Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not + Being' is added after helping
verbs and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting
of the sentence and place of 'Being' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb
is used in Passive Voice.
.
Examples

Active Voice

Passive Voice

She is counseling her son.

Her son is being counseled by

her.

The People are choosing

him their leader.

He is being chosen their leader by

the people.

She is buying all the books

from his school.

All the books are being bought by

her from his school.

Aneela is inviting sarwat to

visit Fida.

sarwat is being invited by Aneela

to visit Fida.

Kamela is not disturbing her Her father is not being disturbed

father.
by Kamela.
Carpenter is repairing the
table.

The table is being repaired by the

carpenter.

Is he doing your job right

now?

Is your job being done by him

right now?

He is writing his
autobiography.

His autobiography is being written

by him.

Passive Voice of Present Perfect Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Has/Have + Been' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of

Present Perfect Tense. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the
Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of
Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of
plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was
Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added between 'Has/Have' and
'Been' and in case of Interrogative sentence 'Has/Have' comes in the starting
of the sentence and place of 'Been' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb
is used in Passive Voice.

Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

Rashed have robbed the

new couple.

The new couple has been

robbed by the Rashed.

The brave person has saved Many lives have been saved
many lives.
by the brave person.
I have driven a tank-truck
filled with diesel.

A Tank Truck filled with diesel

has been driven by me.

Manan has taught Fida

about domestic affairs.

Fida has been taught about

domestic affairs by Manan.

She has mopped the floor

twice.

The floor has been moped by

her twice.

He has finished the work at

full speed.

The work has been finished

by him at full speed.

He has purchased all

materials from Market.

All materials have been

purchased by him from
Market.

Online shopping has saved

lot of time.

Lot of time has been saved

by online shopping.

Have you seen the serial on Has the serial on Shir khan
Shir khan?
been seen by you?
Has he explained in detail
about his behavior to his
father?

Has his father been

explained in detail about his
behavior?

Has he ditched his wife?

Has his wife been ditched by

him?

Haman has gifted a new car His mother has been gifted a
to his mother.
new car by Haman.
Haman has gifted a new car A new car has been gifted by
to his mother.
Haman to his mother.
Passive Voice of Past Indefinite Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Was/Were' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Past
Indefinite Tense. In Active Voice of Past Indefinite Negative and Interrogative
sentences, use of Did is used but for making Passive Voice only helping verbs
- 'Was/Were' are used. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the
Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of
Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of
plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was
Singular.
In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added after helping verbs and in case of
Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting of the sentence.
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb
is used in Passive Voice.
Rules
Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

She killed a snake.

A snake was killed by her.

The students did not complete Their homework was not

their homework.
completed by the students.
Pakistan helped poor countries Poor countries were helped by
in past.
Pakistan in past.
Shahi Afridi opted retirement
from cricket.

Retirement from cricket was opted

by Shahi Afridi.

Did he make a wise decision?

Was a wise decision made by

him?

He gave so much to the game. The game was given so much by

him.
He deposited school fees of
the poor student.

School fees of the poor student

were deposited by him.

Rehman drove my car from

Mardan to Peshawar in 2000.

My car was driven by Rehman

from Mardan to Peshawar in 2000.

Mr Shaukat gave me full

respect.

I was given full respect by Mr

Shaukat.

Kinat attenabided all seminars All seminars were attended by

in Swabi.
Kinat in swabi.
Did he grab good job from
Rahat?

Was good job from Rahat grabbed

by him?

Passive Voice of Past Continuous Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Was/Were + Being' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice
Past Continuous Tense. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the
Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of
Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of
plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was

Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not + Being' is added after helping

verbs and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting
of the sentence and place of 'Being' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb
is used in Passive Voice.

Rules
Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

He was taking a big risk.

A big risk was being taken by him.

Jahn khan was giving order of

his transfer.

Order of his transfer was being

given by Jahn khan.

She was teaching him French.

He was being taught French by

her.

She was appreciating Reeta's

support.

Reeta's support was being

appreciated by her.

He was not admitting his

mistakes.

His mistakes were not being

admitted by him.

They were giving their

declarations in court.

Their declarations were being

given by them in court.

Was the doctor serving

patients?

Were patients being served by the

doctor?

The labourers were digging a

canal.

A canal was being dug by the

labourers.

Raja was delivering a message Public was being delivered a

to public.
message by Raja.
Raja was delivering a message A message was being delivered to
to public.
public by Raja.
The President was giving
Meritorious students were being
awards to meritorious students. given awards by the President.
Ameen was obeying orders of
his grandmother.

Orders of his grandmother were

being obeyed by Ameen.

Passive Voice of Past Perfect Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Had + Been' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Past
Perfect Tense. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added between 'Had' and
'Been' and in case of Interrogative sentence 'Had' comes in the starting of the
sentence and place of 'Been' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb
is used in Passive Voice.
Examples

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Police had rescued number of

child labourers.

Number of child labourers had

been rescued by Police.

Terrorists had infected drinking

water also.

Drinking water also had been

infected by terrorists.

The slow hockey game had

bored the spectators.

The spectators had been bored by

the slow hockey game.

System had made lot many

people guilty.

A lot many people had been made

guilty by the system.

The corrupt officers had made

him a scapegoat.

He had been made a scapegoat by

the corrupt officers.

The organization had recruited

fifty soldiers.

Fifty soldiers had been recruited by

the organization.

He had willingly donated

woolen clothes.

Woolen clothes had been donated

by him willingly.

My father had established good Good traditions had been

traditions in my family.
established by my father in my
family.
My father had established good In my family, good traditions had
traditions in my family.
been established by my father.

The Chairman's's entry had

completely changed the
environment.

The environment had been

completely changed by the
Chairman's entry.

Had he spoken the truth?

Had the truth been spoken by him?

Had the robbers robbed

passengers in running train?

Had passengers been robbed by

robbers in running train?

Had the robbers robbed

passengers in running train?

Had in running train passengers

been robbed by robbers?

Passive Voice of Future Indefinite Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Will/Shall + Be' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of
Future Indefinite Tense. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added after
helping verbs & before 'Be' and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb
comes in the starting of sentence. In all types of sentences - Positive,
Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

She will sign these papers. These papers will be signed by

her.
I shall make a table.

A table will be made by me.

She will take dinner at 9

pm.

Dinner will be taken by her at 9

pm.

The tailor will alter my shirt My shirt will be altered by the

tomorrow.
tailor tomorrow.
She will not allow her maid Her maid will not be allowed by
to clean her room in her
her to clean her room in her
absence.
absence.
She will not believe her
maid.

Her maid will not be believed

by her.

They will shout slogans

during strike period.

Slogans will be shouted by

them during strike period.

I will discharge my duties

honestly.

My duties will be discharged by

me honestly.

Will he not abuse

anybody?

Will anybody not be abused by

him?

I shall not help selfish

persons.

Selfish persons will not be

helped by me.

She will seek my advice in My advice will be sought by

all circumstance.
her in all circumstances.
She will disclose all the

All the secrets of her brother

secrets of her brother.

will be disclosed by her.

I will reward my family for My family will be rewarded by

making me proud of them. me for making me proud of
them.
Passive Voice of Future Perfect Tense

Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb
'Will/Shall + Have + Been' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive
Voice of Future Perfect Tense. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added
between 'Will/Shall' and ' Have Been' and in case of Interrogative sentence
'Will/Shall' comes in the starting of the sentence and place of 'Have + Been'
remains before Verb (3rd form) In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative &
Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

Aneela will have finshied his

home work.

His home work will have been

finished by Aneela.

Naheeda will have invited you

on her birthday.

You will have been invited by

Naheeda on her birthday.

He will have switched on the

light.

Light will have been switched on

by him.

They will have decorated the

The house will have been

house for our welcome.

decorated by them for our

welcome.

The President will have invited

the biggest party to form the
Government.

The biggest party will have been

invited by the President to form the
Government.

She will have taken medicines

on time.

Medicines will have been taken by

her on time.

The judge will have issued

orders in our favour.

Orders will have been issued by

the judge in our favour.

They will have taken all

precautions.

All precautions will have been

taken by them.

America will have formulated

new policy on terrorism.

New policy on terrorism will have

been formulated by America.

Ali will have learnt all

alphabets.

All alphabets will have been learnt

by Ali.

She will have refused to marry

a greedy person.

A greedy person will have been

refused by her to marry.

Will the monkeys have

damaged our plants?

Will our plants have been

damaged by the monkeys?

Will you not have joined again

Will English classes not have been

English classes?

joined by you again?

Passive Voice of W-Family Sentence

W-family words (Who, Whom, What, Which, When, Why, Where, etc) are used
in all types of sentences and normally it comes in the beginning of both (Active
& Passive Voice Sentences) and followed by Helping Verbs of the Tense in
interrogative sentences. We have learnt changing normal Active Voice
sentences to Passive Voice sentence of all types of Tenses. Basic rules will
remain same for the sentences of W-family words.
Rules of changing Passive Voice of W-family sentence
Separate W-family word and the rest part of the sentence.
The rest part of the sentence remains a normal sentence.
Change it to Passive Voice as per the Rule of Tense of the
sentence.
Add the W-family word in the beginning of the changed Passive
Voice part Sentence.
All the W-family words remain unchanged except two words (1) "WHO" is replaced by words "BY WHOM" (2) "WHOM" is
replaced by word "WHO" .
Let us take a look
Sentence Forming

What are you writing?

Are you writing?

Present Continuous Tense
Convert Object to Subject + Is/Are/Am + Being + Verb (3rd
form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)

'XXX' is being written by you.

What is being written by you?

What did he say?
Did he tell?
Past Indefinite Tense
Convert Object to Subject +Was/Were + Verb (3rd form) +
By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)

'XXX' was told by him.

What was told by him?

Which book do you want?
_Book do you want?

Present Indefinite Tense

Convert Object to Subject + Is/Are/Am + Verb (3rd form) +
By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)

'XXX' book is wanted by you.

Which book is wanted by you?

When will he lodge an FIR?
Will he lodge an FIR?
Future Indefinite Tense
Convert Object to Subject + Will/Shall + Be + Verb (3rd
form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)

'XXX' FIR will be lodged by him.

When an FIR will be lodged by him?

Who has slapped my friend?
Has slapped my friend?
Present Perfect Tense

Convert Object to Subject + Has/Have + Been + Verb (3rd

form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)

'XXX' has my friend been slapped.

By whom has my friend been slapped?

Examples
Which car do you drive?

Which car is driven by you?

Which film did you like most?

Which film was liked most by you?

When will you repay your debts? When your debts will be repaid by
you?
When did he reply your letter?

When your letter was replied by him?

What will you discuss with your

fiance?

What will your fiance be discussed

by you?

What is making him to break the What is being made to break the
contract?
contract by him?
What were you suggesting him
at this stage?

What was being suggested by you to

him?

What has the police recorded in What has been recorded in FIR by
FIR?
the police?
Why did they withdraw their
support?

Why their support was withdrawn by

them?

Why do elected leaders not fulfill Why are the expectations of people
the expectations of people?
not fulfilled by the elected leaders?
Why did you disobey your
parents?

Why your parents were disobeyed by

you.

Passive Voice of Imparatives

A sentence that issues a request or gives a command or expresses a desire

or wish is called an Imperative sentence. Imperative sentences are addressed
without naming the subject. Hence these sentences are without Subject and
starts with the Principal Verb. sentences have different types of emotions Order, Command, Request, Suggestion and Advise. In Passive Voice of
Imperative Sentence, we use different wordings with the Subject as per the
emotions of the sentence.
For making Passive Voice, Imperative Sentences are of the following types:
Sentences
Containing
Sentences
Containing
Sentences
Containin
Sentences
Containing
Sentences Containing Suggestion

Command
Order
Request
Advice

Rules
Sentence
Containing

Rule of converting Imperative Sentence (Active Voice) to

Passive Voice

Command

Let + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form)

Order

You are ordered to + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb

(3rd form)

Request

You are requested to + Convert Object to Subject + Be +

Verb (3rd form)

Advice

You are advised to + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb

(3rd form)

Suggestion

Convert Object to Subject + Should + Be + Verb (3rd form)

One sentence spoken in different situations with different emotions will be

changed in Passive Voice differently.

Let us take a look

Passive Voice of 'Open the
Window'
Let the window be opened.

You are ordered to open the window.

You are requested to open the
window.
You are advised to open the window.
The window should be opened.

Examples
Do this job.

Let this job be done.

Teach your son.

Let your son be taught.

Control your party men. Your party men should be

controlled.
Obey your parents.

You are advised to obey your

parents.

Don't do this.

You are requested not to do this.

Punish the culprits.

Let the culprits be punished.

Don't allow anybody to

peep inside .

You are ordered not to allow

anybody to peep inside.

Pay your fees.

Let your fees be paid today.

Please stand up from

my seat.

You are requested to stand up

from my seat.

Always help the poor.

Let the poor be helped always.

Don't smoke.

You are advised not to smoke.

Don't disturb her.

You are requested not to disturb

her.

Don't stare at her again. You are warned not to stare at her
again.
Love your wife.

Your wife should be loved.

Get up early.

You are requested to get up early.

Be careful.

You are advised to be careful.

Passive Voice of Modals

Modals are special Helping Verbs. Modals express the mood of a the verb,
such as ability, possibility, necessity or another condition. They are used with a
main verb to form a sentence and it remains same whether Subject is singular
or plural. Modals are - May, Might, Can, Could, Will, Would, Shall, Should,
Must, Ought to. We will learn in detail about Modals separately. Here we will
focus on Passive Voice of Modals.Rules of Passive voice of Modals

(mentioned below) show that helping verb 'Be' is added after Modals and 3rd
form of verb is used for making Passive Voice.
Rules
Sentence
Rule of converting Sentence of Modals (Active Voice) to Passive Voice
Containing
Positive

Convert Object to Subject + Modals + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert

Subject to Object + Remaining (if any) + (.)

Negative

Convert Object to Subject + Modals + Not + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By +

Convert Subject to Object + Remaining (if any) + (.)

Interrogative Modals + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert

Subject to Object + Remaining (if any) + (.)
Examples
You may tell your problem.

Your problem may be told by you.

You may ask her name.

Her name may be asked by you.

He may read my book.

My book may be read by him.

He might not reveal his secrets. His secrets might not be revealed
by him.
My mother might not permit me I might not be permitted by my
to go on hills.
mother to go on hills.

The patient can drive car.

Car can be driven by the patient.

She cannot climb on the hill.

The hill cannot be climbed by her.

The leader could not convince

his party men.

His party men could not be

convinced by the leader.

I could not make compromise.

Compromise could not be made by

me.

You should warn him about

stray dogs.

He should be warned about stray

dogs by you.

He should not reject Swati's

proposal.

Swati's proposal should not be

rejected by him.

She would not allow me.

I would not be allowed by her.

Avyan would raise voice in

favour of kids.

Voice would be raised by Avyan in

favour of kids.

They must protect her husband. Her husband must be protected by

them.
Schools must give holidays.

Holidays must be given by schools.

Must you call her?

Must she be called by you?

You ought to obey your parents. Your parents ought to be obeyed

by you.
Aman ought to visit Pakistan
every year to meet his grandparents.

Pakistan ought to be visited by

Aman every year to meet his
grand-parents.

The above examples may clear Your doubts may be cleared by the
your doubts.
above examples.

Passive Voice of Infinitive

Rules of Passive Voice of Infinitive - 'TO' show that 'BE' is added after 'To' and
3rd form of verb is used for making Passive Voice.
Rules
Sentence
Containing

Rule of converting Sentence of Infinitive 'To' (Active

Voice) to Passive Voice

Positive

Convert Object to Subject +

Is/Are/Am/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had + To + Be + Verb (3rd
form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + (.)

Negative

Convert Object to Subject +

Is/Are/Am/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had + Not + To + Be + Verb
(3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + (.)

Interrogative

Is/Are/Am/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had + Convert Object to

Subject + To + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject
to Object + (.)

Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

I am to do this work.

This work is to be done by me.

Your wife is to learn English.

English is to be learnt by your

wife.

I am to teach her English.

English is to be taught to her by

me.

Seema had to abstain him

from smoking.

He had to be abstained from

smoking by Seema.

I have to assist my wife in

domestic works.

My wife has to be assisted in

domestic works by me .

I was to appreciate her but I

forgot.

She was to be appreciated by me

but I forgot.

They are to deliver speech in

the programme.

Speech is to be delivered in the

programme by them.

Is he to select her wedding

dress?

Is her wedding dress to be

selected by him?

He has to favour his girl friend. His girl friend is to be favoured by

him.
He was to give a precious gift
to her.

She was to be given a precious

gift by him.

He was to give a precious gift

to her.

A precious gift was to be given to

her by him.

The Chief Minister is to resolve The problems of ordinary persons

the problems of ordinary
are to be resolved by the Chief
persons.
Minister.
Citizens are to support the
Government.

The Government is to be
supported by the citizens.

Organisations are to tighten

the workers.

The workers are to be tightened

by organisations.

Now workers are to

understand their duty.

Their duty is to be understood by

workers now.

We are to help the needy and

poor.

The needy and poor are to be

helped by us.

Passive Voice of Miscellaneous

We have covered almost all types of Passive Voice sentences. It is observed

that Passive Voice sentence emphasize more on action and subject is
normally not there. Where subject comes, it is written that the action is done
by the subject. e.g. Room has been cleaned. When subject is added then it
becomes - Room has been cleaned by her. Importance is on action.
Sometimes at the time of making passive voice of sentences which contains
words -someone / somebody / one's etc, these words are removed e.g. Active
voice : Someone has stolen our cycle. Passive voice : Our cycle has been
stolen. When such Passive voice sentence is to be converted in Active voice
sentence, such words are added again with the Active voice sentence.

'By' is not used with these Verbs

In Passive Voice, 'By' is not used with these Verbs. Instead of 'By' appropriate
Prepositions of the Verbs are used.

Verb

Preposition

Verb

Preposition

Alarmed

At

Married

With (a girl)

Amazed

At

Married

To ( a boy)

Annoyed

At

Offended

With (a person)

Contained

In

Offended

At (Behaviour)

Displeased

With (a person) Pleased

With (a person)

Displeased

At (Behaviour)

At (Behaviour)

Pleased

Distinguished With

Satisfied

With

Known

To

Shocked

At

Lined

With

Surprised

At

Examples
Active Voice

Passive Voice

The news alarmed him.

He was alarmed at the news.

She knows me.

I am known to her.

This bottle contains ink.

Ink is contained in this bottle.

His victory is surprising all.

All are being surprised at his

victory.

His sudden visit has amazed We have been amazed at his

us.
sudden visit.
Radha did not annoy with
Krishan.

Krishan was not annoyed with

Radha.

His behaviour shocked Swati. Swati was shocked at his

behaviour.
I satisfied my family.

My family was satisfied with me.

Ramesh offended Suman.

Suman was offended with

Ramesh.

Madhur married to Bhavin.

Bhavin was married with Madhur.

The news of his transfer has

displeased her.

She has been displeased at the

news of his transfer.

Neha pleased Swati.

Swati was pleased with Neha.

Examples of Miscellaneous Sentences

Active Voice

Passive Voice

Sit down

Be seated.

Women like men to flatter

them.

Women like to be flattered by men.

One should keep one's

promise.

Promise should be kept.

It is time to close the shop.

It is time for the shop to be closed.

Someone has broken our

table.

Our table has been broken.

Somebody has deceived us

badly.

We have been deceived badly.

People laughed at beggars.

Beggars were laughed at by

people.

I made him sing a song.

He was made to sing a song.

People say that he is an

honest minister.

It is said that he is an honest

minister.

People say that he is an

honest minister.

He is said to be an honest minister.

My wife asked me when I

would ring her.

I was asked by me wife when I

would ring her.

The farmers had ploughed the The fields had been ploughed by
fields before the rains set in.
the farmers before the rains set in.
We had reached our
destination before it got dark.

Our destination had been reached

by us before it got dark.

I shall have read the

The newspaper will have been read
newspaper before the arrival of by me before the arrival of the train.
the train.

They will have prepared

reports before snowfall.

Reports will have been prepared by

them before snowfall.

It is time to give the green

signal.

It is time for the green signal to be

given.

Commonly used Passive Voice sentences (without subject)

Active Voice
English is taught here.
Beggars were given food.
The house was white-washed.
His honesty should be praised.
He was informed timely.
She was beaten.
Victims were rushed to hospital.
My office is to be shifted.
The meeting is being cancelled.

What is done here?

What will be cooked in the evening?
What can be done now?
Why was this table removed from here?
What has been distributed?
When was he murdered?
Everyone had been informed about it.
The curfew has been imposed in the city.

Direct-Indirect Speech

Statement of a speaker or reporter is known as "Speech or Narration". We can

report
any
Speech
to
another
person
in
two
ways:
(i) Report speaker's Speech to another person in the same words. It is known
as Direct Speech or Direct Narration. In Direct Narration, the Speech is kept in
Inverted
Commas
"I
...".

(ii) Report speaker's Speech to another person in our own words without
changing the meaning of the Speech. It is known as Indirect Speech or
Indirect Narration.
Direct-Indirect Speech - Simple Sentences

Example
Direct Speech

Aslam said to Salma, "I have broken my toys."

Indirect Speech

Aslam told Salma that he had broken his toys.

From the above example, broadly it comes to knowledge that for changing
Direct Speech to Indirect Speech, we are to (i) Use a word to join both the
parts like 'that' is used here; (ii) Remove Inverted Commas; (iii) Change the
Pronoun; and (iv) Change the tense of Reported Speech.

Rule No. 1
First of all see the Reporting Verb. If it is 'say, says, will say or said', in Indirect
Speech also it will remain same 'say, says, will say or said'. If 'to' is added with
the Reporting Verb then in Indirect Speech it will be changed as per below
rule:
(i) Say to - Tell (ii) Says to - Tells (iii) Will say to - Will tell (iv) Said to - Told
When 'to' is added with the Reporting Verb, Object will always be there and in
Indirect Speech after 'Tell or Told', Object must come

Rule No. 2

See the Tense of Reported Verb. If Tense of Reported Verb is Past Tense then
in Indirect Speech Tense of Reported Speech is changed to Past Tense as per
Rule given below:
Reported Speech Tense in
Direct Speech

Reported Speech Tense in Indirect Speech

Simple Present

Simple Past

Present Indefinite

Past Indefinite

Present Continuous

Past Continuous

Present Perfect

Past Perfect

Present Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Indefinite

Past Perfect

Past Continuous

Past Perfect Continuous

Past Perfect

No change of Tense

Past Perfect Continuous

No change of Tense

Will/Shall in Future Tense

Would/Should (Should with Pronoun 'I' & 'We' only)

Can

Could

May

Might

Could/Should/Would/Might

No Change

Rule No. 3
When Reporting Verb is of Past Tense, then the following words of Reported
Speech are changed as per below:
Direct Speech

Indirect Speech

Ago

Before

Hence

Thence

Here

There

Hither

Thither

Last night

The previous night

Last week

The previous week

Next week

The following week

Now

Then

The day before yesterday

The day before the previous day

The last fortnight

The previous fortnight.

These

Those

This

That

Thus

So

Today

That day

Tomorrow

The next day

Tonight

That night

Yesterday

The previous day

Rule No. 4
If Tense of Reporting Verb is either Present Tense or Future Tense, we do not
make change in the Tense of Reported Speech

Rule No. 5
If any Universal Truth, Proverb, Habitual Act, Historical Fact, Unchanged
Facts, or Imaginary Condition comes in Reported Speech, then Tense of
Reported Speech does not change even if Reported Verb is of Past Tense.

No. 6
In all simple tenses, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and
word 'That' is used to join both the parts.

No. 7
For changing to Indirect Speech, Pronouns of Reported Speech are changed
as per "S O N = 1 2 3" Rule.
S = Subject

1 = First Person

O = Object

2 = Second Person

N = No Change

3 = Third Person

If Person of
Pronoun of
Reported
Speech is___

Rule Change the Person

of Pronoun as per
Reporting
Verb's___

First Person

Subject

Second Person

Object

Third Person

No Change

Examples
1. She says to Sakina,
1. She tells Sakina that

"I will teach you and

she will teach her and

2.
2.

Aslam
Aslam

"I
he

3.
3.

They
They

said to sarwat,
told Sarwat that
said
told

to me,
me that

Aslam."
Aslam.

will give my toys to you."

would give his toys to her.

"We have
they had

given
given

our share to
their share to

you"
me.

4. We will say to Heena, "You have brought her paintings to show us and your
Mom."
4. We will tell Heena that she has brought her paintings to show us and her

Mom.
5. She said to Manan, "I am in love and I want you to protect me.
5. She told Manan that she was in love and she wanted him to protect her.
6.
He
said,
"You
did
not
give
me
his
address."
6. He said that he had not given him his address. (Object is not there.
Assumed
it
of
3rd
Person)
6. He said that I had not given him his address.(Object is not there. Assumed
it of Ist Person)
Direct-Indirect Speech - Simple Interrogative Sentences

For the purpose of Direct-Indirect Speech, Interrogative Sentences are divided

into two types - (1) W-family Interrogative Sentences and (2) Simple
Interrogative Sentences (Other than W-family Sentences).
Simple Interrogative Sentences

The basic rules of changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech described for
simple sentences applies for all types of Sentences. There are certain
changes in rules for each type of sentences.

Rule No. 1
In all Interrogative sentences if Reporting Verb is 'say/say to, says/says to, will
say/will say to or said/said to', in Indirect Speech also it will be changed to
'ask, asks, will ask or asked'.

Rule No. 2
In all Simple Interrogative sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...")
are removed and word 'If' or 'Whether' is used to join both the parts

Rule No. 3

For converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech of all Interrogative

Sentences, the interrogative form of the sentence is changed to Assertive form
and Question Mark (?) is replaced with Full Stop (.).

Rule No. 4
At the time of converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech of all Interrogative
Sentences 'Yes/No' Short Answer is also added with the Interrogative
Sentences, answer is briefly described in place of simple 'Yes/No'. If answer is
'No', brief answer will be in Negative form and if it is 'Yes', the brief answer will
be in Assertive form.
Examples of Simple Interrogative Sentences
Direct

She says, "Am I looking gorgeous?"

Indirect She asks whether she is looking gorgeous.

Direct

He said, "Am I not looking handsome?"

Indirect He asked whether he was not looking handsome.

Direct

Madhur said to Bhavin, "Will you come early today from

office?"

Indirect Madhur asked Bhavin whether he would come early that

day from office.
Direct

Avyan said to Neha, "Can you solve this puzzle?" "No", she
said.

Indirect Avyan asked Neha if she could solve that puzzle. She said,
She couldn't or She replied in negative.
Direct

Suman said to Swati, "Do you know everything about him?"

She said, "Yes".

Indirect Suman asked Swati whether she knew everything about

him. She said, she did or She replied in affirmative.
Direct

Biswas jee said to me, "Have you read the book on Swaami
Vivekananda?"

Indirect Biswas jee asked me whether I had read the book on

Swaami Vivekananda.
Direct

She said to Heena, "Did I not telephone you in the

morning?"

Indirect She asked Heena whether she had not telephoned her in
the morning.
Direct

GM said to me, "Is it fine if you are transferred to Agra?"

Indirect GM asked me whether it was fine if I was transferred to

Agra.
Direct

He said to Heena, "Are you serious about our marriage?"

Indirect He asked Heena if she was serious about their marriage.

Direct

You said to Shalini, "Do you have trust in God?"

Indirect You asked Shalini whether she had trust in God.

Direct-Indirect Speech - W-Family Interrogative Sentences

In W-Family Interrogative sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...")

are removed and no word is used to join both the parts. The word of W-Family
does the work to join both the parts. Besides this rule, all the rules described
earlier are applicable to W-Family Interrogative Sentences also.
Examples of W-Family Interrogative Sentences
Direct

Manjula said to Poonam, "What do you want?"

Indirect Manjula asked Poonam what she wanted.

Direct

Boss said to his PA, "Why are you sad today?"

Indirect Boss asked his PA why she was sad that day.
Direct

Interviewer said to the candidate, "What are your

qualifications?"

Indirect Interviewer asked the candidate what were his qualifications.

Direct

The judge said to Shweta, "Why did you beat your servant?"

Indirect The judge asked Shweta why she had beaten her servant.
Direct

The teacher said to the Monitor, "Who was not obeying your
orders?"

Indirect The teacher asked the Monitor who had not obeyed his
orders.
Direct

Arvind said to me, "Why do you compare yourself with the

youngsters?"

Indirect Arvind asked me why I compared myself with the

youngsters.
Direct

Kanika said to Vartika, "When are you visiting Pune?"

Indirect Kanika asked Vartika when she was visiting Pune.

Direct

The leader said to public, "What are your expectations from

us?"

Indirect The leader asked public what were their expectations from
them.
Direct

The bus conductor said, "Whose bag is this?

Indirect The bus conductor asked whose bag that was.

Direct

Mona said to Charls, "How will you repay the money?"

Indirect Mona asked Charls how he would repay the money.

Direct

Dolly said to Reeta, "Why don't you stop here?"

TOP

Indirect Dolly asked Reeta why she did not stop there.
Direct

Sneh said to Rajat, "What is your name?"

Indirect Sneh asked Rajat what his name was.

Direct

Teacher said to Harsh, "Which is your book?"

Indirect Teacher asked Harsh which his book was.

Direct

Dolly said to Vikas, "Who are you?"

Indirect Dolly asked Vikas who he was.

Direct

Manager said to clerk, "Why did you come late?"

Indirect Manager asked clerk why he had come late.

Direct

Shantur said to Avyan, "Why are you crying?"

Indirect Shantur asked Avyan why he was crying.

Direct

I said to her, "When did you see my father?"

Indirect I asked her when she had seen my father.

Direct

Visitor said to a shopkeeper, "Where is the

AkShardhaam?"

Indirect Visitor asked a shopkeeper where the AkShardhaam is.

Direct

He said to her, "Where were you born?"

Indirect He asked her where she was born.

Direct

John said to his son, "What have you decided to do now?"

Indirect John asked his son what he had decided to do then.

Direct-Indirect Speech - Imperative Sentences

Rule No. 1

Imperative sentences have different types of emotions - Order, Command,

Request, Suggestion and Advise. For changing Direct Speech to Indirect
Speech, please see the Reporting Verb and according to the emotion of
Reporting Verb, 'Said To' is replaced with words like Requested, Advised,
Ordered,
Commanded,
Suggested,
Warned
etc.
Please and Kindly words and use of word 'Do' to emphasise something in
Reported Speech are not kept in Indirect Speech as the Reporting Verb's
replaced word "Request/Requests/Requested" already contains the same
emotion.
Sometimes Tag Question is added with Imperative Sentence. It is also not
kept in Indirect Speech.

Rule No. 2
In Imperative sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed
and
word
'To'
is
used
to
join
both
the
parts.
In negative sentences, 'Do Not' is removed and 'Not To' is used in making
Indirect
Speech
of
Imperative
Sentences.
Besides these two rules, all the rules described earlier are applicable to
Imperative Sentences also.
Examples of Imperative Sentences
Direct

The teacher said to Raj, "Stand up on the bench."

Indirect The teacher ordered Raj to stand up on the bench.

Direct

She said to her friend, "Do not tell a lie."

Indirect She advised her friend not to tell a lie.

Direct

Seema said to her husband, "Do not tell a lie.

Indirect Seema warned her husband not to tell a lie.

Direct

She said to Monu, "Please give me a glass of water."

Indirect She requested Monu to give her a glass of water.

Direct

Poonam said to Neha, "Have a glass of milk."

Indirect Poonam asked me to have a glass of milk.

Direct

The gardener said to children, "Don't pluck the flowers

again."

Indirect The gardener warned children not to pluck the flowers

again.
Direct

Neelam said to her boss, "Please grant me leave for three

days."

Indirect Neelam requested her boss to grant her leave for three
days.
Direct

Captain said, "follow me".

Indirect Captain ordered to follow him.

Direct

Doctor said to a patient, "Change your life style and

eating habits".

Indirect Doctor suggested a patient to change his life style and

eating habits.
Direct

The Principal said to students, "Don't make a noise."

Indirect The Principal instructed students not to make a noise.

Direct

My neighbour said to me, "Don't park your car in front of

my house."

Indirect My neighbour forbade me not to park my car in from of his

house.
Direct

Harshad Bhai said to me, "Do have a cup of tea please".

Indirect Harshad Bhai requested me to have a cup of tea.

Direct

We said to Chetna Ben, "Do tell about your sickness to

your family members please."

Indirect We requested Chetna Ben to tell about her sickness to

her family members.

Direct

She said to me, "Switch off the fan, will you?

Indirect She asked me to switch off the fan.

Direct

Arvind said to Joshi, "Send this file to GM, won't you?

Indirect Arvind asked Joshi to send that file to GM.

Direct

She said to her neighbour, "Please take care of my son,

will you?

Indirect She requested her neighbour to take care of her son.

Direct Indirect Speech - Sentences with Let

Rule
Like Imperative sentences, use of 'Let' in the sentences of Let has different
meaning and in Reporting Verb 'Said To' is replaced according to the notion of
the sentence with words like - Proposed, Suggested, Requested, Ordered,
Wished,
Told,
etc.
If the meaning of 'Let Sentence' is a suggestion, proposal or wish then for
making Indirect Speech (1) 'Said To' is replaced with 'Proposed To /
Suggested To / Wished To', (2) 'Let' is replaced with 'Should'. 'Should' comes
after the Pronoun. and (3) 'That' is used to join both the parts of the sentence.
If the meaning of 'Let Sentence' is to allow, order or persuade then for making
Indirect Speech (1) 'Said To' is replaced with 'Requested To / Ordered To', (2)
'Let' may remain in the sentence or it may be replaced with 'Allow' and (3) 'To'
is
used
to
join
both
the
parts
of
the
sentence.

If condition or supposition comes in 'Let Sentence' then for making Indirect

Speech (1) 'Said To' is replaced with 'Told', (2) 'Let' is replaced with 'Might' and
(3) 'That' is used to join both the parts of the sentence.
Examples of Sentences with Let
Direct

Anushka said to Omav, "Let us go to see a movie."

Indirect Anushka proposed to Omav that they should go to see a movie.

Direct

Manjula said to me, "Let us play carom today".

Indirect Manjula proposed to me that we should play carom that day.

Direct

She said to her sister, "Let him complete his study first."

Indirect She suggested her sister that he should complete his study first.
Direct

He said, "Let us wait a few minutes and try again later".

Indirect He suggested that they should wait a few minutes and try again
later.
Direct

Kanika said, "Let me take two chocolates".

Indirect Kanika wished that she should take two chocolates.

Direct

Jai said to his teacher, "Let me go home early today".

Indirect Jai requested his teacher to let him go early that day. OR Jai
requested his teacher to allow him to go early that day.
Direct

The Manager said to his PA, "Let the boys come in."

Indirect The Manager ordered the PA to let the boys come in.
Direct

Party workers said to the Leader, "Let us do some favour to our

supporters".

Indirect Party workers requested to the leader to let them (OR allow them)
do some favour to their supporters.
Direct

Neeta said to Yogesh, "Let him study even so hard but he cannot
top the class'"

Indirect Neeta told Yogesh that he might study even so hard but he cannot
top the class.
Direct

He said to Ramesh, "Let him be smart but he cannot excel you.

Indirect He told Ramesh that he might be smart but he cannot excel him.
Direct

She said to me, "Let me buy some clothes for Vartika and Avyan."

Indirect She told me to let her buy some clothes for Vartika and Avyan.
Indirect She requested me to allow her to buy some clothes for Vartika and

Avyan.
Direct Indirect Speech - Optative Sentences

Optative Sentence indicates a wish, pray or desire. It ends with exclamation

mark (!).

Rule no. 1
For making Indirect Speech of Optative Sentence, 'Said' of Reporting Verb is
changed according to the Optative Word' of Reporting Speech. A list of such
words is given below.
Optative words

In place of 'Said'

Good Morning!

Wished

Good Evening!

Wished

Good Afternoon!

Wished

Good Night!

Bade

Good Bye!

Bade

Farewell!

Bade

Would that!

Wished

O that!

Wished

O for!

Wished

May/May God

Prayed

Ifwere (only imagination)

Wished Would

Examples of Optative Sentences

Direct

He said, "Good morning, Mom!"

Indirect

He wished his Mom good morning.

Direct

Sachin said, "Good evening, Sir!"

Indirect

Sachin respectfully wished the sir good evening. / Sachin respectfully

wished me (you / him / her / them /) good evening.

Direct

Prashant said, "Good night, paapaa!"

Indirect

Prashant bade his paapaa good night.

Direct

Aman said, "Good bye, friends!"

Indirect

Aman bade his friends good bye.

Direct

Neha said to him, "Would that you were here at that time!"

Indirect

Neha wished that he had been there at that time.

Direct

He said, "O that I had the wings of a bird."

Indirect

He wished that he had the wings of bird.

Direct

She said, "O for a glass of water."

Indirect

She wished for a glass of water.

Direct Indirect Speech - Exclamatory Sentences

Sentence that express strong feeling or emotions (like joy, sorrow, surprise,
hatred, contempt, etc) are called exclamatory sentences. Exclamatory
sentence ends with exclamation mark (!).

Rule no. 1
For making Indirect Speech of Exclamatory Sentence, 'Said' of Reporting Verb
is changed according to the emotion of the 'Exclamatory Word' of Reporting
Speech. A list of such words is given below.
Exclamatory Word

Replace 'Said' with

Wow!

Exclaimed with joy

What!

Exclaimed with surprise

Well done!

Exclaimed with applause

Sorry!

Exclaimed with regret

Pooh!

Exclaimed with contempt

Oh!

Exclaimed with surprise / sorrow

Nonsense!

Exclaimed with contempt

Hurrah!

Exclaimed with joy

How!

Exclaimed with surprise / regret

Hear!

Applauded ..(Subject of Reporting Verb)..saying

Ha!

Exclcaimed with joy

Good God!

Exclaimed with surprise

Bravo!

Applauded...(Subject of Reporting Verb)..saying

Alas!

Exclaimed with sorrow / grief

Aha!

Exclaimed with joy

Ah!

Exclaimed with sorrow / grief / joy

Same word can depict 'sorrow' or 'joy'. The specific emotion of above

mentioned words is to be construed as per sentence. In case there is a desire

or wish in the sentence (If I were you, If I were...), 'Said' is replaced with word
'Wished'.

Rule no. 2
The words 'What' & 'How' of Reporting Speech are replaced with words 'Very'
Or 'Great'. 'Very' comes before Adjective and 'Great' comes before Noun.

Rule no. 3
In Exclamatory sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are
removed and word 'That' is used to join both the parts.
Examples of Exclamatory Sentences
Direct

Gaurav said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."

Indirect Gaurav exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Direct

She said in Shimla, "Wow! What a pleasant weather it is."

Indirect She exclaimed with joy in Shimla that it was a very pleasant
weather.
Direct

The spectators said, "Bravo! A classical goal."

Indirect The spectators applauded him saying that it was a classical goal.
Direct

She said, "Oh! I lost my mobile."

Indirect She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her mobile.

Direct

Vartika said, "Oh! Avyan has come from London."

Indirect Vartika exclaimed with surprise that Avyan had come from
London.
Direct

Pooh said the Principal to Ramesh, "You have again failed in the
examination."

Indirect The Principal exclaimed with contempt that Ramesh had again
failed in the examination.
Direct

Neha said, "Alas! I have lost my diamond bangle."

Indirect Neha exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her diamond
bangle.
Direct

He said, "Good God! The fellow has come to life again."

Indirect He exclaimed with surprise that the fellow had come to life again.
Direct

She said to her servant, "How foolish you are!

Indirect She exclaimed with surprise that her servant was very foolish.
Direct

He said, "Ah! What a beautiful scene."

Indirect He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful scene.

Direct

Prem jee Bhai said, "Well done! Ramesh."

Indirect Prem jee Bhai exclaimed with applause that Ramesh had done
well.
Direct

He said, "If I were you, I would have slapped him"

Indirect He wished that he would have slapped him.

Direct

She said, "If I were rich, I would have given one bungalow to my
daughter"

Indirect She wished that if she had been rich, she would have given one
bungalow to her daughter.

Direct

Neha said to Poonam, "Congratulations!"

Indirect Neha congratulated Poonam.

Direct

Vartu said, "Thank God!"

Indirect Vartu thanked God.

Direct

They said to us, "Welcome! Please come in."

Indirect They welcomed us and requested to come in.

Direct

She said to me, "Happy New Year!"

Indirect She wished me happy new year.

Direct

Madhur said, "Happy Birthday!"

Indirect Madhur wished (me/her/him/you) happy birthday.

Direct

She said, "How foolish I have been!"

Indirect She regretted that she had been very foolish.

Direct

The captain said, "Bravo! You have done well, my friends."

Indirect The captain applauded his friends saying that they had
done well.
Direct

Pooh what a dirty child! said the nurse.

Indirect The nurse exclaimed hatefully that the child was very dirty.
Direct

The young lady said, "Alas! my husband is no more."

Indirect The young lady exclaimed with sorrow that her husband

was no more.
Direct Indirect Speech - Miscellaneous Sentences

In few sentences, emotions are very important. While converting their Direct
Speech to Indirect Speech, word of the same emotion is used in place of 'Said
To'.
Examples
Direct

Gupta jee said to Avyan, "May you live long!"

Indirect Gupta jee prayed that Avyan might live long.

Direct

She said to Poonam, "May God bless you with a son!"

Indirect She prayed that God might bless Poonam with a son.
Direct

He said, "If I were a king."

Indirect He wished that he would be a king.

Direct

The beggar said, "If I had a ten rupee note!"

Indirect The beggar wished that he would have a ten rupee note.
Direct

The Chairman said, "Farewell my friends."

Indirect The Chairman bade his friends' farewell.

Direct

The patient said, "Thank you, doctor."

Indirect The patient thanked the doctor.

Direct

He said to her, "Rest assured, I shall help you."

Indirect He assured her that he would help her.

Direct

Sneh said, "By Heaven, I did not call Surabhi names.

Indirect Sneh swore that she had not called Surabhi names.
Direct

He said to me, "Beware of false friends."

Indirect He warned me against false friends.

Direct

Meena said, "No I shall not go there."

Indirect Meena refused to go there.

Direct

He said, "Fire! Fire! Put out the fire."

Indirect He called aloud to the people to put out the fire.

Direct

The farmer said to the fox, "I shall hang you, you rogue."

Indirect The farmer called the fox a rogue and said that he would

hang him.
Direct

The speaker said, "Ladies & gentlemen, I am at your

disposal.

Indirect Addressing the audience the speaker said that he was at

their disposal.

Name of person comes in Reporting Speech instead of Reported Verb.

Examples
Direct

She said, "Gaurav, I am warning you."

Indirect

She told Gaurav that she was warning him.

Direct

Bhavin said, "Play with your toys, Vartika."

Indirect

Bhavin asked Vartika to play with her toys.

Words 'Sir' and 'Madam' come in Reported Speech.

Examples
Indirect She asked the Madam if she might come in.

Direct

He said, "May I introduce myself to you, Sir?"

Indirect He asked respectfully to me (you/him/her/them/) whether he

might introduce himself.

Words 'You see, you know, well, okay' come in Reported Speech.
Examples
Direct

Madam sitting on the help desk said, "Well, what can I do

for you?"

Indirect Madam sitting on the help desk asked politely what she
can do for her.
Direct

She said, "Well, it is none of your business."

Indirect She asked politely that it was none of her business.

Direct

Okay. The manager said, "I will take care of her case."

Indirect The manager assured that he would take care of her case.

If 'Had to' comes in a sentence, in Indirect Speech it is changed to 'Had had

to'
Examples

Direct

He said, "The police had to arrest the leader after court

order".

Indirect He said that the police had had to arrest the leader after
court order.

More than two sentences in Reported Speech.

xamples
Direct

Captain said, "He is an enemy. Keep an eye on him."

Indirect Captain said that he was an enemy and added to keep an eye
on him.
Direct

She said to her husband, "I will not prepare dinner today. I
also need a holiday. I will take rest.

Indirect She told her husband that she would not prepare dinner that
day and further added that she also needed a holiday and she
would take rest.
Direct

Kanika said to Avyan, "No. No. You cannot play smart with
me. I am a girl of Pune and I am smarter than you.

Some sentences look Interrogative or Negative, but it has an advice or

request.
Examples

Direct

Her mother said to her, "Why don't you sleep early."

Indirect Her mother advised her to sleep early.

Direct

Old lady said, "Could you please move a bit?"

Indirect Old lady asked him to move a bit.

Direct

Sweety said to her friend, "Please, please don't fight with

him. He is a hooligan"

Indirect Sweety requested her friend not to fight with him and further
added that he was a hooligan.

Mr. Syed Alam Lecturer in English Govt. college Peshawar (

Male) and Quaid e Azam College Swabi.
MS in Linguistics
Charsada.

from

Bacha

khan

University

M.A.(Literature and Applied Linguistic from NUML)

Special English Language Diploma
University of Modern Language.

from

( NUML)
B.Ed and M.Ed from university of Peshawar.
Email: Syedalam.khan@gmail.com

Contact No:+923329423721

National