Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences

Res J. Chem. Environ. Sci. Vol 2 [3] June 2014: 05-16

Online ISSN 2321-1040
CODEN: RJCEA2 [USA]
Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, INDIA

RJCES

REVIEW ARTICLE

Actinomycetes: Potential Bioresource for Human Welfare: A

Review
1 Roshan

Kumar*, 2Koushik Biswas, 3Vikas Soalnki, 4Pankaj Kumar, 5Avijit Tarafdar

of Biotechnology, Chemical and Biomedical Engineering (SBCBE), VIT University, Vellore, (India)
2Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur,
Himachal Pradesh (India)
3Department of Biotechnology, Beehive College of Advance Studies, Selaqui, Dehradun (India)
4Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, CSK Himachal Pradesh Agricultural University, Palampur, HP
(India)
5Cytogenetics and Tissue Culture Unit, Department of Botany,University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal
(India)
Corresponding Author- roshanmicro1986@gmail.com
1School

ABSTRACT
Microbial natural products are the origin of most of the antibiotics in the market today. There is an alarming scarcity of
new antibiotics currently under development in the pharmaceutical industry. Still, microbial natural products remain
the most promising source of novel antibiotics, although new approaches are required to improve the efficiency of the
discovery process. Actinomycetes which are the prolific producers of antibi-otics and important suppliers to the
pharmaceutical and other industry they are well known for their ability to produce secondary metabolites many of
which are active against pathogenic microorganisms. It is only more recently that actinomycetes have become
recognized as a source of novel antibiotics and anticancer agents with unusual structures and properties. They
are a promising source of wide range of important enzymes, some of which are produced on an industrial scale, but
many other remained to be harnessed. The application of enzymes in diverse biotechnological industries indicates a
positive trend which needs to be satisfied with the discovery of novel enzymes and metabolites. Since very few enzymes
have been potentially utilize data the industrial level; there is a huge scope for the development of robust and low cost
enzymes. Actinomycetes are a reservoir of important enzymes and metabolites due to their versatile genetic repertory.
They perform microbial transformations of organic compounds, a field of great commercial value. Members of many
genera of actinomycetes have potential for use in the bioconversion of underutilized agricultural and urban wastes into
high-value chemical products.
Keywords- Actinomycetes, bioactive compound, Antibiotics, Enzymes.
Received 12.03.2014 Accepted 13.05.2014

2014 AELS, INDIA

INTRODUCTION
Actinomycetes are a wealthy source for the synthesis of medically and technically useful natural products.
From the ancient times actinomycetes is mostly related to its use as an antibiotic. Its use as an anti fungal
agent in the past is mostly responsible for its popularity with antibiotic research today. From 1914 to
1939, Selman A. Waksman had been systematically screening soil bacteria and fungi in an attempt to find
an antibiotic for Tuberculosis. University of California (1939) discovered the effect of certain fungi,
especially antinomycetes, on bacterial growth. Actinomycetes slowed bacterial growth because of the
antibiotics they produce.Actinomycetes comprise a substantially larger group having wider range of
applications in food and pharma. Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria with a high G+C (>55%)
content. Among others, representative genera include Micrococcus, Mycobacterium, Nocardia,
Propionibacterium, and Streptomyces. Many actinomycetes, such as Streptomyces, grow as branching
filaments and live in soil, as fungi do. Because of this resemblance, actinomycetes were originally
classified as fungi. This was reflected on their name, where "mycetes" comes from the Greek for
"mushroom, fungus". The actinomycetes represent a ubiquitous group of microbes that are widely
distributed in natural ecosystems around the world and are particularly significant for their role in the
recycling of organic matter. [1, 2] reported a bimodal distribution of actinomycetes in near shore tropical
marine environments. The habitat of actinomycetes corresponds to its behavioral characteristics.
Actinomycetes is a saprophyte, another word for a decomposing organism, which means it grows best in
moist moderate to tropical atmospheres. This bacterium is also a heterotroph, meaning it draws its

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

5|Pa ge

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

energy from surrounding sources such as dead and decomposing animal matter. These factors determine
the habitat of actinomycetes. As a decomposer, actinomycetes is commonly found in compost piles and
forest floor litter, and forms symbiotic relationships with red alders, a type of tree that forms anaerobic
nodules in which actinomycetes fixes nitrogen for the tree. Actinomycetes bacteria are found in human
and cattle bodies in the mouth, throat, and intestinal tract.
Occurrence
Actinomycetes occur in the soil in the spore stage as well as in the mycelial stage. As a result of
comparative examination of the relative abundance of actinomycetes in the form of substrate growth and
spores in soil, using the microscopic and plate methods. The mycelium developed most abundantly at 28
oC to 37 oC; at lower and higher temperatures growth was slower but eventually reached the same
density. At higher temperatures, the mycelium underwent increasing fragmentation, giving rise to
abundant formation of spores. Sporulation is also favored by a dry atmosphere. Enrichment of soil with
bacteria leads to extensive actinomycete development; their excessive growth is due largely to the
introduction of fresh supply of available nutrients in the form of bacterial cells. Addition of organic matter
has in general a marked stimulating effect upon the development of Actinomycetes. When soils rich in
organic matter such as peat bogs, are drained and aerated, actinomycetes are able to make extensive
growth. Actinomycetes, including Streptomycetes and certain nocardiae, occur abundantly in and around
the root systems of higher plants. (Table.1) contain list of actinomycetes strain present in particular
plant and their function are given in. Some forms produce yellowish, orange, or black pigments in organic
media. Some are spiral producing, others forming straight aerial mycelium. Certain horizons of different
soil types were found to contain characteristic communities of Streptomycetes.Freshwater lakes, rivers,
and sewage contain an abundance of actinomycetes, including thermophilic forms growing well at 60 oC.
Diversity of marine actinobacteria
An intriguing picture of the diversity of marine actinobacteria is beginning to emerge. Once largely
considered to originate from dormant spores that washed in from land [3], it is now clear that specific
populations of marine adapted actinobacteria not only exist but add significant new diversity within a
broad range of actinobacterial taxa [ 4,5]. The first report on the marine actinobacteria was made by [6],
when he observed and documented those in the salt mud. In 1969, Weyland [7] carried out an extensive
survey on the distribution on marine actinobacteria in the sediments of North Sea and Atlantic Ocean and
suggested that the marine actinobacteria are the best sources for isolation of unique bioactive compounds
compared to terrestrial ones. After this, a number of researchers around the world have concentrated to
isolate and identify the actinobacteria from the different marine habitats.
Ecology of antibiotic producing actinomycetes
Microbial diversity is a substantial leading edge and prospective goldmine for biotechnology industry
because it offers countless of secondary metabolites to probe for enzymes, antibiotics, antioxidant,
cytotoxic and so many other useful substances [8-10]. The actinomycetes occur in vast diversity of
habitat either natural or artificial, growing on different kinds of substrate. The diversity of actinomycetes
is of exceptional impact in several areas of pharmaceutical, medicine and agriculture, particularly, in
antibiotic production [11].
Actinomycetes are ubiquitous and have been isolated from various locations, in the soil, fresh water,
marine, hot spring, mining sites, and also in extreme environments.
Table 1. Examples of rizosphere some actinomycetes and their functions to plants.
Rhizospheric
actinomycetes
Micromonospora endolithica
Streptomyces griseus

Frankia species
Norcardia levis

Streptomyces species
Streptomyces species

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

Function

Plant species

References

Phosphate solubilization to
promote plant growth
Protection against damping
off disease caused by
Pythium ultimum
Biological
fixation
of
nitrogen
Biological
control
of
Fusarium oxysporum wilt
disease
Act as biocontrol against
Rhizoctonia solani

Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris

L.)
Wheat (Triticum spp.)

[12]

Actinorhizal
plant
(Casuarina equisetifolia)
Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)

[14]

Tomato
lycopersicum)

[16]

Bioremediation
contaminated soil

Maize (Zea mays)

of

6|Pa ge

(Solanum

[13]

[15]

[17]

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

Role of actinomycetes in the marine environment

The marine environment is characterized by the hostile parameters such as high pressure, salinity; low
temperature, absence of light, etc. and the marine actinobacteria have adapted themselves to survive in
this environment. They require Na+ for growth because it is essential to maintain the osmotic
environment for protection of cellular integrity. Oligotrophy is also one more adaptation because of the
smaller amount of available nutrients. However, actinobacterial action promotes organic degradation,
decomposition and mineralization processes in the sediments and in the overlying water column and
releases of the dissolved organic and inorganic substances. The mineralization of organic matter, which is
derived from the primary producers, results in its being recycled, so that these substances are again
available for the primary producers. Distribution of actinobacteria depends on changes in water
temperature, salinity and other physico-chemical parameters. Actinobacteria also serve as important
source of food for a variety of marine organisms. Thus, actinobacteria not only maintain the pristine
nature of the environment, but also serve as biological mediators through their involvement in
biogeochemical processes.
Breakdown of organic matter
Marine actinobacteria play a decisive role in the cycling of matter in water, as they are able to breakdown
all natural organic compounds into the compounds from which they have originated. Decomposition of
protein is done by proteolytic actinobacteria e.g. Streptomyces galbus. Cellulose is decomposed by
cellulotic actinobacteria e.g. Streptomyces actuosus. Chitin, which is synthesized by several marine
organisms as extra-cellular material algae, cell walls of some chlorophytes [18] exoskeleton, including
molts from copepods and other marine invertebrates [19] is a structural polysaccharide. However, it is
not degraded easily [20] and there is a report on chitin preservation in fossils [21]. However, this
biopolymer is degraded by chitinolytic or chitinoclastic actinobacteria by their exoenzyme chitinase.
Starch is also decomposed by numerous actinobacteria [22-23].
Biodegradation of pollutants
Marine actinobacteria have a marked ability to degrade complex molecules such as petroleum.
Rhodococcus sp. and Mycobacterium sp. are some of the marine actinobacteria found to degrade a range of
hydrocarbons [24]. Large oil spills are one of the most dramatic and terrible environmental disasters.
Some of the oil is degraded by marine actinobacteria, which degrades the hydrocarbon in oil by using as a
carbon source. Scientists have been experimenting with the use of oil degrading marine actinobacteria in
oil spill clean ups. Marine actinobacteria, which naturally degrade oil, grow much more slowly than other
bacterial strains.
Actinomycetes as a potential revenue resource
Antibiotics
Actinobacteria are unsurpassed in their ability to produce many antibiotics that have pharmaceutically
useful properties. In 1940, Selman Waksman discovered that the soil bacteria contain actinomycin, which
granted him the Nobel Prize. Since then, hundreds of naturally occurring antibiotics have been discovered
in the terrestrial microorganisms. Marine actinobacteria also constitute an important and potential
source of novel antibiotics [25]. Since environmental conditions of the sea are extremely different from
the terrestrial conditions, they produce different types of antibiotics. Several antibiotics have been
isolated from marine actinobacteria by many researchers which are summarized in (Table 2). The
isolated antibiotics are entirely new and unique when compared to those from the terrestrial ones [26].
Anti-cancer compounds
Marine actinobacteria are the diversified groups which are capable of producing different types to
anticancer compounds. [27-36] isolated different kinds of cytotoxic compounds form the marine
actinobacteria (Table 2). The isolated compounds showed significant activity against different cancer cell
line.
Table 2. List of the bioactive compounds derived from the marine actinobacteria.
S.
no.
1.

Bioactive compound

Species

Activity

Reference

Abyssomicin

Verrucosispora sp.

Antibacterial and antitumor

[37]

2.

Actinoflavoside

Streptomyces sp.

Antifungal

[38]

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

Actinofuranones A-B
Altemicidin
Analogs-metacycloprodigiosin
Analogs-undecylprodigiosin
Aplasmomycins A-C
Benzanthraaquinone

Streptomyces sp.
S. sioyaensis
Saccharopolyspora sp.
Saccharopolyspora sp.
Streptomyces griseus
Chainia purpurogena

Antibacterial and antitumor

Antibacterial and antitumor
Anticancer
Anticancer
Antibacterial
Antibacterial and antitumor

[39]
[40]
[41]
[41]
[42, 43]
[44]

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

7|Pa ge

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al
9.
10.
11.

Bioxalomycins
Butenolides
Chalcomycin-B

Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.

Antibacterial
Antitumor
Antibacterial

[45]
[46]
[47]

12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.

Chandr ananimycin
Chinikomycins
Chromomycin-A3
Cyanosporasides A-B
Cyanthiwigins A-E
Cyclic tetrapeptide
Debromomarinon
Delta-indomycinone
Diazepinomicin
Diphosphatidylglycerol
Glucosylmannosyl-glycerolipid
Glycoglycerolipids
Halichoblelide
Himalomycin A-B
Holyrines A-B
Istaycines A-B
Lajollamycin
Loesaponarin II
Lorneamide A-B
Kahakamides A-B
Komodoquinone
Macrolide
Marinomycins A-D
Marinone
Mechercharmycin
Menaquinone
Neomarinone
Octalactins A-B
Oxolonomycin
Parimycin
Phencomycin
Pyrrolosesquiterpenes
Resistoflavine
Resistomycin
Tetracenomycin
Tetrodotoxin

Actinomadura sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Salinispora sp.
Streptomyces spheroids
Nocardiopsis sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Micromonospora sp.
Micromonospora sp.
Microbacterium sp.
Microbacterium sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
S. tenjimariensis
S. nodosus
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Nocardiopsis dassonvillei
Streptomyces sp.
Micromonospora
Marinispora sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Thermoactinomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Strptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
S. chibaensis
S. corchorusii
S. corchorusii
Streptomyces sp.

Antibacterial & antifungal

Anticancer
Antibacterial
Antitumor
Antibavterial & antifungal
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
Antifungal
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antibacterial & antitumer
Antibacterial
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antifungal
Antibacterial
Antibacterial and antifungal
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antibacterial
Antitumor
Antibacterial
Antitumor
Antibacterial and antitumor
Antibacterial
Antitumor
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
Antibacterial
Antibacterial

[48]
[49]
[50]
[51]
[51]
[53]
[54]
[55]
[56]
[57]
[58]
[59]
[60]
[61]
[62]
[63]
[33]
[64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
[68]
[69]
[54]
[70]
[71]
[72]
[73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
[79]
[79]
[80]

48.

Thiocoraline

Micromonospora sp.

Antimicrobialand antitumor

[81]

49.
50.

Thiocoraline
Trioxacarcins A

Micromonospora sp.
Streptomyces sp.

[82]
[83]

51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.

Salinamides A- B
Salinosporamide A
Staurosporine
Streptokordin
Sporolides
Wailupemycins A-C
L-methionine
N-acetyl-gamma-hydroxyvaline lactone
N-carboxamido-staurosporine
1,6-dihydroxy-8hydroxymethylanthraquinone

Streptomyces sp.
Salinispora tropica
Micromonospora sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Salinispora tropica
Streptomyces sp.
S. maritimus
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.

Antitumor
antibacterial and antitumor
,antimaleria
Antibacterial
Cytotoxic proteasome inhibitor
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antitumor
Antbacterial
Antbacterial
Antbacterial
Antitumor
Antibacterial

61.
62.
63.
64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.

1-Hydroxy-1-norresistomycin
3-epi-Sdeoxyenterocin
10-methyl-6-dodecanolide
Essramycin
Lynamicins
Marinopyrroles
Caboxamycin
Tirandamycin
TP-1161
Tirandamycins
1,4-Dihydroxy-2-(3-hydroxybutyl)-9,10anthraquinone
N-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-2-phenazinamine
(NHP)
Aureolic acid

Streptomyces chibaensis
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Marinispora sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp
Nocardiopsis sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.

Antibacterial and antitumor

Antibacterial
Antitumor
anti-inammatory
anti-inammatory
Cytotoxic
Cytotoxic
Antifungal; anticance
Antifungal; anticancer
Antifungal; anticancer
Antifungal; anticancer

[93]
[89]
[94]
[95]
[96]
[97]
[98]
[99]
[100]
[99]
[101]

Nocardia dassonvillei.

anticancer

[110]

Streptomyces sp.

Antibacterial

[102]

72.
73.

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

8|Pa ge

[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
[89]
[90]
[91]
[92]
[63]

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al
74.
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.

Elaiomycins B and C
Salinipyrones
Pacicanones
Mansour amycin C
Usabamycins
Pyridinium
ML-449 (macrolactam
Albidopyrone

Streptomyces sp.
Salinispora pacica
Salinispora pacica
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Amycolatopsis alba.
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp

82.
83.
84.
85.

Proximicins
Cyclomarins
Dermacozines A-G
Lipocarbazoles

86.
87.
88.

2-Allyloxyphenol
Streptopyrrolidine
Cyclo-(l-Pro-l-Met)

Verrucosispora sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Dermacoccus
Tsukamurella
pseudospumae
Streptomyces sp.
Streptomyces sp.
Nocardiopsis sp.

Phycotoxicity
Phycotoxicity
Phycotoxicity
Phycotoxicity
Phycotoxicity
Antimicrobial
Antimicrobial
Cytotoxic (inhibitor of
proteintyrosine
phosphatise)
Cytostatic activity
Anti-inammatory activity
Antitumor; Antiprotozoal
Antiprotozoal

[103]
[104]
[104]
[105]
[106]
[107]
[108]
[109]

Antimicrobial
Anti-angiogenesis activity
Anti-angiogenesis activity

[112]
[114]
[115]

[110]
[111]
[112]
[110]

Actinomycetes as a excellent sources of commercial enzymes

The commercial value for enzymes has increased substantially with the uses including confectionary,
detergents, industry etc. Marine actinobacteria have a diverse range of enzyme activity and are capable of
catalyzing various biochemical reactions with novel enzymes. The applications of few
commerciallysignificant enzymes are enlisted in (Table 3). Amylase, protease and cellulose enzymes are
important and production of these enzymes and formation of fermentative products by Streptomyces spp.
are important for their commercial application in textile, paper, laundry, confectionary and sugar
industries [116] L- glutaminase, L-asparaginase and -galactosidase also play an important role in
biocycling of carbon and nitrogen in natural water and sediments. L-glutaminase and L-asparaginase have
shown antitumor activities and were optimized from the marine actinobacteria [117,118]. Golbally the
enzyme market has also increased, India is also taking active effort. The global industrial enzyme market
has evolved continounsly due to numerous mergers and acquisitions. Different sector like food, beverage
enzyme are taking active part in these decades which are shown in Figure 1. There are also increase in
patent number in the decades in linear scale which given in figure 2.

Figure 1: Global enzyme industry market in the years 2011 and 2016 [119]

Figure 2: Growth in number of patents issued for important industrial enzymes over past few decades.
[119]

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

9|Pa ge

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

Table 3. Commercially relevant enzymes produced by actino- mycetes and their application
Enzyme

Actinomycetes Strains

Use

Protease

S. galbus

Cellulase

S. actuosus

Detergents
Cheese making
Clarication- low calorie beer
Dehiding
Treatment of blood clot
Removal of stains, Denim nishing,
Soening of Detergent Deinking, modication
of bers Paper and pulp

Industrial of
application
Detergents
Food
Brewing
Leather
Medicine
Denim nishing, soening
of
Cotton

References

Lipase

S. griseochromogenes

Xylanase

S. rameus

Pectinase

S. fradzae
S nztrosporeur

Removal of stains
Stability of dough and conditioning
Cheese avoring
Deinking, cleaning
Conditioning of dough
Digestibility
Bleach boosting
Clarication, mashing

Detergent
Baking
Dairy
Textile
Baking
Animal feed
Paper and pulp
Beverage

[124]

Amylase

S. aureofasciculus,
S. galilaeus

Scouring
Soness of bread soness

Textile
Detergen

[23]

Baking
Paper and pulp
Starch industry
Textile
Baking

[125]

[120]

[121]

[122]

[123]

Glucos oxidase

Streptomyces sp.

Removal of stains volume

Deinking, drainage improvement
Production of glucose and fructose syrups
Removal of starch from woven fabrics
Strengthening of dough

Lipoxygenase

Streptomyces sp.

Bread whitening

Baking

[126]

Phytase Phytate

S. ambofaciens
S. lienomycini.
Thermomonospora fusca
S. viridosporus

digestibility

Animal feed

[127]

Removal of excess dye

Textile

[128]

Streptomyces sp.

Enzymatic hydrolysis of lactose either from

milk/ whey or pure lactose

Dairy

[129]

S. aureofasciculus,
S. canus,
S. chattanoogenesis,
S. hawaiiensis,
S. olivoviridid,
S. orientalis,
S. plicatus
S. rimosus, S. galbus

Reduce the for mation of acrylamide, a

carcinogen found in starchy food products

Food Industry

[130, 131]

Flavor enhancing agent in food

Food Industry

[132, 133]

Keratinase

Doretomycetes
microsporus

animal feed

poultry Industry

[134]

Petinase

Thermomonospora isca
S. viridochromogenes

retting and degumming of fiber crops

textile industry

[134, 135]

Peroxidase
-galactosidase

L-asparaginase

L-glutaminase

Enzyme inhibitors
Enzyme inhibitors have received increasing attention as useful tools, not only for the study of enzyme
structures and reaction mechanisms but also for potential utilization in pharmacology [136]. Marine
actinobacteria are the potential source for production of enzyme inhibitors [137, 139] reported different
types of enzyme inhibitors viz. -glucosidase, N-acetyl--D-glucosaminidase, pyroglutamyl peptidase and amylase inhibitors from marine actinobacteria.
Single cell protein feed
Marine actinobacteria can be used as the substitute for fishmeal. Actinobacteria can produce some
secondary metabolities which may enhance the growth of juvenile fish, shrimp and prawn. Some of the
secondary metabolites are organometalic compounds such as ferrioxamines, magnesidin with bleomycin
and beron containing compounds such as boromycin and aplasmomycin [140] and usual amino acids
such as alanosine, amino dichlobutyric acid, azaleucine, 4-oxalysine etc. [141]. Juveniles of prawns and
shrimps fed on actinobacteria incorporated feeds showed higher growth percentage, more food
conversion efficiency and higher protein content [142]. Hence, among the unconventional protein
sources, single cell protein (SCP) of microbial origin appears to be a promising substitute for fishmeal,

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

10 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

which can replace up to 25-50% fishmeal in aquaculture operations. Marine actinobacteria are the
potential microorganisms which have both ecological and biotechnological importance. Till now, 83
species of actinobacteria belonging to 28 genera have been recorded from the marine environment and
most of these genera are new to science. If in-depth studies are carried out, the diversity of the marine
actinobacteria will be increased. Nearly 64 novel bioactive compounds have been isolated from the
marine actinobacteria which show higher antimicrobial and anticancer activities. Apart from this,
different commercial enzymes and enzyme inhibitors have been also reported from the marine
actinobacteria. Further, some of these compounds after clinical trials have not shown any toxicity and
side effect. But it is a pity that none of the compounds have been commercialized.
CONCLUSION
Actinomycetes play a significant role in the production of antimicrobial agents and other industrial
important product like enzymes, drugs and other source of natural pigment and compound. It is essential
to have a good knowledge about their taxonomy and ecology for maximum exploration, since they are of
great use for economic and industrial development. In soil ecology, they are also active in bioremediation,
biofertilizer, biocontrol and as plant growth promoters, making them indispensable in agricultural
practice. Actinomycetes are the potential microorganisms which have both ecological and
biotechnological importance. Till now, several species of actinomycetes have been discovered from the
marine environment and most of these genera are new to science. Several type of novel bioactive
compounds have been isolated from the actinobacteria which show higher antimicrobial and anticancer
activity. Since the need for antimicrobials is going up day by day due to emergence of new pathogens or
due to drug resistance, so efforts are to be taken to discover newer and potent antimicrobials to combat
these emerging diseases. Actinomycetes being the efficient producers could be exploited for the
production of these drugs and we can diversify the range of antimicrobials only if we explore more and
more un discovered or unexploited species.Although, a great work has been carried out on actinomycetes,
more comprehensive studies are still needed in the area of taxonomy and ecology. This will help to
predict the productivity of the members of this order and possible exploitation.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors are thankful to Chancellor and authorities of VIT University, Vellore, Tamil Nadu for support
during compilation of this review article.
REFERENCES
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.

13.
14.

Jensen, P.R., Dwight, R., Fenical, W. (1991). Distribution of actinomycetes in near-shore tropical marine
sediments. Appl. Environ Microbiol 57,11021108.
Takizawa, M.R., Colwell, R., Hill, R.T., (1993). Isolation and diversity of actinomycetes in the Chesapeake Bay.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 59, 9971002.
Goodfellow, M., and Haynes, J.A., (1984). Actinomycetes in marine sediments. In: Biological, biochemical and
biomedical aspects of actinem (eds.) I. Ortiz- 8,12-19.
Mincer, T.J., Jensen, P.R., Christopher, A.K., Fenical, W. (2002). Widespread and persistent populations of a major
new marine actinomycete taxon in ocean sediments. Appl. Environ. Microbiol 68,50055011.
Bull, A.T., Stach, J.E., (2007). Marine actinobacteria: new opportunities for natural product search and discovery.
Trends Microbiol 15,491-499.
Nadson, G.A. (1903) Microorganisms as geological agents (Russian). From the Works of the investigation of the
Slavian Mineral Waters. St.
Petersburg, W.H. (1969). Actinomycetes in North Sea and Atlantic Ocean sediments.Nature 223, 858.
Gurung, T.D., Sherp, C., Agrawal, V.P., Lekhak, B., (2009). Isolation and characterization of antibacterial
actinomycetes from soil samples of Kalapatthar Mount Everest Region. Nepal J. Sci. Technol 10, 173-182.
Singh, S., and Pelaez, F. (2008). Biodiversity, chemical anddrug discovery. Progr. Drug Res 65,143-174.
Williams, P.G. (2009). Panning for chemical gold; marine bacteria as a source of new therapeutics. Trends
Biotechnol 27, 45-52.
Blodgett, J.A.V., Oh, D.C., Cao, S.G., Currie, C.R., Kolter, R., Clardy, J. (2008). Common biosynthetic origins for
polycyclic tetramate macrolactams from phylogenetically diverse bacteria. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci 107, 1169211697.
El-Tarabily, K.A. (2008). Promotion of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant growth byrhizosphere
competent 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase-producing streptomycete actinomycetes. Plant
and Soil 308, 161-174.
Hamdali, H., Hafidi M., Virolle, M.J., Ouhdouch, Y. (2008). Rock phosphatesolubilizing Actinomycetes: screening
for plant growth-promotingactivities. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol 24, 2565-2575.
Rascio, N., Vecchia, F.D., La Rocca, N., Barbato, R., Pagliano, C., Raviolo, M., Gonnelli, C., Gabbrielli, R. (2008). Metal
accumulation and damage in rice (cv. Vialone nano) seedlings exposed to cadmium. Environ. exp. Bot 62, 267278.

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

11 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

15. Kavitha, C., Malarvizhi, A., Kumaran, S. S. and Ramesh, M., (2010). Toxicological effects of arsenate exposure on
hematological, biochemical and liver transaminases activity in an Indian major carp, Catla catla. Food and
Chemical Toxicology 48, 28482854.
16. Patil, A. (2011). HitPredict: a database of quality assessed protein-protein interactions in nine species. Nucleic
Acids Res 39, D744D749.
17. Benimeli, C.S., Fuentes, M. S., Abate, C.M. and Amarosoa, M.J. (2008) . Bioremediation of Lindanecontaminated
soil by Streptomyces sp. M7 and its effectson Zea mays growth. Int. Biodeter. Biodegr 61, 233-239.
18. Mulisch M. (1993). Chitin in protistan organisms. Distribution,synthesis and deposition. Europ. J. Protistol 29, 118.
19. Gooday, G.W. (1990). The ecology of chitin decomposition. Advances in Microbial Ecology11, 387-430.
20. Kirchman, D.L., and White, J. (1999). Hydrolysis and mineralizati on of chitin in the Delaware Estuary.Aquatic
Microbial Ecology 18, 187-196.
21. Stankiewicz, B. A., Hutchins, J. C., Thomson, R., Briggs,V.D.E.G., & Evershed, R. P. (1997). Assessment of bog-body
tissue preservation by pyrolysis-gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun. Mass Spec 11, 1884
1890.
22. Ellaiah, P., Prabhakar, T., Ramakrishna, B., Thaer Taleb, A. and Adinarayana, K. (2004). Production of lipase by
immobilized cells of Aspergillus niger. Process Biochemistry 39, 525-528.
23. Kundu, B. S., Nandal, S., Tiwari, M. and Tomar, M. (2006). Establishment and influence of phosphate solubilizing
bacteria on pearl millet. Indian J. Pl. Physiol 11(2), 201-205.
24. Sharma, S.L., and Pant, A. (2001). Crude oil degradation by a marine actinomycete Rhodococcus sp. Indian J. mar.
Sci 30, 146-150.
25. Takizawa, M.R., Colwell, R., Hill, R.T. (1993). Isolation and diversity of actinomycetes in the Chesapeake Bay.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol 59, 9971002.
26. Meiying, Z. and Zhicheng, Z. (1998). Identification of Marine Actinomycetes S-216 Strain and Its Biosynthetic
Conditionsof Antifungal Antibiotic. J. Xiamen Univ. Nat.Sci 37,109-114.
27. Capon, R.J., Skene, C., Lacey, E. (2000). Lorneamides A and B: two new aromatic amides from a southern
Australian marine actinomycete. JNat Prod 63(12),16821683.
28. Maskey, R.P., Helmke, E., Laatsch, H. (2003). Himalomycin A and bisolation and structure elucidation of new
fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. JAntibiot 56, 942-9.
29. Stritzke, K., Schulz, S., Laatsch, H., Helmke, E., Beil, W. (2004). Novel caprolactones from a marine Streptomycete.
J. Nat. Prod 67, 395401.
30. Asolkar, R.N., Schroder, D., Heckmann, R., Lang, S., Dobler, I.W., Laatsch, H. (2004). Helquinoline, a new
tetrahydroquinoline antibiotic from Janibacter limosus Hel1. J. Antibiot (Tokyo) 57,1723.
31. Macherla, V.R., Liu, J., Bellows, C., Teisan, S., Nicholson, B., Lam, K.S., Potts, B.C.M. (2005). Glaciapyrroles A, B and
C pyrrolosesquiterpenes from a Streptomyces sp. isolated from an Alaskan marine sediment. J. Nat. Prod
68,780 783.
32. Manam, R.R., Teisan, S., White, D.J., Nicholson, B., Grodberg, J., Neuteboom, S.T.C., Lam, K.S., Mosca, D.A., Lloyd.
G.K., Potts, B.C.M. (2005). Lajollamycin, a nitro-tetraene spiro--lactone--lactam antibiotic from the marine
actinomycete Streptomyces nodosus. J. Nat. Prod 68, 240243.
33. Soria-Mercado, I.E., Prieto-Davo, A., Jensen, P.R. & Fenical, W. (2005). Antibiotic terpenoid chlorodihydroquinones from a new marine actinomycete. Journal of Natural Products 68, 904-910.
34. Jeong, S.Y., Shin, H.J., Kim, T.S., Lee, H.S., Park, S.K., Kim, H.M. (2006). Streptokordin a new cytotoxiccompound of
the methylpyridine class from a marine derived Streptomyces sp. KORDI-3238. J. Antibiot 59,234240.
35. Sahu, M.K., Swarnakumar, N.S., Sivakumar, K., Thangaradjou, T., Kannan, L. (2008). Probiotics in aquaculture:
importance and future perspectives. Indian JMicrobio 48, 299-308.
36. Zahner, H., Fiedler, H.P. (1995). The need for new antibiotics: possible ways forward. In: Hunter, P.A., Darby, G.K.,
Russell, N.J. (Eds.), Fifty years of antimicrobials: past perspectives and future trends. Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge, pp. 6784.
37. Jrumg, Z.D., Jensen P.R. and Fenieal, W. (1997). Actinellavosiae, A novel flavonoid like glycoside produced by a
marine bacterium of the genus Streptomyces. Tetra. Lett 38 (29), 5605-5608.
38. Cho, J.Y., Kwon, H.C., Williams, P.G., Jensen, P.R., Fenical, W. (2006a). Azamerone, a terpenoid phthalazinone from
a marine derived bacterium related to the genus Streptomyces (Actinomycetales). Org. Lett 8, 24712474.
39. Omura, S., Ikeda, H., Ishikawa, J., Hanamoto, A., Takahashi, C., Shinose, M., Takahashi, Y., Horikawa, H., Nakazawa,
H., Osonoe, T., Kikuchi, H., Shiba, T., Sakaki, Y., Hattori, M. (2001). Genome sequence of an industrial
microorganism Streptomyces avermitilis: deducing the ability of producing secondary metabolites. Proc. Natl.
Acad. Sci. USA 98, 1221512220.
40. Macherla, V.R., Liu, J., Bellows, C., Teisan, S., Nicholson, B., Lam, K.S., Potts, B.C.M. (2005). Glaciapyrroles A, B and
C pyrrolosesquiterpenes from a Streptomyces sp. isolated from an Alaskan marine sediment. J. Nat. Prod
68,780 783.
41. Okami, Y. and Hotta, K. (1988). Search and discovery of new antibiotics, p. 3367. In M.Goodfellow, S. T. Williams,
and M. Mordaski (ed.), Actinomycetes in biotechnology. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
42. Okami, Y., Hotta, K. (1988). Search and discovery of new antibiotics, p. 3367. In M.Goodfellow, S. T. Williams,
and M. Mordaski (ed.), Actinomycetes in biotechnology. Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
43. Okazaki, T., Kitahara T., and Okami, Y., (1975). Studies on marine microorganisms. IV. A new antibiotic SS-228 Y
produced by Chainia isolated from shallow sea mud. J. Antibiot 28 (3), 176-184.

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

12 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

44. Charan, R.D., Schlingmann, G., Janso, J., Bernan, V., Feng, X., Carter, G.T. (2004). Diazepinomicin,a new
antimicrobial alkaloid from a marine Micromonospora sp. J. Nat.Prod 67, 14311433.
45. Mukku, V.J.R.V., Speitling, M., Laatsch, H., Helmke, E. (2000). New butenolides from
46. two marine streptomycetes. J. Nat. Prod 63, 15701572.
47. Asolkar, R.N., Maskey, R.P., Helmke E. and Laatsch, H. (2003). Chalcomycin B, a new macrolide antibiotic from
the marine isolated Streptomyces sp. B7064. J. Antibiot 55, 893-898.
48. Maskey, R.P., Helmke, E., Laatsch, H., Himalomycin, A. (2003). Isolation and structure elucidation of new
fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. JAntibiot 56, 942-9.
49. Li, F., Maskey, R.P., Qin, S., Sattler, I., Fiebig, H.H., Maier A, Zeeck, A., Laatsch, H. (2005). Chinikomycins A and B
Isolation, structure elucidation and biological activity of novel antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces sp. isolate
MO45. J. Nat. Prod 68, 349353.
50. Skarbek, J. D. & Brady, L. R. (1978). Streptomyces cavourensis sp. nov. (nom. rev.) and Streptomyces
cavourensis subsp. washingtonensissubsp. nov., a chromomycin-producing subspecies. Int J Syst
Bacteriol 28,4553.
51. Oh, D.C., Gontang, E.A., Kauffman, C.A., Jensen, P.R., Fenical, S. and pacificanones, W. (2008). Mixed-precursor
polyketides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora pacificaJNat Prod 71 , 570575.
52. Peng, E.W., Ford, H.C., & Freeman, K. C. (2004), ApJ, 602, 685.
53. Shin, J., Y. Seo,H.s. Lee, J.R., Rho and S.J. Mo. (2003). A new cyclic peptide from a marine-derived bacterium of the
genus Nocardiopsis. J. Nat. Prod 66 (6), 883-884.
54. Pathirana, C., Jensen, P.R., Fenical, W. (1992). Marinone and debromomarinone, antibiotic sesquiterpenoid
napthoquinone of a new structural class from marine bacterium. Tetrahdron Letters 33, 7663-7666.
55. Kock, I., Maskey, R.P., Biabani, M.A.F., Helmke, E., Laatsch, H. (2005). 1-hydroxy-1- norresistomycin and
resistoflavine methyl ether new antibiotics from marine derived Streptomycetes. J. Antibiot 58, 530-534.
56. Charan, R.D., Schlingmann, G., Janso, J., Bernan, V., Feng X., and Carter, G.T. (2004). Diazepinomicin, a new
antimicrobial alkaloid from a marine Micromonospora sp. J. Nat. Prod 67, 1431-1433.
57. Lang, S., Beli, W., Tokuda, H., Wicke C. and Lurtz, V. (2004). Improved production of bioactive glycosylmannosylglycerolipid by sponge-associated Microbacterium species. Mar. Biotech 6,152-156.
58. Asolkar, R.N., Schroder, D., Heckmann, R., Lang, S., Dobler, I.W., Laatsch, H. (2004). Helquinoline, a new
tetrahydroquinoline antibiotic from Janibacter limosus Hel1. J. Antibiot. (Tokyo) 57,1723.
59. Lang, S., Beli, W., Tokuda, H., Wicke C., and Lurtz, V. (2004). Improved production of bioactive glycosylmannosylglycerolipid by sponge-associated Microbacterium species. Mar. Biotech 6, 152-156.
60. Yamada, T., Katsuhiko M. and Atsushi N. (2002). Halichoblelide, a potent cytotoxic macrolide from a
Streptomyces species separated from a marine fish. Tetra. Lett 43,17211724.
61. Maskey R.P., Helmke E., Laatsch H. (2003) Himalomycin A. and bisolation and structure elucidation of new
fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. JAntibiot 56,942-9.
62. Moore, B.S., Jacqueline A.T., Dieter, S., David K., Paul R.J. and William F. (1999). Salinamides, Antiinflammatory
Depsipeptides from a Marine streptomycete. J. Org. Chem. 64,1145-1150.
63. Okami, Y., Kitahara, T., Hamada, M., Naganawa, H., Kondo, S. (1974) Studies on a new amino acid antibiotic,
amiclenomycin. JAntibiot 27,656-64.
64. Hong, S.S., Bang, S.W., Kim Y.O. and Han, M.S. (2002). Effects of rainfall on the hydrological condition and
phytoplankton community structure in the riverine zone of the PalTang reservoir, Korea. J. Freshwater Ecol
17,507-520.
65. Capon, F., Di, M.P., Szaub J., Prescott, N.J., Dunster C., Baumber L. (2007). Sequence variants in the genes for the
interleukin-23 receptor (IL23R) and its ligand (IL12B) confer protection against psoriasis. Hum Genet 122, 201
206.
66. Crawford, D.L. (1978). Lignocellulose decomposition by selected Streptomyces strains. Applied and
Environmental Microbiology35,1041-1045.
67. Itoh T., Kinoshita, M., Aoki, S., Kobayashi, M. (2003). Komodoquinone A, a novel neuritogenic anthracycline from
marine Streptomyces sp. KS3. J. Nat. Prod 66,13731377.
68. Fernndez B.M., Li, X., Simons, S.J.R., Hills, C.D., Carey, P.J. (2004). Actinomycetes as role fo mankind. J Appl.
Bio15, 12-19.
69. Kwon, H.C., Kauffman, C.A., Jensen, P.R.W. (2006). Fenical Marinomycins A-D, antitumor antibiotics of a new
structure class from a marine actinomycete of the recently discovered genus Marinispora. J Am Chem Soc 128,
16221632.
70. Kanoh, K., Matsuo, Y., Adachi, K., Imagawa, H., Nishizawa, M. & Shizuri, Y. (2005). Mechercharmycins A and B,
cytotoxic substances from marine-derived Thermoactinomyces sp. YM3-251. JAntibiot 58, 289292.
71. Pusecker, K., Laatsch, H., Helmke, E., Weyland, H., (1997) Dihydrophencomycin methyl ester, a new phenazine
derivative from a marine Streptomycete. JAntibiot 50,479-83.
72. Ingo, H.H., Jensen P.R. and Fenical, W. (2000). Neomarinone, and new cytotoxic marinone derivatives, produced
by a marine filamentous bacterium (actinomycetales). Tetra. Lett 41,20732076.
73. Tapiolas, D.M., Roman, M., Fenical, W., Stout, T.J., Clardy, J. (1991). Octalactinsv A and B, cytotoxic eight
membered ring lactones from a marine bacterium Steptomyces sp. JAm Chem Soc 113, 46824683.
74. Kalaitzis, J.A., Cheng, Q., Thomas, P.M., Kelleher, N.L., Moore, B.S., (2009). In vitrobiosynthesis of unnatural
enterocin and wailupemycin polyketides. J. Nat. Prod.72, 469472.
75. Maskey, R.P., Helmke, E., Laatsch, H., (2003) Himalomycin A and bisolation and structure elucidation of new
fridamycin type antibiotics from a marine Streptomyces isolate. JAntibiot 56, 942-9.

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

13 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

76. Pusecker, K., Laatsch. H., Helmke, E., Weyland, H. (1997). Dihydrophencomycin methyl ester, a new phenazine
derivative from a marine Streptomycete. JAntibiot 50, 479-83.
77. Macherla, V.R., Liu, J., Bellows, C., Teisan, S., Nicholson, B., Lam K.S. and Potts, B.S. (2005). Glaciapyrroles A, B and
C, pyrrolosesquiterpenes from a Streptomyces sp. isolated from an Alaskan marine sediment. J. Nat. Prodv 68
(5), 780-783.
78. Gorajana, A., Kurada, B.V., Peela, S., Jangam, P., Vinjamuri, S., Poluri, E. (2005). 1-Hydroxy-1-norresistomycin, a
new cytotoxic compound from a marine Actinomycete,Streptomyces chibaensis AUBN1/ 7. JAntibiot 58(8), 526
9.
79. Adinarayana, K. and Ellaiah, P. (2003). Production of alkaline protease by immobilized cells of alkalophilic
Bacillus sp. J. Sci. Ind. Res 62, 589-592.
80. Imada, C. (2005). Enzyme inhibitors and other bioactive compounds from marine actinomycetes. Antonie Van
Leeuwenhoek 87, 5963.
81. Romero-Martinez, R., Wheeler, M., Guerrero-Plata, A., Rico, G., Torres-Guerrero, H. (2000). Biosynthesis and
functions of melanin in Sporothrixschenckii. Infect Immun 68, 3696-703.
82. Lombo, F., Velasco, A., Castro, A., De, L.C.F., Brana, A.F., Sanchez-Puelles, J.M., Mendez C & Salas JA (2006).
Deciphering the biosynthesis pathway of the antitumor thiocoraline from a marine actinomycete and its
expression in two Streptomyces species.ChemBioChem 7, 366376.
83. Kock, I., Maskey, R.P., Biabani. M.A.F., Helmke, E., Laatsch, H. (2005). 1-hydroxy-1- norresistomycin and
resistoflavine methyl ether new antibiotics from marine derived Streptomycetes. J. Antibiot 58,530-534.
84. Moore, B.S., Trischman, J.A., Seng, D., Kho, D., Jensen, P.R., Fenical, W. (1999). Salinamides, anti- inflammatory
depsipeptides from a marine Streptomycete. J. Org. Chem 64, 11451150.
85. Jensen, P.R., Mincer, T.J., Williams, P.G., & Fenical W. (2005). Marineactinomycete diversity and natural product
discovery. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek 87, 43-48.108
86. Stapley, E.O., Jackson, M., Hernandez, S., Zimmerman, S.B., Currie, S.A., Mochales, S. (1972). Cephamycins, a new
family of betalactam antibiotics. I. Production by actinomycetes, including Streptomyceslactamdurans sp.
n.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2,122-31.
87. Jung, W.S., Lee, S.K., Hong, J.S., Park, S.R., Jeong, S.J., Han, A.R., Sohng, J.K., Kim, B.G.,Choi, C.Y., Sherman, D.H., Yoon,
Y.J., (2006). Heterologous expression of tylosinpolyketide synthase and production of a hybrid bioactive
macrolide in Streptomyces venezuelae. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol 72, 763769.
88. Williams, P.G., Buchanan, G.O., Feling, R.H., Kauffman, C.A., Jensen P.R. and Fenical, W. (2005). New cytotoxic
salinosporamides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora tropica. J. Org. Chem 70(16), 6196-6203.
89. Sitachitta, N., Gadepalli, M., Davidson, B.S. (1996) New -pyrone-containing metabolites from a marine-derived
ActinomyceteTetrahedron, 52, 80738080.
90. McArthur, K.A., Mitchell, S.S., Tsueng, G., Rheingold, A., White, D.J., Grodberg, J., Lam,K.S., Potts, B.C., (2008).
Lynamicins AE, chlorinated bisindole pyrrole antibioticsfrom a novel marine actinomycete. J. Nat. Prod 71,
17321737.
91. Stapley, E.O., Jackson, M., Hernandez, S., Zimmerman, S.B., Currie, S.A., Mochales, S. (1972). Cephamycins, a new
family of betalactam antibiotics. I. Production by actinomycetes, including Streptomyceslactamdurans sp.
n.Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2, 122-31.
92. Wu, S.J., Fotso. S., Li, F., Qin, S., Kelter, T., Fiebig, H.H. (2006) 39-N-carboxamidostaurosporine and selina4(14),7(11)-diene-8,9-diol, new metabolites from a marine Streptomyces sp. J Antibiot 59, 3317.
93. Gorajana, A.M.V., Vinjamuri, S., Kurada, B.V., Peela. S., Jangam, P., Poluri, E., Zeeck, A. (2007). Resistoflavine
cytotoxic compound from a marine actinomycete, Streptomyces chibaensis AUBN(1)/ 7. Microbiol. Res 162, 3227.
94. Stritzke, K., Schulz, S., Laatsch, H., Helmke, E., Beil, W. (2004). Novel caprolactones from a marine Streptomycete.
J. Nat. Prod 67, 395401.
95. El-Gendy, M.M., Shaaban, M., Shaaban, K.A., El-Bondkly, A.M., Laatsch, H., (2008). Essramycin:a first
triazolopyrimidine antibiotic isolated from nature. J. Antibiot 61, 149157.
96. Stutzman, E.K., Conlon, S., Fedechko, R., McArthur, H., Pekrun, K., Chen, Y., Jenne, S., La, C., Trinh, N., Kim, S.,
Zhang, Y.X., Fox, R., Gustafsson, C., Krebber, A. (2005). Semisynthetic DNA shuffling of aveC leads to
improved industrialscale production of doramectin by Streptomyces avermitilis. Metab. Eng 7, 2737.
97. Krmer, M., Imhoff, M., Nicholson, J.F., Fiedler, G.H.P., Sssmuth, R.D. (2009a). Albidopyrone, a new alpha-pyronecontaining metabolite from marine-derivedStreptomyces sp. NTK 227. J. Antibiot 62, 7579.
98. Hohmann, C., Schneider, K., Bruntner, C., Irran, E., Nicholson, G., Bull, A.T. (2009a) Caboxamycin, a new
antibiotic of the benzoxazole family produced by the deep-sea strainStreptomyces sp NTK 937&ast. J
Antibiot 62(2), 99104.
99. Carlson, J.C., Li, S., Burr, D.A, Sherman, D.H., (2009) Isolation and characterization of tirandamycins from a
marine-derived Streptomyces sp. J Nat Prod 72(11), 20769.
100. Bredholdt, H., Galatenko, O.A., Engelhardt, K., Fjaervik, E., Terekhova, L.P., Zotchev, S.B., (2007). Rare
actinomycete bacteria from the shallow water sediments of theTrondheim fjord, Norway: isolation, diversity and
biological activity. Environ.Microbiol 9, 27562764.
101. Ravikumar, S., Inbaneson, S.J., Uthiraselvam, M., Priya, S.R., Ramu. A., Banerjee, M.B. (2011) Diversity of
endophytic actinomycetes from Karangkadumangrove ecosystem and its antibacterial potential against bacterial
pathogens. JPharm Res 4, 294-6.
102. Gao, B., & Gupta, R. S. (2005). Conserved indels in protein sequences that are characteristic of the phylum
Actinobacteria. Int JSyst Evol Microbiol 55, 24012412.

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

14 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

103. Lu, J., Ma, Y., Liang, J., Xing, Y., Xi, T., Lu, Y. (2012) Aureolic acids from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp.
WBF16. Microbiol Res 167, 5905.
104. Helaly, S.E., Pesic, A., Fiedler, H.P., Sssmuth, R.D. (2011). Elaiomycins B and C: alkylhydrazideantibiotics from
Streptomyces sp. BK 190. Org Lett 13(5), 10525.
105. Oh D.C., Gontang, E.A., Kauffman, C.A., Jensen, P.R., Fenical, W. (2008). Salinipyrones andpacificanones,
mixed-precursor polyketides from the marine actinomycete Salinispora pacifica. J Nat Prod 71(4), 5705.
106. Hawas, U.W., Shaaban, M., Shaaban, K.A., Speitling, M., Maier, A., Kelter G. (2009). Mansouramycins A-D,
cytotoxic isoquinolinequinones from a marine Streptomycete.J Nat Prod 72(12), 21204.
107. Dasari, V.R.R.K., Muthyala, M.K.K., Nikku, M.Y. (2012). Donthireddy SRR. Novel Pyridinium compound from
marine actinomycete, Amycolatopsis alba var. nov., DVR D4 showingantimicrobial and cytotoxic activities
in vitro. Microbiol Res 167, 34651.
108. Jrgensen, H., Degnes, K.F., Dikiy, A., Fjrvik, E., Klinkenberg, G., Zotchev, S.B. (2010) Insights into the
evolution of macrolactam biosynthesis through cloning and comparative analysis of the biosynthetic gene
cluster for a novel macrocyclic lactam, ML-449. Appl Environ Microbiol 76(1), 28393.
109. Hohmann, C., Schneider, K., Bruntner, C., Irran, E., Nicholson, G., Bull, A.T., Jones, A.L., Brown, R., Stach, J.E.,
Goodfellow, M., Beil, W., Krmer, M., Imhoff, J.F., Sssmuth,R.D., Fiedler, H.P. (2009b). Caboxamycin, a new
antibiotic of the benzoxazole familyproduced by the deep-sea strain Streptomyces sp. NTK 937. J. Antibiot 62,
99104.
110. Schneider, K., Nicholson, G., Strbele, M., Baur, S., Niehaus, J., Fiedler, H.P.
(2006). The Structures of
Fluostatins C, D and E, Novel Members of the Fluostatin Family. JAntibiot 59,1059.
111. Schultz, A.W., Oh, D.C., Carney, J.R., Williamson, R.T., Udwary, D.W., Jensen, P.R. (2008). Biosynthesis and
structures of cyclomarins and cyclomarazines, prenylated cyclic peptides of marine actinobacterial origin.
J Am Chem Soc 130(13), 450716.
112. Abdel-Mageed, W.M., Milne, B.F., Wagner, M., Schumacher, M., Sandor, P., Pathomaree, W., Goodfellow, M., Bull,
A.T., Horikoshi, K., Ebel, R., Diederich, M., Fiedler, H.P., Jaspars, M. (2010). Dermacozines, a new phenazine family
from deep-sea dermacocci isolated from a Mariana Trench sediment. Org. Biomol. Chem. 8, 23522362.
113. Arumugam, M., Mitra, A., Jaisankar, P., Dasgupta, S., Sen, T., Gachhui, R., KumarMukhopadhyay, U., Mukherjee, J.
(2010). Isolation of an unusual metabolitev 2-allyloxyphenol from a marine actinobacterium, its biological
activities andapplications. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol 86, 109117.
114. Shin, H.J., Kim, T.S., Lee, H.S., Park, J.Y., Choi, I.K., Kwon, H.J. (2008). Streptopyrrolidine, anangiogenesis
inhibitor from a marine-derived Streptomyces sp. KORDI-3973.Phytochemistry 69(12), 23636.
115. Shin, H.J, Mondol, M., Yu, T.K, Lee, H.S., Lee, Y.J, Jung, H.J. (2010). An angiogenesis inhibitorisolated from a
marine-derived actinomycete, Nocardiopsis sp. 03N67. Phytochem Lett 3(4), 1947.
116. Moore, B.S., Trischman, J.A., Seng, D., Kho, D., Jensen, P.R., Fenical, W. (1999) Salinamides,antiinflammatory
depsipeptides from a marine streptomycete. J Org Chem 64(4), 114550.
117. Morens, D.M., Folkers, G.K., Fauci, A.S. (2004). The challenge of emerging and re-emerging infectious
diseases. Nature 430(6996),2429.
118. Kundu, S., Sahu, M.K., Sivakumar, K., Kannan, L. (2006). Occurrence of antagonistically active extra-cellular
enzyme producing actinomycetes in the alimentary canal of estuarine fishes. Asian Jr Microbiol Biotech
Envi Sc 8, 707710
119. Sahu, M,K., Sivakumar, K., Poorani, E., Thangaradjou, T,. Kannan, L. (2007) Studies on L-asparaginase
enzyme of actinomycetes isolated from esturine fishes. Journal of Environmental Biology 28(2),465-474.
120. Nanjawade, B.K., Chandrashekhara, S., Ali, M.S., Prakash, S.G., Fakirappa, V.M. (2010). Isolation and
morphological characterization of antibioticproducing Actinomycetes. Trop JPharm Res 9, 231-6.
121. Umamaheswary, K., Sahu, M.K., Sivakumar, K., Thangaradjou, T., Sumitha, D., Kannan, L. (2005).
Investigations on L-glutaminase producing actinomycetes strain LG-33 from the estuarine fish, Mugil
cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758). Environ. Ecol 23, 942-947
122. Murugan, S., Anand, R., Uma, D.P., Vidhya, N., Rajesh, K.A. (2007). Efficacy of Euphobia milli and E.
pulcherrima on aflatoxin producing fungi (Aspergillus flavus and A. parasiticus). Afric. JBiotech 6(6),718 719.
123. Gorajana, A., Kurada, B.V., Peela, S., Jangam, P., Vinjamuri, S., Poluri, E. (2005). 1-Hydroxy-1norresistomycin, a new cytotoxic compound from a marine Actinomycete,Streptomyces chibaensis
AUBN1/ 7. J Antibiot 58(8), 5269.
124. Li, F., Maskey, R.P., Qin, S., Sattler, I., Fiebig, H.H., Maier, A. (2005). Chinikomycins A and B:Isolation,
structure elucidation, and biological activity of novel antibiotics froma marine Streptomyces sp. isolate
M045. J Nat Prod 68(3), 34953.
125. Sato, M. and A KAJI: (1980) zbzd, 44, 717.
126. Petrova, D.H., Shishkov S.A., and Vlahov, S.S. (2006). Novel thermostable serine collagenase from
Thermoactinomyces sp. 21E: purification and some properties,
JBasic Microbiol 46, 275-285.
127. Komoda, K., Naito, S., Ishikawa, M. (2004). Replication of plant RNA virus genomes in a cell-free extract of
evacuolated plant protoplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101,18631867.
128. Greiner, R. (2004). Purification and properties of a phytate-degrading enzyme from Pantoea agglomerans.
Protein Journal 23, 567-576.
129. Crawford, L.V., Pim, D.C., Gurney, E.G., Goodfellow, P. and Taylor- Papadimitriou, J. (1981). Detection of a
common feature in several hu- man tumor cell lines-a 53,000-Dalton protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 78, 41-45.
130. Anisha, G.S., Prema, P., (2008). Cell immobilization technique for the enhanced
131. production of a-galactosidase by Streptomyces griseoloalbus. Bioresour. Technol 99, 33253330.

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

15 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA

Kumar et al

132. Koshy, G.,Wilkinson,A., Harmsworth,A., & Waldmann, C. S. (1997). Intensive care unit follow-up program at a
district general hospital. Intensive Care Medicine, 23, S160.
133. Sahu, M,K., Sivakumar, K., Poorani, E., Thangaradjou, T., & Kannan, L. (2007). Studies on L-asparaginase enzyme
of actinomycetes isolated from esturine fishes, Journal of Environmental Biology, 28(2), 465-474.
134. Umamaheswari, S., Viveka, S. and Vijaylakshmi, G.S. (2003). The Hindu Jul. , 17, 1-20.
135. Sivakumar, K., Sahu, M.K., Thangaradjou, T. and Kannan, L. (2007). Research on marine actinobacteria in India.
Indian J. Microbiol 47, 186-196.
136. Vignardet, C., Guillaume, Y.C., Friedrich, J., Millet, J. (1999). A rst order experimental design to assess soluble
proteins released by a new keratinase from Doratomyces microsporus on human substrates. Int J Pharm
(Amsterdam) 191,95102.
137. Stutzenberger, F.J. (1987). Inducible thermoalkalophilic polygalacturonate lyase from Thermorno- nospora
fusca. JBacteriol 169, 27742780.
138. Agate, A.D., Bilimoria, M.H., Bhat, J.V. (1962). Pectin transeliminase activity in Streptomyces virido- AU16
chromogenes. Curr Sci 31,462463.
139. Bode, W. and Huber, R. (1992). Natural protein proteinase inhibitors and their interaction with proteinases. Eur.
J. Biochem 204,433-451.
140. Imade, C. and Okami, Y. (1995). characteristics of marine actinomycete isolated from a deep-sea sediment ad
production of beta-glucosidase inhibitor. J. Mar. Biotechnol 2, 109-113.
141. Raja, S., (2007). Screening of microbial amylase enzyme inhibitors from marine actinomycetes. M.Sc.,
dissertation, Annamalai University, India, p. 40.
142. Nakamura, H., Iitaka, Y., Kitahara, T., Okazaki, T., Okami, Y. (1977). Structure of asplasmomycin. Journal of
Antibiotics 30, 714-719.
143. Prave, P., Faust, W., Sitting W. and Sukatsch, D.A. (1987). Fundamentals of Biotechnology VCH;
Veragsgasellschaft. Mbh. D. 6940. Weinheim. FRG.
144. Mikami, Y. (2007). Biological work on medically important Nocardia species. Actinomycetologica 21(1), 46
51.

Cite this article

Roshan K., Koushik B., Vikas S., Pankaj K., Avijit T. Actinomycetes: Potential Bioresource for Human Welfare: A
Review. Res. J. Chem. Env. Sci. Vol 2 [3] June 2014. 05-16

RJCES Vol 2 [3] June 2014

16 | P a g e

2014 AELS, INDIA