Annotated Bibliography

Primary Source
Articles
Nov.21. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/64344.stm
In this article, from BBC News, talks about the My Lai Massacre that took place on the morning
of march 16 1968. It mentions that in the course of three hours more than 500 Vietnamese
civilians were killed in cold blood at the hands of U.S Troops. This helps me because in this
article it says that many civilians 60 in one case were gathered and shot at due to the fact that
the U.S. was on a mission to kill the communist army but sadly in the end result the U.S. ended
up killing innocent lives like children women men, old men, old women.
Nov.21.http://umcspace.missouri.edu/historic/buildings/PeacePark/files/kent_state.pdf
In this news article, it mentions that during the Kent State Massacre while a thousand students
gathered to protest about the Vietnam War, 800 Ohio National Guardsmen had fired at the
students and killed four one of them being Jeffery Miller and injured 9. Johnson a friend of a
victim had mentioned that her friend wasn't even involved in the protest but yet was still fired
upon and injured. This article helps me in a way to show that Muhammad Ali had influenced
movements about the Vietnam War as well. Therefore making this a primary source.

Letter
Nov.21. http://www.may4archive.org/jeffrey_miller.shtml
Here are two letters written by Jeffrey Miller before the incident at Kent State, he mentions that
his grandpa has passed and seems to try to uplift his grandmas spirit due to the fact that she is
now alone of course. However Millers mom also has something to say and mentions that as
soon as the bullet that killed her son Jeff and ended his life, her life changed completely. This
helps me because it gives me and idea that Muhammad Ali was not the only one with the
mentality that the Vietnam War was no good.

Newspaper
"4 Dead at Kent State." New York Times. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.

<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flearning%2Fgeneral%2Fonthisday%2Fbi
g%2F0504.html>.

This source is a newspaper article from the New York Times that was printed when the
Kent State Shootings by military soldiers on college students happened in 1970. The
paper depicts a famous picture depicting Mary Ann Vecchio kneeling over a dead student.
"Muhammad Ali Guilty of Draft Dodging..." - RareNewspapers.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 30
Oct.2014. <http://www.rarenewspapers.com/view/569994>.

This source is a newspaper that was printed during the time that Muhhamad Ali was
found guilty for his draft objection. The newspaper has the actual words that he gave in
court.
Photos
"Aaron Cohen." MeWe. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://mewe.org/blog/mewe-manifesto/>.
This source is a photo depicting Ali giving a speech to Harvard's class of 1975. He told
the students to change the world for the better. This source helps us because it shows
that Ali was a peaceful and why he rejected the war.
"Ali Wins Appeal." Rare & Old Newspapers. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
<http://images.rarenewspapers.com/ebayimgs/11.1.2012/image053.jpg>.

This source depicts an actual newspaper article that was published when Muhammad Ali
won his draft appeal and was not punished for draft evasion any longer.

"Amistad Digital Resource." : Black Opposition to Vietnam. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Dec.
2014.<http://www.amistadresource.org/civil_rights_era/black_opposition_to_vietn
am.html>.
This source is a photo that depicts an african american holding a quote of Muhhamad Ali
No vietnamese ever called me nigger. in opposition to blacks fighting in the vietnam
war. This source will help us show how african americans refused to fight for a country
that discriminates them.

Collman, Ashley. "Ali in Exile: Rarely Seen Photographs Capture Muhammad Ali When
He Was Banned from the Ring after Refusing to Serve in Vietnam." Mail Online.
Associated Newspapers, 26 Oct. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2477745/When-fighter-refused-fight-Rarephotos-Muhammad-Ali-outside-ring-years-banned-boxing-refusing-serveVietnam.html>.
This source is a photo depicting Muhammad Ali arriving at a war protest in San
Francisco. This source helps us prove that Ali was a leader in the protests against
vietnam especially due to the fact that he was African American.

Nov.21.http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/25/Black-Panther-Party-armed-guard
s-in-street-shotguns.jpg
This picture creates a representation of those whom led the Black Panther Party to put
an end to the Vietnam War and drafts. This is primary because this picture was taken a
long period of time ago and because it gives you a real worldwide view of how they
represented as a unit.
Nov.21.http://www.personal.kent.edu/
Here we have Mary Ann Vecchio kneeling over the body of Jeffrey Miller minutes after he was
shot by the Ohio National Guard. Its known that Jefferey Miller had been shot in the mouth
therefore the bullet coming out of the end of his skull and killing him instantly. This helps
because this demonstrates one of the few results vietnam war protests had faced.

Nov.21.http://www.toptenz.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/timescha_s.jpg
In this picture it gives us an overview of a key musician who played a role in the vietnam world
era. With his musical talent and music in general he was able to convince many americans that
the vietnam war was terrible.His name was Bob Dylan. This is primary because hes one of
many contributors who in way influenced many Americans into doing what was good and bad
during the vietnam war.

Nov.21.sourcehttp://www.historycentral.com/Vietnam/bigdemo.gif
This is a picture of more than 250,000 protesors gathered in washington d.c. in the largest anti
war demonstration to occur during the vietnam war. This helps me because as you can see i
can use this as evidence that many people worldwide had heard about vietnam and its transfers
so they tried to put a stop to it.
Rapold, Nicolas. "One of His Biggest Fights Was Outside of the Ring." The New York
Times. The New York Times, 22 Aug. 2013. Web. 09 Dec. 2014.
<http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/23/movies/trials-of-muhammad-ali-traces-alisbattle-over-vietnam.html?_r=0>.
This source is a photo that depicts Muhammad Ali walking the streets with the Black
Panther Party an African American activist group. This gives us an idea of who he
associated with.
"WWI Conscientious Objector." Wikipedia. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/JohnTNeufeld.jpg>.

This source depicts an image of John T Neufeld who was a World War One conscientious
objector and it also depicts an image of his parole pass during the time which notes that
conscientious objectors have been around for a long time.

Videos
"Black Panther Rally of Fire W/ Muhammad Ali As Guest Speaker." YouTube. YouTube,
n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2014. <https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCG_Fl9uVP8>.
This source is a video that contains footage of a Black Panther Party Rally where
Muhammad Ali speaks about black discrimination and how whites have people with
trillions of dollars who can speak for them but who speaks for the blacks.

Muhammad Ali converted to islam and he is not a slave

anymore.Nov.21.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfa5EP4D0eo
He mentions that he was always curious about why jesus was white with blue eyes. He
also mentions that he always read and how he had gone to church but everything in
America was always white. He would ask himself why is everything white and everything
bad was chocolate and black. This will help me by showing how Muhammad thought up
to this day and back then.
Muhammad Ali interview on not joining the army Nov. 21
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H9TwvGYcGRo.
In this video Muhammad Ali seems to avoid any questions that have to do with religion,
induction into the army, and future fights. He tends to answer no comment to most of
the questions the newspaper people ask him. Knowing hes in Houston he comments
that every answer shall be answered in his statements which he personally gets from the
postal office. This helps because everything he says is coming out of him personally.
"Muhammad Ali on the Vietnam War-Draft." YouTube. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<https%3A%2F%2F www.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHeFMyrWlZ68>.
This source is a video is a video that contains actual footage of Muhammad Ali during an
interview where he is asked about objecting serving for the US army and he gives his
own thoughts and views on the situation.

NBC News on Muhammad Ali not going to

war.Nov.21.http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6JDM4MY71G4
In this video Muhammad Ali mentions that him being a minister he believes in peace. He
mentions that he has not lost anything by not joining the army but gained a piece of mind
piece of heart and is content with God. In other words he mentions that he has gained
respect all over the world. This will help me because this is Muhammad Ali himself
mentioning his opinions about the induction of the vietnam war.

Secondary Sources

Articles
American Experience.Nov.21.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/films/mylai/player/
In this preview of the video of My Lai, veteran soldiers mention that it was an order that
they shoot brutal anything that lived in the small village. Some even argued that the
pictures of the sufferings of My Lai was just propaganda used by the communists. One
veteran soldier tells himself that sometimes he asks himself what could he have done to
stop this and he answers i don't know. This helps me with my project because it clearly
makes you question whether or not the My Lai mission was necessary.
Australia and The Vietnam War.Nov.21.www.australiaandthevietnamwar.com
In this article, it says that the announcement of needed vietnam soldiers had affected
Parliamentary opposition, religious groups, trade unionists, academics, and young men.
Therefore, groups started forming against the war like the Youth Campaign Against Conscription
which forned in late 1964, Australian Labor Party, and Save Our Sons founded in Sydney in
1965 shortly after the government announced an increase in vietnam troops. This helps me
because it tells you that Australia was in it with the U.S. but Australia started withdrawing troops
until 1972.

Clark,Chris,The RAAF in Vietnam:Australian air involvement in the Vietnam War

1962-1975,The Official History of Australia's involvement in Southeast Asian
Conflicts 1948-1975, vol.4(Sydney and Allen & Unwin).Nov.21.
As a result of the war 500 troops were wounded and almost 51 thousand died. The war
was won but many were lost. Even though the numbers were low every person counts
heavily.
"Conscientious Objection." PBS. PBS, n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/334/conscientious-objection.html>.
This source is an article that gives facts about conscientious objection. The article also
states that there were still conscientious objectors in the Iraq War, meaning there are still
conscientious objectors today.
Constance, Rambo.Interview with Mark Maedeker about the Kent State

Shooting.27.December 2012.October 30,

2014.Nov.21.http:://novaonline.nvcc.edu
This is secondary source because this person was not there when the shooting
happened but he heard about it. He had seen what had happened but he did not
experience it at all. Like i said his students most likely filled him in on the story.
Francisco Da Costa, The Black Panther Party,
Oct,30,2014.http:://wwwfranciscodacosta.com/articles/BPP.html
The Black Panther Party for self defense was formed right here in OAkland, California in
October, 1966. Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale were the original founders. Later the
name of the party was changed to Black panther Party.
"How One Man Illustrates the Story of Opposition of the Vietnam War."Richmond
Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2014. <https%3A%2F
%2Fhistoryengine.richmond.edu%2Fepisodes%2Fview%2F5600>
This source is an article speaking of Muhhamad Alis Leadership by protesting the war. It
showed how hypocritical the government was for putting one man in jail for objecting the
war when they aren't willing to fight it themselves.

John Mikin 1997-2014SPartacus

educational.Nov.21.http://spartacus-educational.com/VNprotest.htm
It explains that in the beginning the americans who opposed the war was small and set
up into three groups. Those who initially objected to the involvement in Vietnam fell into
three broad categories: people with left-wing political opinions who wanted an NLF
victory; pacifists who opposed all wars; and liberals who believed that the best way of
stopping the spread of communism was by encouraging democratic, rather than
authoritarian governments. This will help me because now i will have an overview of the
whole picture of the first reactions and then seeing a chain reaction after.
Lewis,Jerry.The May 4 Shootings at Kent State University: THE SEARCH FOR
HISTORICAL ACCURACY Sept, 21 1998.Oct, 30 2014.
Nov.21.http://d3jc3ahdjadcloudfront.net
This is a secondary source because of a shooting that happened may 4, 1970. A
national Guard fired into a college and killed four students. Due to this many colleges

had closed down and many college students had protested in the end. This will help me
explain some of the results that happened in vietnam war protest.
May 4th Task Force Members revised 4/96.Nov.21.KENT STATE.com May 1-4, 1970
In this article, it gives you a chronological order of the events that happened starting from may
1-4. It mentions that Nixon had ordered the army into cambodia for the purpose of ending the
vietnam war. Therefore this helps me because this article lists the events from begining to the
end and gives you an idea of what happened that date and why?
"Muhammad Ali: Exemplar to the World." Muhammad Ali: Exemplar to the World.
American SC,n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2015.
<http://www.americansc.org.uk/Online/Ali.htm>.
This source is an article that speaks of the legacy Ali left on america. This helps us greater
understand what kind of legacy Ali left.
Rotter,Andrew.The Causes of The Vietnam War, The Oxford Companion to American
Military History. Ed.John Whiteclay Chambers II.New York:Oxford UP, 1999.
Copyright 1999 by Oxford Up.Nov.21.http://www.english.illinois.edu
Most American wars have an obvious starting points or precipitating causes: The battles
of Lexington and Concord in 1775, the capture of Fort Sumter in 1861, the attack on
Pearl harbor 1941, and the north Korean invasion of the south korea in june 1950, for
example. But there was no fixed beginning with the U.S. and Vietnam.
The Black Panthers.HistoryLearningsite.co.uk.2005.Web.Oct 30
2014.Nov.21.http://www.historylearningsite.com.co.uk/
The Black Panthers were formed in CA in 1966 and they played a short but important
part in the civil rights movement. They believed that the nonviolent campaign of Martin
Luther King had failed and any promised changes to their lifestyle via the traditional civil
rights movement, would take too long to be implemented or simply introduced.
"The Good, the Bad, and the Monstrous." The Good the Bad and the Monstrous. N.p.,
n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.<https://powerstudy.wordpress.com/tag/muhammad-ali>.
This source is an article that speaks about Muhhamad Alis Leadership by expressing a
reason for the protests, african american deployment for a country that discriminates
them. It also tells the story of how Ali threw his gold medal in a lake for being denied
entry into a restaurant for being black.
Vietnam Veterans Association of Australia.Nov.21.http://www.vvaa.org.au/calendar.htm

This would be a secondary resource because its off of a association page and isnt the actual
witness or person himself in the information. This is just a timeline that can help me understand
how Australia got invloved in the vietnam war protests or even war itself. Also, this timeline
describes what happened at the end of the vietnam war and what stareted it in the first place.
"When Muhammad Ali Took the Real Heavy Weight." - Opinion. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov.
2014.<http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2011/06/2011621103756809437.ht
ml>.
This source is an article that speaks about how Muhhamad Ali won the real heavyweight
championship meaning an appreciation for refusing the draft and helping the cause
(protesting Vietnam) without using violence.

Documentaries
"My Lai Massacre." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 29 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.history.com/topics/vietnam-war/my-lai-massacre>.
This source is a documentary made by the history channel to inform people of the
atrocities that some US soldiers committed on a village of innocent vietnamese farmers.

Interviews
"Kent State Eyewitness Remembers Shootings." New Jersey Jewish News. N.p., n.d.
Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http://njjewishnews.com/article/4641/kent-state-eyewitness-remembersshootings#.VFKKx2f4Kks>.
This source is an interview with a former student of Kent State who remembers the
shootings that occurred in 1970. He talks about how he felt when it happened and how
he still feels about it today.

Music

"Country Joe And The Fish I Feel Like I'm Fixin' To Die Rag Lyrics." Lyrics. N.p., n.d.
Web. 21 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.lyrics007.com/Country%20Joe%20And%20The%20Fish%20Lyrics/I
%20Feel%20Like%20I'm%20Fixin'%20To%20Die%20Rag%20Lyrics.html>.
This source is a song written by Country Joe and the lyrics speak about what the
government is actually doing and what the soldiers go through and what they do.

""Masters Of War" Lyrics." BOB DYLAN LYRICS. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2014.
<http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/bobdylan/mastersofwar.html>.
This source is a song written by Bob Dylan a war protest music writer. The lyrics speak
about how the government starts wars and does not involve themselves in it but force
other to fight. This is primary because these lyrics were officially written by Bob Dylan
himself.
Nov.21. http://www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/neilyoung/ohio.html

This source would be primary because the lyric of the song has not changed at all but it has
stayed the same. Therefore making it valid to be primary because the original producers sing it.
In this song, it refers back to when the ohio national guards killed four students and injured 9.

Photos
Blogspot. Blogspot, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2015.
<http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-TR6Mig3rk4Y/UUmIEY2j4rI/AAAAAAAABSI/pKhb3ha
Xu3k/s1600/3972425056_53fe37ce3d.jpg>.
This source depicts a photo of Alcatraz Island. This helps us understand were some objectors
were sent for denying service to the army.
"BPP Logo." Earthly Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2.
<http://www.earthlyissues.com/images/pantherparty.jpg>.
This source depicts an image of the Black Panther Partys logo. The Black Panther Party
was a socialist group who fought for black rights and was a against a war where black
soldiers were forced to fight for a country that hates them.

"CPS Unit Number 031-01." CPS Unit 031-01. Civilian Public Service, n.d. Web. 22 Feb.
2015. <http://civilianpublicservice.org/camps/31/1>.
This source is a photo depicting labor workers who refused to join the army. This was an
alternative for army service.
"My Lai Massacre." Poor William. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.poorwilliam.net/pix/my-lai-1.jpg>.
This source depicts an image of dead vietnamese farmers who were brutally killed by a
platoon of US soldiers lead by Lt. William L. Calley.This is primary because this picture
depicts what really happened on the actual event accurately.

NYSUT. NYSUT, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2015.

<http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nysut.org%2Fnews%2Fnysut-united%2Fissues
%2F2013%2Fjuly-august-2013%2F50-years-later-march-to-renew-the-civil-rightsmessage-of-1963>.
This source is a picture of the Civil Rights Movement March. This shows how much people
supported the civil rights movement.

Objecting to War. Objector to War, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2015.

<https://objectingtowar.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/co-4-1600x1200opt604x391o00s604x391.jpg>.
This source is a cartoon that shows criticism towards the conscientious objectors. This helps
give us an idea of their history.
"Overview of Camps." Overview of Camps. Civilian Public Service, n.d. Web. 22 Feb.
2015. <http://civilianpublicservice.org/campsoverview>.
This source is a photo depicting a camp for the civilian public service. These camps were made
for conscientious objectors of canada to work in instead of army service.
"The Most Recognized Muslim: Muhammad Ali Turns 70." The Most Recognized
Muslim: Muhammad Ali Turns 70. The Muslim Times, n.d. Web. 22 Feb. 2015.

<http://www.themuslimtimes.org/2012/01/muslim-heritage/the-most-recognizedmuslim-muhammad-ali-turns-70>.
This source is a photo of Ali at the age of 70. This helps us show that on his 70th birthday he
was recognized.
"Vietnam War Protest." News Pix. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http://images4.newspix.com.au/CorexDoc/NPX/Media/TR5_WATERMARKED/e/a/d
/c/NP12939.jpg>.
This source depicts a picture of Vietnam protesters in Australia and the police are there
to make sure that it does not get out of hand which usually happened.

Websites
"Ali & the Black Struggles of the 1960s." Muhammad Ali and Civil Rights. Red Lug, n.d.
Web.
22 Feb. 2015. <http://redlug.com/Documents/Ali.htm>.
This source is a website page that talks about black struggles during the 60s.This gives us an
idea of how hard it was for blacks in the past.
"Australia's Objection." Vietnam War. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http%3A%2F%2Fvietnam-war.commemoration.gov.au%2Fconscription
%2Fmoratoriums-and-opposition.php>.
This source talks about Australia's objection to the Vietnam War. Australias citizens said
that they have no part in the problems with the Vietnamese and other foreign affairs.
"The Black Panthers." The Black Panthers. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014.
<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/black_panthers.htm>.
This source gives information on the beginnings of the Black Panther Party. It also talks
about all the rules of the Black Panther Party.
"Calley Apologizes for Role in My Lai Massacre." Msnbc.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 31 Oct.
2014.
<http://www.nbcnews.com/id/32514139/ns/us_news-military/t/calley-apologizesrole-my-lai-massacre/#.VFLnVPnF_3Y>.

This source has an account about when Lt William L Calley apologizes for leading the
My Lai Massacre. He said he feels great remorse for the vietnamese and the families of
the soldiers that part took in this massacre.