Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
THE
THREE
FACES
F YAHWEH
$2.95
*************************************************************************************************
AMERICAN ATHEISTS
is a non-profit, non-political, educational organization dedicated to the complete and absolute separation of state
and church. We accept the explanation of Thomas Jefferson that the "First Amendment" to the Constitution of the
United States was meant to create a "wall of separation" between state and church.
American Atheists is organized to stimulate and promote freedom of thought and inquiry concerning religious
beliefs, creeds, dogmas, tenets, rituals, and practices;
to collect and disseminate information, data, and literature on all>religions and promote a more thorough
understanding of them, their origins, and their histories;
to advocate, labor for, and promote in all lawful ways the complete and absolute separation of state and church;
to advocate, labor for, and promote in all lawful ways the establishment and maintenance of a thoroughly secular
system of education available to all;
to encourage the development and public acceptance of a human ethical system stressing the mutual sympathy,
understanding, and interdependence of all people and the corresponding responsibility of each individual in
relation to society;
to develop and propagate a social philosophy in which man is the central figure who alone must be the source of
strength, progress, and ideals for the well-being and happiness of humanity;
to promote the study of the arts and sciences and of all problems affecting the maintenance, perpetuation, and
enrichment of human (and other) life;
>
to engage in such social, educational, legal, and cultural activity as will be useful and beneficial to members of
American Atheists and to society as a whole.
Atheism may be defined as the mental attitude which unreservedly accepts the supremacy of reason and aims at
establishing a life-style and ethical outlook verifiable by experience and the scientific method, independent of all
arbitrary assumptions of authority and creeds.
Materialism declares that the cosmos is devoid of immanent conscious purpose; that it is governed by its own
inherent, immutable, and impersonal laws; that there is no supernatural interference in human life; that man finding his resources within himself - can and must create his own destiny. Materialism restores to man his dignity
and his intellectual integrity. It teaches that we must prize our lifeon earth and strive always to improve it. It holds
that man is capable of creating a social system based on reason and justice. Materialism's "faith" is in man and
man's ability to transform the world culture by his own efforts. This is a commitment which is in its very essence
life-asserting. It considers the struggle for progress as a moral obligation and impossible without noble ideas that
inspire man to bold creative works. Materialism holds that humankind's potential for good and for an outreach to
more fulfillingcultural development is, for all practical purposes, unlimited.
*************************************************************************************************
American Atheist Membership Categories
Life
Sustaining
Couple/Family
Individual
Senior Citizen*/Unemployed
Student*
>
$500
$l00/year
$50/year
$40/year
$20/year
$12/year
*Photocopy of ID required
.
All membership categories receive our monthly "Insider's Newsletter," membership cardts), a subscription to
American Atheist magazine for the duration of the membership period, plus additional organizational mailings,
i.e., new products for sale, convention and meeting announcements, etc.
August 1986
American Atheist
A Journal of Atheist News and Thought
Editor's Desk
R. Murray-O'Hair
Director's Briefcase
Jon G. Murray
28
Ask A.A.
Poetry
32
33
Notes
35
Press Conference
Brian Lynch
36
Historical
21
40
Book Review
26
Me Too
41
42
Crosswords
43
24
Debate
Name
Address
City
State
Effective Date:
Name
_
Zip
_
_
_
Address
City
State
_
_
Zip
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 1
American Atheist
Editor/R. Murray-O'Hair
Editor Emeritus/Dr, Madalyn O'Hair
Managing Editor/Jon
G_ Murray
Assistant
Editor/Gerald
Tholen
Poetry/Angeline
Bennett, Gerald Tholen
Non-Resident
Staff/John
M_ Allegro, Burnham
P_ Beckwith, Margaret Bhatty, Nawal El Saadawi,
Merrill Holste, Lowell Newby, Fred Woodworth,
Frank R. Zindler
Production
Staff/Laura
Lee Cole, Christina Ditter' Shantha Elluru, Keith Hailey, Brian J_ Lynch,
Jim Mills, John Ragland, Jes Simmons
Officers
of the Society
of Separationists,
Inc.
President/Jon G_ Murray
President
Emeritus/Dr. Madalyn O'Hair
Vice-President/Gerald
Tholen
Secretary/R.
Murray-O'Hair
Treasurer/Brian
J_ Lynch
Chairman
of the Board/Dr. Madalyn O'Hair
Members
of the Board/Jon G_ Murray (Vice
Chairman),
August Berkshire, Herman Harris,
Ellen Johnson,
Scott Kerns, Minerva Massen,
Robin Murray-O'Hair,
Shirley Nelson, Richard C.
O'Hair, Henry Schmuck,
Noel Scott, Gerald
Tholen, Lloyd Thoren, Frank Zindler,
Officers and Directors may be reached at P_O_
Box 2117, Austin, TX 78768_
Honorary
Members
of the Board/Merrill
Holste, John Marthaler
The American Atheist is published monthly by
American Atheist Press, an affiliate of Society of
Separationists,
Inc., d/b/a American
Atheists,
2210 Hancock Dr., Austin, TX 78756-2596, a nonprofit, non-political, educational organization dedicated to the complete and absolute separation of
state and church. (Non-profit under IRS Code
501(c)(3)_)
Copyright 1986 by Society of Separationists,
Inc.
All rights reserved. Reproduction
in whole or in
part without written permission
is prohibited.
ISSN: 0332-4310. Mailing address: P.O. Box 2117,
Austin, TX 78768-2117.
The American Atheist is indexed in IBZ (International Bibliography of Periodical Literature, Osnabriick, Germany).
Manuscripts
submitted must be typed, doublespaced, and accompanied
by a stamped,
selfaddressed envelope. A copy of American Atheist
Writers' Guidelines is available upon request. The
editors assume no responsibility
for unsolicited
manuscripts.
The American Atheist Press publishes a variety of
Atheist, agnostic, and freethought
material. A
catalog is available free upon request.
Page 2
BALANCED VIEWS
The American Atheist Center, we are
At often
asked by "liberal" theists and
August 1986
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 3
"Some gU4 in the paper here soqs there's been too much mixing of religion and politics lotelu.! dunno ... whodduo
think?"
Page 4
August 1986
American Atheist
A Heritage Stolen
Sitting out on the deck of Mr. Via's home
with the mountains in view in the background, I watched on one of the television
networks a part of the national Fourth of
Austin, Texas
August 1986
cycle - we can be better and more productive citizens than those who dedicate a part
of their lives to escaping from it. We are
participants in the reality of life and not
escape artists from it.
In conclusion, I have been trying to say
that we find ourselves in a twentieth century
society of advanced technology operating
on a philosophical basis that has not
changed since the Stone Age. The basis of
our thought systems and our view of ourselves has to be modernized, but at the same
time we cannot lose track of our biological
imperatives. When generation upon generation have perceived themselves and viewed
life in an erroneous manner, it is difficult to
envisage that changing anytime soon. It may
take generations more to accomplish, but
we can all take pride in being in on the start
of the change.
We must change the thrust of our writing
in this magazine and in the books we publish
to the end of weaning people away from old
thought patterns and into new ones. It does
no good simply to keep on pumping out the
same old line that earlier groups did. That
was not effective, so we can drop that
approach.
We must talk in terms of the irrelevance
and obsolescence of religion every chance
we get. No weakness can be shown in this
procedure, and no quarter can be given to
the obsolete ideas. They must go.
Finally, we must not allow ourselves to be
isolated. We must mingle and challenge and
foster change from every angle. Isolation is
the first step to eradication. Our presence as
Atheists must be felt in society openly at
every level. There are Atheists in every walk
of life in this country, as there are homosexuals' Blacks, Hispanics, and women. They
must all simply assert themselves. As with
the unfounded fears concerning the simple
act of displaying Atheist material at a librarians' convention, the only fear we have is of
fear itself. If someone can be proud of being
an idiot and expound irrational ideas in
every direction, why cannot we be proud of
expounding rational ideas?
While I was in New York City, I witnessed
the annual Gay Pride march. Over 10,000
gay men and women walked openly down
the street telling one and all that they must
be accepted for what they are. How many of
you would join a similar march for an Atheist
Pride day? If you would not - or cannot
imagine why you would need to do that then you had better rethink your position.
Page 5
ASK A.A.
Page 6
August 1986
CROSSWORDS
(From page 43)
SOLUTION
ACROSS: I-SEWER RAT S.ASLEEP 9-ALL SOULS 10METTLE 12-0CULAR
13WILL TELL IS-SEA ELEPHANTS 18-A MOUNTAIN
CAT 23-BALD PATE 24-COLORS 26-EARWIG 27-HITS UPON 28-SADDEN
29- TEA
DANCE
DOWN: I-SEA COW 2-WALRUS 3-ROOTAGE 4-AWLS 6STEALTH 7-EAT BEANS 8PEERLESS ll-GIDEONS 14RECANTS 16-WARBLERS 17COLLARED 19-NAP TIME
20-AROUSED 21-COUPON
22-USANCE 2S-TIME
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 7
This ultimate sin, "they do not believe," is expanded from Jerusalem at the time of J.C. to the
historic and total world. Therefore, "every sin,
wherever and whenever committed, has a reference to the cross of Christ."
Page 8
August 1986
American Atheist
their hearts."
That heartfelt (not brain felt) inspiration
he gave, however, came to be transmitted in
episcopal ordination through the One True
Church, its hierarchy then, and its successors now. Therefore, the Holy Spirit ordained and sustains Karol Wojtyla himself.
Anyone who has read the history of early
Christianity knows that all of this is a crock
and that neither Christian pretensions nor
the era of the Roman Catholic church began
with the Pentecost.
The GREAT Councils
In order to tuck it all in nicely, this all had
to be tied to the First (in 1871) and the
Second (in 1962) GREAT Vatican Councils
of the Church. Sure enough, the teaching of
the Second Vatican Council, in retrospect,
is now seen by Wojtyla as essentially
"pneumatological" - that is, devoted to the
study of spiritual beings. Now who else
would qualify as spiritual beings but the
Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost - er,
excuse me - the Holy Spirit. The counciliar
constitutions Gaudium et Spes and Lumen
Gentium both held out to the world that the
Holy Spirit was and is abroad in the world to
lead in the journey to the kingdom of the
Father. Allone had to do to get there was die
- shades of J.e.! - for "The church truly
knows that only God, whom she serves,
meets the deepest longings of the human
heart, which is never fully satisfied by what
the world has to offer." Well, it is not possible to speak for the religious, but the Atheists of the world sure as hell are satisfied with
"what the world has to offer."
With all ends neatly tied together, with
"salvation" only available through the Roman Catholic church and its J.e., Big
Daddy, and the Spook, it is now necessary
to look again at what J.C. said about the
Holy Spirit. Remember, it was his advice to
the apostles, "It is to your advantage that I
go away, for ifI do not go away the Counselor will not come to you" (John 16:7). And
Jesus gives the reason for his coming, "He
will convince the world concerning sin and
righteousness and judgment: concerning
sin, because they do not believe in me; concerning righteousness, because I go to the
Father, and you will see me no more; concerning judgment, because the ruler of this
world is judged" (John 16:8-11).Aha! the fat
is in the fire. Damn the Atheists! The ultimate sin is that they do not "believe in" this
bizarre ideology that has been dreamed up
by diseased minds.
But Jesus did not come into the world
only to judge it and condemn it. He came to
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 9
Page 10
August 1986
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 11
Page 12
overcome.
Materialism
Unfortunately the resistance to the Holy
Spirit
reaches its clearest expression in
materialism, both in its theoretical
form as a system of thought, and in its
practical form as a method of interpreting and evaluating facts, and likewise as a program for corresponding
conduct. The system which has developed most and carried to extreme
practical consequences this form of
thought, ideology and praxis is dialectical and historical materialism, which
is still recognized as the essential core
of Marxism.
In principle and in fact, materialism
radically excludes the presence and
action of God ... it does not accept
God's existence, being a system that
is essentially and systematically atheistic. This is the striking phenomenon
of our time: atheism .... The order of
values and the aims of action which it
describes are strictly bound to a reading of the whole of reality as 'matter.'
... It follows ... that religion can only
be understood as a kind of 'idealist
illusion' to be fought with the most
suitable means and methods according to circumstances of time and
place, in order to eliminate it from
society and from man's very heart
(emphasis added).
Hear! Hear!
Materialism is the systematic and logical
development of that "resistance"
condemned by Paul as "The desires of the flesh
... against the Spirit." Because of this, Wojtyla predicts that there will be a collision as
the church strives to affirm that "every man
willsee the salvation of God" (Luke 3:6; d.,
Isaiah 40:5). That "collision may in many
cases be of a tragic nature and may perhaps
lead to fresh defeats for humanity" since
"materialism, as a system of thought, in all its
forms, means the acceptance of death as the
definitive end of human existence ... the
human body is mortal ... death remains for
[man] an impassable frontier and limit." All
of this means that there is a "picture of death
being composed in our age." In the entire
140-page encyclical, only these few paragraphs speak to Atheism, materialism, and
Marxism. The three are viewed together as
one ball of wax.
The dark shades of materialistic civiliza-
August 1986
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 13
requirement:
Page 14
August 1986
Statistics are suppressed, or skewed, frequently difficult to find, since there is a desire
on the part of the church to keep this information unavailable. But by the simple expedient of controlling the total culture, the
church is then able to control its own subset
within that culture. It has, therefore, consistently and aggressively attempted to controllegislative bodies in order to obtain legislative enactments which willbe supportive of
Roman Catholic ideology. The church has
actively opposed sex education, the dissemination of birth control information, and the
distribution of either medical or mechanical
prophylactics with which to prevent pregnancy. In a state in which the claim of the
church is to over half of the religious population, one would expect to find legislative battles to support its positions. This, of course,
is true in Pennsylvania.
Roe v. Wade was decided in 1973. The
reaction of Roman Catholic-dominated
Pennsylvania was to immediately structure
laws within the framework of the defined
objectives of the Roe decision in order to
restrict all allowable abortion activity as
much as possible. Therefore, Pennsylvania's
first Abortion Control Act was passed in
1974 over the governor's veto. After extensive litigation, various provisions of the 1974
statute were ruled unconstitutional, especially those which required spousal or parental consent and those which proscribed
abortion advertisements and the choice of
procedure for a postviability abortion.
In 1978, the Pennsylvania legislature
attempted to restrict access to abortion by
limiting medical-assistance funding for the
procedure. This was also successfully challenged in a federal court.
In 1981, abortion legislation was proposed
again, this time modeled after a statute developed by a Chicago-based antiabortion organization. This bill was vetoed by the
govetnor.
In 1982, the statute under attack in
Thornburgh was formulated, enacted, and
approved by the governor of Pennsylvania
on June 11, 1982_By its own terms it was to
become effective 180 days thereafter, which
was to say, on December 8,1982_ After the
passage of the act but before its effective
date, the case decided by the u.S. Supreme
Court on June 11, 1986, was filed asking for
a preliminary injunction (to enjoin enforcement} until the statute could be fully considered by judicial review. The lower District
Court held that injunctive relief was not
available. The Third Circuit took the appeal
and enjoined enforcement of the entire Act
pending the appeal litigation. But it withheld
its judgment until after the U.S. Supreme
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
Our cases long have recognized that the Constitution embodies a promise that a certain private
sphere of individual liberty will be kept largely
beyond the reach of government. That promise
extends to women as well as to men .
- Majority opinion
introductory statement was,
Again today, we reaffirm the general principles laid down in Roe and in
Akron. Since Roe, a number of states
and municipalities have adopted a
number of measures designed to prevent a woman, with the advice of her
physician, from exercising the freedom of choice to abort an unwanted
pregnancy.
The Court, then, came down firmly, even
before reviewing Pennsylvania's provisions:
"The States are not free, under the guise of
protecting maternal health or potential life,
to intimidate women into continuing pregnancies." The states cannot deter a woman
from making a decision that, with her physician, is hers to make. Roe established protection for the woman from "unduly burdensome interference with her freedom to
decide whether to terminate her pregnancy."
Under the #3205 ("informed consent")
provision, failure to observe the required
conduct subjected the physician to suspension or revocation of his license and subjected any person obligated to provide
information to criminal penalties upon failure so to do.
The Court found that the information
which was to be given to the woman
involved was nothing less than an outright
attempt to give a message discouraging
abortion. It would seem, the court said, that
the information required would "serve only
to confuse and punish her and to heighten
her anxiety." Forcing the physician to show
the information to the woman made him an
agent of-the State, infringing upon his professional responsibilities. All information
requirements, the court held, were therefore facially (on their face) unconstitutional.
Under the #3214(a) (h) (reporting requirement) provisions, the Court noted that both
the woman and the physician would be more
August 1986
Page 15
bath
i~/
l'to
~;22ard
ball
t1/0b
Page 16
August 1986
American Atheist
respect to contraception without governmental constraint is "fundamental," it is not only because those decisions are "serious" and "important" to
the individual, but also because some
value of privacy or individual autonomy that is somehow implicit in the
scheme of ordered liberties established by the Constitution supports a
judgment that such decisions are
none of government's business ....
My point can be illustrated by drawing on a related area in which fundamental liberty interests have been
found: childbearing. The Court's decisions ... can be read for the proposition that parents have a fundamental
liberty to make decisions with respect
to the upbringing of their children. But
no one would suggest that this fundamental liberty extends to assaults
committed upon children by their
parents. It is not the case that parents
have a fundamental liberty to engage
in such activities and that the State
may intrude to prevent them only
because it has a compelling interest in
the well-being of children; rather, such
activities, by their very nature, should
be viewed as outside the scope of the
fundamental liberty interest.
It seems to Justice White that protection
for this unique choice must be "implicit in
the concept of ordered liberty," or, perhaps,
"deeply rooted in this Nation's history and
tradition" and that "it is neither." In denominating that "liberty" in the instant case the
Court "engages not in constitutional interpretation, but in the unrestrained imposition
of its own, extraconstitutional value preferences."
Continuing his attack on Roe, upon which
this decision had come to rest, White notes
further that there was a presupposition not
only that the woman's liberty to choose an
abortion was fundamental, but also that the
state's countervailing interest in protecting
fetal life (or as the Court put it in that decision, "potential human life")becomes "compelling" only at the point at which the fetus is
viable. The point at which the state's interest
becomes compelling is entirely arbitrary.
The explanation given is that "at viability"
the "fetus then presumably has the capacity
of meaningful life outside the mother's
womb." The governmental interest at issue
is in protecting those who will be citizens if
their lives are not ended in the womb. The
State's interest is "in the fetus as an entity in
itself ... and if compelling after viability, is
equally compelling before viability."
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 17
Page 18
**Allgeyer
u,
August 1986
American Atheist
arrangements."
White concluded that the statute could
not be constitutionally applied to married
persons, explaining:
I find nothing in this record justifying the sweeping scope of this statute,
with its telling effect on the freedoms
of married persons, and therefore
conclude that it deprives such persons of liberty without due process of
A)))Irrot\~MEA~ORE~If) .P.Ror~tTTHE
FAMILY
AN lYAT .AtLft10MEN
j.~}t E)) 1) ...
Go-f4MN~.
Reply To White
Justice Stevens, concurring with the
majority, spent much of his opinion in an
attack upon White's dissent, using his opinions in other cases to refute him in this, so
that "the clarity of certain fundamental propositions not be obscured by his forceful rhetoric." Stevens then cites White's concurring
opinion in the Griswold v. Connecticut 381
U.S. 479 (1965) case, which had to do with a
State forbidding the use of birth control
devices, as an answer to his queries concerned with "liberty."
It would be unduly repetitious, and
belaboring the obvious, to expound
on the impact of this statute on the
liberty guaranteed by the Fourteenth
Amendment against arbitrary or capricious denials or on the nature of
this liberty. Suffice it to say that this is
not the first time this Court has had
occasion to articulate that the liberty
entitled to protection under the Fourteenth Amendment includes the right
"to marry, establish a home and bring
up children" . . . and "liberty . . . to
direct the upbringing and education of
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 19
**Stevens' footnote states: "The responsibility for nurturing the soul of the newly
born, as well as the unborn, rests with individual parents, not with the State. No matter
how important a sacrament such as baptism
may be, a State surely could not punish a
mother for refusing to baptize her child."
***Stevens' next footnote is: "No member
of this Court has ever suggested that a fetus
is a 'person' within the meaning of the Fourteenth Amendment."
(Continued on page 44)
Page 20
August 1986
American Atheist
Don McDermott
One of them he had received from his parents several years before on his thirteenth
birthday. Obviously, he had thought, they
hadn't looked closely at it, and he had never
shown it to them. It was named Lost Civilizations, and he never felt quite right in slipping it in among the others - there were
pictures of naked statues in it. Sharyn had
reminded him of one of these, and as he
drove home, he tried to remember which
one. It had been one of those little clay or
terra-cotta statues - an idol, he corrected
himself - that had been dug up in the Indus
Valley or somewhere around Babylon and
Ninevah. She was modeled of yellow brick,
and the lady's arms reached out as if to
entice him. There were large flowers in her
hair, and around her neck was a heavy
necklace.
Thousands and thousands of years agoit was a long time ago if you thought about it
that way. But he had thought about it differently, as though the lunchroom of his small
high school filled with 120 people or so, all
standing in a line, each being a parent to the
one in front, a child to the one behind. And
somewhere toward the front there would
have been a girl with a body shaped like
Sharyn, someone with lean and straight legs,
small breasts, shoulder-length hair with
short bangs. He slowed the large LTD down
almost to a stop and pulled off the two-lane
highway and onto the straight, but rutted,
dirt road that led home. He switched to
brights as he approached the narrow gateposts and watched for stray steers, but the
high beam was swallowed up in scrub brush
and yellow dust and reflected only the set
tling water tower which leaned toward the
farmhouse like a headless giant.
Suddenly the front wheel kicked up a rock
that struck the car frame, startling him as
though he had been hit - in fact he had felt
it. He sat up and scanned even more carefullythe barren path for the unforeseen. Just
last month he had been tearing around on
some back roads with some buddies and
high-centered the car. He had finally gotten
off center by driving off the jack, but in the
process he had punched a hole the size of a
nickel in the oil pan. Even now he could hear
his father's voice. So this evening, though he
was already late, he drove more cautiously
and slowly.
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 21
Page 22
August 1986
wouldn't pray with them for forgiveness not that he didn't intend to. But he couldn't
face them like that. This was a sin he could
never livedown, at least not under their roof.
He couldn't imagine now what he had
been thinking of when he had asked Sharyn
out. Everyone had told him what kind of girl
she was. "I'd rather see my daughter lying
dead at my feet," his father had once said in
church, "than to see her come home without
her virtue!" He showered quickly and went
to the phone in the kitchen.
"Hello, Mark, this is Joel ... "
"Hey, 01' man, what's up?"
"I need to ask you some 'em." He paused
and listened to the house before he continued. "When you guys came by the car
tonight, you looked like you had found
something pretty funny, huh?"
"What?" his friend asked. Mark swore up
and down that he had seen nothing. "By the
way? Is she good as they say?"
Joel decided to go out and check the car
seats once more. His mother hardly ever
came into his bedroom like that. It had been
a warning. God didn't intend to embarrass
him, because he knew how that would destroy him. No, God would forgive him this
time because he could read into his heart
and he knew that this was the first time, but
obviously he had wanted to put a little fear
into him. That was all. He would never do it
again because sooner or later people who
commit fornication get caught. He expected
to find them in the car when he went back
out.
He had not wanted to turn on the porch
light, and the sky was full of clouds blocking
out whatever moonlight there might have
been. On top of that, the interior cab lights in
the car were once again on the fritz. All of
this seemed a portent as he blindly searched
through the car again and again. They must
be there, but he wouldn't find them. He
could just see his mother getting in the car
tomorrow to go to church and finding Sharyn's smelly panties, dangling down from
some obvious place like the visor or someplace he would be unable to think of because
he was meant to be caught. He couldn't be
sure that he wasn't looking right at them.
"What in the hell could have happened to
her panties?" he asked again in frustration.
He realized he was shivering, and he wished
he had thought to wear his coat. He finally
gave up and went back to his room where he
said a sinner's prayer and tried to get to
sleep.
He dreamed he was sitting at the dinner
table with his family. It was Thanksgiving
and all of the relatives were there. Then,
while they were eating, somebody said the
water tasted funny -like there was a skunk
or something in the water tower. His father
agreed. "We'd better check this out," his
father said, getting up from the table and
taking him along. Together they climbed the
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 23
Page 24
August 1986
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Herbert W. Armstrong
and His Worldwide Church of God
Curious about Armstrong? Then read
this expose of him by John Bowden, an
Australian author (64 pp., paper).
To obtain this fascinating booklet, write
to AA.P. and ask for product #5028. Just
$3.50 including postage.
American Atheist Press
P.O. Box 2117
Austin, TX 78768-2117
Page 25
Yuri Pishchik
Page 26
Karl Marx
Studying the history of religious forms,
Marx arrived at a conclusion that the "mystery" of religion lay not in an individual, not in
his specific nature, not in his "self-consciousness," but in the character of social production. People "create religion," though not
subjectively but objectively as a product of
definite relations that inevitably push them
toward deification of alien forces that they
cannot comprehend. "The existence of religion," wrote Marx, "is the existence of a
defect." Religion, thus, is a reflection of
those stages of mankind's historical development when its social relations are imperfect and, as a result, have religious relations
as their supplement and addition. Human
powerlessness, helplessness, and weakness
August 1986
American Atheist
forth.
Both stands have nothing in common with
reality. Their proponents betray an absolute
lack of understanding of the essence of the
Marxist view of the process of overcoming
religion. The statement Marx made to the
American correspondent, having found its
embodiment in the practice of the USSR and
other socialist states, convincingly shows
the historical correctness of Marxism, based
on a deep scientific anaylsis of the nature of
religion and Atheism. ~
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Dr. Pishchik is a senior research
fellow at the Institute of
Atheism in Moscow.
DIAL-AN-ATHEIST
The telephone listings below are the various services where you may listen to short comments on state/church
issues and viewpoints originated by the Atheist community.
Tucson, Arizona
San Francisco, California
South Bay (San Jose), California
God Speaks
Denver, Colorado
Greater DC
South Florida
Atlanta, Georgia
Northern Illinois
Lexington, Kentucky
Boston, Massachusetts
Detroit, Michigan
Minneapolis/St. Paul, Minnesota
Northern New Jersey
Austin, Texas
(602) 623-3861
(415) 668-8085
(408) 377-8485
(408) 257-1486
(303) 692-9395
(703) 280-4321
(305) 474-6728
(404) 662-6606
(312) 506-9200
(606) 278-8333
(617) 969-2682
(313) 721-6630
(612) 566-3653
(201) 777-0766
separation
(505) 884-7360
(914) 338-0162
(718) 392-0556
(518) 346-1479
(702) 972-8203
(614) 294-0300
(503) 771-6208
(215) 533-1620
(412) 734-0509
Austin, Texas
(512) 458-5731
DIAL-THE-ATHEIST __
Houston, Texas
Outspoken Voice of Freedom
Salt Lake City, Utah
August 1986
(713) 664-7678
(713) 527-9255
(801) 364-4939
Page 27
Page 28
August 1986
American Atheist
Figure 1. Great (right) and Little (left) Ararat, seen from the northeast, from the Tatar village of Syrbaghan.l..ittle
Ararat
(12,840 feet), the younger volcanic cone, is hardly eroded, whereas Great Ararat (16,916 feet) is greatly eroded by both glacial
processes and explosive volcanic and tectonic events which have created the deep cleft (the Ahora Gorge) in the northeastern
slope seen here directly beneath the snowy peak. The village of Ahora (Arghuri), before the earthquake of 1840, used to be
located near the mouth of the gorge. The monastery of St. Jacob, for eight centuries, was located farther up the gorge. Still
farther up was a small shrine. Just to the right of Little Ararat, on its foreslope, is T akjaltu (7,091 feet), a parasitic volcanic cone
the far side of which is cultivated and periodically inhabited (as is the saddle between Great and Little Ararat). [Reproduced
from Transcaucasia and Ararat, Fourth Edition, by James Bryce, Macmillan & Co., Ltd., 1896.]
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 29
Page 30
August 1986
certificate), he never published his astonishing story until 1952. By then, of course, he
had neither his original manuscript nor the
clipping. It seems that both had been burned
up in a butane explosion in 1940.
Besides the many ways in which Yearam's
description of the Ark and its wood contradict the "true accounts" related by other
ark-seekers, and the fact that no one has
ever been able to find the newspaper which
carried the article, there is one serious flaw
in this tale. According to Yearam, the evil
evolutionists were "much older" than he at
the time of the climb. Since Yearam would
have been seventeen or eighteen years old
(sixteen or seventeen, according to Williams' reckoning), and the most modest
estimate would put the "much older" scientists in their late thirties, the sinful scientist
would have been at least 103 years old if he
died at the same time Yearam did! Unfortunately, finding the 1920 death record of any
centenarian Atheist pre-Darwinian evolutionist Ararat-climbing London scientist has
proven as elusive as the wild mountain boat
itself.
The Case Of The Russian Aviators
In 1940, long after the First World War,
The New Eden, a Los Angeles religious
magazine, carried an article titled "Noah's
Ark Found," allegedly written by a World
War I Russian aviator named Vladimir Roskovitsky. Written as a first person, eyewitness account, the article (reprinted in
LaHaye and Morris, pp. 76-79) told how "in
the days just before the Russian revolution,"
the author and his buddy had flown a Russian military plane (equipped with a supercharger!) around the peak of Mt. Ararat at
the 14,000-foot level. The supposedly Russian author seems unaware that there were
two Russian revolutions in 1917.
We suddenly came upon a perfect
gem of a lake, blue as an emerald, but
still frozen over on the shady side ....
Suddenly my companion ... pointed
down at the overflow end of the lake. I
looked and nearly fainted! A submarine! No, it wasn't, for it had stubby
masts [not mentioned in the Bible],
but the top was rounded over with
only a flat catwalk about five feet
across down the length of it.... We
were surprised when we got close to it
at the immense size of the thing, for it
was as long as a city block, and would
compare very favorably to the modern battleships of today. It was grounded on the shore of the lake with about
one- fourth of the rear end still running
out into the water, and its extreme
rear was three-fourths under water.
Roskovitsky told his captain what he had
American Atheist
Violet Cummings, in her book Has Anybody Really Seen Noah's Ark? (CreationLifePublishers, 1982)cites as corroboration
of this story the testimony of Gunner A.
Smars, Jr. to the effect that an old Turk had
told him "about the Russian expedition that
came by Aralik in 1918 on its way up Aghri
Dagh." She also cites an article by Alexander A. Koor claiming that the two research divisions of one hundred fifty infantrymen, army engineers, and specialists sent
by the Czar reached the Ark at the end of
December 1917 and tried to send their
report back to the Czar an unspecified
length of time later. Considering the fact that
Czar Nicholas Il had abdicated on March 15,
1917 (New Style), and had soon been
replaced by the Kerenski government, and
considering that the Bolshevik Revolution
took place on November 6-7, 1917, it is
unlikely that any expedition reaching Ararat
as late as December of 1917could have been
sent by the Czar. As for the expedition
(supposedly the same expedition) that
allegedly reached Ararat in 1918, we need
only to note that the Czar and his family
were executed on July 16,1918, after having
been out of power for well over a year.
Fortunately, we do not need to worry
about such details. LaHaye and Morris
found out that Roskovitsky is a fictional
character, invented by Floyd Gurley, the
editor of The New Eden! In their book The
Ark on Ararat (pp. 80-82), they publish letters from Benjamin F. Allen - the source of
the "information" used in the story - and
from Mr. Gurley.
According to, a letter written by Allen to
creationist Henry Morris:
The "story" you enclose on Noah's
Ark . . . was originally put out by an
off-center man here whom I know
very well. It is about 95% fiction, the
one real part being some vague
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 31
POETRY
DOWNTOWN FIRE
Concerning
The downtown fire
It was remarked
that the church burned
A bit more brightly
Than the bank
Clyde Childress
Robert R. Hentz
Page 32
August 1986
American Atheist
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 33
Page 34
August 1986
Sympathy
I guess I really should show more tolerance toward all those evangelical colleges
springing up like stinkweed throughout
the country since they are unique in the
educational field. Where else could one
receive a doctorate in bigotry, ignorance,
and prejudice, plus a postdoctorate in
theological miscegenation?
- Hillary Bartholomew
American Atheist
HISTORICAL NOTES
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 35
INDEPENDENCE DAY
of the persons most revered by
OneAtheists,
elevated to nearly the status
Page 36
government.
It's possible that the American Revolution
would have happened anyway, without publication of Common Sense, simply because
of the economic interests of the wealthy
owner-class in late eighteenth century America. Perhaps it would have been a year later,
perhaps ten years later, but it would have
happened. The publication of Common
Sense coincided with the desire to break
away from England and a perceived opportunity for profit without giving a cut to England, so the book was aggressively promoted and distributed. Since we celebrate
this revolt every July 4, it might be worthwhile to see just how far "we've" come in 210
years.
First, religion is as well entrenched now as
it ever was. Most freethinkers still give equal
credence to both religious superstition and
scientifically verifiable facts - so they attack
Atheists for taking the "extreme" position
that no gods exist and that religion is therefore either a farce or a lie.They pretend to be
too rational and sophisticated to accept religion, but will do anything and everything to
preserve and protect it from Atheists.
Hence (I suspect), the popularity of the Age
of Reason.
Second, America is still controlled by a
small economic elite which owns most of the
resources, capital, and property. The persons and corporations are American instead
of British. In 210 years, Americans have
gained independence from nothing. For
Atheists this is especially true: None of the
535 people elected to national legislative
offices are Atheists, and hardly any of the
state and local officials in the U.S. are,
either. Yet Atheists pay taxes to all levels of
government. This means that Atheists are
taxed without representation! (That was the
single issue over which the Revolutionary
War was fought.) To add insult to insult, in
three states Atheists are barred by law from
holding office, meaning that Atheists are
forbidden representation. Thus, religion is
established, in contravention to the First
Amendment.
Independence and freedom are two slogans which are always used to promote
adherence to or support of the U.S. political
and economic system. These words have no
meaning unless they are in a context which
makes them measurable. You have to specify what people are independent of, or free
August 1986
American Atheist
Co., First Boston Corp., and Koppers Corporation. But they are small change compared with the Rockefellers and the Duponts - the latter are estimated to be worth
$240 billion.
These corporations and families accumulate and increase wealth the same way
ancient kings and feudal lords did - they
extract a part of the productive effort of
others for themselves. This means that our
current economic system concentrates
wealth in the hands of those who finance,
not those who work. It extracts from those
who produce and gives to others. Under the
feudal system, this extraction was obvious
to the serfs; the lord simply demanded part
ofthe grain, cloth, and other products which
the serfs produced. In the modern corporate
state, this profit from the work of others is
obscured. Workers are paid a salary which
isless than the economic value of their labor.
This excess value is retained by the owners
of the corporation; the workers see none of
it.
How much "value" is siphoned off from
workers to corporate owners? Since 1979
businesses have nearly doubled their profits
in constant dollars. Wages have not kept
pace. Profits rose from $180 billion in 1979to
$410 billion in 1985. Of that $230 billion
increase, $65 billion is due to tax cuts, and
$70 billion comes from increases in military
spending. The wages of Americans have
risen, on average, very slowly; from a 1979
median of $11,600 to a 1985 median of
$14,000. The increase in government deficits
from $80 billion in 1979 to over $220 billion in
1985 is almost entirely due to corporate tax
breaks and military contracts. Median
wages have risen slowly because most of the
jobs which have been "created" recently are
very low wage service jobs. Taxes on wages
have risen faster than wages for people earning less than $35,000 per year, meaning that
through the tax system, income has been
taken from working people and redistributed to major corporations - to the tune of
$125 billion per year. This is why there is no
serious effort to reduce the deficit (except
by cutting programs which benefit middleincome people) and why there is corporate
opposition to cuts in military spending.
It is not only working people who are
being cheated and robbed by politicians and
big business; retired people and people with
health or other needs have been cut off from
benefits or entitlements in recent years.
People over sixty-five years old, now fifteen
percent of the population and twenty-five
percent of the voting population, have had
their Medicaid, Medicare, Social Security,
and other benefits reduced or eliminated
since 1980. In order to pay for rising costs of
medical care, they have been forced to buy
expensive policies from private insurance
companies - which leaves many of them
unable to afford decent food or housing. As
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 37
typical American is barely more than a feudal serf; he or she works hard but never gets
ahead. The $410 billion in corporate profits
went to less than one percent of the people
in the U.S. Remember that, next time you
wonder why your increased productivity
doesn't translate into a higher standard of
living for you.
The Role Of Religion
Religion is the source of allirrational thinking. Certainly, nothing could be more irrational than the thinking of someone who
worships capitalism while they have to
struggle to make ends meet - getting
ripped off by capitalists everywhere they
turn: at the supermarket, in housing, in
credit, insurance, etc. But it is no different
from the irrationality of a person suffering
with a terminal illness or severe handicap
telling you about a god that loves everyone,
is all good and merciful -. Religious beliefs,
such as the sanctity of certain actions,
words, places, days, or combinations of the
above, lead to disintegrated, compartmentalized thinking, where nearly identical situations are perceived and acted on in radically
different fashions, depending on how they
are defined. The result is a society of people
with no coherent worldview, or weltanschauung, and a warping of human adaptations to life. Belief in the efficacy of intrinsically worthless actions, like praying, leads
people to believe in the efficacy of other
worthless actions, like holding rock concerts to eliminate hunger or holding more
committee meetings in Congress to improve
public education.
A recent cartoon in the Austin AmericanStatesman showed a poor family and was
captioned, "We're not poor, just stupid." It
was an editorial reaction to President Reagan's oblique response to a report citing
hunger and homelessness as serious problems in the U.S. Perhaps there's some truth
to this; if people were smart, they'd wonder
why, in a nation where thousands of pounds
of food are destroyed every day, and where
building space is unoccupied, people are
hungry and homeless. They would demand
that the political system remedy the deficiencies in the economic system. The problem is that the profit system in a capitalist
society is predicated on scarcity, actual or
contrived, In order for a profit to be made on
anything, the supply has to be restricted.
Probably the first contrived scarcity which
could be used to exploit people was sexual,
and here's where religion came into play.
It's possible that regulation of sex was the
most significant cultural development in history, since it gave the one who made the
rules tremendous control over those who
had to follow them. Most likely, it began with
the imposition of restrictions on one group
by another: women by men, conquered by
Page 38
August 1986
that have been part of the culture for centuries. Most of our population is made up of
European immigrants who came from backgrounds fullof poverty, privation, and brutalization by state and church. To maintain
passivity when there was widespread, conspicuous inequity, the churches invented
dogma about the virtue of suffering and the
evil of selfishness (being concerned with
oneself). The divine-right monarchies,
where blood relatives were allowed to
assume the duties of rulers whether or not
they were qualified, led to the myths of birth;
people who were royalty were assumed to
be deserving - it was a gift from a god. The
rest of the people were poor because the
god wanted it that way.
With the rise of capitalism and mercantilism, myths of wealth replaced myths of
birth. But the suffering/selfishness dogmas
were useful still. In the United States, individualism was used to sell these. This served
the interests of the plutocracy since it kept
the "rabble" (common people) isolated and
vulnerable while they were collectively
exploiting them. Today, this is still done; the
owners and directors of all major corporations are interlocked, and big business in the
U.S. is a collectivist enterprise for the
owners. But collective effort in the form of
unions is intensely discouraged for workers.
The American fascination with "individualism" has led to isolation and powerlessness
for most people, but myths die hard.
Today's heroes are Rambo and Rocky, who
give people a vicarious sense of the strength
they know they lack.
Through mystification and a restriction of
the opportunities which people have open to
them, religions and the political leadership of
the U.S. have convinced a majority of citizens to accept encroachments on their
rights and freedoms, under a political and
economic system which does not meet their
needs, although it demands much from
them. Because economic resources are the
basis for power in the U.S., the power of
churches to set the nation's political agenda
has been enormously enhanced by the
government's giveaways of land, by government granting of tax exemptions, by
freedom from government scrutiny in operations, and by lack of government action to
stop religions from acquiring control of
communications media. Government concessions to religion in the past are having
devastating consequences today: Religion is
now the nation's largest industry, with
assets of over $400 billion and a gross
income of nearly $150 billion (all tax-free).
When you consider that a mere $25 or $30
million can corrupt a presidential election, it
is frightening to consider what five thousand
times as much money can do each year.
And religion is making its economic clout
felt in politics. Religious pressure is being
brought to bear on local school boards to get
American Atheist
non-religious subjects out of schools, especially ifthey foster independence and impart
useful information (courses which examine
history - warts and all - sex education,
science, and so on). In the place of educational courses, they seek to install religious
exercises and courses which indoctrinate.
These efforts are not always overt; in most
cases, there is an attempt to remove course
material which is held to be "inappropriate"
for children. This is particularly true for
science courses (which teach children that
religion is both false and useless), history
courses (which teach children unpleasant
truths about religion, politics, and other
facets of culture and may lead to radicalism),
and "social studies," especially if they
include "values clarification" as part of the
curriculum. (Values are something religions
try to force on people - it is important that
people never learn to derive their own values
from experience and learning to cope with
lifeif religion is to survive in a culture.) This
"dumbing-down" of education willhave devastating consequences for the U.S. in the
near future, as American graduates find they
are far behind those in Europe, Japan, and
the developed Communist nations.
Religious PACs are pouring money into
campaigns of candidates who favor weakening of the Bill of Rights, are pro-arms race,
pro-segregation, anti-equality, pro-church,
anti-education,
and antiabortion.
The
churches see the stuffing of the federal judiciary with religious judges under Reagan as
an opportunity to ram cases which promote
and secure the establishment of religion in all
areas of American life. They need to do this
for several reasons, but the most important
one is that their attendance is falling (especially among the educated, affluent segments of society) and in time this willcause
political support for them to wane. In a time
of record government budget deficits, they
fear middle-class Americans will demand
that government go after the enormous
wealth and income of churches to balance
budgets. This is what should happen, of
course. There is no reason why billions
should go untaxed while the middle class is
burdened with more taxes.
Religionists, savvy survivalists that they
are, have allied themselves with the ruling
class in the U.S. They are playing on the
traditional American paradigms of freedom
and independence, twisting them so that
they lead to an abhorrence of collective
effort and to anti-intellectualism. This has
left most Americans isolated, distrustful of
others, and powerless.
Religion has encouraged this isolation and
channelled peoples' yearning to prove individual achievement to its own ends in recent
years. In addition to encouraging followers
to serve the interests of political.and military
leaders, religious leaders have turned the
frustration of people against useful institu-
Austin, Texas
August 1986
Page 39
BOOK REVIEW
The Passion of Ayn Rand
A Biography
by Barbara Branden
Garden City, NY
Doubleday & Company, Inc.
442 pages, $19.95, Hardback
his is a biography of Alice Rosenbaum,
T
(popularly known as Ayn Rand) written
by Barbara Weidman (now known as Barbara Branden), the wife who was the cuckold of her husband, Nathan Blumenthal
(now known as Nathaniel Branden), during
a fourteen year sexual affair which he had
with Rand, to which the wife gave full consent. With that as a basis, the book is billed
by the publisher as "an objective, truly
exceptional, and unforgettable life history."
It is at least unforgettable - but borders on
the unforgivable for allinvolved. Perhaps the
sweetest revenge is that Barbara gets to
make a profit by "spilling the beans" concerned with what was, basically, a very sick
agreement, arrangement, and life-style exchange among the four people involved.
. Your American Atheist spokespersons
have never addressed a university or college
audience without someone asking, "What
do you think of Ayn Rand?" Always taking
this to mean that the questioner is asking
about the "objectivist" philosophy which
Rand postulated, the stock answer given has
been that her discussions of Atheism were
correct, her solutions for the socio-culturaleconomic ills of any nation were not American Atheists' concern.
Ifher lifewas an indication of what she felt
Atheism represented, your reviewer wants
to retract - openly - every approval ever
given. Alice Rosenbaum, alias Ayn Rand,
was a "user." She used other people in a
continuing way, and this comes through
loud and clear in this biography. In return,
the biographer is using Ayn Rand's life story
to turn a buck, get her revenge through
publication of the facts, and denigrate the
fountainhead of the objectivist philosophy.
The biography is told from fifty hours of
taped interviews with Rand, transcripts of
unpublished writings, extensive discussions
with "those closest to her ," and "above all" it
is based on "the author's own unique relationship with the subject."
You can bet your life it was unique!
Barbara Branden is a Russophobe. Beginning with the first page of the book she begins her attack against the nation which,
after all, did produce the beloved "Ayn." The
actual childhood and early life is difficult to
~
Page 40
August 1986
American Atheist
ME TOO
"Me Too" is a feature designed to
showcase short essays written by readers in response to topics recently covered by the American Atheist or of
general interest to the Atheist community.
Austin, Texas
~
-
"Tome,
August 1986
Page 41
c....~
The May 1986 issue of the American Atheist was one of the best yet. I thoroughly
enjoyed ninety-nine percent of the articles in
it, and especially Brian Lynch's "Press Conference" on the arms race.
I personally feel that this should be the
primary topic of our efforts, to be given
much more coverage than anything else. A
growing number of Americans - not all of
them Atheists - are getting very worried
about the fundamentalist attempts to bring
Page 42
Morgan Allspach
Ohio
c....~
I notice that many Atheists take great
pains to always pay lip service to "religious
freedom" or to reassure others, in letters or
conversation, that they subscribe to a belief
in "freedom of choice."
If religious freedom includes the right to'
reduce a fairly normal human to the state
where he flops on his back, limbs shaking
out of control while he babbles incoherently,
August 1986
c....~
In response to Rena L. Thompson's letter
in the May 1986 issue asking whether
televangelists use subliminal messages in
their programs, the answer may well be yes.
During a segment of the "700 Club" which
our local ABC-affiliated station carried on
the night of May 21-22, 1986, I heard what I
think was such a message. While Pat
Robertson was leading his audience in
prayer asking Jesus Christ to "come into my
life," I distinctly heard a female voice intoning softly, "Lord Jesus." At first I thought it
was background noise from the studio
audience, but as the camera panned the
audience and the same voice returned as
clearly as before, I realized it didn't seem to
be coming from anywhere in particular.
During Robertson's prayer, I distinctly
heard "Lord Jesus" three times and a possible fourth, which I couldn't make out
because it got blended with the prayer, and
finally an orgasmic-sounding moan of "Oh
God!" Apparently someone had left the
volume of the subliminal sound track turned
up too high so that it was easily audible. I
don't know whether or not subliminal messages have been proven to be effective, but
the idea that TV preachers would even try
something like this suggests they would stop
at nothing to enslave us all. Are there legal
grounds for American Atheists to filea complaint with the FCC or take CBN to court
over this issue if my claim was substantiated?
Royce J. Bitzer
Iowa
I have finished reading a sizable stack of
material I received in the mail after becoming
a member of A.A. I wish to express my deep
appreciation for the sheer existence of your
organization. I am quite impressed with
A.A.'s uncompromising position on maintaining publicly the label Atheist in spite of its
unpleasant connotations rather than hiding
behind such "safer" labels as "agnostic" or
"freethinker." I read Mrs. O'Hair's speech
"Atheists" and found myself falling easily
into several categories of Atheists she described. Publicly I have described myself as
either an Atheist or an agnostic, depending
on the people I am talking to and how truthful or inflammatory I wish to be. However, I
American Atheist
August 1986
Page 43
Don McDermott
1&p1
READER SERVICE
(Please print)
--'
State
Zip
--
*By taking advantage of this special gift subscription offer, you save
$5.00. You may send the American Atheist magazine to anyone in the U.S.
for $20.00 for a period of one year. (For orders outside of the U.S. add $5.00
for postage.)
TO SUBSCRIBE TO AMERICAN
A THEIST MAGAZINE OR TO RENEW
YOUR PRESENT SUBSCRIPTION!
City
-'--
State
1 year subscription
Page 44
Zip,
o
o
o
o
Enter your name and address (or attach your old magazine
label) here:
Name __ ~-~~---------------(Please print)
Address
City
State
__
_
_
----------------Zip,
August 1986
Exp. Date
_
_
_
American Atheist
Cut and Mail to: American Atheists, P.O. Box 2117, Austin, TX 78768-2117
Yes, I want
copy(ies} of The Bible Handbook
at $8.00 each including postage.
o Charge
my credit card:
o Visa
Credit card number
Expiration date
Signature
0 MasterCard_
Bank no.lLetters
__
_
Zip
_
_
_
_
AMENDMENTI
>
m
C/)
~
....J
CO
-l
~
~
ttl
>
-:r::
r-
C/'J.
C/'J.
C/)
o
r--
z-l
o
-n
>-....J
CO
~
~
m
r-
~
~
0.-
o
.....
~
....J
z
o
0.-
o
~
0.~
::t
r-Cl..
r--
~
'"'0
::t
.....
ee
.....
-l
.....
William Archer
"Theology and War"
::t
o
.....
~
~
-l
:r::
::t
r--
m
"Tl
tn
C/'J.
C/'J.
~
~
0.-
><
m
r--
C/)
tT1
m
~
:r::
~O ~O 'H:J33dS
~O WOa33~~
3Hl
DNIDaI~8V
~O ~~03~3Hl