5354

IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL.61,NO.10,OCTOBER2014

AdjustableFrequencyDutyCycleHybridControl
StrategyforFullBridgeSeriesResonantConverters
inElectricVehicleChargers
SeungHeeRyu,StudentMember,IEEE,DongHeeKim,StudentMember,IEEE,
MinJungKim,StudentMember,IEEE,JongSooKim,Member,IEEE,andByoungKukLee,SeniorMember,IEEE

AbstractInthispaper,aneffectiveoutputvoltagecontrolmethod
usingadjustablefrequencydutycyclehybridcontrolispresented.
Byusingtheproposedmethod,theoperatingperformanceofthe
fullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverterappliedtotheonboard
chargerinelectricvehiclesundertheconstantvoltagechargemodeis
improved.Theproposedcontrolmethodimprovesthesystem
efficiencyofthechargerupto4%forlightloadconditions
comparedwiththeconventionalcontrolmethodwithoutanyextra
hardware.Atheoreticalanalysisisdescribedalongwithaloss
analysisindetail,andthevalidityoftheproposedmethodisverified
byexperimentwitha3.3kWprototypeonboardcharger.

IndexTermsAdjustablefrequencydutycycle(AFDC),electric
vehicle(EV),fullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverter,on
boardcharger(OBC),zerovoltageswitching(ZVS).

frequencyisaneffectivesolutionfortheserequirements.Inthis
regard,variousconvertertopologiessuchasseries,parallel,and
LLCresonantconvertersarebeingactivelyadoptedonthedcdc
converterfortheOBCinEVs[3][5].Amongthevariouscharge
algorithmsforLiionbatteriesinEVs,itisknownthatthe
constantcurrent(CC)andconstantvoltage(CV)chargemethods
areeffectiveandwidelyappliedtothecharger.Inthefirst
chargingphase,thebatteryvoltageisgraduallyincreasedata
constantcurrent.Assoonasthebatteryvoltagereachesthetrickle
level,theCVchargemethodisappliedasthecharging

ManuscriptreceivedAugust13,2013;revisedNovember6,2013;accepted
December10,2013.DateofpublicationJanuary16,2014;dateofcurrent
versionMay2,2014.

I.INTRODUCTION

S.H.Ryu,D.H.Kim,M.J.Kim,andB.K.LeearewiththeSchoolof
ElectronicElectricEngineering,SungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon440746,
Korea(email:sh.ryu@skku.edu;mashia@skku.edu;kimminjung@skku.edu;
bkleeskku@skku.edu).

FORTHEonboardcharger(OBC)installedinpluginhybridelectric

J.S.KimiswiththeSchoolofElectrical,Electronic,andCommunication
Engineering,DaejinUniversity,Pochen487711,Korea,andalsowithKorea
SungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon440746,Korea(email:jskim2@
daejin.ac.kr).

vehicles(EVs)andpureEVs,highefficiencyandhighpowerdensityare
requiredtomaximizetheenergy

utilizationandthedistancecoveredpercharge[1],[2].Using
resonantconverterscapableofsoftswitchingatahighswitching

Colorversionsofoneormoreofthefiguresinthispaperareavailableonline
athttp://ieeexplore.ieee.org.
DigitalObjectIdentifier10.1109/TIE.2014.2300036

currentgraduallydropstothemaintenancelevel.Itshouldbe
notedherethattheCVchargemodecontrolsthelowmedium
loadrange,anditschargetimeisalmostabout40%ofthetotal
chargetime[6].Therefore,theefficiencyduringtheCVcharge
modeshouldbeimprovedforhigherenergyutilization.For
example,ingeneral,a3.3kWprototypeOBCwithamaximum
efficiencyof93%couldbeaccomplishedbyusingafullbridge
seriesresonantdcdcconverterwiththeCCCVcharge
algorithm.Unfortunately,thistypeofchargerhaslessthan84%
efficiencyunderlightloadconditionslessthan500W.Moreover,
operationnear300Wisunstableandnotwellcontrolled.Thisis
becausetheoutputvoltageofthefullbridgeseriesresonantdcdc
converteriscontrolledbyonlyadjustingtheswitchingfrequency.
AccordingtotheimpedancevariationoftheLiionbattery,the
switchingfrequencysharplyincreasesfromfullloadtolightload
sothattheswitchinglossesincrease,resultingindeteriorated
systemperformance.Inthecaseofaphaseshiftedfullbridge
converterforanOBC[7],itcannotensurezerovoltageswitching
(ZVS)operationatlightloadsbecauseofthelimitationsofthe
leakageinductance.Further,theeffectivedutycyclefor

transferringpowerisreducedbecausetheswitchingfrequencyis
fixedfortheentireloadrange.Thispowerreductionresultsina
reductionoftheefficiencyoftheconverterforlightloads.Inthe
previousresearch,toalleviatetheproblemsofZVSinthephase
shiftedfullbridgeconverter,afullbridgeresonantconverterwith
amodifiedresonantnetworkhasbeenstudied[8].Ontheother
hand,theuseofpulsewidthmodulationtechnologiesinsteadof
conventionalfrequencymodulationtechnologytoimprovethe
efficiencyoftheresonantconverterhavebeenstudied[9][12].
However,inpreviousworks,onlythedutycyclesarechanged
withfixedswitchingfrequencytocontroltheoutputvoltageof
thehalfbridgedcdcconverter.Asaresult,theconvertercannot
beoperatedunderZVSconditionowingtothelimitationsofthe
dutycycle,leadingtoadecreaseintheefficiencyforlightloads.
Thus,aneffectivecontrolmethodthatallowstheOBCtocarry
outsoftswitchingforawiderangeofloadsisrequired.

Thispaperdiscussesanadjustablefrequencydutycycle(AFDC)
hybridcontrolmethodinwhichthedutycycleandtheswitching
frequencyareadjustedaccordingtoloadvariationstocontrolthe
outputvoltage.Moreover,theeffectivedutycyclesandswitching
frequenciesfortheoptimumoperatingpointsthatensuresoft
switchingareinduced.Theproposedmethod

027800462014IEEE.Personaluseispermitted,butrepublication/redistributionrequiresIEEEpermission.See
http://www.ieee.org/publications_standards/publications/rights/index.htmlformoreinformation.
RYUetal.:AFDCHYBRIDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORFULLBRIDGESERIESRESONANTCONVERTERS

Fig.1.Topologyofthe3.3kWOBC.(a)
Circuitdiagram.(b)ACequivalentcircuit.

improvestheoperatingperformance
oftheOBCinEVsunder

lightloadswithoutadditional
hardware.

BATTERY

Basedonthe

analyticalresults,accurateduty
cyclesavailable

forZVSoperationareestimatedfor
loadvariations.Then,thelossanalyses
ofthemajorcomponentssuchas
semiconductors,thetransformer,and
theresonantinductorareperformed.Fi

nally,theoverallperformanceoftheproposedcontrolmethodisverifiedbyexperimentwitha 5355
3.3kWprototypeOBC.

II.REVIEWOFCONVENTIONALFREQUENCYCONTROL

TABLEI
EQUIVALENTRESISTANCE

Fig.1(a)showsthecircuitdiagramofthedeveloped3.3kWOBCcomposedofanelectromagneticinterferencefilter,arectifier,a
powerfactorcorrecting(PFC)boostconverter,andafullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverter.Thispaperfocusesonthedcdc
converterpartenclosedinthedottedbox.Inthecommonanalysisoftheseriesresonantdcdcconverter,thefilteringactionofthe
resonantnetworkforcesthecurrentthroughthenetworktobesinusoidal,althoughasquarewavevoltageisappliedtotheresonant
network[13].Therefore,onlythefundamentalfrequencycanbeusedwhenanalyzingthefullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverter.
Fig.1(b)showstheac

equivalentcircuitfortheanalysis.ThevoltagegainequationisFig.2.Switchingfrequencyvariationaccordingtochargingmethod.givenby

out1

ac

=
1

Thechargestartvoltage/themaximumchargecurrentand

thetricklechargevoltage/theminimumchargecurrentareset

V
d1

Rac2 +(s Lr 1/s Cr)2

1+Q2(n 1/n)2

(1)
to240V/8.25Aand400V/0.75A,respectively.Thedetailed

resistancevaluesfortheCCandCVchargemodesarelisted

where
Q(=
L /Cr/Rac) isthe

qualityfactor,Rac(=

8n2RL/2) isther acequivalentresistance, n(= N1/N2) isthe

inTableI.Fig.2showstheCCCVchargingprofile.In

transformerturnsratio,o(= 1/

) istheangularreso
Fig.2,theswitchingfrequencychangesfrom99to88kHz

L C

r r

nantfrequency,andn(=s/o)isthenormalizedangular
intheCCchargemode.Ontheotherhand,thevariation

oftheswitchingfrequencyoftheCVchargemodeisover

switchingfrequency.

250kHz.Consequently,thesharplyincreasedswitchingfre

In(1),Vd1

isthefundamentalcomponentoftheresonant

quencyinducesswitchinglossesthatresultinadeterioration

networkinputvoltage,andVout1isthatofthevoltageacrossthe

ofthesystemperformanceunderlightloadconditions.

acequivalentresistancereflectedtotheprimaryside.Theout

putvoltagein(1)variesaccordingtotheswitchingfrequency

andload.Thus,thebatteryequivalentresistanceneedstobe
III.PROPOSEDAFDCHYBRIDCONTROLMETHOD

known.AbatterymanagementsysteminformstheOBCabout
A.OperationalCharacteristicsofAFDCHybridControl

thedesiredoutputvoltageandcurrent;thus,theequivalent

resistanceofthebatteryisgivenby

Tocompensatetheperformancedegradationproblemunder

RL =
V

pack

(2)
lightloadsintheCVchargemode,theswitchingfrequency

shouldbereduced.AsshowninFig.1(b)and(1),theinput

charge

tooutputvoltagegaincanbecharacterizedbydividingtheac

whereVpackisthebatteryvoltage,andIchargeisthecharge
equivalentresistanceRacbythetotalimpedanceoftheresonant

currentflowingintothebattery.

networkZin.Zinincreaseswithanincreaseintheswitching

5356

IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL.61,NO.10,OCTOBER2014

valueofthesquarewaveinputvoltageoftheresonant
networkareappropriatelyadjustedaccordingtotheload
reduction.

ThemainconceptoftheproposedAFDChybridcontrolis
asfollows.TheRMSvalueofthesquarewaveinputvoltage
oftheresonantnetworkcanbereducedbychangingtheduty
cycle.Ontheotherhand,thevalueofthetotalimpedance
canbeminimizedbyreducingtheswitchingfrequency
becausetheresonantnetworkimpedanceisafunctionofthe
switchingfrequency.Thisimpliesthattheconvertercanbe
operatedatlowerswitchingfrequenciesthantheswitching
frequenciesoftheconventionalcontrolmethodforlight
loads.Thus,itisimportanttoanalyzetherelationship
betweenthedutycycleandtheswitchingfrequencyfor
efficientoperationoftheconverter.

Fig.3showsthesteadystateoperatingwaveformsofthe
converterbyAFDChybridcontrolforanarbitraryCV
chargemode.IntheoperatingwaveformsinFig.3,the
timevariationandthephaseofthehthorderharmonicof
vdarerespectivelygivenby

Fig.3.SteadystateoperatingwaveformsofAFDChybridcontrol.

frequencyabovetheresonancefrequency.Underconventional
frequencycontrolwithD= 0.5,theRMSvalueofthesquarewave
voltageappliedtotheresonantnetworkisconstant.Therefore,Zin
shouldincreaseaccordingtotheloadreductiontomaintainthe
voltageratioataconstantvalue.Implicitinthisvoltage
relationshipisthefactthattheoutputvoltagecanbemaintained
constantprovidedthevalueofthetotalimpedanceandtheRMS

vd(t) = Vin(2D 1) +

2 2

=1

1
cos(2 h D) sin(h t + h)
(3)

in

h = tan
sin(2 h D)

(4)

1 cos(2 h D)

Thedccomponentofthesquarewavevoltagevdisblockedbytheseries
resonantcapacitorCr;thus,theaccomponentof

in

1cos(2 h D) sin(h s t+h) .

vd forcestheresonantcurrent ir toflowthroughtheresonant network.Theac

componentofvdisgivenby
v

dac (t)=

h=1

(5)TheRMSvalueofthesquarewavevoltage,which
contributestothetransferofactivepowertotheload,
canbecalculatedbyapplyingharmoniccomponents.
Therefore,the

RMSvoltageVdisexpressedas

h=1
h

Vd =
2V

in

1
(1

cos(2 h D)) .(6)

Thesecondarysidevoltageofthetransformerisclamped
totheoutputvoltageVo;hence,theRMSvalueofthe
voltageacrosstheacequivalentresistanceinFig.1(b)is
representedasnVo.TheRMSvoltageoftheresonant

networkinputtotheRMSvoltagereflectedtotheprimarysideis
expressedbyusingKirchoffsvoltagelaw,i.e.,
n Vo
=
R

ac

(7)

Vd

h n

.
in

(8)

Cr

h n

whereZinrepresentsthetotalimpedanceofthehthorderharmonicofthe
resonantnetwork,i.e.,

Zin = Rac2

Lr
1
2

Therefore,theinputdcsourcetotheoutputvoltagegain
fortheproposedAFDChybridcontrolisderivedby
substituting

(6)into(7)asfollows:

Vo

=
2 Rac

1
(1

cos(2 h D)) . (9)

in

2 2

Equation(9)issimplifiedforthevoltagegainofthecon
verterwithconsiderationofthefundamentalRMSvalue
bythefilteringactionoftheLrCrresonantnetworkas
follows:
V

=
h=1
h Zin

2 Rac

1 cos(2 D)
ac
Cr

=
2
R2 + Lr (

in

sin( D)

.
(10)

1/

1
2

+ Q (n 1/n)

Fig.4showsthevoltagegainsaccordingtothevariation
inn forvariousvaluesof D for n = 0.73 at100%and
30% loads.AsshowninFig.4,thedecreaseintheduty
cyclereducestheinputoutputvoltagegainatthesame
frequency.Ontheotherhand,itisobservedthatthe
switchingfrequencydecreaseswithareductionofthe
dutycyclewhilemaintainingthesameinputoutput
voltagegain.Inparticular,thedecreaseintheswitching
frequencyisdistinguishableforlightloads.Thisimplies
thatthedecreaseintheswitchingfrequencycanalleviate
theswitchinglossesandeventuallyenhancethecon
verterefficiency.

RYUetal.:AFDCHYBRIDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORFULLBRIDGESERIESRESONANTCONVERTERS
5357

Fig.4.VoltagegainasafunctionofnfordifferentdutycyclesD.(a)100%
load.(b)30%load.

Thefullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverterappliedtothe
developed3.3kWprototypeOBChasthefollowing
specifications:maximumoutputpowerPo= 3.3kW,input
dcvoltageVin = 380 V,outputvoltage Vo = 400 V,
resonantinductance Lr = 75 H,resonantcapacitor Cr = 66
nF,andtransformer turnsration(=N1/N2) = 19/26.Thus,
itisnecessarytodeterminetherangeofdutycyclesavailable
forloadvariationsduringtheCVchargemode.Theequation
fortheuseabledutycycleisderivedfrom(10)andisgivenby

1
1

sin

n Vo

. (11)

1 + Q (n 1/n)

D=

Itisshownin(11)thatDisafunctionofQandnwiththe
givenparametersVo,Vin,andn.Therefore,Dcanbeexpressed
accordingtothefrequencyvariationswithrespecttoeachload.

in

Fig.5showsthetheoreticallyadjustabledutycycleforVo =
400 V.AsshowninFig.5,theswitchingfrequency should
bevariedbyabout4.4timestheresonantfrequencytoobtain
thesameoutputvoltageastheloadischangedfrom100%to
10%forD= 0.5.Ontheotherhand,asmallerdutycycleat
thesameloadmeansthattheswitchingfrequencyissmaller.
Moreover,Itcanbeseenthatthefrequencyvariationis
definitelysmallcomparedwithD= 0.5astheloadchanges
from100%to10%.Thisimpliesthattheswitchingfrequency
canbedecreasedbyreducingthedutycyclebecausetheload
issmallerduringtheCVchargemode.Switchinglossescan
be

Fig.5.Theoreticallyadjustabledutycyclesforloadvariationsforthegiven
parameters.

dramaticallyminimizedatturnoffbythedecreasedswitching
frequencies.Theoretically,thedutycyclecanbereducedbya
factorof0.33tomaintaintheoutputvoltageat400Vinthe
rangeofloadsconsideredforthedeveloped3.3kWproto
typeOBC.

B.EstimationoftheZVSOperationRange
2

GuaranteeingtheZVSrangeisakeyaspectforoperating
resonantconverters.Therefore,itisimportanttoestimatethe
dutycyclescorrespondingtotheswitchingfrequenciesthat
ensuretheZVSrangetoimprovethedecreasedefficienciesdue
toincreasedswitchingfrequenciesintheCVchargemode.Dur
ingoperation,eachofthefundamentalandharmonicvoltage
componentsgivenby(5)producesfundamentalandharmonic
currentsthroughtheseriesresonantnetwork.Inconventional
frequencycontrolwithD= 0.5,thepositiveresonantcurrent
flowingthroughtheresonantnetworkisalwayssymmetricalto
thenegativeresonantcurrentbecausethephaseofthefunda
mentalvoltageisinphasewiththatofthehthorderharmonic
voltage.Thisimpliesthateachswitchisturnedoffunderthe
samecurrentconditions.Asshownby(4),however,thephasesof
thefundamentalandharmonicvoltagesvaryaccordingtoD.This
isdifferentfromthe hthorderharmonicsandleads toan
asymmetricalresonantcurrent.Accordingly,switches

2V

in

ir(t) =

(SW1SW4) areturnedoffunderdifferentcurrentconditions.

Thetimevaryingresonantcurrentthroughtheresonantnet
workisderivedfrom(5)andgivenby

h=1

1 cos( 2 h D)

sin(h s t + h h)
(12)

wherehrepresentsthephasedelayofthehthorder
hZ

in

harmonicbetweenvdacandir,asgivenby
h = tan

Q
1

.
(13)

h n

h n

Normally,theconditionforZVSoperationinallswitchesis
representedfrom(4)and(13)asfollows[14]:

= 1 1 > 0
(14)

5358

IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL.61,NO.10,OCTOBER2014

Fig.6.Phasedelaybetweenvdandir.(a)D= 0.5.(b)D= 0.35.

where1isthephasedelaybetweenthefundamentalvoltageof
vd andthefundamentalcurrentof ir,and 1 isthephaseofthe
fundamentalvoltageofvd.Tosatisfy(14),1shouldincreaseas
theloaddecreases,Underthetraditionalfrequencycontrol
methodwithD= 0.5,1iszerobyusing(4).However,1is
inverselyproportionaltoD.Ontheotherhand,1doesnot
dependonDbutproportionaltotheswitchingfrequency.

InFig.6,thefundamentalresonantcurrentnormalizedbythe
maximumpoweroutputcurrentusingthefundamentalcomponent
ofthesquarewaveinputvoltageiscomparedwiththerealistic
resonantcurrentbyharmonicsynthesistoachievethedesired

valueoftheoutputvoltageatanarbitraryload.AsshowninFig.
6,thereislittledifferenceinthephasedelaybetweenthe
fundamentalcurrentandtherealisticcurrentatD = 0.5.When D
= 0.35,thedifferenceinthephasedelay betweenbothcurrentsis
evident.Furthermore,converterdesignersmaymakeerrorsby
concludingrashlythatZVScannot

beachievedforD <0.35whenestimatingtheZVSconditions
forloadswith(14).Thus,itisnecessarytousethe
fundamentalcomponentandhthorderharmoniccomponents
formoreexactanalysisforasymmetricaldutycyclecontrol,
particularlywheninvestigatingtheZVSrange.
2V

Ascanbeseenfromthesteadystateoperatingwaveforms,the
currentofswitchesSW1andSW2atturnoffcausesthe
antiparalleldiodesofswitchesSW3andSW4toconductprior
totheturnonofSW3andSW4.Similarly,theoperationof
switchesSW1andSW2iscausedbytheturnoffofswitches
SW3 and SW4.Consequently,theturnoffcurrentsprovide
informationonwhethertheswitches(SW1SW4)areturned
onunderZVSconditions[9].ThevaluesofcurrentsISW1,2
andISW3,4aredefinedatDTSandTS,respectively,andare
givenby

SW1,

cos(2hD)

h=1

in

hZin

sin(2hD + h h)
(15)

2V

SW3,

(16)

1cos(2 h D) sin(h h)

h=1

in

h Zin

contrast,theabsolutevalueofISW3,4attheendofthe
switchingperiodTSissmaller.Furthermore,becausethe
drainsourcecapacitorCossexistsinparallelwiththeswitch,
ISW3,4shouldexceedtheminimumvaluenecessaryto
completelycharge/dischargeCosswithinthedeadtimetdto
guaranteeZVS.AssumingtheoverallcapacitorCs(= 2Coss)
isinparallelwitheveryswitchofthefullbridgeconverter,the
minimumvalueofISW3,4isdefinedas

|I

SW3, 4

C V
S

in

.
(19)

ZVSConditionforSW 1& SW 2:

SW3, 4

<0

(17)

ZVSConditionforSW 3& SW 4:

SW1, 2

> 0.

(18)

Byenergybalanceoftheresonantnetwork,thevalueofISW1,
2

atturnoffincreasesastheturnontime DTS of switches

SW1andSW2decreases;thus,switchesSW3andSW4 are
suretobeturnedonunderzerovoltageforvarious loads.In

DeterminationoftheZVSrangesofallswitchesbyinves
tigatingwhetherthevaluecalculatedfrom(16)satisfiesthe
necessaryrequirementsof(17)and(19)forvariousloadsis
veryadequate.Fig.7showstheeffectivedutycyclesavailable
forvariousloadscorrespondingtoeachswitchingfrequency
forVo = 400 VduringtheCVchargemode.AsshowninFig.
7(a) and(b),theanalysisusingharmonicdecompositionoffers
moreexactinformationabouttheZVSranges.Thisimplies
thattheturnoffswitchinglossescanbealleviatedasthe
converterisoperatedalongthereddottedline,whichindicates
theoptimumoperationpoints,forvariousloads.

RYUetal.:AFDCHYBRIDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORFULLBRIDGESERIESRESONANTCONVERTERS
5359

Fig.7.EffectivedutycyclesaccordingtoloadforVo= 400V.(a)First
harmonicapproximationanalysis.(b)Harmonicanalysis.

TABLEII
MAINCOMPONENTSFORTHELOSSANALYSIS

IV.LOSSANALYSIS

Here,alossanalysisiscarriedouttopredicttheefficiency.In
thispaper,themainsourcesoflossareanalyzed,neglectingthe
parasiticcomponentssuchasstrayinductancesandcapacitance
onthebasisofthesimulationresultsandcalculatedvaluesinthe
previoussections.Analysisofthemainsourcesissufficientto
understandtheeffectofAFDChybridcontrolonlosses.The

mainsourcesoflossincludethefollowing:1)transformer/
resonantinductorloss(iron/windingloss);2)MOSEFTconduc
tionlossandswitchingloss;and3)MOSFETbody/rectifying
diodeconductionloss.Themaincomponentsappliedtothe3.3
kWprototypefullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverterforloss
analysisaresummarizedinTableII.

Fig.8.Magneticfluxdensityandironlossdistributionofthetransformerfor
Po = 300 W.

MagneticComponentLosses:Transformerandinductorlosses
canbeclassifiedintotwomajorcategories:ironloss

Fig.9.LossdistributionsversusPo.(a)Conventionalfrequencycontrol.
(b)AFDChybridcontrol.

andwindingloss.Amongthem,thewindinglossconsidersthe
windingdcresistance.Skineffectlossescanbepreventedforthe
mostpartbyutilizingLitzwire.Ironlosseshaveacomplex
distributionbecausetheydependonthemagneticfluxdensity
distributionthataccountsforthecoremagneticsaturation.
Moreover,themagneticfluxdensitybyAFDCcontrolmay

5360

IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL.61,NO.10,OCTOBER2014

Fig.10.Experimentalwaveforms.(a)Po= 600W,D= 0.5.(b)Po= 600W,D= 0.3.(c)Po= 300W,D= 0.5.(d)Po= 300W,D= 0.3.

bedifferentlydistributedunlikethatbyconventionalfrequency
controlwithD= 0.5.Asymmetricalcurrentcanleadtopartial
coresaturation;therefore,itisnecessarytopredictthedistri
butionprecisely.Amagneticfieldanalysissimulationbasedona
finiteelementmethod(FEM)usingJMAGDesignerv11.1is
carriedouttoevaluatethecomplexmagneticfluxdistributionsof
thetransformerandinductorcore.Themagneticfluxdensityand
ironlossdistributionsofthetransformerbetweenD= 0.5andD
= 0.3atPo= 300WarepresentedinFig.8.AsshowninFig.8,
thevalueofthemaximumfluxdensityforD= 0.3isaboutthree
timeslargerthanthatforD= 0.5,increasingtheironlossofthe
transformer.Thisisduetoasymmetricalcurrentsandhigher
harmonicfrequencies.

SemiconductorLosses:Theswitchconductionlossesare
calculatedbytheMOSFETapproximationwiththedrain
sourceONstateresistance.BecauseMOSFETsoperateatZVS
conditions,onlytheturnofflossisconsideredandnotthe
turnonloss.Theconductionlossesoftheantiparalleldiodes
andthefullbridgerectifyingdiodesarecalculatedbyusing
thediodeapproximationwiththediodeONstatevoltageunder
thezerocurrentcondition,thediodeONstateresistance,and
thediodecurrent[15].

EfficiencyEstimation:Theefficiencyofthefullbridgeseries
resonantdcdcconverterispredictedbyusingthelossresults
analyzedearlier.Thelossdistributionsofconventional
frequencycontrolandAFDChybridcontrolarecomparedin
Fig.9.AlthoughAFDChybridcontrolleadstoincreasing
transformerlosses,theycompriseasmallpartofthetotal
losses.Ontheotherhand,becausetheswitchingfrequencyfor
conventionalfrequencycontrolismuchhigherthanthatofthe
proposedcontrol,theconvertersuffersfromincreased
switchinglossandironlossoftheresonantinductor.These

indicatethattheMOSFETsandtheinductorarethedominant
sourcesofpowerlosses.

V.EXPERIMENTALRESULTS

Toverifytheproposemethod,thedeveloped3.3kWpro
totypeOBChasbeenusedinexperiments.Experimentsare
focusedontheperformanceevaluationofthedcdcconverter
atthefixeddclinkvoltageof380Vundertheassumptionof
identicalconditionstothatofthePFCconverter.
Measurementswerecarriedoutwiththepoweranalyzer
WT3000andanelectronicload.

Fig.10showtheexperimentalwaveformsoftheresonant
networkvoltage,resonantcurrent,andoutputvoltagefor
differentdutycyclesatPo= 600WandPo= 300W,
respectively.At600W,theswitchingfrequencyatD= 0.5
wasabout200kHz,butatD= 0.3,itwasreducedto122kHz.
TocontroltheoutputvoltageatD= 0.5for300W,the
switchingfrequencyhadtobeincreasedtoavaluegreater
than500kHz,whereoperationbecameaproblemowingtothe
rapidlyincreasedfrequencyanddigitalsignalprocessor
resolution.Incontrast,theoutputvoltagewascontrolledwell
withtheproposedcontrolmethod,asshowninFig.10(d),
andtheswitchingfrequencywasreducedto210kHz.In
addition,ZVSwasassuredattheminimumdutyratio.

Fig.11comparestheestimatedandmeasuredefficiencies
accordingtoloadvariations.Thedifferenceofestimatedef
ficiencycomparedwiththemeasuredonecomesfromthe
errorofparasiticparametersinthesimulation,suchasON
stateresistance,MOSFEToutputcapacitance,diodeONstate
voltageandresistance,diodejunctioncapacitance,andtrans
formerleakageinductance.Althoughtheseparameterscanbe

RYUetal.:AFDCHYBRIDCONTROLSTRATEGYFORFULLBRIDGESERIESRESONANTCONVERTERS
5361

VI.CONCLUSION

Aneffectivefrequencymodulationtechniquethatadjuststhe
dutycycleforloadswasproposedtoincreasetheefficiencyof
thefullbridgeseriesresonantdcdcconverterintheOBCfor
lightloads.TheoptimumoperationpointsallowingZVS
operationforawiderangeofloadsweretheoreticallyanalyzedin
detail.ToinvestigatetheeffectofAFDChybridcontrolonthe
lossesofthecomponents,thelossesoftheprimarycomponents
werecalculated.Inaddition,thelossdistributionsofthemagnetic
componentswereestimatedmorepreciselybyutilizinga
magneticfieldanalysissimulationtoolbasedonafiniteelement
method(FEM).Forverificationoftheproposedcontrolmethod,
thedeveloped3.3kWfullbridgeseriesresonantdcdc
converterwasused.Atdifferentdutycycles,theexperimental
efficiencyoftheproposedmethodwascomparedwiththatofthe
conventionalcontrolmethod.Theanalyticalandexperimental
resultsshowedthattheproposedcontrolmethodimprovedthe
efficiencyoftheconverterbyamaximumof4%forlightloads
withoutanyextrahardware.

REFERENCES

Fig.11.Comparisonofthemeasuredandestimatedefficiencies.

accessedfromthedatasheet,theycanbevariedundertheload
variationcondition.TheexperimentalresultsinFig.11show
anefficiencyimprovementwhenusingtheAFDChybrid
controlmethod,withanimprovementofover4%forlight
loadssuchas300W.TheexperimentalresultsinFig.11
indicatethattheefficiencyoftheconventionalcontrolmethod
issimilartothatoftheproposedcontrolmethodabove2100
W.Thismayhavebeenduetothesmalldifferenceinthe
switchingfrequenciesbetweentheconventionalandthe
proposedmethodwithincreasingoutputpowerandthefact
thattheconductionlossesofthepowerdeviceswereincreased
bythelargerunbalancedresonantcurrent.Itisclearthatthe
AFDChybridcontrolmethodimprovestheefficiencyofthe
systemeffectivelyforlowandmediumloads.

A.Kuperman,U.Levy,J.Goren,A.Zafransky,andA.Savernin,Battery
chargerforelectricvehicletractionbatteryswitchstation,IEEETrans.Ind.
Electron.,vol.60,no.12,pp.53915399,Dec.2013.

A.Hajimiragha,C.A.Caizares,M.W.Fowler,andA.Elkamel,Optimal
transitiontopluginhybridelectricvehiclesinOntario,Canada,considering
theelectricitygridlimitations,IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.57,no.2,pp.
690701,Feb.2010.

M.YilmazandP.T.Krein,Reviewofbatterychargertopologies,charging
powerlevels,andinfrastructureforpluginelectricandhybridvehicles,
IEEETrans.PowerElectron.,vol.28,no.5,pp.21512169,May2013.

M.G.Egan,D.L.OSullivan,J.G.Hayes,M.J.Willers,andC.P.Henze,
Powerfactorcorrectedsinglestageinductivechargerforelectricvehicle
batteries,IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.54,no.2,pp.12171226,Apr.
2007.

J.Y.LeeandH.J.Chae,6.6kWonboardchargerdesignusingDCMPFC
converterwithharmonicmodulationtechniqueandtwostageDC/DC
converter,IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.61,no.3,pp.12431252,Mar.
2014.

B.Y.ChenandY.S.Lai,Newdigitalcontrolledtechniqueforbattery
chargerwithconstantcurrentandvoltagecontrolwithoutcurrentfeedback,
IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.59,no.3,pp.15451553,Mar.2012.

J.M.Burdo,L.A.Barragn,D.Npvarro,andJ.Acero,Asymmetrcial
voltagecancellationcontrolforfullbridgeseriesresonantinverters,IEEE
Trans.PowerElectron.,vol.19,no.2,pp.461469,Mar.2004.

S.Chudjuarjeen,A.Sangswang,andC.Koompai,AnimprovedLLC
resonantinverterforinductionheatingapplicationswithasymmetrical
control,IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.58,no.7,pp.29152925,Jul.2011.

D.S.Gautam,F.Musavi,M.Edington,W.Eberle,andW.G.Dunford,An
automotiveonboard3.3kWbatterychargerforPHEVapplication,IEEETrans.
Veh.Technol.,vol.61,no.8,pp.34663474,Oct.2012.

D.CzarkowskiandM.K.Kazimierczuk,Singlecapacitorphasecontrolled
seriesresonantconverter,IEEETrans.CircuitsSyst.I,Fundam.Theory
Appl.,vol.40,no.6,pp.383391,Jun.1993.

P.K.Jain,A.StMartin,andG.Edwards,Asymmetricalpulsewidth
modulatedresonantDC/DCconvertertopologies,IEEETrans.Power
Electron.,vol.11,no.3,pp.413422,May1996.

F.S.Pai,C.L.Ou,andS.J.Huang,Plasmadrivensystemcircuitdesign
withasymmetricalpulsewidthmodulationscheme,IEEETrans.Ind.
Electron.,vol.58,no.9,pp.41674174,Sep.2011.

SeungHeeRyu(S13)receivedtheB.S.degreeinelectricalengineering
fromSoongsilUniversity,Seoul,Korea,in1998,andtheM.S.degreeinelec
tricalengineeringfromHanyangUniversity,Seoul,2000.Heiscurrently
workingtowardthePh.D.degreeinelectricalengineeringatSungkyunkwan
University,Suwon,Korea.

From2000to2012,hewasaSeniorResearcherwithLGElectronics,Seoul,
Korea.Hisresearchinterestsincluderesonantinvertersforinductionheating,
batterychargersforhybridelectric/electric
vehicles,andconvertersforinductivepowertransfersystems.

B.C.Kim,K.B.Park,andG.W.Moon,AsymmetricPWMcontrolscheme
duringholduptimeforLLCresonantconverter,IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,
vol.59,no.7,pp.29922997,Jul.2012.

H.S.Kim,J.H.Jung,J.W.Baek,andH.J.Kim,Analysisanddesignofa
multioutputconverterusingasymmetricalPWMhalfbridgeflybackconverter
employingaparallelseriestransformer,IEEETrans.Ind.Electron.,vol.60,
no.8,pp.31153125,Aug.2013.

M.K.KazimierczukandD.Czarkowski,ClassDseriesresonantinverter,
inResonantPowerConverter,2nded.Hoboken,NJ,USA:Wiley,2011,pp.
143177.

DongHeeKim(S10)receivedtheB.S.andM.S.degreesinelectrical
engineeringfromSungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon,Korea,in2009and
2011,respectively,whereheiscurrentlyworkingtowardthePh.D.degreein
electricalengineering.

Hisresearchinterestsincludepowerconditioningsystemsanddcdc
convertersforrenewableenergy,andbatterychargersforhybrid
electric/electricvehicles.

5362

IEEETRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICS,VOL.61,NO.10,OCTOBER2014

MinJungKim(S13)receivedtheB.S.degreeinelectricalengineeringfrom
SungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon,Korea,in2012,whereheiscurrently
workingtowardtheM.S.degreeinelectricalengineering.

Hisresearchinterestsincludebatterychargersforhybridelectric/electric
vehicles.

vehicles,applicationofGaNhighelectronmobilitytransistorpowerdevices
fordcdcconverters,powerconditioningsystemsforfuelcellsandphoto
voltaics,modelingandsimulation,andpowerelectronics.

ByoungKukLee(S97M02SM04)receivedtheB.S.andM.S.degrees
fromHanyangUniversity,Seoul,Korea,in1994and1996,respectively,and
thePh.D.degreefromTexasA&MUniversity,CollegeStation,TX,USA,in
2001,allinelectricalengineering.

From2003to2005,hewasaSeniorResearcherwiththePowerElectronics
Group,KoreaElectrotechnologyResearchInstitute,Changwon,Korea.Since
2006,hehasbeenwiththeSchoolofInformationandCommunication
Engineering,

JongSooKim(S07M11)receivedtheM.S.andPh.D.degreesinelectrical
engineeringfromSungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon,Korea,in2008and
2011,respectively.

From2012to2013,hewasaSeniorResearcherwithSamsungAdvancedInstitute
ofTechnology,Giheung,Korea.Since2013,hehasbeenwiththeSchoolof
Electrical,Electronic,andCommunicationEngineering,DaejinUniversity,
Pocheon,Korea,whereheiscurrentlyanAssistantProfessor.Hisresearch
interestsincludebatterychargersforelectric

SungkyunkwanUniversity,Suwon,Korea.Hisresearchinterestsincludevari
oustypesofchargersforelectricvehicles,hybridrenewableenergysystems,
powerconversionunitsforhomeappliances,modelingandsimulation,and
powerelectronics.

Dr.LeewastheGeneralChairoftheIEEEVehicularPowerandPropulsion
Conferencein2012.HecurrentlyservesasanAssociateEditorfortheIEEE
TRANSACTIONSONINDUSTRIALELECTRONICSandasaGuestAssociateEditor
fortheIEEETRANSACTIONSONPOWERELECTRONICS.Hereceivedthe
OutstandingScientistsofthe21stCenturyAwardfromtheInternational
BiographicalCentre,andwaslistedonthe2008EditionofWhosWhoin
Americaandonthe2009EditionofWhosWhointheWorld.