U. S.

Department of A g r i c u l t u r e
S o i l Conservation Service
Engineering Division

Technical Release No. 50 (Rev. 1)

Design Unit
J u l y 1977

DESIGN OF RECTANGULARSTRUCTURAL CHANNELS

This t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e continues t h e e f f o r t t o produce design a i d s

which f a c i l i t a t e t h e attempt towards optimization of s t r u c t u r a l
design. Three e a r l i e r t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e s , TR-42, TR-43, and TR-45,
d e a l with t h e s t r u c t u r a l design of rectangular conduits. This
t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e i s concerned with t h e s t r u c t u r a l design of rectangular channels. Although primarily w r i t t e n f o r design engineers,
t h e m a t e r i a l has considerable a p p l i c a t i o n f o r planning engineers
s i n c e preliminaxy designs of s t r u c t u r a l channels a r e r e a d i l y a v a i l a b l e t o them.
A draf't of t h e subject t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e dated August, 1971, was
sent t o t h e Engineering and Watershed Planning Unit Design Engineers
f o r t h e i r review and comment.
This t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e was prepared by M r . Edwin S. Alling of t h e
Design Unit, Design Branch a t Hyattsville, Maryland. He a l s o wrote
t h e computer program.

TECHNICAL RELEASE
NUMBER 50
DESIGN OF FUKTANGm STRUCTURCLT; CHCLNNELS
Contents
Introduction
Types of S t r u c t u r a l Channels
Type T1F
Type T3F
Type T3FV
Type T1S
Loading Conditions
Loading Condition No. 1
Loading Condition No. 2
F l o t a t i o n Requirement
Surcharge
Design Parameters
Primary Parameters
Secondary Parameters
Design C r i t e r i a
Preliminary Designs
Type T1F
W a l l thicknesses
Flotation
Floor s l a b s h e a r
Floor s l a b bearing
Type T3F
Base design
Pavement s l a b t h i c k n e s s
Type T3FV
Determination of j o i n t shear
Design approach
Wall base f l o t a t i o n
Base design
Pavement s l a b t h i c k n e s s
Delta Q
Type T1S
Edge beam analyses
Design approach
Edge beam loading
S t r u t design
Edge beam design
Wall design
F l o t a t i o n requirements and f l o o r s l a b shear
Floor s l a b b e a r i n g
Revised 7 / 7 7

D e t a i l Designs
Floor Slab Analysis
Deflection, shear, and moment due t o NW
Deflection, shear, and moment due t o MU
Deflection, shear and moment due t o uniform loading, q
Deflection, shear, and moment due t o $ and M,
Solution f o r $ and M,
Solution f o r f i n i t e beam
'mpe m F
W a l l steel
Floor s l a b s t e e l
Type T3F
Sliding s t a b i l i t y of base
Base s l a b s t e e l
Pdvement s l a b s t e e 1
Type T3FV
Shear j o i n t requirements
Base s l a b s t e e l
Pavement s l a b s t e e l
Type T1S
W a l l steel
Floor s l a b s t e e l
Edge beam s t e e l
Edge beam s t i r r u p s
Computer Designs
Input
output
Preliminary designs
D e t a i l designs
Type T1F
Type T3F
Type T3FV
Type T1S

Figures
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

S t r u c t u r a l channel types.
Load condition No. 1.
Idad condition No. 2.
Flotation conditions.
Thickness TB f o r L C # ~ when HE3 > HKL.
Flotation condition, LC#1 when HB > HWl.
Bearing pressures, LC#1 when HI3 > JMl.
Investigation of footing shears.
Pavement s l a b f l o t a t i o n , type T3F.
J o i n t shears i n type T3FV channels.

Figure ll
F i g m - 12
Figure 13
Figure 1 4
Figure 15
Figure 1 6
Figure 17
Figure 18

Base pressures concerned with j o i n t shears.

Bvement s l a b f l o t a t i o n , type T3FV.
Definition sketch, type T1S channel.
Fossible strut-to-wall connections.
Edge beam loading and displacement.
Type T1S frame displacements, t y p i c a l loading.
Alternate method of s o l u t i o n f o r edge beam analyses.
Evaluation of frame U and n.
V e r t i c a l forces involved with frame T and m, LC@ when
HB > m 2 .
Floor s l a b loads and moments f o r frame T and m.

Page

Figure 21 Sense of p o s i t i v e edge beam loading.

Figure 22 Fdge beam section.
Figure 23 Shear at top of w a l l ; ~ #when
1 HI3 > HWl, HTB < EB/12,
and HKl < HT - w 1 2 .
Figure 24 Shear and moment a t bottom of w a l l , LC#1 when HB > HWl.
Figure 25 F i n i t e l e u g t h beam and loading.
Figure 26 Uniform loading cases, i n f i n i t e beams.
Figure 27 % and M, loadings, i n f i n i t e beam.
Figure 28 Corrections f o r indicated t e n s i l e reactions.
Figure 29 Type T1F s t e e l layout and point locations.
Figure 30 W a l l s t e e l design f o r IC#l, HB > HWl, and Z > HTW.
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

31 Floor s l a b analysis and loadings f o r ~ #when

l HB < HKL
32

33
34
35

36
37
38
39
40

Determination of form of shear and moment computations.

Type T3F s t e e l layout and point locations.
Sliding of type T3F r e t a i n i n g w a l l portion.
Contact pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r LC@.
Type T3FV s t e e l layout and point locations.
Direct tension through shear j o i n t f o r LC@.
Pavement design f o r E#1, Q1 > 0.
Type T1S s t e e l layout and point locations.
Plan of edge beam, s t e e l layout and point locations.

Figure 41 Edge beam loading f o r LC#l when RXL > 0.

Figure 42 Layout of edge beam s t i r r u p s .

43
44
45

46
47
49
50
51

53
54

Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure
Figure

43 Computer output, preliminary designs.

44

Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
Computer
50 Computer
51 Computer

45
46
47
48
49

output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,
output,

type
type
type
type
type
type
type
type

TlF d e t a i l design.
T1F d e t a i l design.
T3F d e t a i l design.
T3F d e t a i l design.
T3FV d e t a i l design.
T3FV d e t a i l design.
TlS d e t a i l design.
T1S d e t a i l design.

Tables
Table 1 Secondary parameters and d e f a u l t values.
Table 2 Input values p e r design run.

Not all nomenclature i s l i s t e d . Hopefully, t h e meaning of any unl i s t e d nomenclature may be ascertained from t h a t shown.
required reinforcing s t e e l a r e a
required compressive s t e e l area i n s t r u t
equivalent edge beam s t e e l area per foot width
gross area of s t r u t
required t e n s i l e s t e e l area i n T1S s t r u t ; required t e n s i l e
s t e e l through T3FV shear joint
area of web s t e e l , equals twice bax axea
distance from point A t o beginning of load on i n f i n i t e beam
c l e u width of channel
(B + ~ ~ / 1 2 )
width of reinforced concrete member; distance from point A
t o end of loading on i n f i n i t e beam
J O m S ; distance t o extreme f i b e r
CB

CF
CFSC
CFSS
C

d i r e c t compressive force i n f l o o r slab between walls

d i r e c t compressive force in t h e footing projection
coefficient of f r i c t i o n , s o i l t o concrete
coefficient of f r i c t i o n , s o i l t o s o i l
distance from point A t o l e f t end of load on i n f i n i t e beam
e f f e c t i v e depth of concrete section; diameter of reinforcing bar
eccentricity of VNETj eccentricity of RC due t o %j modulus
of e l a s t i c i t y of concrete
width of edge beam
thickness of edge bean
distance from point A t o r i g h t end of load on i n f i n i t e beam
horizontal force acting on key w a l l
s a f e t y f a c t o r against f l o t a t i o n
Footing project ion
compressive s t r e s s i n concrete
s t r e s s i n reinforcing s t e e l
GSAT - 62.4
moist u n i t weight of b a c k f i l l
saturated unit weight of b a c k f i l l
height of b a c k f i l l above top of f l o o r s l a b
(K6 - ~ / 1 2 )
(HT - EB/12)
o r (ID
m2)
(ID - IIW~)
horizontal force of water i n channel on retaining w a l l portion
of channel
components of horizontal load on t h e wall
additional l a t e r a l eaxth force caused by key w a l l
sum of r e s i s t i n g horizontal. forces on retaining w a l l portion
of channel
(HB + ~ ~ / 1 2 )
height of w a l l above top of floor slab

(m -

HB)

=
=
E

=
=

(m - m )
(HWl + ~ ~ 1

1 2 )
submergence height above t o p of f l o o r s l a b f o r L C # ~
submergence height above t o p of f l o o r s l a b f o r IC#2
t o t a l h o r i z o n t a l loading on t h e w a l l
(HMl - ~ 1 1 2 )
u p l i f t head on pavement s l a b
moment of i n e r t i a
+~~124)
l o n g i t u d i n a l span between t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s

MAXFTG

=
=
=

r a t i o used i n reinforced concrete design

MFOUND
l a t e r a l e a r t h pressure r a t i o f o r L C # ~
l a t e r a l e a r t h pressure r a t i o f o r LC*
passive l a t e r a l e a r t h pressure r a t i o
span of f i n i t e beam
load condition number one
load condition number two
bending moment a t s e c t i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n
maximum acceptable f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n

MB
MBP

=
=

simple moment due t o FGR on B

simple moment due t o FGR on BFGR

MC

MD

maximum dead load moment i n s t r u t

= equivalent edge beam moment per f o o t width
= modulus of t h e foundation
= moment at junction of stem w a l l and f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n due
t o loads on f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n
r key w a l l design moment
= overturning moment about t o e of r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n of
channel; f 5 c t i c i o u s moment a t ends of f i n i t e beam on e l a s t i c
foundation
= (MBP - MB)

K
=
KO1
=
KO2
KPASS =
L
~ # 1E

~
M

ME

mom
MFTG

( m m + MFTG)

r e s i s t i n g moment about t o e of r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n o f
channel
= equivalent moment, moment about a x i s at t h e t e n s i o n s t e e l
= supplemental moment added t o end of f i n i t e beam when
0 < ZPOS
J
= simple moment due t o water i n channel; moment applied t o
f l o o r slab at w a l l
r moment a t junction of stem w a l l and f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n due
t o loads on w a l l
= moment i n w a l l a t Z below t o p of w a l l
= T/U, T1S frame constant
= d i r e c t f o r c e at s e c t i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n
r assumed d i r e c t compressive f o r c e i n pavement s l a b due t o
water i n channel
concentrated load applied t o f l o o r s l a b at w a l l
E

Ms
MSUP

'

d i r e c t f o r c e brought by t h e w a l l t o t h e f l o o r s l a b of T1S
channel

NX

RC/RX

= RC/RY

n
P

m
ml
P2
PALIX)W

PB
FD
'
F'F

PETG
FGR
PS
PUP
Pt

Qo
QSUP

-E

fictitious shear a t ends of f i n i t e beam on e l a s t i c foundation

=
=
=
E

=
E
E

-=

RXlMIN

uniform loading on f l o o r s l a b between w d l s

bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure a t D from f a c e of support
bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure a t f a c e of support; uniform loading on footing portions of f l o o r s l a b
overburden pressure on footing projection
gross pressure on TlS f l o o r s l a b
uniform loading causing shear i n f l o o r s l a b
u p l i f t pressure on bottom of s l a b
temperature and shrinkage s t e e l r a t i o
shear transmitted across t h e j o i n t between pavement s l a b and
r e t a i n i n g w a l l base of T3FV channel
Q f o r LC#1

=
=

IUUMAX

d i r e c t f o r c e i n w a l l at Z below t o p of w a l l
frame constant
intergranular bearing pressure; foundation pressure
bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure a t t o e of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
m f o r LC#I
bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure at h e e l of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
maximum allowable bearing ( c o n t a c t ) pressure

= 1 / ~T1S
,

supplemental shear added t o end of f i n i t e beam when

0

< zms s

uniform loading on i n f i n i t e beam

r a t i o of downward forces on channel t o t h e u p l i f t f o r c e s
maximurn compressive f o r c e i n s t r u t maximum
edge beam r e a c t i o n provided by s t r u t
RS f o r LC#1
maximum t e n s i l e f o r c e i n s t r u t
edge beam loading; correction f a c t o r f o r long column buckling
about X a x i s
RX f o r LC&

=
= maximum
E

=
=

value of any RXl

minimum v d u e of any R X l
correction f a c t o r f o r long column buckling about Y a x i s
maximum allowable spacing of reinforcing s t e e l
width of s t r u t
thickness of s t r u t
maximum allowable spacing of s t e e l at Z below t o p of w a l l
thickness of s e c t i o n under investigation; displacement a t t o p
of T1S frame with s t r u t s removed
thickness of bottom of wall a t f l o o r s l a b
thickness of key w a l l

=
=
= thickness
= thickness

of pavement s l a b
of f l o o r s l a b o r base s l a b
z thickness of t o p of w a l l
= thickness of frame a t y
= displacement a t t o p of T1S frame due t o u n i t loads
= f l e x u r a l bond s t r e s s i n concrete

viii

V
VD

shear force a t s e c t i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n

r shear force a t D from f a c e of support

VE

= buoyant

VF
VNET
WR

vz
v
W

wo
WP

wm
WRT

X
XD
XF
XP

x
Y
YD
YF
yo

YX
YZ
Y
Z

!XEX

ZPOS

weight of s o i l beneath r e t a i n i n g w a l l base i n depth ZKM

shear f o r c e a t f a c e of support
sum of v e r t i c a l forces including u p l i f t
shear c a r r i e d by web s t e e l
r shear i n w a l l a t Z below t o p of W a l l
z shear s t r e s s i n concrete
= w i d t h of a r e t a i n i n g w a l l portion of T3F o r T3FV channel
= o v e r a l l width of channel
E bearing pressure a t end of pavement s l a b
E WP f o r IC#l
E r e a c t i o n at t o p of w a l l
E t o e l e n g t h of T3F and T3FV walls; reference edge beam
coordinate
E

= ( X - ~112)
=(x+TB/~~)
E width of pavement s l a b between r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases
distance from point A t o element of load on i n f i n i t e beam
displacement; distance from c e n t e r of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
t o point under i n v e s t i g a t i o n
=(w/2-XD)
= (w/2 - XF)
E displacement a t load point i n a l t e r n a t e method of edge beam
analysis
z displacement a t Z from end i n a c t u a l edge beam
E displacement a t Z from end i n a l t e r n a t e method of edge beam
anayl s i s

--

distance from mid-depth of edge beam t o point under considerat i o n i n frame

distance from VNFT t o t o e of r e t a i n i n g walJ. portion of channel;
distance from edge of f i n i t e beam t o point A
depth of key w a l l below r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
distance from end of f i n i t e beam t o point of zero r e a c t i v e
pressure
-, -

a l e n g t h parameter i n theory of beams on e l a s t i c foundations

E additi.onal shear required t o produce equal v e r t i c a l displacements each side of j o i n t
incremental l e n g t h along a x i s of frame
r v e r t i c a l displacement
z v e r t i c a l displacement of r e t a i n i n g w a l l base a t j o i n t between
pavement s l a b and r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
= v e r t i c a l displacement of pavement s l a b at j o i n t between pavement s l a b and r e t a i n i n g w a l l base
= functional r e l a t i o n i n theory of beams on e l a s t i c foundations
E functional r e l a t i o n i n theory of beams on e l a s t i c foundations
= functional r e l a t i o n i n theory of beams on e l a s t i c foundations
= functional r e l a t i o n i n theory of beams on e l a s t i c foundations
E required perimeter of reinforcing s t e e l
c o e f f i c i e n t r e l a t i n g Q t o bearing pressure at end of pavement s l a b

TECHNICAL RELF,AsE
J!mmB50

DESIGN OF RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAZ; CHfUDJEZS

Introduction
This work i s concerned with t h e s t r u c t u r a l design of reinforced
concrete rectangular channels. It assumes these s t r u c t u r a l channel
designs w i l l be obtained from computers although the basic approach
i s independent of computer usage. The material presented herein
applies t o components such a s rectangular l i n e d channels through
urban areas, chute spillway channels, rectangular flumes, and e l e ments of s t i l l i n g basins.

IBM 360 equipment t o

perform t h i s design task. The program operates i n two modes. It
w i l l execute rapid preliminary designs t o a i d t h e designer i n sel e c t i n g t h e type of s t r u c t u r a l channel he d e s i r e s t o use i n f i n a l
design. The program w i l l a l s o execute t h e d e t a i l design of t h e speci f i e d channel. Concrete thicknesses and distances a r e determined
and required s t e e l areas and spacings a r e evaluated. Actual s t e e l
s i z e s and layouts a r e not determined, these a r e t h e prerogative of
t h e designer.
A computer program w a s w r i t t e n i n FORTRAN f o r

This work documents t h e c r i t e r i a and procedure used i n t h e computer

program, explains t h e input d a t a required t o obtain a design, and
i l l u s t r a t e s computer output f o r preliminary and d e t a i l designs. A t
t h e present time designs may be obtained by requests t o t h e
Head, Design Unit
a g i n e e r i n g Division
S o i l Conservation Service
Federal Center Building
Hyattsville, Maryland 20782.
The input informat ion discussed under t h e section, "Computer Designs,
inputf' must be provided f o r each design run desired.

Types of S t r u c t u r d Channels
Four s t r u c t u r a l channel t y p e s a r e t r e a t e d h e r e i n . A l l a r e assumed
symmetrical about t h e channel c e n t e r l i n e i n both c o n s t r u c t i o n and loading. Each channel i s designed f o r t h e two l o a d i n g c o n d i t i o n s described
i n t h e next s e c t i o n and each must s a t i s f y f l o t a t i o n ( u p l i f t ) r e q u i r e ments. See Figure 1 f o r d e f i n i t i o n sketches. Any one of t h e f o u r
t y p e s may be most advantageous f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s e t of design condit i o n s . Because o f t h e l a r g e number of parameters involved, it is n o t
always r e a d i l y apparent which t y p e w i l l b e b e s t i n a given s i t u a t i o n .
Type 'IlF
In t h i s t y p e , t h e w a l l s and f l o o r s l a b c o n s t i t u t e a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e
U-shaped r i g i d frame. The c a n t i l e v e r w a l l s a r e i n t e g r a l w i t h t h e f l o o r
slab.
Type T3F
In t h i s type, the walls a r e designed as r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c a n t i l e v e r
r e t a i n i n g w a h . The most advantageous t o e l e n g t h , X, i s determined
i n t h e design. The pavement s l a b between t h e r e t a i n i n g wall bases, i s
independent of t h e bases except f o r any t h r u s t imposed on it by t h e
r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases.
Ty-pe T3FV
This i s s i m i l a r t o t y p e T3F except t h a t t h e j o i n t s between t h e pavement s l a b and t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases a r e designed t o t r a n s m i t shear
f o r c e s and t h e s l a b i s monolithic between t h e s e two shear j o i n t s . Thus
i n t y p e T3FV t h e pavement s l a b and r e t a i n i n g w a l l base d e f l e c t e q u a l l y
a t the joints.
Qpe T1S
This i s s i m i l a r t o t y p e T1F except t h a t two r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e s t r u t s
a r e provided i n each l o n g i t u d i n a l span between t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s . The
s t r u t s a r e l o c a t e d a t t h e f i r s t i n t e r i o r q u a r t e r p o i n t s of t h e longit u d i n a l span. Edge beams a r e provided along t h e t o p s of t h e channel
w a l l s . Thus t h e w a l l s a r e not simple c a n t i l e v e r s from t h e base a s
w i t h t h e o t h e r t y p e s , i n s t e a d t h e y a r e supported by t h e edge beam and
s t r u t system and by t h e f l o o r s l a b .
Loading Conditions
Two loading c o n d i t i o n s a r e considered i n t h e design of s t r u c t u r a l
channels. Parameter v a l u e s should be s e l e c t e d so t h a t t h e s e loading
c o n d i t i o n s r e f l e c t extremes of probable c o n d i t i o n s .
Load Condition No. 1
I n t h i s loading t h e channel i s empty. The b a c k f i l l i s submerged t o a
h e i g h t , HWl, above t h e t o p of t h e f l o o r s l a b . The b a c k f i l l i s n a t u r a l l y
d r a i n e d , i . e . , moist, above HWl. Load c o n d i t i o n No. 1 i s meant t o

Revised 7/77

TRANSVERSE SECTION

TRANSVERSE SECTION

TRANSVERSE SECTION

TRANSVERSE SECTION

LONGITUDINAL SECTION

Figure 1. Structural channel t y p e s .

represent conditions following a rapid lowering of t h e water surface

i n t h e channel, but before t h e water t a b l e i n t h e b a c k f i l l has lowered
s i g n i f i c a n t l y from a high l e v e l , Thus t h i s loading should maximize:
l a t e r a l s o i l load, l a t e r a l water load, and u p l i f t . The l a t e r a l pressure
r a t i o , K01, should be taken a s high a s can reasonably be expected.

l a t era1
e a r t h load

uplift

Figure 2.

lateral
e a r t h load

Load condition No. 1.

Load Condition No. 2

I n thik loading t h e channel is f u l l of water t o t h e t o p of t h e wall
and t h e b a c k f i l l i s submerged t o a height, HW2, above t h e t o p of t h e
f l o o r slab. Load condition No. 2 i s meant t o represent conditions
following a rapid r a i s i n g of t h e water surface i n t h e channel, but
before t h e water t a b l e i n t h e b a c k f i l l has r a i s e d s i g n i f i c a n t l y from
a low l e v e l . Thus t h i s loading should minimize l a t e r a l s o i l load,
l a t e r a l external water load, and u p l i f t . The l a t e r a l pressure r a t i o ,
K02, should be taken as low a s can reasonably be expected.
//////////

moist l a t e r a l

m2

ffmt

f f

uplift
Figure 3.

/
buoyant l a t e r a l [ l a t e r a l
water load
e a r t h load
b a d condition No. 2.

F l o t a t i o n Requirement
?%e t o t a l weight o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l channel p l u s a l l downward f o r c e s a c t i n g on it must exceed t h e u p l i f t f o r c e s by a s u i t a b l e s a f e t y f a c t o r under
a l l c o n d i t i o n s of l o a d i n g . The most c r i t i c a l c a s e i s l o a d c o n d i t i o n
No. 1. The f l o t a t i o n s a f e t y f a c t o r , FLOATR, i s s e l e c t e d by t h e u s e r .
F o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n s , FTG, a r e added, when r e q u i r e d , t o develop n e c e s s a r y

uplift
Figure

4.

F l o t a t i o n conditions.

a d d i t i o n a l downward f o r c e s .
Surcharge
-Because o f t h e wide v a r i e t y o f p o s s i b l e s u r c h a r g e l o a d s , s u r c h a r g e i s n o t
i n c l u d e d h e r e i n a s a s p e c i f i c l o a d i n g . The e f f e c t s of s u r c h a r g e can b e
d u p l i c a t e d t o some e x t e n t by a r b i t r a r i l y i n c r e a s i n g l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o s ,
u n i t s o i l weights, o r b a c k f i l l h e i g h t s . I n c r e a s i n g u n i t s o i l w e i g h t s o r
b a c k f i l l h e i g h t s should be done c a u t i o u s l y when t h e s u r c h a r g e i s a p p l i e d
only i n t e r m i t t e n t l y .
Design Parameters
--There a r e some s e v e n t e e n independent d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s involved i n t h e
d e s i g n of t h e aforementioned s t r u c t u r a l c h a n n e l t y p e s . The d e s i g n p a r a m e t e r s a r e c l a s s i f i e d a s e i t h e r primary p a r a m e t e r s o r secondary p a r a m e t e r s .
Values f o r primary p a r a m e t e r s must b e s u p p l i e d by t h e u s e r f o r each d e s i g n
r u n . Secondary p a r a m e t e r s w i l l b e a s s i g n e d d e f a u l t v a l u e s i f v a l u e s a r e
n o t s u p p l i e d by t h e u s e r . The methods o f s u p p l y i n g parameter v a l u e s are
d i s c u s s e d under t h e s e c t i o n , "Computer Designs. "

----

Primary------.hrameters
KC r h e i g h t of w a l l above t o p of f l o o r s l a b , i n f t
KB
h e i g h t o f b a c k f i l l above t o p o f f l o o r s l a b , i n ft
B

n c l e a r w i d t h o f s t r u e t u r d channel, i n f t

Secondary Parameters
Not a l l secondary p a r a m e t e r s a r e used by all c h a n n e l t y p e s . The secondary
parameters and t h e i r d e f a u l t v a l u e s a r e l i s t e d i n Table 1. Usage of t h e s e
parameters i s e x p l a i n e d where f i r s t encountered. Those p a r a m e t e r s having
l i m i t e d use a r e i n d i c a t e d .
Revised 7/77

Table 1. Secondary parameters and d e f a u l t values

-

HKL
HW2
HWP
KO1
KO2

KPASS
GMOIST
GSAT

--

Parameter

Default

Us ag e

submergence height above t o p of f l o o r s l a b , load condition No. 1, i n ft

submergence height above t o p of f l o o r s l a b , l o a d c o n d i t i o n No. 2, i n ft
u p l i f t head on pavement s l a b , load c o n d i t i o n No, 1, i n f t

=. l a t e r a l e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o , l o a d condition No. 1

= lateral.

e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o , l o a d c o n d i t i o n No. 2
passive e a r t h p r e s s u r e r a t i o

moist u n i t weight of b a c k f i l l , i n pcP

s a t u r a t e d u n i t weight of b a c k f i l l , i n pcf

FLOATR r s a f e t y f a c t o r a g a i n s t f l o t a t i o n
MAXFTG
maximum acceptable f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n , i n f t
JODITS r l o n g i t u d i n a l span between t r a n s v e r s e j o i n t s , i n f t
CFSC
CFSS

c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n , s o i l t o concrete
c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n , s o i l t o s o i l

MFOUND z modulus of t h e foundation, i n pcf

* when
9
n,
-4
Pm
(D

1 0 : JOINTS = 20

2 20 : JOINTS = 40

**note t h a t a value MFOUND = 1 e s s e n t i a l l y produces a design corresponding t o " r i g i d body mechanics," i . e .

uniform bearing p r e s s u r e .

Design C r i t e r i a
Materials
Class 4000 concrete and intermediate grade s t e e l a r e assumed.
Working S t r e s s Design
Design of s e c t i o n s is i n accordance w i t h working s t r e s s methods.
allowable s t r e s s e s i n p s i a r e
Extreme f i b e r s t r e s s
Shear,

b t

flexure

The

f, = 1600

v/~D*

70

F l e x u r a l Bond
tension t o p bars
other tension bars
Steel
i n tension
i n compression, a x i a l l y loaded columns

f s = 20,000
f s = 16,000

MinFmwn Slab Thicknesses

'Walls
Bottom s l a b s

1 0 inches
11 inches

Temperature and Shrinkage S t e e l

The m i n i m u m s t e e l r a t i o s a r e
f o r unexposed faces
f o r exposed f a c e s
Slabs more t h a n 32 inches t h i c k a r e taken as 32 inches.
Web Reinforcement
The n e c e s s i t y of providing some type of s t i r r u p o r t i e i n t h e s l a b s because o f bending a c t i o n i s avoided by
(1)l i m i t i n g t h e shear s t r e s s , as a measure of diagonal t e n s i o n ,
so t h a t web s t e e l i s not required, and
( 2 ) providing s u f f i c i e n t e f f e c t i v e depth of s e c t i o n s so t h a t
compression s t e e l is not required f o r bending.

Cover f o r Reinforcement
S t e e l cover i s everywhere 2 inches except f o r o u t s i d e s t e e l i n bottom
s l a b s where cover is 3 inches.
S t e e l Required by Combined Bending Moment and D i r e c t Force
Required a r e a determined as explained on pages 31 34 o f TR-42, "Single
c e l l Rectangular Conduits - C r i t e r i a and Procedures f o r S t r u c t u r a l Design."

Spacing Required by F l e x u r a l Bond

Spacing determined a s explained on page 47 of TR-42.
Spacing of Reinforcement
The maximum permissible spacing o f any reinforcement is 18 inches.
*Shear sometimes c r i t i c a l a t D from face, sometimes at f a c e , s e e page

17 of TR-42.

Preliminary Designs
T r i a l c o n c r e t e t h i c k n e s s e s a r e determined f o r v a r i o u s c r i t i c d dimens i o n s and p r e l i m i n a r y c o n c r e t e volumes a r e computed during t h e prelimina r y design phase of s t r u c t u r a l channel design. These q u a n t i t i e s may
b e increased during d e t a i l design i f computations f o r r e q u i r e d s t e e l
a r e a s and spacings i n d i c a t e t h i c k n e s s e s a r e inadequate. Assumptions,
c r i t e r i a , and procedures f o r t h e s e v e r a l channel t y p e s a r e discussed
below. Topics a p p l i c a b l e t o more t h a n one channel t y p e are presented
once when f i r s t encountered.
Type T1F
Preliminary design of t y p e T1F channels proceeds i n an o r d e r l y manner.
F i r s t , r e q u i r e d w a L l t h i c k n e s s a t t h e bottom o f t h e wall, TB, i s d e t e r mined. Then, t h e channel i s checked f o r f l o t a t i o n and f o o t i n g proj e c t i o n s , FPG, a r e provided i f required. F i n a l l y , t h e f l o o r s l a b
t h i c k n e s s is increased f o r s h e a r o r b e a r i n g i f necessary.
W a l l thicknesses.
The w a l l t h i c k n e s s a t t h e t o p of t h e w a l l , TT, i s
s e t a t 1 0 inches. The t h i c k n e s s a t t h e bottom o f t h e w a l l , TB, i s
s e l e c t e d a s t h e l a r g e s t t h i c k n e s s required by: s h e a r f o r l o a d condi,
and d i r e c t f o r c e f o r LC#l, shear f o r LC#2,
t i o n No. 1 ( L C # ~ )moment
o r moment and d i r e c t f o r c e f o r LC#2. I l l u s t r a t i v e cornputatations
f o r a p o s s i b l e c a s e of LC#1 follow.

GBUOY x HKL

Figure

5.

Thickness TB f o r

LC#1 when HB >

HWl.

Revised 7/77

Let HDIFF = HE3 - HWl

For any e f f e c t i v e depth, D, i n inches, l e t

IIwD = HKL - ~ 1 1 2
HBD = HI3 ~ 1 1 2
Then t h e shear, i n lbs per ft, a t D from face f o r case shown i s :
V = 31.2 x (HKD)2 + KO1 x GMOIST x HDIFF x (0.5 x H D D F + HVD)
+ 0.5 x K O ~x GBUOY x (mI2

where GBUOY = GSAT

- 62.4

i s the buoyant weight of the backfill, i n pcf

An i t e r a t i v e process i s required since t h e assumed D must agree with the

computed required D. When t h e correct value of D i s obtained, t h e
thickness, T, a t D f r o m t h e face i s
and t h e thickness, TB, a s required by shear i s

The bending moment a t t h e bottom of t h e w a l l is, in f t l b s per f t

H =10.4 x ( m a ) = + 0.5 x K O ~x GMOIST x (HDSFF)~
x (mIFF/3 +
+ 0.5 x KO1 x GMOIST x HDIFF x (HNL)z + 0.5
x K O ~x GBUOY x (mI3/3
The d i r e c t compressive force due t o the w a l l , i n l b s per f t , f o r a
bottom thickness, TB, i s
The equivalent moment,

m)

%, is

So t h e required bottom thickness f o r balanced working s t r e s s conditions

An i t e r a t i v e process i s again required s k c e t h e assumed TB must agree

with t h e computed required TB.

Computations a r e similar f o r LC#2.

trols.

The l a r g e s t required thickness con-

Flotation. As previously noted, LC#l i s c r i t i c a l with regard t o f l o t a t i o n .

For t h e case shown i n Figure 6, t h e pressure, i n psf, on t h e footing projections i s
PFTG = GMOIST x HDIFF

GSAT x DJl

t h e u p l i f t pressure, i n psf, f o r a f l o o r s l a b thickness, TS, i n inches,

is

PUP

62.4 x

(HWl

+~~/12)

t h e overall width of t h e channel, i n ft, i s

Hence the r a t i o , R, of t h e downward forces on t h e channel t o the upl i f t force i s

2 ( +~ PFTG x FTG) + 12.5 x TS x WO
R =

PUP x wo
6.25 x HT x ('IT + TB).

where N =
This r a t i o must not be l e s s than t h e f l o t a t i o n safety f a c t o r , FIXATR.
The i n i t i a l value of TS i s TS = TB + 1 and t h e i n i t i a l value of FTG
FLOP-TR,
i s zero. If R < FLOATR, then FTG i s s e t at 1.0, i f again R
then FTG is incremented by 0.2 f t and another attempt i s made. This
process i s continued, i f necessary, u n t i l FTG = MAXFTG, then TS i s incremented by 1.0 inch u n t i l TS = TB + 10. If t h e f l o t a t i o n c r i t e r i a
i s s t i l l unsatisfied, t h e design i s abandoned, and a cancellation
message i s given.
Floor slab shear. Shear w i l l sometimes govern t h e required thickness
of t h e f l o o r slab. For load condition No. 1 t h e compressive w a l l
forces and t h e pressure on t h e footing projections a r e t h e only loads
producing shear i n the f l o o r slab. The uniform loading, i n psf, causing shear i s
The required floor s l a b thickness due t o shear i s obtained from an expression f o r shear s t r e s s a t D from t h e face of t h e w a l l , o r using
3.5 inches a s distance t o center of s t e e l

TS = (0.5 x PS x ~)/(840+ ~ ~ 1 1 2+ )3.5

Occasionally LC#2 may be more c r i t i c d than LC#1. The same expression
may be used t o obtain a required TS, however PFTG and PS must be recomputed f o r IC#2 with PS taking account of t h e f l o o r pressures due t o
t h e water i n t h e channel. Thus

If PS S 0, no f u r t h e r computations f o r TS a r e necessary since LC#l i s

t h e more c r i t i c a l .
Note t h a t i n t h e above expression f o r TS, from a t h e o r e t i c a l viewpoint,
2.5 could sometimes be used instead of 3.5. To avoid confusion, 3.5
i s a l w a y s used t o get these values of required TS f o r shear.
B

Figure 6.

Flotation condition, ~ #when

1 HB

> HWl.

Floor s l a b bearing. As explained a t t h e end of t h e section, "Detail Designs, Floor Slab Analysis," it i s sometimes necessary t o increase t h e
f l o o r s l a b thickness t o eliminate negative displacements under t h e center
of t h e f l o o r slab. The theory involved i s somewhat complex, i t s present a t i o n i s delayed u n t i l d e t a i l designs are discussed.

Revised 7/77

zLeQ2.2

The preliminary design of type T3F channels includes t h e design of many

trial configurations. The t o e length, X, v a r i e s from ~ / 2t o O? The
design having t h e l e a s t concrete volume i s taken a s b e s t . Determinat i o n - o f TP &d TB i s t h e same a s type TlF. For a p a r t i c u l a r value of
X, t h e f l o t a t i o n requirements f o r t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n i s t h e
same a s t y p e TlF, t h a t is, i f F i s temporarily taken a s B = 2X, t h e
same r e l a t i o n s apply. This provides an i n i t i a l value f o r FCG. I n
type T3F designs, FTG i s t h e h e e l l e n g t h of t h e re$aining w a l l base.
Base design. The maximum allowable bearing pressure, t h a t i s , contact
o r i n t e r g r a n u l a r pressure, i s taken as 2000 psf i n excess of t h e i n t e r granular pressure t h a t would e x i s t a t t h e e l e v a t i o n of t h e bottom of
t h e base s l a b i f t h e s t r u c t u r a l channel were not p r e s e n t . The l i n e of
a c t i o n of t h e r e a c t i o n (sum of all v e r t i c a l f o r c e s including u p l i f t )
must l i e w i t h i n t h e middle t h i r d of t h e base. Each design f o r a p a r t i c u l a r X must s a t i s f y t h e above c r i t e r i a . If t h i s requirement i s not
s a t i s f i e d w i t h t h e i n i t i a l value of FTG, t h e f o o t i n g p r o j e c t ion i s ir:cremented and another t r i a l i s made. This i s repeated, i f necessary,
up t o FTG = MAXFTG.
A p o s s i b l e case of

HDIFF = HB

HS
HM
W

LC#1

i s used f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n .

Let, i n ft

ElWl

= HB + ~ ~ 1 1 2
= HKl + ~ ~ 1 1 2
= X + ~ ~ 1 +1 FTG
2

Then, i n psf

PFTG
= GMOIST x HDIFF + GSAT x HWl
PALLOW = 2000 + GMOIST x HDIFF + GBUOY x HW
PUP
=62.4xIN

The sum of t h e v e r t i c a l f o r c e s i n l b s p e r ft, i s

VNFT = N

PFTG x FTG

(12.5 x TS

PUP) x W

The overturning moment, i n f t l b s p e r f t , a b o u t 0 a t t h e bottom of t h e t o e

is

Mo = 1 0 . 4 ( 1 1 ~ )+~0.5 x KO1 x GMOIST x ( H D I F F ) ~x (HDII?F/~ + 8 M )

0.5 x KO1 x GMOIST x HDIFF x ( H W ) ~

+ 0.5

x KO1 x GBUOY x

(HW)3/3.

The r e s i s t i n g moment about t h e same moment c e n t e r i s

Thus t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e end of t h e t o e t o VNET, i n f t , i s

z=
If Z
If Z

(M,

< ~ / 2 ,t h e
> ~ 1 2 ,t h e

- &)/m

bearing pressure, P1 i s maximum.

bearing pressure, P2 i s maximum

*except t h a t X may not exceed 40 f t

Revised 7/77

Now, i n f t , the e c c e n t r i c i t y of VNET, i s

E = w / ~- Z

If I EJ > ~ / 6 , t h e shape of t h e pressure diagram i s unacceptable.

m(1
+ 6 x IE~/W)
W

> PAL~W

t h e maximum bearing pressure i s too high.

ttftt ttttttt

PUP

VNE T

where Z

Figure

7.

>~

/ 2

Bearing pressures, L C # ~ when HB

> HWl.

If

When bearing and pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n requirements a r e s a t i s f i e d , base

thicknesses required f o r shear a r e determined. For ~ # 1shear
,
i s investigated i n t h e t o e at distance D from t h e face of t h e support and
i n t h e heel a t t h e face of the support. Several s i t u a t i o n s a r e possib l e i n determining sheax i n t h e t o e a t D from t h e wall. Figure 8 i U u s t r a t e s one p o s s i b i l i t y i n which X > D and Z < ~ / 2 .

Figure 8.

Now

Investigation of footing shears.

D = TS 3.5
XD = X - ~ / 1 2
YD=w/2 - X D
Then, in psf
~1 = E
w (1
+ 6 x E/W)

So t h e shear, i n l b s per ft, a t D from t h e face is

To get t h e shear i n the heel a t t h e face of t h e support, l e t

XF=X+TB/12
then
YF=w/2

then

-n

-6x

vl!nI'
~2 =-(I

and
So

VF

E/W)

(PFTG + 12.5 x TS

PUP

0 . 5 ( ~ 2+ PI?)) x FI'G

The required thicknesses f o r these shears a r e

TS = w 8 4 0

+ 3.5

and

TS = w 8 4 0 + 2.5
I f e i t h e r of these values exceeds t h e current TS, it i s increased
accordingly.

Computations are similar f o r LC#~. The water i n t h e channel must be

included i n obtaining VNE2 and t h e resultant moments. Shears a r e investigated i n t h e t o e a t t h e face of t h e support and i n the heel a t D
from t h e face of t h e support.
Bvement slab thickness. In type T3F channels, the pavement slab is
independent of t h e retaining w a l l portions of t h e channel. The pavement slab must therefore s a t i s f y f l o t a t i o n requirements independently.
The u p l i f t head on t h e pavement slab i s HWP. The u p l i f t head could
have been made a functi61.l of EIW1, t h e same a s f o r the retaining w d 1
portions. However, it was f e l t t h a t it should be possible t o take
account of drainage systems, etc. t h a t might be b u i l t i n t o t h e pavement.
Mote t h a t HWP is measured from t h e bottom of t h e pavement slab, not
from t h e top of t h e slab as i s t h e case with HWl and HW2. Thus the required thickness of t h e pavement slab t o satTsfy f l o t a t i o n requirements
is, in inches,
TP = 62.4 x HWP x I!'LO.ATR/~~.~

,,

s',l
;;( / I 'A-

Figure 9.

Pavement slab f l o t a t i o n , type T3F.

Ty-pe T3FV

The preliminary design of each type T3FV channel f o r a p a r t i c u l a r t o e

length, X, i s similar t o t h a t f o r type T3F channels with one important
exception. The joint between t h e pavement slab and the retaining w a U
base is designed t o transmit shear from one s t r u c t u r a l component t o
t h e other. Thus t h e pavement slab and t h e r e t a i n i n g wall base a r e
forced t o d e f l e c t equaJly at t h e joint. Note that the joint is s t r u c t u r a l l y a hinge, t h a t is, it will transmit shears and d i r e c t forces, but
not moments.
Determination of j o i n t shear. An expression giving t h e shear t r a n s mitted through the joint may be obtained by equating expressions f o r
t h e v e r t i c a l displacement of t h e pavement slab, 6
a t the joint and
f o r the v e r t i c d displacement of the retaining w& base, %, a t the
joint. It is assumed t h a t such v e r t i c a l displacements a r e equal t o t h e
intergranular bearing pressure (contact pressure) divided by the modulus
of t h e foundation, t h a t is
where
6

P
MF'OUND

z v e r t i c a l displacement, i n ft
= i n t e r g r a n d a x bearing pressure, i n psf
= modulus of foundation, i n pcf

E q u t i n g 6 and $,
cancels out, and

P"

note t h a t t h e term f o r t h e modulus of t h e foundation

= pp

Figure 10. J o i n t shears i n Type T3FV channels.

The pressure Pp, i n psf, may be considered as t h a t due t o Q plus t h a t due
t o any other loads on the pavement slab. If the pavement slab i s treated
as a "rigid body," the pressure due t o Q i s ~ Q / X P . This leads t o computed values of Q t h a t a r e l a r g e r than a c t u a l values. I f the pavement s l a b
i s t r e a t e d as an " e l a s t i c body," the pressure due t o Q i s Qh, where A, i s
given below. See "Floor Slab Analysis, " pages 33 - 38 f o r development of
similar theory and definition of' terms
cosh @ I + cos 1 ,
per f t
"
."(siin
~ B I+ s i n 81

(-intergranular

bearing pressures

I Figure 11. Base p r e s s u r e s concerned w i t h j o i n t s h e a r s .

Thus
P
P

where WP

Qh

+ WP

= pavement

s l a b b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e a t shear j o i n t , i n p s f .

S i m i l a r l y , t h e p r e s s u r e Pb may be thought of i n two p a r t s , t h a t due t o

Q and t h a t due t o o t h e r l o a d s . From Figure 11, n o t i n g t h a t P1 may be
obtained from r e l a t i o n s described w i t h t y p e T3F
Thus equating b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s a t t h e shear j o i n t

Qh + WP = P1
or, i n l b s per f t

= (P1

~Q/W

- WP)(~

T h i s expression f o r Q may be thought of i n two r a t h e r d i f f e r e n t ways.

F i r s t , as presented, i n which P1 and WP a r e independent of Q, so t h a t

t h e value of Q obtained from t h e expression i s t h e t r u e , t o t a l v a l u e of
Q t r a n s m i t t e d a c r o s s t h e j o i n t . A l t e r n a t e l y , i f PI and WP a r e computed
f o r l o a d s which include an assumed v a l u e of Q, t h e value of Q obtained
from t h e expression i s t h e a d d i t i o n a l , o r LQ r e q u i r e d t o produce equal
v e r t i c a l displacements. Both concepts a r e used i n t h e design of t y p e
T3FV channels.
Revised 7/77

Design approach. Determination of TT and TB is t h e same as type T1F.

For each value of X, t h e design cycles, s t a r t i n g with initial values
of gl and Q2 ( f o r LC#1 and LC#2) s e t equal t o zero and continuing until
t h e design s t a b i l i z e s a t constant v d u e s of JTG, TS, TP, Ql, and Q2.
That is, f o r Q
= Q2
, =
l0, t h e design obtains t h e required FTG, TS, and
TP. Then new QL and Q2 are computed using t h e just determined dimensions, next new values of FIG, TS, and TP a r e obtained. Then new QJ
and
W u e s are computed, e t c . The design usually quickly converges
t o correct values.
e

C,

The w a l l base f l o t a t i o n i s t r e a t e d sepaxately

l.
from pavement s l a b f l o t a t i o n , but each must account f o r Q
Refering
t o Figure 6 and t h e f l o t a t i o n expressions under type T1F and l e t t i n g
B be taken temporarily a s B = 2X, i f QJ a c t s upward on t h e wall base
then

Wall base f l o t a t i o n .

i f Q l i s negative, t h a t is, a c t s downwasd on t h e w a l l base then

R can not be l e s s than FLX)ATR. Thus a minimum value of FIG corresponding t o t h e current value of Ql may be obtained.
Base design. Base design of type T3FV i s t h e same as type T3F except
t h a t t h e appropriate shear, Ql o r 62, must be included a t t h e end of
t h e toe. Thus f o r IC#l, t h e expression f o r t h e sum of t h e v e r t i c a l
loads i s
Similarly, t h e expression f o r sheas i n t h e t o e s l a b at D from t h e face
of t h e support i s

VD

(O.5(m + PD) + PUP

- 12.5

x TS) x XD

QJ

Pavement s l a b thickness. In type T3FV channels, t h e thickness may be

governed by f l o t a t i o n o r by shear due t o t h e joint shear.

Figure 12.

Pavement s l a b f l o t a t i o n , type VFV.

If QJ a c t s downward on t h e pavement slab, then required thickness f o r

flotation is

I f , however, Ql i s negative, t h a t is, a c t s upward on t h e pavement slab,

then

Shear within t h e pavement slab is only caused by t h e transmitted joint

shear, e i t h e r ~ #
or l
L C # ~ may control. LC#l is used f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n .
Let

IQJ-l

then, assuming a uniform loading due t o Q

of ~ V,
/ Xl
P , t h e e f f e c t i v e depth
required i s

If QJ > 0, then
If Ql < 0, then
The l a r g e s t of t h e computed required thicknesses governs.
Delta Q. The computations indicated above, r e s u l t i n a new s e t of values
f o r IiTG, TS, and TP corresponding t o a p a r t i c u l a r s e t of vaJ-ues of Ql
and Q2. The d e l t a Q values a r e obtained as previously exp. .- r,.?d. For
~ # l
where
WP1 = 12.5 x TP

F U i s Pl f o r

- 62.4

x HWP

LC#1 including

+ QloldX
e f f e c t of Uold

S0

Similarly

Qnew = Wold
A

@a
1

( ~ 1 2- WE')
x

where

W E = 12.5 X TP

+ 62.4

P12 is Pl f o r LC@
then i f ( W P +~ 2 x A Q ~ / x P )

+2

x KC

- 62.4

(HW2

+ ~ ~ 1 1 2+) &201dh

including e f f e c t of

>0

x AQ~/xP)< 0, then Q2 i s limited t o

Q2 = -(l2,5 x TP + 62.4 x KC 62.4 x (HW2 + ~ ~ / 1 2 x) )XP/~

however, i f (WE

These new Q3 and Q2 values a r e used i n t h e next design cycle.

Ty-pe T1S
The design of type T1S channels i s considerably more complex than any
of t h e previous channel types presented. One of t h e problems involves
t h e determination of t h e magnitude and d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e support provided the walls by t h e edge beams. S t r u t locations were selected a t

t
Figure 13.

Definition sketch, type T1S channel.

t h e indicated quarter points of t h e longitudinal span between t r a n s verse channel j o i n t s f o r two reasons. The spacing is a r c h i t e c t u r a l l y
pleasing since t h e r e s u l t is equally spaced s t r u t s i n a long channel.
Such spacing causes a considerable reduction i n t h e maximum moments
and shears t h a t e x i s t i n t h e edge beams as cornpazed t o those t h a t would
e x i s t if t h e s t r u t s were placed a t t h e ends of t h e longitudinal s p m s .
The s t r u t s require p o s i t i v e connections t o t h e w a l l s t o prevent accidental dislodgement from t h e supporting'wall brackets and because often
t h e s t r u t force w i l l be d i r e c t tension r a t h e r than d i r e c t compression.

Figure 14.

Ibssible strut-to-wall cbnnect ions.

The w a l l bracket i t s e l f may be designed t o prevent l a t e r a l movement of

the struts.
Edge beam analyses. Before proceeding with the preliminary design, t h e
edge beam theory i s established. Load i s brought t o the edge beam by
t h e v e r t i c a l w a l l . The magnitude of t h i s load, RX, varies from section
t o section along t h e wall. The s t r u t s provide t h e necessary edge beam
reactions. The immediate problem is t o describe and evaluate the loading on t h e edge beam. This may be accomplished by considering t h e frame

l b s per ft
of edge beam

Figure 15.

Edge beam loading and displacement.

displacements occuring a t a t y p i c a l v e r t i c a l section i n t h e channel.

Figure 16.

Type T1S frame displacements, t y p i c a l loading.

The displacement at t h e top of t h e frame is Y = T - U x RX

where
Y = displacement a t top of frame, a l s o displacement of
t h e edge beam, i n f t
T

= displacement

at t o p of frame with s t r u t s removed,

i n ft
U

displacement a t top of frame due t o unit horizontal

loads at top of frame, in f t per l b per f t

RX f r a m e reaction provided by edge beam, a l s o load on

edge beam due t o frame loading, i n l b s per ft.
Thus

RX = T/U
or

- Y/U

RX=m-nY
where

m = T/U and n = 1 / ~
The frame constants, T, U, m, and n depend on t h e s t r u c t u r a l channel
dimensions and loading. They a r e r e a d i l y determined when needed.'
The e l a s t i c curve equation f o r t h e edge beam i s
EI- d 4~ =

or l e t t i n g

ax4

4p4

rn

- nY

~/EI

then

The general solution could be w r i t t e n and t h e constants of integrat i o n evaluated by applying various boundary conditions. This becomes
r a t h e r involved and prone t o e r r o r because of t h e i n t e r i o r l o c a t i o n of
the s t ru t s .
The above procedure can be avoided by u t i l i z i n g a method of solution
indicated on pages 15 - 17 of Timoshenkofs "Strength of Materials,
Psrt 11," f o r t h e somewhat similar problem shown i n Figure 17.

Figure 17.

Alternate method of solution f o r edge beam analyses.

Let
PZ

s i n BZ)

S(BZ) = e-Bz(cos BZ

s i n BZ)

@(Bz)= e-"(cos

@(Bz)

e-BZ cos

gz

~ ( B z=
) eWBZs i n PZ
Then s o l v e f o r $ and M, from t h e simultaneous equations

This expression f i n d s t h e d e f l e c t i o n s due t o symmetrical loads, RS, a c t i n g on a f i n i t e l e n g t h beam. To convert t o t h e edge beam problem n o t e
t h a t Y X ) ~ == O
~ , / o~r l e t
YX=YZ - Y o
where

The s i g n of t h e d e f l e c t i o n s must a l s o be changed t o a g r e e w i t h t h e coordina t e o r i e n t a t i o n shown i n Figure 15.

Thus
YX = (YZ - yo) = Y o - YZ

E and of
The process of o b t a i n i n g t h e magnitude and d i s t r i b u t i o n of F
o b t a i n i n g t h e magnitude of RS proceeds by t r i a l as follows:
Let RXaver = m, t h a t is, assume YX,,,,
= 0
Then RS = EXaver x ~ / 2
Evaluate YX, due t o RS, a t a l a r g e number of p o i n t s
Compute new YXaver,
maver = m - nYXaver, and RS
Repeat t h i s process u n t i l RS i s e s s e n t i a l l y c o n s t a n t from one c y c l e
t o t h e next.
When c o n s t a n t RS i s obtained, compute FX corresponding t o each YX,
t h a t is,
FX = m nYX

Design approach. As w i t h most s t a t i c a l l y indeterminate systems, s i z e s

and dimensions must be known o r assumed b e f o r e t h e system can be analyzed. Thus an i n i t i d s e t o f trial dimensions i s needed. Values f o r
t h i s i n i t i a l s e t could simply b e guessed, o r some approximate methods
could be used t o o b t a i n them. The l a t t e r i s used h e r e i n . However, the
approximations a r e not discussed s e p a r a t e l y h e r e s i n c e what i s more
important i s an understanding of a t y p i c a l design c y c l e o r i t e r a t i o n .
Design c y c l e s a r e repeated a s o f t e n a s necessary t o o b t a i n a s t a b l e
s e t o f dimensions. Each c y c l e uses c u r r e n t f o r c e s t o o b t a i n new dimens i o n s from which new f o r c e s a r e computed, e t c
repeatedly. One
design cycle is described below, assuming a s e t of trial dimensions i s
already available.

.,

RX and RS values i s t o
Edge beam loading. The f i r s t s t e p i n
f t p e r ft r e s p e c t i v e l y .
e v a l u a t e U and n = 1 / ~ ,i n ft p e r
These values depend s o i e l y on t h e dimensions of t h e frame. U i s computed a s
1
FRAME
5FRClME
t3

Figure 18.

Evaluation of frame U and n.

where

z modulus of e l a s t i c i t y of concrete, i n psf

= d i s t a n c e from mid-support of frame, i n f't
t
t h i c k n e s s at y, i n f t
As
incremental l e n g t h along a x i s of frame, i n ft
E
y

Next, T and m
P

T/U i n ft and l b s p e r f t a r e computed.

1
FRAME
=

T i s computed a s

F~

where t h e Terms a r e as previously defined and

M = average moment over t h e l e n g t h As, i n ft l b s p e r f t

LC#= i s used f o r i l l u s t r a t i o n .

LC#1 i s s i m i l a r , but without t h e e f f e c t s

o f water i n t h e channel. Figure 19 i n d i c a t e s t h e v e r t i c a l f o r c e s i n volved. The s t r u t s have been removed, but t h e i r e f f e c t i v e weight i s
included i n t h e f o r c e WALL.

Figure 19.

V e r t i c a l f o r c e s involved w i t h frame T and m, IC#2 when HB

> I-IW2.

This force, i n l b s p e r f t , i s

WALL = 150 x B x ST x S ~ / ( 1 4 4x C )
and here

PFTG

= GMOIST

x HDIFF

+ 150 x

(ET - TT) x ~ ~ / 1 4 4
+ 6.25 x HT x (TT + TB)

GSAT x m2

so t h a t FGR, which includes u p l i f t , i n p s f , i s

FGR = ( 2 x (NWALL + PFTG x FTG)

+ 12,5

x TS x W
62.4 x HT x B)/W

12.5 x TS

The summation f o r T over t h e w a l l p o r t i o n of t h e frame i s r e a d i l y made.

W a l l moments due t o e x t e r n a l l a t e r a l l o a d s produce a p o s i t i v e d i s p l a c e ment, T, while w a l l moments due t o i n t e r n a l water produce a negative
displacement. The components of l o a d s and moments involved i n t h e
summation f o r T over t h e f l o o r p o r t i o n of t h e frame a r e i n d i c a t e d i n
Figure 20. The summation may be s a i d t o include only t h e c l e a r d i s t a n c e
~ / 2s i n c e I is assumed t o approach i n f i n i t y a t t h e j o i n t s .

A concentrated moment i s brought t o t h e f l o o r s l a b a t t h e junction of

w a l l stem and f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n . This moment, MC, i s t h e sum of two
moments WAIL and MFTG. PIWALL i s t h e moment due t o t h e l o a d s a c t i n g
on t h e w a l l stem. MFTG i s due t o t h e l o a d s on t h e f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n

and i s

MFTG

= 0.5

x FGR x (FIE + TB/24)2

- EFTG x FTG x 0.5 x (FTG

+ TB/12)

With reference t o Figure 20, t h e summation f o r one half of t h e f l o o r

where moments a r e i n f t l b s per ft and other terms a r e as previously

constants, m l f o r ~ # 1m2
, for
defined. Thus t h e frame displacement
~ # 2 , and n a r e determined.
~ 1 2
*
@
62.4 x HT

MBP

Figure 20.

Floor s l a b loads and moments f o r frame T and m.

With t h e frame constants known, t h e edge beam loadings, RX, and t h e

s t r u t forces, RS, can be computed f o r LC#1 and LC#2 a s outlined a t
t h e end of t h e section, "Edge beam analysis. l1 In these computations
t h e s t i f f n e s s of t h e edge beam is r e f l e c t e d by t h e term f3 which i s ,

RX values a r e found f o r a l a r g e but f i n i t e number of points along t h e

edge beam span. The signs of E U and RX2 a r e adjusted so t h a t a posit i v e RX has t h e meaning shown in Figure 21. It i s possible t o have
values of EU, RS1, RX2, and RS2 of e i t h e r sense, t h a t i s , p o s i t i v e or
negative

Figure 21.

Sense of p o s i t i v e edge beam loading.

S t r u t design. With t h e edge beam loading known, t h e preliminary design

can proceed with t h e determination of a new s e t of dimensions. The '
s t r u t i s t h e f i r s t u n i t re-evaluated.
The s t r u t must be designed t o c a r r y d i r e c t tension i f e i t h e r s t r u t r e a c t i o n RS1 o r RS2 i s t e n s i l e . Let RT, i n l b s , be t h e l a r g e r of any
such t e n s i l e reaction. Then t h e required tension s t e e l area, i n s q
inches, i s

Minimum values f o r t h e s t r u t dimensions, i n inches, a r e

ST = B/20 f o r d e f l e c t i o n s c o n t r o l i n accordance with A C I 909(b)
SB = B/50 f o r l a t e r a l support i n accordance with A C I 908
Also, n e i t h e r ST nor SB w i l l be taken l e s s than 1 2 inches, which more
than s a t i s f i e s A C I 912.
The s t r u t must be capable of carrying t h e maximum compressive s t r u t
reaction, l e t t h i s be RC, i n l b s . In a d d i t i o n t o RC, t h e s t r u t c a r r i e s
i t s own dead weight i n bending about t h e horizontal c r o s s s e c t i o n a l
a x i s of t h e s t r u t . The process of compressive design i s thus a s follows.
Set SB & ST a t minimum values.
Get dead load moment, i n f t l b s :
Get e c c e n t r i c i t y of RC due t o MD, i n inches
Get correction f o r long column by A C I Eq. (9-3)

Get d i r e c t compression f o r short column

NX = RC/W
Take NX, see page 32 of TR-42, as l a r g e r of

NX o r NX x 0.64 x (1..+ 4 x E/ST)

Take compressive s t e e l area, ACOMP, i n s q inches, as l a r g e r of
ATENS o r 0.01 x ST x SB, i n accordance w i t h A C I 913(a)

Find required gross a r e a of column, AGX i n s q inches, from

ACT Eq. (14-1) and ACI 1403

AGX = (NX

- 13600 x A C O M P ) / ~ ~ O

Get c o r r e c t i o n f o r long columns

RY

= 1.07

- 0.32

x B/SB 5 1 . 0

Get d i r e c t compression f o r s h o r t columns

Find required gross a r e a of column

AGY = (NY

- 13600 x ACOMP)/~~O

Let AG = ST x SB i n sq inches
I f AGX, o r AGY, o r both, a r e g r e a t e r than AG, t h e n ST, o r SB,
o r both a r e incremented accordingly and t h e cycle i s r e peated u n t i l both AGX and AGY a r e S AG.
Wge beam design. The thickness of t h e edge beam i s e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e
Pequirements f o r bending moment. This i s done on t h e assumption t h a t
web s t e e l f o r diagonal t e n s i o n w i l l be provided when necessary. It
should be noted t h a t t h e edge beam i s subjected t o unknown amounts of
t o r s i o n . Hence nominal closed s t i r r u p s (say #3 @ 1 2 ) should be provided
even when diagonal t e n s i o n web s t e e l is not required. Thicknesses r e quired f o r bending moment a r e determined a t t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e supp o r t s i n c e moments a t midspan are small by constructLon. A summation

Figure 22.

Edge beam s e c t i o n .

process i s used t o o b t a i n t h e various shears and moments of i n t e r e s t

because t h e loading curves assume various shapes.

I n i t i a l l y EB i s s e t equal t o ST. The maximum t h i c k n e s s r e q u i r e d f o r

bending i s determined. If ET, so obtained, i s more t h a n t w i c e EB, EB
i s incremented and another s o l u t i o n i s made f o r ET. Next t h e maximum
t h i c k n e s s which would be r e q u i r e d f o r shear, assuming no web s t e e l , i s
computed. If t h i s t h i c k n e s s i s more t h a n t h a t r e q u i r e d f o r bending,
web s t e e l i s r e q u i r e d . Required web s t e e l i s c a l c u l a t e d during d e t a i l
design. Shears a r e i n v e s t i g a t e d both l e f t and r i g h t of t h e c e n t e r l i n e
of t h e support. When t h e s t r u t r e a c t i o n i s compressive, s h e a r s a r e
assumed c r i t i c a l a t D from t h e f a c e s of t h e support. When t h e s t r u t
r e a c t i o n i s t e n s i l e , s h e a r s immediately a d j a c e n t t o t h e c e n t e r l i n e a r e
assumed c r i t i c a l .

Wall design. The wall must be designed f o r t h e most c r i t i c a l c o n d i t i o n s

t h a t e x i s t at any s e c t i o n along t h e w a l l between t r a n s v e r s e channel
j o i n t s . As noted, t h e edge beam provides a v a r i a b l e support t o t h e w a l l .
I n o r d e r t o c o n t r o l t h e most c r i t i c a l l o a d i n g s on t h e w a l l during design,
t h e maximwn and minimum RX v d u e s a r e found f o r each l o a d c o n d i t i o n .
r e s p e c t i v e l y . Required
These a r e RXLMAX, RXLMIN, FX2MAX, and -IN
w a l l t h i c k n e s s e s a r e found f o r s h e a r at t h e - t o p of t h e w a l l j u s t below
t h e edge beam, s h e a r at t h e bottom o f t h e w a l l , and moment a t t h e bottom
of t h e w a l l . Moment n e a r midheight o f t h e w a l l , of o p p o s i t e s i g n t o t h e
moment a t t h e bottom of t h e w a l l , o f t e n e x i s t s but i s usually o f s m a l l e r
magnitude t h a n t h e moment at t h e bottom.

--

Shear a t t o p of w a l l , below edge beam.

The maximum r e q u i r e d t h i c k n e s s
must b e found f o r both l o a d conditions. Shear is assumed c r i t i c a l at
t h e f a c e o f t h e support, although an argument could b e made f o r D from
t h e support f o r ~ # i f1RS1 > 0 . L C # ~ i s used t o i l l u s t r a t e one p o s s i b l e

Figure 23.

Shear a t t o p of w a l l ; LC#1 when HB

and HW1

<

HT

> HWl,

Kl?B

< EB/12,

-~~/12.

s i t u a t i o n . For t h e s i t u a t i o n shown, VF is t h e s h e a r a t t h e f a c e , i n l b
l b s per f t
VF = WRT - 0.5 x KO1 x GMOIST x ( ~ ~ / 1- 2HTB)2
so, i n inches
TT = ( IVF1 )/840 + 2.5
This i s t h e t h i c k n e s s r e q u i r e d at t h e f a c e o f t h e edge beam. Thus TT,
p r o j e c t e d t o t h e t o p of t h e edge beam, could be taken somewhat s m a l l e r
when TB > TT. This refinement i s considered unwarrented s i n c e at t h i s
time t h e r e q u i r e d TB i s unknown.

Shear a t bottom of w a l l . -- Shear i s c r i t i c a l a t D from t h e face of

Since t h e shear a t
t h e support f o r L#1 and a t t h e f a c e f o r LC*.
bottom of t h e w a l l i s t o be maximized, t h e w a l l r e a c t i o n a t t h e top,
WRT, i s s e t equal. t o t h e minimum edge beam loading. L C # ~ i s used
for illustration.
WRT

RXlMm

Figure 24.

Shear and moment a t bottom of w a l l , LC#1 when HB

>

HWl.

Computations and i t e r a t i v e process a r e s i m i l a r t o those explained f o r

thickness TI3 f o r type T1F channels with t h e a d d i t i o n of WRT. The
shear a t D from t h e f a c e i s

+ 0.5

x K O ~x GBUOY x

(mI2- WRT

then

v/840

and, when computed and assumed D values agree

so

TB = TT

(T

TT) x HT/(HT

~112)

Moment a t bottom of w a 3 1 . -- Moment a t t h e bottom of t h e w a l l i s maximized by using t h e smallest w a l l r e a c t i o n a t t h e top, hence Figure 24
applies.
The moment expression f o r LC#1 f o r t h e s i t u a t i o n shown is t h e same as
f o r type T1F with t h e a d d i t i o n of t h e WRT term, t h u s
M = 10.4 x (HW1)3 4 . 5 x K O 1 x GMOIST x (KDIFF)~x (HDIFF/~ + HW1)
4 . 5 x K O 1 x GMOIST x HDIFF x ( H W L ) ~
4 . 5 x K O 1 x GBUOY x ( 1 1 ~ 1 ) ~ 1 3
- WRT x (ET ~ ~ / 2 4 )

-~

The d i r e c t compressive f o r c e i s WALL a s given under "Edge beam loading. " The equivalent moment, %, thus i s

The i t e r a t i v e process f o r TB t h e n proceeds a s explained f o r type T1F

channels.
F l o t a t i o n requirements and f l o o r s l a b s h e a r . Required f o o t i n g p r o j e c t i o n s , FTG, and r e q u i r e d f l o o r s l a b t h i c k n e s s , TS, a r e obtained a s explained f o r t y p e T1F channels w i t h t h e s u b s t i t u t i o n of NWALI; f o r N t o
account f o r t h e weights of t h e s t r u t s and edge beams.
Floor s l a b bearing. It is sometimes necessary t o i n c r e a s e t h e f l o o r s l a b
t h i c k n e s s t o e l i m i n a t e negative displacements under t h e c e n t e r of t h e
f l o o r s l a b . The t h e o r y i s presented i n t h e following s e c t i o n , " D e t a i l Des igns, Floor Slab Analysis "

Revised 7/77

D e t a i l Designs
With t h e exception of t h e s t e e l i n t h e edge beams of type T1S channels,
d e t a i l design i s concerned with t h e determination of requirements f o r
transverse s t e e l , not longitudinal s t e e l .
Each d e t a i l design begins with t h e s e t of trial dimensions obtained i n
t h e preliminary design. Thicknesses a r e incremented, and t h e design
recycled when necessary, whenever it i s determined compression s t e e l
would otherwise be required t o hold bending s t r e s s e s t o allowable working values. Required s t e e l azea and maximum allowable s t e e l spacing
a r e computed a t a l a r g e number of points in t h e channel cross section.
The points a r e s i m i l w l y located and numbered i n each s t r u c t u r a l channel
type so t h a t t h e r e is l i t t l e d i f f i c u l t y i n changing thought from one
type t o another. Schematic s t e e l layouts a r e shown f o r each type. The
a c t u a l s t e e l layout is selected by t h e designer once he knows t h e s t e e l
requirements a t t h e various points. The f l o o r s l a b s t e e l requirements
f o r type T1F and T1S channels are based on analysis of t h e f l o o r s l a b
a s a symmetrically loaded, f i n i t e l e n g t h beam on an e l a s t i c foundation.
This theory i s presented before discussing t h e d e t a i l design of t h e
four channel types.
Floor Slab Analysis
A means of determining t h e deflection, shear, and moment at any point,
A, i n t h e s l a b i s required. This may be done by s t a r t i n g with t h e
,
e l a s t i c curve equation

un

or letting
then

K
E
P

TS

MFOUND = modulus of foundation, in pcf

modulus of e l a s t i c i t y of concrete, i n psf

foundation pressure, in psf
moment of i n e r t i a , in ft4 p e r f t
f l o o r s l a b thickness, i n inches

The modulus of t h e foundation, MF'OUND, i s a l s o known by such names as:

c o e f f i c i e n t of subgrade reaction, subgrade modulus, c o e f f i c i e n t of
settlement, and modulus of subgrade r e a c t i o n . Rather than work through
t h e s o l u t i o n of t h e d i f f e r e n t i a l equation, it i s e a s i e r t o u t i l i z e
various known solutions f o r i n f i n i t e beams and t o obtain t h e desired
r e s u l t s by superposition. I n Figure 25, solutions f o r ( a ) and (b) may
be obtained by t h e procedure previously presented f o r the edge beam
analysis. Loadings ( c ) and ( d ) require f u r t h e r developnent

Figure 25.

F i n i t e length beam and loadings.

Deflection, shear, and moment due t o NW. Expressions f o r deflection,

shear, and moment are needed when t h e point A assumes various l o c a t i o n s . Let YA, VA, and MA be t h e s e q u a n t i t i e s i n f't, lbs p e r fi, and
f t l b s per f't respectively.

When A i s at t h e l e f t end of t h e beam, i . e .

Z =0

When A i s between t h e l e f t end of t h e beam and t h e load, i . e . ,

O S Z S J

When A i s between t h e two l o a d s , i.e.,

MA

= $~ ( B ( -z z ) )

+ Q ( B ( L- J

J 5 Z 5 (L

- J)

Deflection, shear, and moment due t o MW. Ekpress ions f o r d e f l e c t ion,

shear, and moment due t o t h e moment, MW, brought t o t h e f l o o r s l a b by
t h e wall follow.

When Z

When

J S Z S

(L-J)

Before terms
s h e a r , and moment due t o uniform l o a d i n g , q
f o r t h e uniform l o a d i n g s PB and PI? can be o b t a i n e d , s o l u t i o n s f o r u n i form l o a d s must b e e s t a b l i s h e d . These a r e o b t a i n e d by i n t e g r a t i n g t h e
corresponding e x p r e s s i o n s f o r a c o n c e n t r a t e d l o a d . Refer t o Timoshenko,
pages 6 and 7 f o r similar m a t e r i a l .

Deflection,
-

Without p r o o f :

F i g u r e 26.

Uniform l o a d i n g c a s e s , i n f i n i t e beams.

When A is t o l e f t of l o a d i n g , n o t i n g t h a t dN

qdX

similarly

When

A is within the loading

c

YA
and

J
0

m(gx)ax

i.

Jg m
0

~ d =x

&

- @(PC) - ~(PJJ

When A i s t o be t h e r i g h t of l o a d i n g

Ekpressions f o r d e f l e c t i o n , shear, and moment due t o PI3 and PF can be

found from t h e above terms upon c o r r e c t s u b s t i t u t i o n of F'B, PF, L, J,
and Z f o r q, a, b, c, and e.
Deflection,
moments, %
convert t h e
shears, and

shear, and moment due t o $ and %. The end shears and

and &, must be applied t o t h e i n f i n i t e beam i n order t o
problem t o a f i n i t e l e n g t h beam, t h e s e cause d e f l e c t i o n s ,
moments w i t h i n t h e beam.

Figure

When Z

YA

27.

Qo and Pb loadings,

i n f i n i t e beam.

2K

S o l u t i o n f o r $ and %. The r e q u i r e d values f o r B,

from t h e simultaneous equations obtained by s e t t i n g
and t h e sum of t h e moments a t t h e end of t h e f i n i t e
all loads, equal t o zero. The necessary terms, f o r
and moments, a r e given above.

and M, a r e computed
t h e sum of t h e shears
l e n g t h beam, due t o
t h e various shears

S o l u t i o n f o r f i n i t e beam. With Qo and Mo known, expressions

f l e c t i o n , shear, and moment may be w r i t t e n f o r any poifit, A,
D i f f e r e n t expressions w i l l r e s u l t depending on whether 0 5 Z
J 5 Z 5 (L - J).
As one example, t h e expression f o r moment,
per f t , a t A when Z > J i s

~ ( B Z+
) +(B(L

MA=@

+ @(B{L -

+ '[O(BZ)
2

zljl

[$(B(z - J ) ) + @ ( B ( L -

-Z

E(p( Z

+ PB[~(~{z
4p2

J))

J)) +

y - m- J I )

+ 4p2

+~[-I(B{L

-J-~

- z)]

~ ( B ( L- J

S(B{L

f o r t h e dei n t h e beam.
5 J or
in f t lbs

z)g

- Z)

C=(BZ~
1 +) ( ( B { L

Mote t h a t a h o s t of problems, i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e immediate one of channel

f l o o r s l a b , can be solved by t h i s procedure, e.g., combined f o o t i n g s .

Figure 28.

Corrections f o r i n d i c a t e d t e n s i l e r e a c t i o n s .

Sometimes negative d e f l e c t i o n s , i n d i c a t i n g t e n s i l e r e a c t i v e p r e s s u r e s ,
a r e encountered. If t h i s occurs, t h e s o l u t i o n i s considered i n c o r r e c t
s i n c e t h i s t e c h n i c a l r e l e a s e i s meant f o r s t r u c t u r a l channels on y i e l d i n g foundations and t e n s i l e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s can not e x i s t with e a r t h
foundations. Negative d e f l e c t i o n s may occur a t e i t h e r t h e ends of t h e
beam o r a t and near t h e c e n t e r of t h e channel.
If negative d e f l e c t i o n s a r e encountered a t t h e ends of t h e beam, a
c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n i s obtained by m o d i o i n g t h e e f f e c t i v e l o a d i n g and
dimensions of t h e f i n i t e l e n g t h beam as i n d i c a t e d i n Figure 28. Assume
a s o l u t i o n i s attempted, t h e n l e t t h e d i s t a n c e from t h e end of t h e beam
t o t h e p o i n t of zero r e a c t i v e p r e s s u r e be ZPOS. I f ZPOS = 0, t h e s o l u t i o n i s c o r r e c t . I f 0 < ZPOS S J, add t h e c a n t i l e v e r s h e a r and moment,
QSUP and MSUP, t o t h e system. Change J t o J f , and L t o L f . Solve t h i s
W t o NWf , MW t o MYf, J t o
beam f o r a new ZPOS. If ZPOS > J, change I
0.0 and L t o L f . PJWf and MWf a r e t h e s t a t i c a l c a n t i l e v e r equivalents
of t h e f o r c e s and moments w i t h i n t h e d i s t a n c e ZPOS. Solve t h i s beam f o r
a new ZPOS. The next s o l u t i o n w i l l y i e l d another ZPOS, e t c . ZPOS values
so found, w i l l approach zero, t h a t is, t h e s e r i e s i s convergent and may
be stopped when d e s i r e d .
If negative d e f l e c t i o n s a r e encountered at and near t h e c e n t e r o f t h e
channel, a c o r r e c t s o l u t i o n can be obtained by i n c r e a s i n g t h e weight
and s t i f f n e s s of t h e f l o o r s l a b so t h a t negative displacements a r e
eliminated.* Therefore, when t h e a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e s t e n s i l e bearing p r e s s u r e s under t h e c e n t e r of t h e channel, t h e s l a b t h i c k n e s s i s incremented
and a new, smaller r e q u i r e d f o o t i n g width i s determined corresponding t o
t h e incremented s l a b thickness. The design i s t h e n recycled using t h e
new TS and FTG. This check and subsequent recycling, when necessary,
occur during preltminary design of type T1F and T1S channels. The 2roblem i s u s u a l l y only encountered w i t h r e l a t i v e l y wide channels.

a--

*An

---

a l t e r n a t e approach t o obtaining
s o l u t i o n f o r T1F and T1S f l o o r
s l a b s , when negative c e n t e r displacements a r e encountered, i s t o
r e v e r t t o " r i g i d body mechanics." That is, assume t h e f l o o r s l a b i s
a r i g i d beam subjected t o uniform d i s t r i b u t i o n of bearing pressure,
r a t h e r t h a n an e l a s t i c beam. This can be done by using a very low
value of MFOUND a s MFO'KND = 1. S t r u c t u r a l l y , t h e assumption of uniform b e a r i n g r e s u l t s i n l a r g e r c e n t e r moments t h a n any o t h e r adm i s s i b l e d i s t r i b u t i o n of bearing f o r t h e s e s l a b s . Some reasons why
" r i g i d body mechanics" i s o f t e n n o t t h e b e s t approach a r e :
a.

It may r e s u l t i n a g r e a t e r s l a b t h i c k n e s s than i s r e quired by e l a s t i c theory.

b.

It w i l l r e s u l t i n a g r e a t e r s t e e l requirement t h a n i s
r e q u i r e d by e l a s t i c theory.

c.

It may cause moment of opposite s i g n t o t h e maximum

moment t o be missed. E l a s t i c theory o f t e n shows t h e
e x i s t a n c e of such moments near t h e ends of t h e span.

d.

It does not produce p o s i t i v e c o n t a c t between f l o o r

s l a b and foundation a t dl p o i n t s .

If " r i g i d body mechanics" i s used, d e t a i l designs r a t h e r than preliminary

designs should be run. This i s t r u e because t h e s l a b thickness must o f t e n
be increased during d e t a i l design t o hold bending s t r e s s e s t o allowable
limits
Revised 7/77

then

vz

vl

v2

v3

+ v4

and, i n f t l b s p e r f t
MZ = vl x (HDIFF/~
+ Z HTW)
+ V2 x (z - m)/2
+(v3 + v4) x ( z - ~ ) / 3

a l s o , i n l b s per ft
NZ = 6.25 x Z x (TT

+ T)

7
\

Figur e 30.

HTB

HDIFF

Wall s t e e l design f o r LC#~,-B

> HW1, and Z

> HTW.

The required s t e e l a r e a f o r t h i s MZ and NZ may be obtained a s explained

i n TR-42. If t h e current e f f e c t i v e depth i s inadequate without using compression s t e e l , .the bottom thickness, TB, i s incremented and t h e w a l l s t e e l
TB
design i s begun again. This process i s repeated, a s necessary, Lmtil
exceeds i t s o r i g i n a l value by 1 0 inches. When t h e e f f e c t i v e depth i s adequate, t h e required maximum allowable spacing, i n inches, i s given by
a s explained i n TR-42.
Floor s l a b s t e e l .
The f l o o r s l a b a n a l y s i s developed e a r l i e r is used t o
obtain shear and moment values from which s t e e l requirements a r e d e t e r mined a t t h e various p o i n t s i n t h e s l a b . E i t h e r LC#1 o r LC#2 may govern
~ used t o i l l u s t r a t e
t h e s t e e l a t a p a r t i c u l a r p o i n t . One case of L C #is
t h e computation of t h e load components on t h e f l o o r s l a b .
The v e r t i c a l w a l l loading, i n l b s per f t , i s

The various h o r i z o n t a l components of loading on t h e w a l l , i n l b s per f t ,

are

0.5 x GMOIST x ~ 0 x1 ( H D I F F ) ~

IR

H2

= GMOIST

Ii3
~4

x KO1 x HDD?F x HWl

0.5 x GBUOY x KO1 x (RWl)"

= 0.5 x 62.4 x (HWl)2

t h e t o t & horizontal loading on t h e w a l l is

H
W
m = H l + H2 + H3 -I-~ 4 .
The moment brought t o t h e f l o o r s l a b by t h e w a l l , i n f t l b s p e r f t , i s

The d i r e c t compressive force i n t h e footing projection, i n l b s per fi;,

is
CF = ( ~ 0 x1 GMOIST x HDIFF
+ K01 x GBUOY x ( HWl + ~ ~ / 2 4 )
+ 62.4 x ( HWl + ~ S / 2 4 ))x ~ ~ / 1 2
The d i r e c t compressive f o r c e i n t h e f l o o r s l a b between walls, i n l b s
per ft, i s

CB

Figure 31.

CF

+ WAIL

Floor s l a b analyses and Loading f o r L C # ~ when IIB

> m1.

The uniform loadings-on t h e f l o o r slab, i n psf, a r e

PB = 12.5 x TS - 62.4 x (HWl + ~ ~ / 1 2 )
PF = PB + GMOIST x HDIF'F + GSAT x HILL
The f l o o r f l a b d e f l e c t i o n s a r e analyzed and t h e e f f e c t i v e loading and
dimensions are modified, i n accordance with previous discussion, i f
negative deflections a r e discovered a t t h e bnds of t h e s l a b .

The form of t h e computations f o r shear and moment at a p a r t i c u l a r section

i n the floor slab depends on whether, o r not, t h e e f f e c t i v e span has been
modified and i f so, on t h e location of t h e p a r t i c u l a r section r e l a t i v e t o
t h e point of zero reactive pressure. I f the section is outside t h e region of compressive reactive pressures, shear and moment a r e computed by
s t a t i c s . If t h e section is within t h e region of compressive reactive
pressures, shear and moment a r e computed by t h e f i n i t e length, e l a s t i c
beam relations previously developed. For example, i n Figure32 s t a t i c a l
r e l a t i o n s would be used a t section 1, and e l a s t i c beam r e l a t i o n s would

Figure 32.

Determination of form of shear and moment computations.

be used a t section 2. The d i r e c t compressive force i s e i t h e r CF o r CB

depending on the location of t h e section under consideration. The effect i v e depth of the section i s (TS - 3.5) f o r positive moment, t h a t is,
moment producing tension on t h e bottom of t h e slab, and (TS - 2.5) f o r
negative moment. If t h e need of compression s t e e l is indicated, t h e slab
thickness, TS, i s incrernented and t h e slab s t e e l design I s begun again.
When TS i s satisfactory, t h e required s t e e l area and spacing a r e computed f o r t h e section. For negative moment, a check i s mde t o determine
if t h e top s t e e l q u a l i f i e s a s "top bars" with regard t o spacing of s t e e l
f o r bond.

rype T3F
S t e e l a r e a s and spacings a r e determined f o r t h e t h i r t y p o i n t s defined
i n Figure33. A cut-off o r key w a l l is designed a t t h e end of t h e t o e
when necessary t o ensure adequate s t a b i l i t y a g a i n s t s l i d i n g of t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n of t h e channel. The design of stem w d l s t e e l i s
t h e same as type T1F channels.

Figure 33.

Type T3F s t e e l layout and point l o c a t i o n s .

S l i d i n g s t a b i l i t y of base.
LC#2 produces c r i t i c a l conditions f o r s l i d ing of t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l p o r t i o n s of t h e channel. Often t h e base develops adequate s l i d i n g r e s i s t a n c e without using a key wall. This check
i s made f i r s t . A f a c t o r of s a f e t y a g a i n s t s l i d i n g of 1.5 i s required.
The b a c k f i l l i s assumed capa,ble of developing passive l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e s ,
The l a t e r a l p r e s s u r e r a t i o i s KPASS. The c o e f f i c i e n t of f r i c t i o n between
concrete and s o i l i s CFSC. A waterstop between t h e pavement s l a b and t h e
base is assumed e f f e c t i v e a t t h e e l e v a t i o n of t h e bottom of t h e base s l a b ,
t h u s t h e horizontal. f o r c e due t o t h e water i n t h e channel, i n l b s p e r ft,
is
HIN = 0.5 x 62.4 x (HI? + ~ ~ 1 1 2 ) '
For t h e case shown by Figure 34, t h e maximum e x t e r n a l l a t e r a l forces,
i n l b s p e r ft, a r e

H1

= 0.5

x GMOIST x KPASS x (HDIFF)~

E = GMOIST x KPASS x HDIFF x (HW2 +

~ ~ 1 1 2 )

H3
~4

+~

0.5 x GBUOY x KPASS x (HW2

0.5 x 62.4 x (HW2 + ~ $ 1 1 2 ) ~

~ 1 1 2 ) ~

VNET x CFSC

Figure 34. Sliding of type T3F r e t a i n i n g w a l l portion.

The algebraic sum of t h e v e r t i c d forces a c t i n g on t h e base portion, i n
l b s per f t , i s

m x x + 6.25 x m x (TT
PFTG x FTG + 12.5 x TS x W
62.4 x (IN2 + ~ ~ 1 1 x2 W)

VNET = 62.4 x

+ TB)

The sum of t h e r e s i s t i n g horizontal forces, i n l b s per f't, i s

HR = H1

+ H2 + H3 + ~4+ VNEI' x

CFSC

If
H R / 2~ 1.5
the base does not require a key w a l l .
If
a key w a l l i s required. The depth of t h e key w a l l i s s e t i n i t i a l l y at
1.0 ft; it w i l l be incremented as necessary t o obtain an adequate
s l i d i n g safety f a c t o r . The key w a l l causes an a d d i t i o n a l l a t e r a l force,
i n l b s per f t , of

HKEY

= (KPASS

x GMOIST x HDIl?l?
GBUOY x (HW2 + ~ ~ 1 +1 0.5
2 x ZKEY)) x ZKEY

+ PASS x

and an additional v e r t i c a l force, i n l b s per ft, taken as

VE = GBUOY x !XEY x W
Now
HR

H1

+ H2 + H3 + H4 + HKEY +

(VNET

+ VE) x

CFSS

where CFSS i s t h e coefficient of f r i c t i o n of s o i l t o s o i l (equals tangent

of angle of i n t e r n a l f r i c t i o n ) .
If
HR/HIN 2 1.5
If

t h e current ZIGX i s adequate.

Z E T must be incremented and another check made. Note t h a t v e r t i c a l and

l a t e r a l water forces a r e not included i n t h e depth ZKEY. Although present,
they cancel and hence do not e f f e c t t h e r a t i o of r e s i s t i n g t o s l i d i n g
forces.

With ZKEX known, t h e thickness, TICEX, of the key w d l is determined as

follows. The force acting on t h e key w a l l over t h e depth, ZKEY, is very
uncertain. It is taken, i n l b s per ft, as
FKEY = ((VNET

+ VE) x

CFSS

+ HKEY)/~.~

Thus, on taking shear c r i t i c a l a t the face of t h e support, t h e required

thickness, i n inches, i s
TKEY = F~tE/840 + 3.5

The moment a t the face of t h e support of t h e key w a l l i s taken, i n ft l b s

per f t , as
hence the required s t e e l a r e a a t point 30 may be determined.
quired spacing a t point 30, i n inches, i s
~(30=
) 10,015 x (TKEY

The r e -

- 3.5)/FKEX

Base slab s t e e l .
Bearing pressures at t h e t o e and heel of the base
and P2, a r e computed as described under t h e preliminary design
slab,
of type T 3 F channels. A possible resultant pressure diagram f o r LC#2

for

Figure

33.

Contact pressure d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r LC&'.

i s shown i n Figure 35. Shear, moment, and d i r e c t force a r e computed a t

t h e various selected sections. For example at ~ / 2i n t h e t o e for LC#2

P = ( V N E T / W+) (1~2 x E x Y/(Wx w ) )

then t h e components of shear, i n l b s per f t , a r e

VI = 0.5 x

x (~12)

so the t o t a l shear on t h e section i s

VS = v l +V2 +v3.
The moment on t h e section, i n ft l b s per f t , i s

Components of t h e d i r e c t force, i n l b s per f t , a r e

Hl = 0.5 x GMOIST x KO2 x (HDIFF)~

H2 = GMOIST x KO2 x HDIFJ? x (H!d2 + ~ ~ / 1 2 )

H5 = 0.5 x 62.4 x (HT)"

If a key w a l l i s used, t h e d i r e c t force on t h e section f o r

LC#2 i s

taken as
N S = H L + H ~ + H ~ + H ~ - H ~
When t h e load condition is IC#l o r i f t h e r e i s no key w a l l , t h e f r i c t i o n a l
force i s assumed uniformly distributed along t h e base. Hence t h e d i r e c t
force, with no key w a l l , i s

If t h e moment, MS, is positive t h e s t e e l area and spacing pertain t o t h e

s t e e l at t h e bottom of t h e slab a t t h i s section. If MS is negative, t h e
s t e e l area and spacing pertain t o t h e s t e e l a t t h e top. The base thickness, TS, i s incremented if necessary and the d e t a i l design of t h e r e t a i n ing w a l l portion of t h e channel i s begun again.
Pavement s l a b s t e e l .
'Pavement slab s t e e l is governed by requirements
f o r temperature and shrinkage o r by d i r e c t compressive force. For lX#l
t h e d i r e c t compressive force i n t h e pavement s l a b i s taken a s t h e maximum
d i r e c t compressive force i n t h e t o e of the retaining w a l l base. It i s
assumed transferred t o t h e pavement slab by bearing. For LC#2, t h e
d i r e c t compressive force has two components. One i s due t o t h e water i n
t h e channel which causes pressure on t h e ends of t h e pavement slab. This
force, i n l b s per f t , is taken conservatively as
NSHT = 62.4 x (KC

+ ~~/24)(~~/12)

The other component i s zero i f t h e d i r e c t force i n t h e r e t a i n i n g wall

base t o e i s tension, otherwise t h e component is taken as t h e maximum
d i r e c t compression force i n t h e t o e of the base.

Type T3FV
S t e e l areas and spacings a r e determined f o r t h e twenty eight points defined i n Figure 36. The design of t h e stem w a l l i s t h e same a s type
T1F channels. The remaining d e t a i l design must take account of t h e
shear transmitted between t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l bases and t h e pavement
slab. If any thickness TB, TS, o r TP, is incremented during d e t a i l

w 4

Figure 36.

Type T3FV s t e e l layout and point locations.

design, new j o i n t shear values, Q,l and Q2 a r e computed a d t h e d e t a i l

design of t h e r e t a i n i n g wall base and pavement s l a b i s performed again.
This i s necessary since any dimension change invalidates current Q
vaJxes. The new Q values a r e determined by t h e r e l a t i o n s given under
preliminary design of type T3FV channels.
Shear j o i n t requirements.
Instead of using a key w a l l , type T3FV
channels depend on tension s t e e l passing through t h e mid-depth of t h e
j o i n t t o provide t h e necessary r e s i s t a n c e t o sliding.. As with type T3F
channels

HIN = 0.5 x 62.4 x (KC

+~

~ / 1 2 ) ~

t h e other l a t e r a l forces, f o r t h e case shown by Figure 37, a r e

HI

H2
H3

= GMOIST x KO2 x HDDF x (HW2

=

0.5 x GMOIST x KO2 x ( H D I F F ) ~

0.5 x GBUOY x KO2 x (HW2

H4 = 0.5 x 62.4 x (HW2

Figure 37.

+~

+~

~ 1 1 2 )

~ 1 1 2 ) ~

~ ~ 1 1 2 ) ~

Direct tension through shear j o i n t f o r LC&?.

Hence t h e required t e n s i l e s t e e l through t h e joint, i n s q in per f t , i s

The j o i n t must be capable of r e s i s t i n g t h e l a r g e r absolute value of $I
and ($2.
This may be provided by a concrete shear key o r a combination
of shear key plus s t e e l shear area.
Base s l a b s t e e l .
The d e t a i l design of t h e s t e e l i n t h e base of t h e r e t a i n i n g wall portion i s very similar t o type T3F except t h a t j o i n t shear,
Q
o r Q2,li s present a t t h e end of t h e toe. Upward j o i n t shear on t h e
t o e i s p o s i t i v e . The expressions f o r various q u a n t i t i e s must properly
include t h e e f f e c t of j o i n t shear f o r t h e load condition under investigat i o n . For instance, p a r a l l e l i n g t h e discussion f o r type T3F, t h e shear
and moment at ~ / 2i n t h e t o e f o r L C # ~ become
and

MS
. = (213 x Vl + 113 x V2 + V3 + & 2 ) ( ~ / 2 ) The expression f o r d i r e c t f o r c e on t h e s e c t i o n depends on whether t h e
j o i n t between t h e base s l a b and pavement s l a b requires t e n s i l e s t e e l
through it o r not. If tension s t e e l i s not required, a f r i c t i o n a l f o r c e
i s assumed uniformly d i s t r i b u t e d along t h e base. If tension s t e e l is
required, no f r i c t i o n a l force along t h e base i s assumed. Hence NS i s
either
+ ~4 - H ~ ) / w
NS = ( ~ / 2 ) ( ~+ 1H2 +
or
NS = HI. + H2 + H3 + ~4 - H5

I f t h e shear j o i n t r e q u i r e s tension s t e e l , then t h e required s t e e l a r e a

f o r points (21) and (22), i n s q i n per f t , i s taken a s
The s t e e l spacing at points (21) and (22), i s governed by t h e signs and
absolute magnitudes of Q and Q2. P o s i t i v e Q determines spacing at
point (22) whereas negative Q determines spacing a t point (21).

Pavement s l a b s t e e l .
The pavement s l a b of t y p e T3FV channels i s subj e c t t o bending moment and t o s h e a r due t o t h e t r a n s f e r of j o i n t shears.
The pavement s l a b i s assumed t o a c t a s a uniformly loaded, simple span
between j o i n t s . The uniform loading i s 2 x
Thus a t X P / ~f o r
LC#~, t h e shear i s

IQ~/(XP).

vs

lwl -

(2

x IwI/(xp))(xp/4)

t h e moment i s
MS =

x (xP/~>
- 2x

IQJ /(xP)(xP/~)~/~

and t h e d i r e c t f o r c e i s taken as t h e maximum d i r e c t compressive f o r c e

i n t h e t o e of t h e r e t a i n i n g w a l l base.
F o s i t i v e Q c o n t r o l s s t e e l on t h e t o p of t h e s l a b while n e g a t i v e Q cont r o l s bottom s t e e l .
For L C # ~ t h e d i r e c t f o r c e i n t h e pavement s l a b has two components as
described f o r t y p e T3F channels. The second component i s e i t h e r
- ATENS x 20,000 i f ATENS > 0 , o r t h e maximum d i r e c t compressive f o r c e
i n t h e t o e of t h e base i f ATENS = 0.

Figure 38.

Pavement design f o r ~($1, Q1 > 0.

Type TlS
S t e e l areas and spacings a r e determined f o r t h e twenty two points, on
t h e w a l l and f l o o r slab, defined i n Figure 39. S t e e l areas and r e quired perimeters a r e d s o determined f o r t h e eight points, on t h e edge
beam, defined i n Figure 40. Tension and/or compression s t e e l required

Figure 39.

Ty-pe 91s s t e e l layout and point locations.

i n t h e s t r u t s is determined during preliminary design.

Wall and f l o o r s l a b s t e e l requirements a r e determined a t f i v e cross
sections along t h e longitudinal span between transverse channel joints.
These f i v e sections a r e ( 1 ) t h e sections immediately adjacent t o t h e
transverse channel joints, ( 2 ) t h e sections a t t h e s t r u t s , and (3) t h e
s e c t i o n mid way between t h e s t r u t s . Rather than l i s t a l l f i v e ( t h r e e
because of symmetry) s e t s of s t e e l requirements, one composite s e t i s
reported. This s e t c o n s i s t s of t h e maximum required a r e a and minimum
allowable spacing corresponding t o each of t h e twenty two points i n t h e
composite section.
Whenever, i n t h e process of d e t a i l design, it is necessary t o increment
e i t h e r TB, TS, o r EX', new edge beam loads a r e computed, new s t r u t s a r e
designed, and t h e d e t a i l design is begun again. This i s necessary since
any dimension change a l t e r s e x i s t i n g spans, loads, and r e l a t i v e s t i f f nesses, a l l of which a f f e c t edge beam loading.

Figure 40.

Plan of edge beam, s t e e l layout and point location.

Wall s t e e l .
Design of w a l l s t e e l a t any one of t h e cross sections
l i s t e d above i s e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as t h e design of type T1F walls
except t h a t t h e support provided t h e wall by the edge beam, a t t h e
p a r t i c u l a r cross section being investigated, i s included i n t h e comput a t i o n s f o r shear and moment. The d i r e c t compression force includes
t h e weights of t h e s t r u t s and edge beam as well a s t h e w a l l .
As previously noted, t h e sense of t h e edge beam loading may be e i t h e r
positive o r negative f o r e i t h e r LC#1 o r LC#2. Thus the sense of t h e
moment a t any distance, Z, below t h e top of t h e w a l l i s unpredictable.
Moment expressions a r e therefore written such t h a t positive moment indicates s t e e l required a t an even numbered point i n t h e w a l l while
negative moment indicates s t e e l at an odd numbered point. Thus i f
both LC#1 and LC# produced negative moments a t a p a r t i c u l a r Z value,
t h e l a r g e s t area and smallest spacing would be tabulated f o r t h e
corresponding odd numbered point.

Floor slab s t e e l .
The design of f l o o r slab s t e e l a t any cross-section
is e s s e n t i a l l y t h e same as t h e design of type T1F f l o o r slabs. It i s
only necessary t o modify t h e expressions f o r MM, NW, and HWAIL, see
page 42, t o include the e f f e c t s of edge beam loadings and weights.
Assume a positive edge beam loading, RXl, i n l b s per ft, i s added t o
+ 4~ ~ 1 2 i4s )added t o t h e
Figure 31. Then t h e term -RXl x (HT - ~ ~ 1 . 2
expression f o r MW and t h e term -RXl is added t o t h e expression f o r
HWALL. The value of RX1 i s t h a t a t t h e p a r t i c u l a r cross section under
4 4 a term accounting
investigation. The term 150(E!T - TT) x ~ ~ 1 1 plus
f o r s t r u t weight i s added t o t h e expression f o r NW. With these changes,
t h e analysis proceeds as described f o r type T1F channel f l o o r slabs.

A summation process i s used t o obtain the shears and

Edge beam s t e e l .
moments a t t h e one-eighth points of the edge beam span, Either load
condition can produce moments of e i t h e r sense at a.ny section of t h e span.
Hence an approach similar t o t h a t indicated f o r t h e w a l l s t e e l i s used
here t o determine c r i t i c a l s t e e l requirements a t t h e odd and even numbered points shown i n Figure 40.
-

Figure 41.

Edge beam loading f o r ~($1 when RX1 > 0.

The procedure used t o obtain required s t e e l area is based on a moment

per foot of width. Hence, i f t h e moment a t a section of t h e edge beam
i s M ft lbs, t h e equivalent moment per foot of width i s
ME = M/(EB/12)

from which t h e required area per foot of width i s obtained, i f t h i s is

AE, t h e t o t a l required area a t t h e section, i n sq. inches, is
A = AE x (El3/12).

Flexural bond requirements a r e s a t i s f i e d by determining t h e s t e e l perimeter required a t t h e eight edge beam points. For any shear, V, i n l b s ,
t h e required perimeter, Co, i n inches, is taken as

The allowable bond s t r e s s f o r #7 bars i s used. Thus t h e computed p e r t meter i s conservative f o r all bars of equal o r smaller diameter than

#7
Edge beam s t i r r u p s .
When edge beam web s t e e l i s required f o r diagonal
tension, the maximum shear s t r e s s i s not allowed t o exceed 3 4 2 = 190 p s i .
EB may need t o be incremented, and ET recomputed, t o hold t h e shear s t r e s s
t o t h i s l i m i t . Maximum allowable spacing of t h e web s t e e l i s then the
smallest of:
S

= D/2

ACI

~206(a)

= A V / ( O . O Ox~ EB)
~

ACI

1206(b)

= 20000 x AV x D/VRP

ACI

1203

i n which
VRP =

v -

70 x EB x D

where
V

= s h e a r a t s e c t i o n under i n v e s t i g a t i o n , i n l b s p e r f t

VPR

s h e a r c a r r i e d by web s t e e l , i n l b s p e r f t

e f f e c t i v e depth, i n inches

AV

a r e a of web s t e e l , twice t h e b a r area, i n sq inches

maximum allowable web s t e e l spacing, i n inches

AV i s i n i t i a l l y s e t a t 0.22 sq i n f o r #3 s t i r r u p s . If S, f o r t h i s a r e a ,
i s l e s s t h a n 4 inches, t h e s t i r r u p s i z e i s increased t o #4, t h e spacing
i s recomputed, e t c . Although t h e maximum allowable spacing may be computed a t e i t h e r s e c t i o n s D d i s t a n c e from t h e f a c e s of t h e supports o r
t h e s e c t i o n a t t h e c e n t e r l i n e of t h e support, t h e spacing i s conservat i v e l y r e p o r t e d a s t h a t a t D from t h e faces.
The web s t e e l l a y o u t may be s e l e c t e d by c o n s i d e r a t i o n of a diagram
s i m i l a r t o t h a t of Figure 42. The o r d i n a t e s of t h e diagram a r e r e They may be assumed t o vary l i n e a r l y from zero
quired v a l u e s of AV/S.
t o a maximum over t h e supports. The o r d i n a t e a t D from t h e f a c e s of
t h e s t r u t i s obtained from t h e r e q u i r e d s t i r r u p s i z e and spacing computed above.

Nominal
#3@12

vary s i z e and
spacing as
desired

computed
size
vary s i z e and
spacing as
and
s ~ a c i n g desired

AV/S f o r computed

c/4
6

~ f o r~nominal
/ ~#W2
= 2(.0.11)/12

s i z e and spacing

-.

Nominal

= 0.0183

c/4

Figure 42. Layout of edge beam s t i r r u p s .

Computer Designs
Input
From one t o f o u r l i n e s of input d a t a a r e required f o r each design run.
A given computer job may include many design runs. A design run i s
made f o r a p a r t i c u l a r s e t of design c o n d i t i o n s and t a k e s one of two
he- f i r s t form c o n s i s t s of f o u r preliminary designs, one f o r
forms.
each channel type, p l u s an i n d i c a t i o n of t h e channel t y p e t h a t might
be s e l e c t e d f o r d e t a i l design on t h e b a s i s of l e a s t concrete volume.
The second form c o n s i s t s of t h e d e t a i l design of one of t h e f o u r chann e l types.
The
for
ary
run

input d a t a provided p e r design run c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y of v a l u e s

t h e primary design parameters and, i f d e s i r e d , v a l u e s f o r t h e seconddesign parameters. Table 2 shows t h e l i n e s t h a t may be provided p e r
t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e s p e c i f i c parameters contained on t h e f o u r l i n e s .
Table 2.

B
Hw1

MAXFTG
CFSC

El?

HB

W2
JOINTS
CFSS

HWP

mom

Input v a l u e s p e r design run

DESIGN DEFAULT 1 DEFAULT 2

GMOIST GSAT
KO1

DEFAULT 3
KO2

FLOATR

KPASS

The f i r s t l i n e c o n t a i n s t h e primary parameters B, HT, and HB and i s

always r e q u i r e d . If DESIGN = 0, t h e f o u r preliminary designs a r e p e r formed. I f DESIGN = 1, 2, 3, o r 4, t h e n t h e d e t a i l design of t y p e TlF,
(1f d e s i r e d , t h e Design Unit can run
T3F, T3FV, o r T1S i s performed.
t h e d e t a i l design of t h e s t r u c t u r a l channel t y p e i n d i c a t e d from t h e p r e l i m i n a r y designs. However, it w i l l o f i e n be a b e t t e r procedure i f t h e
concerned d e s i g n e r w i l l t a k e a c r i t i c a l look a t t h e preliminary design
r e s u l t s b e f o r e a d e t a i l design i s r u n . )
If DEFAULT 1 > 0, t h e next l i n e of input d a t a must be provided, it cont a i n s v a l u e s f o r Hw1 through FLOATR as i n d i c a t e d . If DEFAULT 1 = 0,
t h i s l i n e of input d a t a must not be included, d e f a u l t v a l u e s f o r t h e
e i g h t parameters w i l l be provided by t h e computer.

I f DEFAULT 2 > 0, t h e next l i n e c o n t a i n i n g v a l u e s f o r MAXFTG, JOINTS,

and MFOUND must be provided. I f DEFAULT 2 = 0, d e f a u l t values w i l l be
used and t h e l i n e must be omitted, s i m i l a r l y f o r DEFAULT 3 and t h e l i n e
containing CFSC, CFSS, and KPASS.
Thus t h e number of l i n e s of d a t a t h a t must b e provided p e r design run
w i l l vary depending on whether t h e d e f a u l t v a l u e s a r e s a t i s f a c t o r y o r
whether t h e u s e r wishes t o supply some o r a l l of t h e secondary parameter
values. Note t h a t although v a r i o u s l i n e s may be omitted, t h o s e supplied
must b e complete and i n t h e o r d e r i n d i c a t e d .
output
The output f o r each design run, whether preliminary designs o r a d e t a i l
design, gives t h e parameter v a l u e s assumed f o r t h a t run. These parameters a r e l i s t e d and i d e n t i f i e d a t t h e beginning of t h e design.

Revised 7/77

Preliminary designs.
Preliminary design r e s u l t s m e l i s t e d i n t h e
o r d e r TlF, T3F, T3FV, and TlS, s e e Figure 43. Output v a l u e s c o n s i s t
of d i s t a n c e s , t h i c k n e s s e s , and c o n c r e t e volumes i n cubic yards p e r
l o n g i t u d i n a l f o o t of channel. The t h i c k n e s s e s and d i s t a n c e s , i n inches
and f e e t , may be i d e n t i f i e d by r e f e r e n c e t o v a r i o u s f i g u r e s :
f o r t y p e T1F s e e Figures 5 and 6
f o r t y p e T3F s e e Figures 5 , 7, and 9
f o r ty-pe T3FV s e e Figures 5, 7, and 9
f o r t y p e T1S s e e Figure 13.
The output f o r t h e d e t a i l design of any channel t y p e
D e t a i l Designs.
includes t h r e e segments: a r e p e a t of t h e preliminary design r e s u l t s ,
a s i m i l a r output g i v i n g f i n a l dimensions ( t h i s w i l l o f t e n b e i d e n t i c a l
t o t h e preliminary design v a l u e s ) , and a l i s t i n g of s t e e l requirements
g i v i n g r e q u i r e d a r e a and maximum allowable spacing i n sq. i n . p e r f t and
inches.
Type T1F. - See Figures 44 and 45 f o r o u t p ~ z texamples, s e e Figure 29 f o r
the s t e e l locations listed.
Type T3F. - See Figures
f o r the s t e e l locations
Figure 47, t h e r e q u i r e d
quired t h i c k n e s s of t h e

46 and 47 f o r output examples, s e e Figure 33

l i s t e d . Note t h a t a key w a l l i s r e q u i r e d i n
depth of t h e w a l l i s given i n f t and t h e rew a l l i s given i n inches.

Type T3FV. - See Figures 48 and 49 f o r output examples, s e e F i g w e 36

f o r t h e s t e e l l o c a t i o n s l i s t e d . Note t h a t t h e s h e a r f o r c e s t r a n s m i t t e d
a c r o s s t h e shear j o i n t a r e given i n l b s p e r f t f o r L C # ~ and L C # ~ . The
t e n s i o n s t e e l a r e a , i n s q inches p e r f t , through t h e j o i n t is a l s o given.
Type TlS. - See Figures 50 and 51 f o r output examples, s e e Figures 39
and 40 f o r w a l l and edge beam s t e e l l o c a t i o n s . Required s t r u t s t e e l
a r e a s , i n sq inches, a r e given f o r t e n s i o n and compression. Required
edge beam web s t e e l i s given by b a r s i z e and spacing i n inches. Required
edge beam l o n g i t u d i n a l s t e e l a r e a s , i n s q inches, and perimeters, i n
inches, a r e given f o r e i g h t l o c a t i o n s .

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECTION DESIGN
E L A S T I C ANALYSIS AN0 WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE USED
SPECIAL DESIGN PREPARED BY THE DESIGN U N I T AT ~ ~ Y A T T S V I L L EMD.
*
FOR

----------

EXAMPLE SPECIPL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

7/77
JOAN FOR ESA
OESIGN PARAMETERS
H d l = 12.00
KOl=
HW2=
1.50
KO2=
HWP= 12.00
KPASS=
CFSC=

0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

FLOATR= 1.50
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTG= 12.00
CFSS= 0.55

PRELIMINANY DESIGNS FOLLOW

TYPE T1F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL
TR= 19.00
TS= 24.00
TYPE T3F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL
TP= 90.00
X P r 4.00
TB= 19.00
TS= 20.00

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 9.00

TYPE T3FV STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 32.00
XP= 18.00
TO= 19.00
TS= 20.00
TYPE T1S STRUCTURAL CHANNEL
ST= 15.00
ER= 15.00
T4= 21.00
TS= 22.00

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ=10.60

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ=11.60

T R I A L VALUES
E l = 26.00
FTG PROJ=10.40

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECTION DESIGN
E L A S T I C ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS OESIGN ARE USED
SPECIAL DESIGN PREPARED BY THE OESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVILLE,
FOR

MD.

----------

EXAMPLE SPECIAL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

JOAN FOR ESA
7/77
H r 24.00
HT= 16.00
HR= 15.00

DESIGN PARAMETERS
HWl:
0.0
KOl=
YWZ= 0.0
KOZr
HdP= 0.0
UPASS=
CFSC=

1.50
FLOATR=
JOINTS.
40.00
MAXFTGr 12.00
CFSS= 0.55

0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GMOIST=
120.
GSAT=
140.

PRELIMINARY DESIGNS FOLLOW

10.00

TYPE T1F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TR= 18.00
TS= 19.00

X = 12.00
TT= 10.00

TYPE r 3 F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 11.00
XP=
0.0
1131 18.00
TS= 19.00

XI
6.00
T l r 10.00

TYPE T3FV STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 11.00
XP= 12.00
TR= 18.00
TS= 19.00

12.00
TT= 10.00

TYPE T1S STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

ST= 15.00
ER= 15.00
TR= 12.00
TS= 13.00

TT:

SR=

TYPE

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 0.0

QUINT=

2.966

WANT=

3.294

FTG PROJ= 4.40

QUANT=

3.186

T R I A L VALUES
1. 23.00
FTG PROJ= 0.0

QUANT=

2.285

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 2.80

T R I A L VALUES

T1S STRUCTURAL CHANNEL MIGHT RE SELECTED FOR D E T A I L DESIGN* QUINT= 2.285

Figure 43.

Computer output, preliminary designs.

Revised 7/77

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECTION DESIGN
E L A S T I C ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE USED
S P E C I A L DES GN PREPARED BY THE DESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVILLE,
FOR

MD.

EXAMPLE SPEC AL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

JOAN FOR ESA - * - - - - - - - 2 / 2 9 / 7 2
GN PARAMETERS
1 = 0.0
KOl=
2 = 0.0
K02=
P= 0.0
KPASSo
CFSC=

0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

FLOATRE 1 . 5 0
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTGn 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55

DESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS

TT= 1 0 . 0 0

TYPE T1F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TB= 1 8 . 0 0
TS= 19.00

TT= 1 0 . 0 0

TYPE T1F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TB= 18.00
TS= 20.00

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 0.0

QUAFIT=

2.966

D E T A I L DESIGN
FTG PROJ- 0.0

QUANT-

3.049

STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A( 1 ) =
A( 2 ) =
A( 3 ) =
A( 4 ) =
A( 5 ) =
A( 6 ) =
A( 7 ) =
A( 8 ) s
A( 9 ) =
A(10)=
BASE
A(11)

0.24
0.24
0.29
0.14
0.34
0.27
0.55
0.99
1.17
2.31

- A(16)

DO NOT E X I S T SINCE FTG=O

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECTION DESIGN
E L A S T I C ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS OESIGN ARE USED
SPECIPL DESIGN PREPARED BY THE OESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVILLEI
FOR

MD.

EXAMPLE SPECIAL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

JOAN FOR ESA
7/77

----------

DESIGN PARAMETERS
KOl=
H d l = 12.00
1.50
K02=
HW?=
KPASS=
HWP= 12.00
CFSC=

R= 24.00
HT= 16.00
H 4 = 15.00

1.50
FLOATR'
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTG- 12.00
CFSS=
0.55

0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

MFOUNDz 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GMOIST=
120.
GSAT=
140.

OESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS

TT= 10.00

TYPE T1F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TB= 19.00
TS= 24.00

TT= 10.00

TYPE T1F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

T9= 19.00
TS= 24.00

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ=10.60

QUANT=

5.015

D E T A I L DESIGN
F T G PROJ=lO.60

QUINT=

5.015

STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A ( 1)=
4( 2)=
A( 3)=

A ( 4)=
A( 5 ) =
A( 6 ) =
A ( 71%
A( 8 ) =
A( 9 ) =
A(10)=

0.24
0.24
0.29
0.15
0.35
0.27
0.52
1.05
1.08
2.50

A(ll)=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=

0.29
0.29
0.29
0.29
0.84
0.40

BASE

F i g u r e 45.

Computer o u t p u t , t y p e TlF d e t a i l d e s i g n .

Revised 7 / 7 7

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECTION DESIGN
E L A S T I C ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE USED
S P E C I A L DESIGN PREPARED BY THE DESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVI LLE,
FOR

MD-

EXAMPLE S P E C I A L DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

2/29/72
JOAN FOR ESA

---------

DESIGN PARAMETERS
HW1= 0.0
KO13 0.80
HW2= 0.0
K 0 2 = 0.20
HWP= 0.0
KPASS= 1 . 2 5
CFSC= 0.35

B= 24.00
HT= 16.00
HB= 4.00

FLOATR= 1 . 5 0
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTG- 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55

MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
120.
GMOIST=
140.
GSAT=

DESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS

X= 10.00
TT= 10.00

TYPE T3F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 11.00
XP= 4.00
TB= 16.00
TS= 1 7 . 0 0

X u 10.00
TT= 10.00

TYPE T3F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 11.00
XP= 4 . 0 0
TB= 1 6 . 0 0
JS= 17.00

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 4.60

QUANT=

3.092

QUANT-

3.265

D E T A I L DESIGN
FTG PROJ= 4.60

STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A( I ) =
A( 2 ) s
A( 3 ) =
A( 4 1 5
A( 5 ) =
A( G I =
A( 7 ) =
A( 8 ) s
A( 9)=
A(10)=

0.24
0.24
0.28
0.28
0.31
0.31
0.94
0.35
2.08
0.19

A
=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=

0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
0.65

BASE

KEY lilALL
DEPTH= 2 .OO
THICK= 14.00
A(29)=
0.17
A(30)=
0.50
PAVEMENT SLAB
A(23)=
0.26
A(24)=
0.13
A(25)=
0.26
A(2G)=
0.13
A(27)=
0.26
A(28)=
0.13

Figure 46,

Cornp~t~er
output, t y p e lT3F d e t a i l design.

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECT ION DES l GN
E L A S T I C ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE USED
S P E C I A L DESIGN PREPARED BY THE DESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVILLE,
FOR

MD.

EXAMPLE S P E C I A L DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

JOAN FOR ESA
2/29/72

---------

24.00
16.00
15.00

DES 1 GN PARAMETERS
KOlm 0.80
HWl= 12.00
K O 2 1 0.20
HW2n 1. 5 0
KPASS- 1.25
HWPm 12.00
CFSC= 0.35

FLOATRE 1.50
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTGm 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55

MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GMOlST=
120.
GSATm
140.

DESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS

10.00
10.00

TYPE T3F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 90.00
XP= 4.00
TB= 1 9 . 0 0
TS= 20.00

10.00
10.00

TYPE T3F STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

XP4.00
TP= 9 0 . 0 0
TB= 1 9 . 0 0
TS= 20.00
STEEL REQUIREMENTS

NALL
A( 1 ) =
A( 2 ) s

0.24
0.24

KEY WALL NOT REQUIRED

PAVEMENT SLAB
A(23)=
A(24)=
A(25)=
A(26)=
A(27)=
A(28)=

0.77
0.38
0.77
0.38
0.77
0.38

T R I A L VALUES
FTG PROJ= 9.00

QUANTn

5.084

QUANTn

5.084

D E T A I L DESIGN
FTG PROJ= 9.00

RFCTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS S E C T I O N D E S I G N
E L A S T I C ANAL,YSIS AND WORKING STRESS D E S I G N ARE USED
' E C I A L D E S I G N PREPPRED RY THE D E S I G N U N I T AT H Y A T T S V I L L E v MD.
FOR

EXAMPLE S P E C I A L D E S I G N S FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL T E C H N I C A L RELEASE

JOAN FOQ ESA
7/77

----------

R = 24.00

HT= 16.00
HP= 15.00

O E S I G N PARAMETERS
H U J ~ = n.o
K O ~
HU?=
0.0
K02=
HWP= 0.0
KPASSZ
CFSC=

FLOATR=
1-50
JOINTS= 40.00
MAXFTGZ 12.00
CFSS=
0.55

=0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

MFOUND=
GMOIST=
GSAT=

1ooooo.

QUINT=

3.186

QUANT=

3.186

120.
140.

D E S I G N O F S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS
6.00
T T = 10.00

TYPE T 3 F V STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 11.00
XP= 12.00
TF(= 1 8 . 0 0
TS= 19.00

6.00
T T = 10.00

TYPE T 3 F V STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 1 1 . 0 0
XP= 12.00
TS= 1 9 - 0 0
T Q = 1n.00

X=

X=

T R I A L VALUES
F T G PROJ= 4.40

D E T A I L DESIGN
F T G PROJ=

4-40

SHEAR CONNECTION
REOD T E N S I O N S T E E L AREA=
SHEAR FORCE FOR L C NO.l=
SHEAR FORCE FOR L C N 0 . 2 ~
PAVEMENT S L A B
A(23)=
0.26
A ( P + ) = n.13
A(25)=
0.42
A(26)=
0.78
A(27)=
0.71
A(2H)=
0.99

Figure 48.

Revised 7/77

Computer o u t p u t , t y p e T3FV d e t a i l d e s i g n .

SPECIAL DESIGN PREPARED BY THE DESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVI

FOR

----------

EXAMPLE SPECIAL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECANICAL R t .

JOAN FOR ESA
7/77
DESIGN PARAYETERS
K01=
HWl= 12.00
K02=
HW2= 1.50
KPASSo
HWP= 12.00
CFSC=

R = 24.00
HT= 16.00
HR= 15.00

FLOATRr 1.50
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTG= 12.00
CFSS=
0.55

0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

.5E

MFOUND= 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
120.
GMOISTZ
140.
GSAT=

DESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS

3.00
TT= 10.00

TYPE T3FV STRUCTURAL C H A ~ N E L T R I A L VALUES

TP= 32.00
XP= 18.00
TR= 19.00
TS= 20.00
FTG P R O J = l l m 6 0

3.00
TT= 10.00

TYPE T3FV STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

TP= 32.00
XP= 18.00
TR= 19.00
1 s t 20.00

X=

X=

- DETAIL

WANT=

5.208

QUANT=

5.208

DESIGN

FTG P R O J = l l . 6 0

STEEL REQUIREMENTS
WALL
A( 1)=
A( 2 ) =
A( 3 ) =
A ( 4)4( 5)=
A( 6 ) =
A( 7 ) =
A( 8 ) s
A(lO)=

0.24
0.24
0.29
0.15
0.35
0.27
0.52
1.05
1-08
2.50

A(11)=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=

0.24
0.24
0.32
0.40
1.74
1.14

A(17)=
A(18)=
A(19)A(20)=
A(21)4(22)=

0.48
0.53
0.48
0.24
0.48
0.24

A(

Y)=

BASE

SHEAR- COYNECTION
REP0 TENSION STEEL AREA=
SHEAR FORCE FOR LC N0.11
SHEAR FORCE FOR LC NO.2=
PAVEMENT SLAB
A ( 2 3 ) = 0.77
P ( 2 4 ) = 0.38
A ( 2 5 ) ~ 0.77
A(26)=
0.38
A ( 2 7 ) = 0.77
A(28)=
0.38

F i g u r e 49.

Computer o u t p u t , t y p e T3FV d e t a i l d e s i g n .
Revised 7 / 7 7

RECTANGULAR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

CROSS SECTION DESIGN
ELASTIC ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE USED
SPECIAL DESIGN PREPARED BY THE DESIGti U N I T AT HYATTSVILLE,
FOR

MD.

EXAMPLE SPECIAL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTUKAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

2/29/72
JOAN FOR ESA

---------

DESIGN PARAMETERS
HW1= 0.0
KO10 0.80
HW2= 0.0
K02= 0.20
hWp= 0.0
KPASS= 1.25
CFSC- 0.35

B E 24.00
HT= 1 6 . 0 0
HB= 15.00

FLOATRE 1 . 5 0
J O I N T S = 40.00
MAXFTG- 1 2 . 0 0
CFSS= 0.55

MFOUNDm 1 0 0 0 0 0 .
GFlOISTn
120.
GSAT140.

DESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOWS

SB= 1 2 . 0 0
T T = 10.00

TYPE T1S STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

ST= 15.00
El30 1 5 . 0 0
TB= 12.00
TS= 1 3 . 0 0

SB= 1 2 . 0 0
TT= 10.00

TYPE T1S STRUCTUKAL CHANNEL

ST= 15.00
EB= 1 5 . 0 0
TB= 1 2 . 0 0
TS= 1 3 . 0 0

T R I A L VALUES
ET= 23.00
FTG PROJ= 0.0

QUANTn

2.285

D E T A I L DESIGN
ET= 23.00
FTG PROJ- 0.0

QUANT-

2.285

STEEL REQUIREMENTS
A( 2 ) =
A( 3 ) =
A( 4 ) s
A( 5 ) s
A( 6 ) =
A( 7 1 =
A( 8 ) =
A( 9 ) =
A(10)=
BASE
A(11)
A(17)=
A(18)A(19)=
A(20)=
A(21)=
A(22)=

0.12
0.86
0.67

1.11
0.95
0.56
0.84
0.29
1.04

- A(1G)
0.31
1.04
0.42
0.16
0.39
0.16

DO NOT E X I S T S I f i C E FTG=O
S(17)=
S(18)
S(19).
S(20)=
S(21)=
S(22)=

18.00
~ 18.00
18.00
18.00
18.OC
18.00

STRUT STEEL
REQD TENSION STEEL AREA = 2.15
REQD CDL1PRES STEEL AREA = 2.15
EDGE BEAM STEEL
STIRRUPS REQUIRED, USE AT LEAST
NO. 3 AT 9.7 IN. CC
AT D DISTANCES FROM FACES OF STRUTS
P ( 1 ) s 1.75
A( 1 ) = 0.85
P ( 2 ) = 2.10
A( 2 ) = 1.02
P ( 3 1 1 3.56
A( 3 1 1 3.64
P ( 4 ) = 4.28
A( 4 ) s 4 . 4 1
P( 5 ) =
1.86
A( 5 ) = 0.72
P( 61..
2.23
A( 6 ) 0.86
P( 7 ) =
0.0
A( 7 ) s 3.54
P ( 8 ) n 0.0
A( 8 ) = 2.77

Figure 50.

Computer output, type TlS detail design.

CROSS SECTION DESIGN

ELASTIC ANALYSIS AND WORKING STRESS DESIGN ARE USED
SPECIAL DESIGN PREPARED BY THE DESIGN U N I T AT HYATTSVILLE,
FOR

MD.

EXAMPLE SPECIAL DESIGNS FOR STRUCTURAL CHANNEL TECHNICAL RELEASE

JOAN FOR ESA
2/29/72

---------

DESIGN PARAMETERS
KOl=
H W l p 12.00
HI.12= 1 . 5 0
KO21
HUP= 12.00
KPASS=
CFSC=

B= 24.00
HT= 1 6 . 0 0
HB= 1 5 . 0 0

FLOATR= 1.50
JOINTS= 40.00
!iAXFTG= 12.00
CFSS= 0 . 5 5

0.80
0.20
1.25
0.35

DESIGN OF S P E C I F I E D TYPE FOLLOVS

SB= 1 2 . 0 0
TT= 10.00

TYPE T1S STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

ST= 15.00
EB= 1 5 . 0 0
TB= 21.00
TS= 22.00

SB= 12.00
T T = 10.00

TYPE T1S STRUCTURAL CHANNEL

EB= 15.00
ST* 15.00
TB= 2 1 . 0 0
TS= 22.00

T R I A L VALUES
ET= 26.00
FTG PROJ-10.40
D E T A I L DESIGN
ET= 26.00
FTG PROJ-10.40

QUANT-

1.990

STEEL REQUIREMENTS
IJALL
A ( 1 ) = 0.26
A( 2 ) = 0.17
A( 3 ) = 0.32
A ( 4).
0.93
A( 5 ) .
0.38
A( 6 ) = 1 . 2 5
A( 7 ) ~0.44
A( 8 ) s 1.55
A( 9 ) = 0.50
A(lO)=
2.83

BASE
A(11)=
A(12)=
A(13)=
A(14)=
A(15)=
A(16)=

0.26
0.26
0.26
0.26
1.05
0.26

STRUT STEEL
HEQD TENSION STEEL AREA = 3.70
HEQD COMPRES STEEL AREA = 0.0
EDGE BEAM STEEL
STIRRUPS REQUIRED, USE AT LEAST
NO. 3 AT 6.6 IN. CC
AT D DISTANCES FROM FACES OF STRUTS
A( 115 1.18
P( 1 ) = 2.46
A( 2 ) s 0 . 0
P( 2 ) = 0 . 0
A( 3).
5.24
P( 3 ) =
5.38
A( 4 ) s 0 . 0
P( 4 ) = 0.0
A( 5 ) s 0.72
P( 5 ) 2.83
A( 6 ) = 0.0
P( 6 ) =
0.0
A( 71.1 0.0
P ( 7 1 1 0.0
A( 8 ) s 4 . 7 1
P( 8 ) =
0.0

Figure 51.

Computer output, type T1S d e t a i l design.