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Abstract
Aripuan is a Paleoproterozoic (1.761.75 Ga), stratiform, volcanogenic Zn-Pb-Ag-(Au-Cu) massive sulfide
deposit, has an estimated resource of 11.6 million metric tons (Mt) of ore, and is located on the south-southwest border of the Amazon craton (Brazil). Aripuan resides in a caldera composed of strongly fractionated,
felsic metavolcanic rocks, transitional between calc-alkaline and tholeiitic compositions. The entire region was
metamorphosed into lower greenschist facies (1.681.63 Ga) and the deposit was subsequently thermally
metamorphosed and metasomatized (1.561.53 Ga).
The mineralized bodies are lenticular and elongated. They are located at the base of a sequence of turbidites,
which overlie dacitic and rhyolitic ignimbrites. The rocks of the footwall are silicified, sericitized, and chloritized, and the hanging-wall rocks are carbonate rhythmites and turbidites, hydrothermal marbles, carbonate
breccias, and breccia-like rocks, carbonate + talc + tremolite + chlorite rock, talc-, tremolite-, and biotite-rich
rocks, and carbonate- and fluorite-bearing cherts.
The deposit was formed during at least four submarine-exhalative hydrothermal cycles in which siliceous
marbles and marls represent the initial phase of each cycle, followed by the coprecipitation of pyrite +
pyrrhotite + sphalerite + argentiferous galenas chalcopyrite, which were disseminated in clay-carbonate breccias or formed massive lenses. This phase was followed by fluoritic cherts and argillites, which were followed
by carbonate and (fluorite?) rhythmites, and turbidites to close the cycle.
The variation in total rare earth element (REE) contents and in the Eu and Ce anomalies indicates that the
original sediments were mixtures of hydrothermal carbonate and smectitic clay and were deposited below a
redoxcline. Isotopic analysis identified 18OSMOW values between 8 and 13 and 13CPDB values between 7
and 1. Modeling isotopic data showed that mineralizing fluids were distinct based on the proportion of
magmatic fluid that mixed with the seawater. Carbonate rocks and sulfide minerals precipitated while hydrothermal activity and volcanism evolved from an exhalative to an exhalative-explosive character with temperatures increasing between 100 and 200C.
The regional metamorphism of the deposit formed carbonate + talc + tremolite + chlorite rocks, tremolite-,
biotite-, and talc-rich rocks; it recrystallized the minerals, foliated and folded all of the rocks, and caused
limited decarbonation at the sites where carbonate rocks contained silica and smectite. However, the original
isotopic signatures were maintained. The thermal metamorphism erased the metamorphic foliation, and the
metasomatism generated veinlets of chlorite with sulfides.
Introduction
ARIPUAN is a polymetallic Zn-Pb-Ag (Cu, Au) massive sulfide
deposit, located in the Rondnia-Juruena Province, in the
southern part of the Amazon craton (Fig. 1). Discovered in
1998, it is a property owned by Votorantim Metais and
Karmin Exploration Corporation that announced in 2011 the
discovery of resources totaling 11.6 Mt of mineralized rocks
grading 6.29% Zn, 2.25% Pb, 0.07% Cu, 65 g Ag/ton and 0.25
g Au/ton. In 2003, Karmin Exploration Inc. announced 27.7
Mt of indicated resources with a 6.44% Zn equivalent plus 5.8
Mt of possible resources with a 6.52% Zn equivalent in the
deposit.
In this study, we present the results of a regional geologic
mapping of the area around the Aripuan deposit as well as a
detailed mapping of the deposit itself. We also provide a detailed description of the lithologies and facies observed at the
Corresponding author: e-mail, jcbiondi@ufpr.br
*A digital supplement to this paper is available at http://economicgeology.
org/ and at http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/.
0361-0128/13/4116/781-31
781
782
BIONDI ET AL.
294000
ARIPUAN
CALDERA
8880000
8880000
254000
214000
194000
8800000
A ri
pu
a
8800000
R i ve r
8840000
8840000
ARIPUAN
254000
214000
194000
Amazon
Craton
LEGEND
Manaus
Amazonas
Acre
Shear zones
and faults
Belm
Par
Rondnia
Aripuan main
caldera limits
Mato
Grosso
Aripuan
Aripuan
294000
Cuiab
Braslia
Belo Horizonte
Campo Grande
So Paulo
River
Rio de Janeiro
Aripuan town
MESOPROTEROZOIC
Caiabis Group
Arinos Formation
PALEOPROTEROZOIC
Dardanelos Formation
FIG. 1. Summary of the geology of the Aripuan region 1:250,000 (Albuquerque and Oliveira, 2007a). The Aripuan deposit is located in the western part of the Aripuan main caldera (Fig. 5), whose approximate limits are designated in the topleft corner of this figure. Note the location of Aripuan, in the Mato Grosso State, in the southern part of the Amazonas craton (Rondnia-Juruena Province).
782
783
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
Juruena Orogeny
Jamari Orogeny
10
12
Absolute number
14
0
1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
207
Pb/
206
2000 2100
Pb age (Ma)
783
784
180000
200000
220000
9000000
170000
180000
190000
200000
230000
20
Serraria
SM
Fig. 4
x
90 64
x
65 xx
66 x67
80
x
55
85
Branco River
West
caldera
52
14 x13
57x
x 54
70
Au
59 61
x
60
x x x
55x
34
Au
50
Au xx
x
30
32
52x
40
East
caldera
26 25
x Naqui Indian
51
x
Au
33
12
24
65
11 10
settlement
48x
47x
46
45xxx44
43 x
80
x
x40
8880000
8880000
8890000
8890000
North
caldera
n
ua it
ip os
Ar dep
8870000
South
caldera
x Fazenda
Pavorosa
170000
180000
190000
MESOPROTEROZOIC
Caiabis Group
Dardanelos formation.
K-Ar = 1.4 e 1.2 Ga and maximum age 207Pb-206Pb = 1.7 Ga.
Central microgranite
Rio Branco granite
Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP = 15377 Ma e 207Pb-206Pb = 15465
PALEOPROTEROZOIC
200000
210000
220000
PALEOPROTEROZOIC (Cont.)
230000
LEGEND
8860000
Aripuan
Fazenda
Britex
R ve r
ARIPUAN
x
8870000
8860000
220000
210000
Para
Conselvan
9000000
9000000
8860000
8860000
8880000
8880000
9000000
BIONDI ET AL.
Faults
Inferred caldera
limits
80
Fault strike
and dip
Rivers
R oosevelt Group
Red, porphyritic rhyolites
Z do Torno granite
Zircon U-Pb SHRIMP = 17555 Ma
Lithic meta-tuff, meta-welded tuffs and
rhyolites of domes and volcanic chimneys (red)
Gray meta-ignimbrites, meta-tuffs,
meta-rhyolites and dacites
Aripuan
town
ARCHEAN
Xingu Complex
Granites, charnockites and meta-sediments
Au
Au panning
location
FIG. 3. The Aripuan caldera: (A). GDEM (Global Digital Elevation Model) image of the ASTER satellite (source:
www.wist.echo.nasa.gov). (B). Simplified geologic map. Note the location of Figure 4.
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784
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
785
clastic-chemical sedimentary subaqueous origin for the majority of rocks that host the deposit as well as for those directly
related to mineralized bodies. The mineralized bodies are
hosted by marbles and carbonate breccia with carbonate,
tremolite, talc, and chlorite (CTTC), fluorite tremolite-rich(TRR), fluorite talc-rich- (TAR), biotite-rich- (BR), and chlorite-rich rocks (CR). All these rocks are unfoliated, contact
metamorphic rocks with characteristics that identify them genetically as recrystallized clastic-chemical sedimentary rocks.
Laminated metaturbidites and metarhythmites overlay the
deposit. These low-grade metaturbidites (Fig. 5E) were derived from ash-sized pyroclastic rock fragments and volcanic
tuffs that were transported as epiclastic sediments. These
rocks are characterized by an alternation of millimetric layers
of clastic sediments and carbonate because of their deposition
by turbiditic currents during the precipitation of carbonates
(Fig. 5B). Carbonate rhythmites (Fig. 5E) differ genetically
from turbidites because their clastic bands are derived from
volcanic ash falls sedimented also while carbonate precipitated. Locally they are interstratified with massive lens of epiclastic metasediments and cherts that locally have isolated
carbonate blebs (Fig. 5N). These blebs may coalesce into
larger blebs that were deposited parallel to the local stratification, thus forming a carbonate layer that can be interbeded
with epiclastic sediments or chert.
The ore zone was affected mainly by a pervasive silicification process that extends for more than 5 km west of the
deposit. Besides silicification, other important hydrothermal
alteration assemblages are observed mainly below the mineralized bodies. In order of importance, these alteration types
include sericitization, chloritization, and pyritization. The
rocks of the footwall contrast in their composition and in the
presence of metamorphic foliation with the rocks of the deposit, which are generally devoid of foliation (Figs. 5G-M,
6D-L) and have poikilitic porphyroblasts of biotite (Fig. 6C).
The mineralized bodies and the associated rocks have a
large amount of carbonate. Due to intense metasomatism,
there are facies changes within 50 m from the drill cores,
making facies correlation difficult within this scale. Metasomatism may have driven recrystallization because there is no
metamorphic orientation of silicates (Fig. 6F-I) and carbonates are zoned (Fig. 6D). Among the recrystallized rocks,
there are late metasomatic veinlets of massive chlorite with
pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite (Fig. 5Q) that extend
from the basal volcanic unit UV(A) to the stratigraphically
higher mineralized body.
Close to the mineralized bodies, carbonate-rich rocks
(CTTC or marbles) are important and they grade laterally to
carbonate-chert followed by massive chert and/or argillitic
chert. Locally, CTRh rocks have black bands composed of microcrystalline pyrite and magnetite that are always serrated by
regional metamorphic foliation (Fig. 6B).
Massive and banded marbles with thicknesses of up to 6 m
occur in the core of the mineralized zones, generally enveloped
beside or below the orebodies. These are white colored rocks
(Fig. 5G, App. 1), generally with greenish clusters of talc
chlorite tremolite. Carbonate breccias, usually related to
mineralization, are composed of angular marble fragments
with a matrix of chlorite, tremolite, talc, microcrystalline carbonate, sphalerite (Fig. 5P), galena, pyrite and rare pyrrhotite,
785
786
BIONDI ET AL.
8890000
A
AR
EX
60
34
8890000
230000
225000
Au
52
75
B
AM
BR
E
65
C
X
D
U
8885000
SA
8885000
BA
BA
S
MA
55
55x
RA
ND
A
UB
Au
Au
50x
230000
225000
NW
A-B section
1000 m
C-D section
SE
meters
+100 Volcaniclastic
S.L. meta-turbidites
-100 and rhythmites
-300
Felsic volcanics
AREX
Volcaniclastic meta-turbidites
and rhythmites
Felsic volcanics
Felsic volcanics
AMBREX
BABAU
MASSARANDUBA
RECENT
Gossan with pyrite - chalcopyrite - pyrrhotite - galena - sphalerite
PALEOPROTEROZOIC
Z do Torno granite: Hornblende-biotite monzoand syenogranites, isotropic or foliated
Gray, vesicular meta-rhyolite and
volcaniclastic meta-rhythmites
Volcanosedimentary unit: silicified and sericitized
meta-tuff, massive and banded silicified and
sericitized epiclastic metasediments
with meta-ignimbrite and meta-rhyolite lenses
on top, and silicified and carbonatized
meta-turbidites and metachert at base
Volcanic unit: Gray, silicified and
sericitized meta-rhyolites and
meta-dacite with meta-tuff lenses
Gray, silicified meta-ignimbrites,
rhyolitic and dacitic meta-tuffs and
welded meta-tuffs
Meta-basic sill
FIG. 4. Geologic map of the Aripuan deposit (see location in Fig. 3). Due to weathering, there are only a few outcrops
where there is mineralization, and the information for this area comes mainly from the descriptions of 61 drill holes. In the
lower part of the map, there is a longitudinal section of the main orebodies, and the locations of the A-B cross section (AREX,
Fig. 7) and the B-C cross section (AMBREX, Fig. 8) are shown. Locations where gold was panned are also indicated.
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
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FPAR-69 (54,30)
Volcanogenic
quartz-chlorite
schist
sph
Sphalerite
R
FPAR-09 (278,70)
Sphalerite
FPAR-04 ( 389,70)
Sphalerite
F24(402,50)
S
FPAR-09 (424,70)
1 cm
O P
787
F -27 (512,55)
F-24 ( 467,90)
FPAR-05 (296,80)
Carbonate
flakes
Ga lena
Sphalerite
( 419,00)
F PAR-09
PYRIT E
FPAR-06 ( 434,10)
sph
L
F-24 (466,90)
FPAR-09 (277,20)
sph + py
metasomatic
chloritite
sph + py
FPAR-12 (190,00)
FPAR-20 (31,00)
B
F-27 ( 555,70)
F PAR-14 (147,00)
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
Metasomatic
biotite and
tremolite
Recrystallized
metasomatic
massive
sphalerite
FIG. 5. Photographs of cut and polished drill cores. On the left side of each photo, the text reports the drill hole identification and the distance to the collar. In all of the figures, the length of the horizontal bar is 1 cm. (A). Mineralized epiclastic
metasediment with flame structures delineated by fragments of sphalerite and pyrite. (B). Laminated carbonate metaturbidite. (C). Convolute folds of metachert. (D). Carbonate-rich CTTC rock. (E) Carbonate metarhythmites. (F). Axial-plane
metamorphic foliation in layered epiclastic metasediment. (G). Hydrothermal micritic marble with talc + chlorite nodules.
(H). Carbonate breccia with a chlorite matrix. (I). CTTC rock with little carbonate. (J). Breccia with twisted carbonate fragments in a biotite matrix. (K). Pseudofragmental hydrothermal rock with zoned, concentric, and carbonate spheroids. (L).
Pseudofragmental hydrothermal rock with rhombohedral carbonates in a biotite matrix. (M). Fluoritic chert with clusters of
tremolite and chlorite. (N). Massive epiclastic metasediment with carbonate blebs. (O). Massive ore with microcrystalline
sphalerite and galena. (P). Breccia with carbonate fragments cemented by sphalerite. (Q). Breccia with fragments of metamorphosed silicified and chloritized pyroclastic rock cemented by unmetamorphosed massive chlorite. (R). Thermally metamorphosed talc-tremolite-rich rock (TRR). (S). Ore with pockets of recrystallized sphalerite in biotite-tremolite-rich rock.
787
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BIONDI ET AL.
FPAR-09 (144,60)
ARI-26
AA
C
C
BB
qz
FPAR-15 (444,00)
bio
qz+sct+fel
glass
F-50 (625,25)
cbt
DD
trm
cbt
cbt
cbt
clt
cbt
FPAR-09 (248,40)
FPAR-09 (359,70)
FPAR-06 (182,50)
FPAR-04 (389,70)
trm
clt
cbt
sph
I
cbt
trm
bio
cbt
FPAR-09 (370,75)
FPAR-09 (331,05)
FPAR-09 (342,70)
gal
sph
gal
sph
FEX-12 (161,05)
sph
sph
py
py
sph
po
sph
po
cpy
sph
po
gal
cpy
ccpy
FIG. 6. Photomicrographs of thin sections of rocks, obtained with plane-polarized transmitted light. In each photograph
the text reports the drill hole and the distance to the collar. (A). Partly resorbed phenocrysts of quartz and of feldspar in red
rhyolite. (B). Millimeter-scale detail of microcrystalline-pyrite band folded and foliated by regional metamorphic foliation.
(C). Porphyroblast of contact-metamorphic biotite in silicified and sericitized rhyolite. (D). Rhombohedra of recrystallized
carbonate in a breccia with twisted carbonate fragments with a massive chlorite matrix. (E). Microcrystals of pyrite aligned
with the axis of a carbonate fragment from a breccia with twisted fragments. (F). Rhombohedral carbonate in unmetamorphosed talc-tremolite matrix. (G). Rhombohedra of carbonate in a matrix of metasomatic massive chlorite. (H). Centimeterscale detail of crystallized tremolite (trm) in a biotite medium (bio) and in a carbonate matrix (cbt). (I). Tremolite cemented
by sphalerite. Photomicrographs of polished sections of mineralized rocks, obtained with reflected light. (J). Metasomatic
mineralization with talc and tremolite, with sphalerite (sph), magnetite and pyrrhotite (po) cemented by galena (gal). (K).
Clusters of pyrite (py), associated with pyrrhotite (po), sphalerite (sph), and galena (gal) in a carbonate breccia with a tremolite matrix. (L). Sphalerite (sph) with punctual contents (blebs) of chalcopyrite (ccpy) (chalcopyrite disease) next to euhedral
crystals of metamorphic pyrite.
788
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
FEX-45
FEX-37
FEX-25
300SW
100SW
+200
200SW
B
+200
FEX-13
?
+100
+100
?
FEX-13(75,50)
FEX-13(86,70)
SL
SL
?
-100
-100
-200
-200
NW ARIPUAN
AR-05
100m
-300
-300
Massive pyrite
(Biotite) - talc tremolite-rich rock
with carbonate, 5-15% pyrrhotite,
5-10% sphalerite, 0-2% magnetite
Chlorite-talc marble with 0-5% pyrite,
0-2% sphalerite and 0-2% pyrrhotite
LEGEND
FEX-45
Drillhole identification, collar and trace
Circle - Collar in the section zone
FIG. 7. Simplified section AR-5 of the mineralized AREX region in the NW part of the deposit. Note the presence of a
mineralized zone with three lenses of ore hosted among carbonate rocks and topped by a horizon of fluoritic chert (the thickness of this horizon has been magnified to make it visible in the scale of the figure).
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
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789
790
BIONDI ET AL.
100N
50N
100S
50S
FPAR-05
Gossan Hill
150S
FPAR-70
FPAR-60
+150
+150
F-17
0
R -9
F PA
R -11
F PA
FPAR-06
FPAR-36
Mineralized
zone n 3
?
+100
FP
AR
-68
+100
?
+50
+50
F-24
SL
F-49
SL
Mineralized
zone n 2
-50
?
?
-50
?
FPAR-72
?
-100
Mineralized
zone n 4
F-34
?
-150
-100
Mineralized
zone n 1
-150
?
?
-200
100N
?
50N
-200
0 ?
50S
100S
150S
Massive pyrite
(Biotite) - talc tremolite-rich rock
with carbonate, 5-15% pyrrhotite,
5-10% sphalerite, 0-2% magnetite
Chlorite-talc marble with 0-5% pyrite,
0-2% sphalerite and 0-2% pyrrhotite
LEGEND
FEX-45
Drillhole identification, collar and trace
Circle - Collar in the section zone
Double arrow - Collar behind or in front of
the section zone
FIG. 8. Simplified AM-30 section of the mineralized AMBREX region, located in the central part of the deposit. Same
legend as Figure 7. Note the presence of four mineralized zones, emphasizing zone 2, which contains various massive orebodies with different compositions. The FPAR-72 drill hole, which is the only one that sectioned mineralized zone 4, is located around at 100 m to the southeast of this section and was projected horizontally to show the position of zone 4 in relationship to the other mineralized zones.
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
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ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
791
791
792
BIONDI ET AL.
+ Carbonate
Talc rock
Marble
100
CTTC
100
Eu
Tremolite rock
Eu
1
CTTC rocks
50
100
100
Eu
Massive-silicic
marble and
carbonate chert
Biotite rock
100
Eu
+ Clay and
40
30
10
Fluoritictremolititerich rock
F - Chert
100
Biotite-rich rock
1
20
ash size
epiclastic
sediments
Eu
CTTC rock
Eu
Fluoritic
carbonate
chert
Cb Turbidite
100
Carbonate
turbidites
and chert
Eu
10
20
30
Regional volcanic
40
50
SiO 2 (%)
60
70
80
Footwall volcanic
Biotite-rich rock
CTTC rocks
100
Eu
-
Footwall volcanics
100
Eu
-
FIG. 9. (A). Relationship of the average contents of SiO2 vs. CaO + MgO for rocks of Aripuan (crosses indicate 2).
(B-J). Normalized REE diagrams of the Aripuan deposit rocks. Contents of REEs normalized with the composition of
Nakamura (1974) chondrite. Each rock type is related to its REE distribution pattern. Cb = carbonate, F = fluoritic.
792
793
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
TABLE 1. Average Concentrations of Elements and Substances from Lithology Related to the Aripuan Deposit
Lithology
no.1
10
11
12
Number of
samples
10
76.76
4.71
11.58
70.7
3.15
14.03
73.01
1.27
13.48
75.62
1.52
12.48
75.4
6.57
11.71
65.49
9.48
11.76
53.61
10.9
14.50
1.46
0.9
0.04
17.77
7.13
1.77
53.91
2.75
2.83
39.76
4.4
0.85
41.55
6.83
7.63
0.44
0.28
0.83
0.64
2.39
1.19
4.58
1.01
0.04
0.02
29
32
3
2
3
1
<LLD
<LLD
<LLD
0.3
1
0.4
0.51
0.2
1.53
2.21
3.61
2.09
5.58
2.36
0.07
0.07
10
5
2
1
2
1
<LLD
<LLD
<LLD
<LLD
20
51.7
0.39
0.14
1.35
0.3
3.88
0.95
4.14
1.14
0.02
0
19
11
9
5
4
3
<LLD
<LLD
2
4.8
1
0.7
2.59
0.99
0.01
0.01
0.08
0.02
3.6
0.83
0.02
0.01
12
11
2
1
31
46
<LLD
<LLD
<LLD
<LLD
1
0.1
1.5
1.2
0.25
0.13
2.29
2.14
4.2
1.49
0.07
0.04
46
55
33
58
12
27
0.2
0.2
<LLD
<LLD
61
169.3
12.0
18.5
0.3
2.3
10.2
19.2
0.7
16.4
22.07
7.25
23.28
13.4
0.02
0.01
<LLD
<LLD
12.88
0.81
31
15
22
37
5
10
0.3
<LLD
4
<LLD
29
38.3
231
197
1.0
1.5
1.0
52.0
13.02
4.81
28.97
7.51
0.04
0.02
<LLD
<LLD
7.46
2.62
51328
79899
19163
37893
720
1512
46.9
79.7
44
45.1
49
40.6
1031
317
4.2
6.8
1.0
56.0
17.51
1.47
1.59
0.39
0.03
0.01
0.48
0.5
0.05
0.04
33607
8219
4505
4498
43
31
9.5
7.3
17
9.5
18
28.3
(5110)
15.3
21.8
1.2
46.2
6.49
3.15
10.14
2.27
1.32
0.75
1.82
1.05
0.86
0.4
296
438
102
109
27
28
1.6
0.1
6
4.8
14
17
881
299
14.5
23.9
1.5
108.3
19.64
2.31
11.6
0.51
0.12
0.11
0.34
0.62
0.43
0.29
1431
1863
235
205
4
1
0.9
0.7
3
3.4
11
20.7
(3170)
15.4
26.4
0.99
98.7
1.57
1.12
5.01
4.77
1.54
1.69
3.69
2.12
1.14
0.95
260
313
478
643
43
44
1.9
0.3
14
1
83
136.9
722
564
16.4
26.5
1.2
35.4
17.69
7.24
7.9
<LLD
0.07
1.48
2.87
<LLD
0.95
1.34
40017
94
109
66
43
1
0.6
0.6
2
29.5
78
140.9
5660
3121
6.6
10.1
1.2
9.1
% SiO2
s.d.
% Al2O3
s.d.
% MgO
s.d.
% CaO
s.d.
% Na2O
s.d.
% K2O
s.d.
% Total C
s.d.
ppm Zn
s.d.
ppm Pb
s.d.
ppm Cu
s.d.
ppm Ag
s.d.
ppm Au
s.d.
ppm As
s.d.
ppm F
s.d.
ppm REE
s.d.
ppm Eu
ppm Sr
21.9
36.1
1.4
128.5
4.3
6.2
1.2
8.8
1.6
2.9
0.4
1.4
Notes: LLD = lower limit of detection, s.d. = standard deviation, (XXXX) = only one sample analyzed
1 Lithology numbers: 1 = regional red metarhyodacite and metadacite, 2 = gray caldera metarhyolites, 3 = caldera granites, 4 = footwall least altered gray
rhyolitic ignimbrite, 5 = hanging-wall gray silicified metamorphosed rhyolite and dacite, 6 = metaturbidites, meta-rhythmites and metacherts, 7 = carbonate metachert, metaturbidite, and metarhythmites, 8 = massive marble, silicic marble, and carbonate chert, 9 = CTTC rock, 10 = tremolite-rich rock, 11 =
fluoritic talc-rich rock, 12 = Fluoritic biotite-rich rock
793
794
BIONDI ET AL.
0 20
60
100 140
1
1
10 10 10 10 10
Outside mineralized
zone
-1
10
1
10
-2
10
10
Outside mineralized
zone
Caldera granites
Footwall volcanics
Hosting
rocks
Hosting
rocks
CTTC rock
10
10
10
10
11
11
11
Fluoritic biotite-rich
rock
12
12
12
Mineralized zone
% SiO2
% MgO + %CaO
10 x ( % Na 2O + %K2O)
10 x %total C
10
10
Hosting
rocks
Marbles
10
Hosting
rocks
Caldera volcanics
-1
10
12
Mineralized zone
Mineralized zone
Mineralized zone
Zn (ppm)
Pb (ppm)
Cu ( ppm)
F (ppm)
Ag (ppm)
Au (ppb)
As (ppm)
FIG. 10. Variation in the contents of: (A). SiO2, MgO, CaO, total C, Na2O, K2O. (B). Zn, Pb, Cu, F. (C). Ag, Au, As. (D).
REE, Eu, Sr, and Al2O3 of the regional, mineralized, and hostess rocks related to the Aripuan deposit.
REE contents of the volcanic rocks and for showing that the
rocks of the footwall and of the hanging wall (Figs. 9I and J)
have similar REE distribution patterns. In these profiles, the
light rare earth elements (LREEs) were enriched relative to
the heavy ones (HREEs). There is a small variation of HREEs,
and concentrations are 20 to 30 times greater than those of
the chondrites. There are also prominent negative anomalies
of Eu, probably due to plagioclase removal.
From turbidites and rhythmites to marble, as the proportions of carbonate and/or clastic increases, there is a gradual
decrease in REE content, from 10 to 100 times greater than
chondrites in turbidites and rhythmites, until 1 to 10 times
greater in marbles. Additionally, there is a gradual change of
the Eu anomaly from turbidites and rhythmites (and volcanic
rocks), with strong negative Eu anomaly (Fig. 9H-J), to the
marbles, with strong positive Eu anomaly (Fig. 9B).
Therefore, volcanic rocks of the footwall exhibit a negative
Eu anomaly but, above the footwall, the Eu anomaly became
794
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
100
+ Clastic
Sample/Seawater
1000
10
10
Geochemistry of fluorine
Microcrystalline fluorite associated with microcrystalline
quartz and carbonate occurs disseminated in the TRR, BR,
and TAR rocks, metacherts and epiclastic metasediments.
The highest fluorine contents, on the order of 2,000 to 8,000
ppm (Figs. 10B, 13), occur in BR, TAR, and TRR rocks, and,
above all, in metacherts, which contain locally up to 10% fluorite (Fig. 5M). With the exception of marbles, fluorine content seems to increase with carbonate (Ctotal) content (Fig.
13), suggesting a relationship between the crystallization of
fluorine and carbonate.
1
0.1
0.01
1000
Sample/Seawater
B
100
0.1
0.01
Sample/Seawater
1000
100
10
1
0.1
100
10
+ Carbonate
0.01
1000
Sample/Seawater
795
1
0.1
Massive marble
CTTC rocks
0.01
La
Ce Nd Sm Eu Gd Dy Er
Yb
FIG. 11. Normalized REE diagrams of the Aripuan deposit rocks. Contents of REEs were normalized by the average composition of seawater, as
per Elderfield and Greaves (1982). Note that carbonate-rich rocks have
REE similar to seawater and that all rocks have Ce positive anomalies.
795
796
BIONDI ET AL.
25
0.6
Nb (ppm)
R = 0.56
2
R = 0.036
5
0
90
15
10
0.5
4
0.9
TiO2 (%)
20
0.4
64
0.
0.3
0.2
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
100
0.6
8
0.9
0.4
0.
58
0.3
.8 7
=0
TiO2 (%)
R
0.5
2
0.9
10
400
R=
300
15
200
Zr (ppm)
Zr (ppm)
Al2O3 (%)
0.
0.1
20
0.2
0.1
100
200
300
400
10
15
20
Al2O3 (%)
Zr (ppm)
Footwall gray meta-ignimbrites and meta-tuffs
CTTC rock
Marbles
Chlorite-rich rock
FIG. 12. Mass ratio diagrams of immobile elements of rocks of the Aripuan deposit. (A). Zr vs. Nb. (B). Zr vs. TiO2. (C).
Zr vs. Al2O3. (D). Al2O3 vs. TiO2. The regression lines and the corresponding correlation coefficients were fitted for the
metaignimbrites and metatuffs located below the mineralized bodies (dotted), for the volcanic rocks that host the mineralized bodies (dashed) and for the marbles, CTTC rocks and recrystallized rocks (continuous line). Arrows indicate direction
of trend evolution with mass loss during alteration.
796
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
Total C (moles)
10
10 -1
10 -2
-3
10
-4
10
10
-3
10 -1
10 -2
F (moles)
Meta-turbidites, meta-rhythmites and meta-chert
Fluoritic meta-chert,
meta-turbidite and meta-rhythmite
Isotopic Modeling
Carbonation
Aripuan carbonates are characterized by a larger variation
of 13C (6.5 to +1.0) when compared to 18O values
(8.411.5), which explains the elongated data distribution depicted in Figure 15A and B. The exception is a small
group of samples that have 18O values above 11.5 (Table
2, Fig. 17B). The larger variation of 13C values of Aripuan
carbonates is striking because carbon mineral-fluid isotope
Massive-milky marble
Transparent marble
Banded marble
Silicic marble
Milky-carbonate rhombohedron
Transparent rhombohedron
Argillic-carbonate chert
Carbonate flake
Milky-carbonate glomerule
Twisted silicic-carbonate fragment
Carbonate zone - Dexheimer et al. 2005
Ore zone - Dexheimer et al. 2005
Tremolite zone - Dexheimer et al. 2005
Calcite
CaCO 3
Calcite
Ankerite
(Ca, Mg)(CO 3) 2
Ferroan
ankerite
797
Dolomite
(Ca, Mg)(CO 3) 2
Ferroan
dolomite
Ankerite
Mg:Fe<1 Mg:Fe>4
Sideroplesite
Pistomesite
Breunnerite
FeCO 3+MnCO3
Siderite+Rhodochrosite
MgCO3
Magnesite
Ankerite
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
Ferroan
dolomite
797
798
BIONDI ET AL.
TABLE 2. Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Data of Carbonates from the Aripuan Zn, Pb, Ag (Cu, Ag, Au) Deposit
18O
PDB
18O
SMOW
13C
PDB
(Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn)CO3
1. Clastic-chemical fcies
1.1. Carbonate-quartz-feldspar metaturbidites and meta-rhythmite
F-27-555.70
F-27-570.40
FPAR-09-144.60
F-55-549.15
FPAR-05-104.50
FPAR-11-156.60
21.11
21.07
21.12
21.06
20.82
20.43
9.15
9.19
9.14
9.2
9.45
9.85
4.57
4.38
5.51
5.78
5.66
5.58
(Ca50Mg12FeMn38)CO3
(Ca68Mg7FeMn25)CO3
19.13
18.86
18.99
18.98
19.47
19.27
19.52
11.19
11.47
11.33
11.34
10.84
11.04
10.79
2.81
3.11
2.35
2.62
3.47
2.94
3.16
(Ca88Mg5FeMn7)CO3
2. Chemical facies
2.1. Banded marble
FPAR-14-231.90 (A)
FPAR-14-231.90 (B)
FPAR-49-76.65 (A)
F-50-625.25 (A)
F-50-625.25 (B)
F-24-466.90 (A)
FAREX-35-184.45 (A)
FPAR-09-242.85 (A)
FPAR-09-359.70 (A)
20.61
20.56
20.2
20.63
20.63
18.78
20.34
20.19
20.17
9.66
9.71
10.09
9.64
9.64
11.55
9.94
10.1
10.12
1.09
2.37
1.36
1.35
-0.96
1.18
1.83
1.38
1.4
9.72
10.09
10.21
8.44
9.89
9.96
10.11
-0.09
4.66
2.08
4.55
-0.89
3.19
3.31
(Ca55Mg39FeMn6)CO3
(Ca54Mg41FeMn5)CO3
(Ca55Mg40FeMn5)CO3
(Ca54Mg42FeMn4)CO3
(Ca53Mg30FeMn17)CO3
(Ca51Mg34FeMn15)CO3
(Ca50Mg40FeMn10)CO3
20.55
20.2
20.08
21.8
20.39
20.32
20.18
(Ca51Mg37FeMn12)CO3
(Ca54Mg39FeMn7)CO3
(Ca91Mg1FeMn8)CO3
(Ca56Mg32FeMn12)CO3
(Ca55Mg35FeMn10)CO3
3. Breccia facies
3.1. Breccia with twisted carbonate fragments
F-21-366.50
FPAR-68-213.60
FPAR-09-242.85 (B)
FPAR-09-242.85 (D)
FPAR-09-242.85 (E)
FPAR-09-248.40
FPAR-09-359.70 (B)
FPAR-09-359.70 (C)
FPAR-09-362.80 (A)
FPAR-09-362.80 (B)
FPAR-09-362.80 (C)
FPAR-09-362.80 (D)
FPAR-09-362.80 (E)
FPAR-11-327.40
FPAR-20-31.00
FPAR-06-349.50
20.41
20.05
20.17
20.22
20.24
20.06
20.21
19.99
19.89
19.68
20.07
19.61
20.09
19.86
20.19
20.05
9.87
10.24
10.12
10.06
10.04
10.23
10.08
10.3
10.41
10.62
10.22
10.69
10.2
10.44
10.1
10.24
1.06
-0.96
1.5
1.25
1.92
-0.11
1.47
1.86
2.21
1.06
1.41
1.43
2.35
1.73
1.92
-0.96
9.91
10.18
9.93
1.24
-0.82
-0.62
20.37
20.11
20.35
798
(Ca48Mg37FeMn15)CO3
(Ca52Mg36FeMn12)CO3
(Ca46Mg40FeMn14)CO3
(Ca49Mg41FeMn10)CO3
(Ca52Mg41FeMn7)CO3
(Ca52Mg38FeMn10)CO3
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
TABLE 2. (Cont.)
Drill hole ID-depth (m)
18O
PDB
18O
SMOW
13C
PDB
(Ca,Mg,Fe,Mn)CO3
9.25
9.42
9.19
8.95
9.26
10.55
10.97
4.06
3.35
5.11
4.39
4.83
3.78
2.76
(Ca53Mg34FeMn13)CO3
21.01
20.85
21.07
21.3
21
19.75
19.34
(Ca57Mg31FeMn12)CO3
(Ca51Mg34FeMn15)CO3
(Ca22Mg58FeMn20)CO3
(Ca3Mg69FeMn28)CO3
4. Breccia-like facies
4.1. Mixed carbonate-tremolite- talc-chlorite (biotite) rock (CTTC rock)
F-24-402.50
F-27-542.60
FAREX-35-184.45 (C)
FPAR-09-274.25
F-24-466.90 (D)
20.35
20.36
20.41
20.18
19.25
9.93
9.92
9.87
10.11
11.06
2.13
2.01
3.85
1.61
2.76
(Ca50Mg34FeMn16)CO3
4.2. Cauliflower-like clumps carbonate spheroids with chlorite (tremolite + talc) sphalerite + pyrite) matrix
FPAR-06-261.65
FPAR-06-261.60
20.88
20.75
9.38
9.52
3.27
1.95
21.08
20.57
9.18
9.7
6.5
5.09
20.18
21.01
21.47
20.74
10.11
9.25
8.78
9.53
5.21
4.98
5.03
5.05
(Ca89Mg6FeMn5)CO3
20.86
20.84
20.41
9.41
9.43
9.87
5.6
5.64
5.42
8. Ore facies
8.1. Carbonate-fragment breccia with massive sphalerite (+ pyrite + chalcopyrite)
FAREX-13-86.70
FPAR-09-419.00
17.59
18.16
12.78
12.19
1.02
1.43
8.2. Breccia with twisted carbonate fragments and massive sphalerite (galena, chalcopyrite) (+ pyrite + chalcopyrite)
FPAR-09-242.85 (C)
FPAR-11-301.40
FPAR-11-334.80
FPAR-09-362.80 (E)
20.36
20.06
19.82
19.68
9.92
10.23
10.48
10.62
3.69
1.58
1.91
1.06
(Ca48Mg33FeMn19)CO3
19.92
19.92
20.32
20.18
20.08
20.4
10.38
10.37
9.96
10.11
10.21
9.88
2.64
2.71
3.19
3.31
3.87
4.11
20.2
20.38
20.86
20.49
10.09
9.9
9.41
9.79
2.28
3.57
5.14
2.77
10.33
8.59
5.95
6.39
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
19.96
21.65
799
(Ca56Mg32FeMn12)CO3
(Ca55Mg35FeMn10)CO3
799
800
BIONDI ET AL.
Besshi
mafic
volcanogenic
hydrothermal
carbonate
Cambrian
marine
carbonate
0
-1
THALANGA
Buchans
C PDB ()
13
13
C PDB ()
-2
-4
Mt Chalmers
-5
-6
-6
Magmatic
carbonate
Bergslagen
South
Hercules
-3
-5
-7
Franklin
marble
-1
VHMS
Acid
volcanogenic
hydrothermal
carbonate
-4
Mt Morgan
-2
-3
Sterling
Hill
-7
Afterthought
ARIPUAN
-8
-8
0
10
15
20
25
18
10
15
20
25
18
OSMOW ()
O SMOW ()
Aripuan (Brazil) - Dexheimer et al. (2005)
FIG. 15. (A). 12CPDB and 18OSMOW values of the carbonates of Aripuan compared with the domains of carbonates of the
VHMS- and Besshi-type deposits, magmatic carbonates, and Cambrian marine carbonates. (B). 13CPDB vs. 18OSMOW domains of the carbonates of Aripuan and Thalanga compared to those of VMS deposits that contain abundant carbonate.
800
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
1
Clastic-chemical and
chemical facies
0
Banded and massive
marble and chert
13CPDB ()
-1
Thalanga spheroids
-1
-2
-2
-2
-3
-3
-3
-4
-4
Epiclatic sediments
with carbonate flakes
Aripuan rhombohedral
carbonate and
spheroids
-5
Carbonate
turbidites
-6
-7
8
10
11
-6
A
12
13
Fluoritic tremolite-,
and biotite-rich rocks
-1
-2
-2
-3
-3
-4
-5
10
11
12
13
-7
-7
C
8
13
12
11
10
VENT A
Thalanga
ore
177 C
VENT B
o
130 C
-2
CTTC rock
(440-490 oC)
-3
-4
Carbonate
Fe-Cu-Zn-rich
facies with py+
po+cpy+mgt+sph
E
8
OSMOW ()
18
10
11
12
OSMOW ()
18
13
-5
-6
-6
Aripuan
spheroids
-5
-1
Biotite-rich rock
Tremolite-rich
rock 490-530C
-4
-5
-7
13
-4
Fluoritic chert
-6
B
12
11
10
Mineralized facies
-1
CTTC
Mixed
chlorite-tremolite
talc-carbonate
rock
-6
Breccia facies
-7
-1
-5
13CPDB ()
Thalanga rhombohedral
carbonates
Twisted fragment
0
and mosaic
breccias
-7
Tremolite
o
rock (490-530 C)
200 C
8
10
11
12
F
13
OSMOW ()
18
Banded marble
FIG. 16. Diagrams of 13CPDB vs. 18OSMOW from carbonates of rocks in the Aripuan deposit. (A). Clastic-chemical and
chemical facies. (B). Carbonate breccias. (C). CTTC-pseudo fragmental carbonate rocks. (D). Fluoritic TRR, BR, and CTRh
rocks. (E). Carbonate ores. (F). This figure shows the deposition sequence of the hydrothermal carbonate rocks of Aripuan,
deduced on the basis of field observations. The carbonate facies precipitated sequentially from the top to the bottom of the
figure. The 13C and 18O isotope fields of the carbonate facies (A-E) were superimposed on the isotopic models of carbonation (Fig. 17A, B) and decarbonation (Fig. 21B). The star has the same meaning as in Figure 21. The temperatures were
calculated (Dexheimer et al., 2005) using the chlorite geothermometer (Cathelineau, 1988; Zang and Fyfe, 1995).
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
801
801
802
BIONDI ET AL.
3. The carbonates were precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with an infinite amount of HCO-enriched aqueous fluid
(a high fluid/rock ratio) with 18O equal to 0, that is, with
an isotopic composition of oxygen similar to that of seawater
(Fig. 17), as suggested by the concentrations of REE of the
originally chemical sedimentary rocks (marbles and CTTC
rocks; Figure 12D). In contrast, the carbon isotope composition of the aqueous fluid would be related to the mixture of
carbon derived from two main sources: (1) the first, related to
a higher temperature source, that would have 13C values
similar to magmatic fluids (5) and (2) another, related to
a low-temperature source, that would have 13C values close
to that of the sea (0). Similarly to condition (1), it is assumed an infinite amount of water thus implying a rock/fluid
ratio close to zero.
2
Marine
carbon
A
177 C
13
130 C
Line of mixing
CPD B ( )
-2
-4
-6
200 C
Magmatic
carbon
-8
10
14
12
16
OSMOW ()
18
FIG. 17. Diagram modeling the isotopic composition of carbonates precipitated in isotopic equilibrium with an infinite amount of HCO3-enriched
aqueous fluid (a high fluid/rock ratio), in which the oxygen isotope composition is controlled mostly by seawater (0), whereas the carbon isotope
composition is controlled by a mixture magmatic fluids (5) and seawater (0). In contrast to the model depicted here, the isotopic composition
of the precipitated carbonates depends both on temperature and on the
source of C.
Decarbonation
Carbonate devolatilization under metamorphic conditions
has been widely discussed in studies that address skarn formation (e.g., Valley, 1986; Oliveira and Santos, 2003; Timn et
al., 2007; Santos et al., 2009). During metamorphic processes
that release CO2 produced by carbonate and silicate reactions, the isotopic composition of the residual carbonate becomes progressively more negative because under these temperature conditions the heavy carbon and oxygen isotopes
fractionate to CO2 (Chacko et al., 1991). In spite of not having been a major process in Aripuan, carbonate devolatilization may have affected samples from Aripuan that contain
tremolite (CTTC rocks), because metamorphic reactions may
have also produced CO2 during carbonate consumption. In
order to better understand this process, we have modeled the
isotopic evolution of calcite with initial 13C of 2 and 18O
of +10.3 that reacts with silicate minerals to produce tremolite and CO2 (Fig. 20). The model assumes that the devolatilization of CO2 follows a Rayleigh law and that the carbonate (its
Increasing CO2/H2O
2:1
100C
-2
13
CPDB ()
1:1
1:2
1:5
100C
100C
100C
1:10
100C
-4
-6
250C
-8
-10
250C
250
250C
250C
500C
10
12
14
16
18
20
OSMOW ()
18
FIG. 18. Diagram modeling the 13C and 18O composition of carbonates precipitated at temperatures between 100 and
500C in isotopic equilibrium with an infinite amount of a CO2-enriched aqueous solution (a high fluid/rock ratio) derived
from an acidic magma (18O = 6 and 13C = 5.5). Because we assume an infinite amount of fluids, the isotopic composition of the precipitated carbonates depends only on temperature. The filled squares correspond to the isotopic compositions of the Aripuan samples in this figure and in Figures 19 and 20.
0361-0128/98/000/000-00 $6.00
802
803
ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
+2
+2
100 C
CO2:H2O = 1:4
125 C
125 C
0.7:0.75
150 C
CPDB ()
150 C
-4
13
13C PDB ()
0.7:2.25
-2
-2
-6
177 C
O
CO2:H2
CO2:H2O = 1:4
0.7:0.25
-8
= 2:3
-8
0.9:0.5
0.8:0.5
177 C
100%
-6
-4
200 C 10%
200 C
10
12
-10
14
18
OSMOW ()
FIG. 19. Diagram showing the isotopic composition of carbonates that
were formed from a CO2 -H2O fluid that outgases following a Rayleigh
process. The two groups of curves represent different scenarios: one, in full,
models a fluid with a CO2:H2O ratio of 2:3 in which the CO2 is released 4
times faster than the H2O; and another, dashed, models a fluid with CO2:H2O
ratio of 1:4 that is outgassed under the same conditions. The numbers close
to the curves represent the temperature, while the numbers within the black
rectangles represent the amount of remaining fluid along each curve. Isotopic fractionation factors between calcite and CO2 were obtained from
Chacko et al. (1991) and for calcite and water from ONeil et al. (1969).
0.8:0.10
-12
6
10
12
14
OSMOW ()
18
FIG. 20. Evolution of the isotopic composition of a rock composed of carbonate and silicate that is subjected to metamorphism at 500C. The curves
model a Rayleigh devolatilization of CO2 as tremolite is formed as a result of
a reaction between carbonates and silicates. The initial isotopic composition
of the carbonates is represented by the star (initial 13C = 2% and initial
18O = 10.3%). The composition of the residual carbonate evolved according
to curves A and B, which refers to rocks with O/C ratios of 2.5/1 and 5/1, respectively. The numbers next to the points on the curves indicate the proportion of oxygen and carbon remaining in the reactants carbonate and silicates. The open squares represent samples with tremolite.
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BIONDI ET AL.
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ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
805
805
806
BIONDI ET AL.
Sea level
Redoxcline
Marble
1.76 - 1.75 Ga
Sea level
1.76 - 1.75 Ga
Smectitic-silty
mood
A
Dacites and rhyolitic
ignimbrites
Stringer
Sea level
Redoxcline
1.76 - 1.75 Ga
Sulfide and carbonate
crystallization and sedimentation
within ocean floor mud
Contact metamorphism
1.56
and metasomatism
Gossan Hill
1,69 - 1.63
1.69
1,63 Ga
1.76 - 1.75 Ga
Sea level
Ash fall
Redoxcline
Turbidite flows
and carbonate
sedimentation
Sea level
D
D
Redoxcline
u
Fa
lt z
- 1.53 Ga
e
on
1.76 - 1.75 Ga
Aripuan
granite (?)
FIG. 21. Interpretation of the sequence of events that generated the Aripuan deposit. (A). The beginning of the hydrothermal exhalation, within the silty-smectite mud layer that covers dacites and rhyolitic ignimbrites of the submerged floor
of a volcanic caldera, and simultaneous sedimentation of carbonate and ash-size pyroclastic rock fragments, forming a clastic-chemical sediment. (B). The first hydrothermal volcanogenic cycle, with the precipitation of massive and stringer mineralized bodies. (C). Explosive volcanism and emission of turbidite flows and clouds of ash and tephra, simultaneously to the
sedimentation of hydrothermal carbonate, forming laminated carbonate-silty turbidites and rhythmites. (D). Burial of the
mineralized bodies and the structures from the first cycle. (E). Second hydrothermal volcanogenic cycle and formation of
new mineralized zones that formed lenses of mineralized rocks among the clastic-chemical carbonate turbidites and rhythmites. (F). Regional metamorphism at the low green-schist facies, rocks recrystallization, and deformation of the rocks and
structures. (G). Intrusion of granites, contact-metamorphism, and metasomatism of the rocks and mineralized bodies. Clastic-chemical carbonate rocks were transformed at CTTC rocks.
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ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
807
METAMORPHIC/METASOMATIC
SEQUENCE
VOLCANOGENIC SEQUENCE
Smectitic-silty mud
Fluoritic biotite-rich rock and fluoritic meta-chert with tremolite + chlorite nodules
Aripuan granite
807
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BIONDI ET AL.
rhyolitic ignimbrites (Fig. 22B). A vent system developed precipitating massive sulfides (py + cpy + mt sph) and carbonates over the center of hydrothermal calcareous bodies. Talus
breccias and brecciated rocks, composed of fragments of calcareous rocks with rhombohedra and carbonate spheroids,
were formed in the upper and lateral parts of the hydrothermal vents. During the waning stage of the exhalative cycle,
carbonate cherts were precipitated, which were locally covered by carbonate epiclastic sediments (Fig. 22B).
The volcanism of the caldera gained energy and increased
in temperature and evolved from exhalative to explosive (Fig.
22C), while the fractures still exhaled carbonic fluid. The
hydrothermal system was covered by turbidites and rhythmites interlayered with sedimented hydrothermal carbonate
and, after the end of the first exhalation cycle, by epiclastic
turbidites only (Fig. 22D). If fluorite was formed from vent
fluids, it precipitated together with the carbonate cherts at
the end of the exhalation cycle.
The volcanism was reactivated, initiating a second exhalative
cycle, which repeated the sequence of events of the first cycle
(Fig. 22E). In this second cycle, fluids from type A vents were
again emitted, which precipitated Fe (Cu, Zn), then fluids
from type B vents, which were less isolated from the seawater
(Figs. 16F, vent B, 17), precipitated less iron sulfides, with FeCu-Zn (py + cpy + po sph), followed by Zn-Pb-Fe sulfides
(sph + gal + py cpy po) and carbonate, while massive epiclastic sediments with blebs of carbonate also precipitated. At
least two other hydrothermal cycles occurred, generating
mineralized zones 3 and 4 (Fig. 8), until the extinction of the
hydrothermal system and the diagenesis of the sediments.
During the Quatro Cachoeiras orogeny (1.681.63 Ga), the
region was folded and metamorphosed at greenschist-facies
conditions (Fig. 22F) and later (1.561.53 Ga) it was thermally metamorphosed during the intrusion of Aripuan granite (Fig. 22G). In this last event, magmatic fluids related to
granite emplacement mineralized faults with massive pyrite
and with py + po + mgt sph cpy gal and formed massive chlorite veins with biotite, pyrrhotite, and chalcopyrite. If
fluorite is metasomatic it crystallized from fluids emitted by
Aripuan granite at this phase.
Conclusions
The Aripuan deposit is a 1.76 to 1.75 Ma Zn, Pb, and Ag
(Cu, Au) volcanic- and sediment-hosted massive sulfide
(VHMS) deposit located on the edge of a caldera. Carbonates
are important minerals in Aripuan and were formed by mixing CO2-rich vent fluids, at temperatures greater than 300C,
with cold seawater, resulting in a mixed solution with temperatures between 130 and 200C. Hydrothermal carbonate
precipitated below the redoxcline, at the same time that ashsize pyroclastic rock fragments from ash falls and fragments
from turbidites were deposited. Mixing, in various proportions, of these sediments and ocean-floor mud produced the
main rock facies described in Aripuan (CTTC, TTR, TAR,
BR, and CR rocks).
The mineralization is essentially composed of pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, and argentiferous galena, with minor chalcopyrite and magnetite. These minerals form lenses of massive
sulfides and zones of semimassive, as well as disseminated
sulfide concentrations with varied quantities of carbonate,
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ARIPUAN Zn-Pb-Ag (Au, Cu) VOLCANOGENIC MASSIVE SULFIDE DEPOSIT, MATO GROSSO, BRAZIL
chlorite, tremolite, talc, and biotite. The ore deposit has four
mineralized zones located at discrete stratigraphically positions. Above the sulfide lenses, closing each exhalative cycle,
silica-carbonate sediments precipitated along with smectite,
followed by carbonate rhythmites and turbidites.
Rock compositions at present are directly related to original sediments. Diagenesis transformed the mixture of the
hydrothermal carbonate and silica into marbles, siliceous
marbles, and carbonate cherts; the clastic-chemical mixture
of carbonate and clay into marls and breccia-like carbonate
rocks with a smectitic clay matrix; the silica-(fluoritic?)-carbonate sediments into carbonate and (fluoritic?) chert; the
precipitates with sulfides and carbonate into argillic-carbonate sulfide ore and the mudstones into shales and argillites.
Between 1.69 and 1.63 Ga the entire region was metamorphosed at lower greenschist grade. The marbles were recrystallized, whereas the marls and carbonate breccia rocks with
a smectite-clay matrix were transformed into carbonate breccias with a quartz-chlorite-tremolite matrix. The carbonate
and chert became marble and metacherts. The lenses with
sulfide were recrystallized. The shales recrystallized into
quartz-feldspar-chlorite schists, and the rhythmites and turbidites recrystallized into metaturbidites and metarhythmites.
Between 1.56 and 1.53 Ga, intrusion of granites contact
metamorphosed and metasomatized the deposit and host
rocks, obliterating the regional metamorphic foliation. Siliceous
marbles were transformed into talc-tremolite- and talc-rich
rocks with small quantities of carbonate and biotite. The carbonate breccias with quartz-chlorite-carbonate matrices were
transformed into breccia-like (pseudofragmental) rocks with
carbonate, tremolite, talc, and chlorite (CTTC rocks). The
argillites were transformed into biotite rocks; the mineralization was recrystallized a second time, and the other rocks recrystallized without changing their mineral composition.
Metasomatic fluids filled the fractures with massive chlorite
with porphyroblasts of biotite, pyrrhotite and chalcopyrite
(+fluorite?).
Carbonates and quartz of the mineralized rocks are in disequilibrium with the recrystallized rocks with talc, tremolite,
carbonate, chlorite, and biotite, which crystallized between
350 and 530C. However, the preservation of the primary
hydrothermal textures in the carbonates and sulfides suggests
that recrystallization was restricted to the silica-carbonate rocks
and that the original isotopic signatures were maintained.
Field and experimental evidence points to the possibility of
fluorite chert to be a sedimentary hydrothermal rock, but
there is no direct evidence to confirm this hypothesis and
eliminate the genesis of fluorite by metasomatism related to
Aripuan granite.
Acknowledgments
The authors are grateful to Economic Geology reviewers.
We are particularly indebted to Robert Seal, Associate Editor
of Economic Geology, for discussions, advice, and multiple
careful revisions of the text.
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