Birdman (lm)

Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance), often referred to simply as Birdman, is a 2014 American black comedy-drama lm co-written, co-produced,
and directed by Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu. It stars
Michael Keaton, with a supporting cast of Zach Galianakis, Edward Norton, Andrea Riseborough, Amy
Ryan, Emma Stone, and Naomi Watts. The story follows
protagonist Riggan Thomson, a faded Hollywood actor
famous for his role as superhero Birdman, as he struggles to mount a Broadway adaptation of a short story by
Raymond Carver.

Riggan hopes to reinvent his career by writing, directing, and starring in a Broadway adaptation of Raymond
Carver's short story "What We Talk About When We
Talk About Love". The play is produced by Riggans best
friend and lawyer Jake (Zach Galianakis), and also stars
Riggans girlfriend Laura (Andrea Riseborough) and rsttime Broadway actress Lesley (Naomi Watts). Riggans
daughter Sam (Emma Stone), a recovering addict, serves
as his assistant.
During rehearsals, a light xture falls onto Ralph, an actor Riggan and Jake agree is terrible; Riggan tells Jake he
caused the light to fall so he could replace Ralph. Through
a connection with Lesley, Riggan replaces Ralph with the
brilliant but volatile method actor Mike (Edward Norton), renancing his house to fund his contract. The rst
previews go disastrously: Mike breaks character over the
replacement of his gin with water, and attempts to rape
Lesley during a sex scene. Riggan reads early press coverage and is incensed that Mike has stolen the attention, but
Jake encourages him to continue. When Riggan catches
Sam using marijuana, she tells him he does not matter
and his play is a vanity project.

Aside from a few shots near the beginning and end, Birdman appears to be lmed in a single shot, an idea the
director had since the lms conception. This required
an atypical production approach, with many elements of
post-production needing to be considered before principal photography. As a result the script took two years
to write, the cast went through several weeks of meticulous rehearsals, and during shooting takes were cut for the
slightest mishaps. It was lmed in New York City during
the spring of 2013 with a budget of $16.5 million, jointly
nanced by New Regency and Fox Searchlight Pictures.
The lm premiered the following year in August where it Backstage during the nal preview, Riggan sees Sam and
opened the 71st Venice International Film Festival.
Mike irting. He accidentally locks himself out of the
Birdman was given a limited theatrical release in the theater and has to walk in his underwear through Times
United States on October 17, 2014, followed by a wide Square to get back inside; his popularity explodes online.
release on November 14, and has grossed more than $76 Afterwards, he runs into inuential critic Tabitha Dickmillion worldwide. It garnered critical acclaim, with inson, who tells him she hates Hollywood celebrities who
praise particularly directed to the casts performance and pretend to be actors, and promises to kill his play with
Emmanuel Lubezkis cinematography. It is widely con- a negative review. Riggan gets drunk and passes out in
sidered to be one of the best lms of 2014, and has the street. The next day, he hallucinates a conversation
received multiple awards and nominations. These in- with Birdman, who tries to convince him to make another
clude winning Best Screenplay and Best Actor at the 72nd Birdman lm, and sees himself ying through New York
Golden Globe Awards, Outstanding Cast in a Motion Pic- City back to the theater.
ture at the 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards,[4] and nine On opening night, Riggan uses a real gun for the nal
nominations at the 87th Academy Awards, the joint most scene in which his character kills himself, and shoots his
for the ceremony with The Grand Budapest Hotel. The nose o onstage. He earns a standing ovation from all but
lm won four Academy Awards: for Best Picture, Best Tabitha, who leaves during the applause. In the hospital,
Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best Cinematog- Jake tells Riggan that Tabitha gave the play a rave review,
raphy.[5]
dubbing his suicide attempt as the creation of a new form

of method acting she calls Super-Realism. After Sam

visits Riggan, he dismisses Birdman and climbs onto the
window ledge; when Sam returns, Riggan is gone. She
looks down at the street, then up at the sky, and smiles.

Plot

Riggan Thomson (Michael Keaton) is a washed-up Hollywood actor famous for playing the superhero Birdman in
blockbuster movies decades earlier. Riggan is tormented
by the voice of Birdman, who criticizes him, and he sees
himself performing feats of levitation and telekinesis.

2 Cast
Michael Keaton as Riggan Thomson / Birdman
1

PRODUCTION

Edward Norton as Mike Shiner, an acclaimed idea, they may have convinced Gonzlez Irritu out of
Broadway actor
it. The project began nonetheless. With Gonzlez Irritu in Los Angeles, Giacobone and Bo in Buenos Aires,
Emma Stone as Sam Thomson, Riggans daughter and Dinelaris in New York, work on the script was done
and assistant
mainly through Skype calls and emails.[6] This wasn't
Naomi Watts as Lesley, an actress and Mikes for- necessarily bad however: Dinelaris said he believed the
best ideas in Birdman came from Skype sessions at two
mer girlfriend
in the morning where he and Giacobone were cracking
Zach Galianakis as Jake, Riggans lawyer and each other up. Incorporating the one-shot feature into
the script also made the writing process more involved
friend
than usual. Bo said We wrote everything thinking of
Andrea Riseborough as Laura, an actress and Rig- this one shot, and a lot of decisions that would mostly be
gans girlfriend
taken in the editing room were taken before shooting. A
Amy Ryan as Sylvia Thomson, Riggans ex-wife, consequence of the one-shot approach was the inability to
take out scenes or change their order, so they needed to
Sams mother
be very, very sure about what was on the page.[8] These
Lindsay Duncan as Tabitha Dickinson, a top theatre factors meant it took about a year and a half before the
nal draft was written.[11]
critic
Merritt Wever as Annie, the stage manager
Jeremy Shamos as Ralph
Frank Ridley as Mr. Roth
Katherine O'Sullivan as Costume Assistant
Damian Young as Gabriel

3
3.1

Production
Conception and writing

The idea of a comedy set in the theatre appearing to be

lmed in one shot was conceived by Gonzlez Irritu in
a single thought. This said, there were inuences behind
its components. The comedic aspect came from Irritu
wanting a change; all his previous lms were dramas, and
after directing the depressing Biutiful, did not want to approach a subject tragically again.[6] The choice to make
the lm appear as a single shot, on the other hand, resulted from his realization that we live our lives with no
editing. By presenting the lm like this he could submerge the protagonist in an 'inescapable reality' and take
the audience with him.[7] Sharing his idea for a lm,
Irritu phoned Argentine writers/lmmakers Armando
Bo and Nicols Giacobone, as well as playwright Alexander Dinelaris, who had all worked with him on his previous lm.[8][lower-alpha 1]
The screenwriters were concerned about the one-shot nature of the lm, however, and their rst reaction was to
tell him the movie couldn't work.[6] They weren't the only
people he faced resistance from though; huge and important people told him to not even try the project,[8] and
he himself described it as almost suicidal, not knowing whether the technique would be successful, and worrying that it would become a distraction.[10] Dinelaris
later said that had they truly paused and considered the

You have to be an idiot to do it all in one shot. You have

to be an idiot to attempt it. It takes a great, great deal
of ignorance to not pay attention to the diculties and to
think youre going to do this. Birdman looks like a good
idea now, but a year and a half ago we did not know how
we would land.
Alexander Dinelaris[8]
While some aspects of the lm the rst frame with Riggan, for instance went unchanged from Birdmans conception to release,[6] others went through several iterations. One of these was the sequence in which Riggans
thoughts are completely taken over by Birdman. The
writers knew it would occur at Riggans lowest point, so
at one stage planned for it to happen after Riggan hears
the initial negative press coverage and starts throwing and
breaking everything around his dressing room. Another
version of the moment saw Riggan trying to drown himself in Central Park and ying out to save himself.[8] The
lms ending was also changed halfway through lming.
Gonzlez Irritu strongly disliked the original ending,
and rewrote it with Dinelaris and Giacobone after it came
to him in a dream.[12][13] When questioned about the original ending however, he explained he would never describe it because it was so embarrassing. Dinelaris later
leaked the ending though, noting it was set in the theatre instead of the hospital, and involved Johnny Depp
sitting in Riggans dressing room. They would not have
been able to shoot this version anyway, since Depp wasn't
available.[14]
The personal experiences of the writers informed aspects of the script. Dinelaris exposure to Broadway
shaped the depictions of rehearsals and events backstage,
though he admitted to exaggerating these. He also felt
his background writing long scenes of dialog helped since
scenes in the lm were really more like play scenes.[8]
Gonzlez Irritu inuenced many of the lms themes,
saying, What this lm talks about, I have been through.

3.2

Casting

I have seen and experienced all of it; its what I have

been living through the last years of my life. Dinelaris
described this aspect as a laughing look at oneself, although noted it had to be done in a comedic way otherwise it would have been the most unbelievably selfabsorbed look at the subject.[6] Themes from Carvers
short story "What We Talk About When We Talk About
Love" also inuenced the script. During writing Gonzlez
Irritu wanted to nd the connection between the themes
in Riggans story and those of Carvers.[8] For this reason
it was important to Gonzlez Irritu that Carvers story
be the subject of the play, so found using his work terrifying in case the rights to it were rejected, but no issues
arose. Tess Gallagher, the widow of Carver, loved the
script and gave the all-clear, saying that Carver would be
laughing about the lm.[6]

3.2

Casting

3
more.[17] Gonzlez Irritu sent him the script, and discussed it over dinner. The rst thing Keaton asked the
director was whether he was making fun of him, but after
Gonzlez Irritu explained the role, its technicalities and
the lms production, Keaton agreed to play Riggan.[7]
Casting Lesley was easier. Naomi Watts had already
worked with Irritu before on 21 Grams, and accepted
his invitation. She was able to work on the movie since
she was living in New York at the time.[18] Gonzlez Irritu called his decision behind casting Galianakis as Jake
a bet. Galianakis met the directors criteria of being
lovable and funny, but Gonzlez Irritu also considered
him sensitive, which scored him the role.[18] Emma Stone
already knew she wanted to work with Gonzlez Irritu
before she was oered the role of Sam. The script that
Gonzlez Irritu gave her and the rest of the cast came
with the photo Man on Wire, which featured Philippe Petit crossing the Twin Towers on a tightrope. Gonzlez
Irritu told the cast, We are doing that.[12][19]
The aforementioned actors were all on board before
Gonzlez Irritu had secured funding. He rst sent
the script to Fox Searchlight Pictures who loved it, but
turned the oer down because the asking budget was too
high.[2] At one stage Megan Ellison of Annapurna Pictures wanted to be involved in the project, but decided
against it because, unlike her other lms, she had not been
involved since the beginning.[20] Irritu later approached
Brad Weston, president of New Regency. He accepted
the oer,[21] but upon hearing about the deal production
executive Claudia Lewis of Searchlight now wanted to be
involved. The two companies partnered, as they had just
previously done in 12 Years a Slave, and nanced the lm
for $16.5 million.[2]

Michael Keaton was Gonzlez Irritus rst choice to play Riggan Thomson.

Gonzlez Irritu had already cast several of the leading

roles before the lm was nanced.[2] Among these was
the lead. Initially during writing, Gonzlez Irritu didn't
have Keaton in mind,[7] but things had changed by the
end: When I nished the script, I knew that Michael was
not the choice or option, he was the guy.[15] Gonzlez
Irritu cast him for his depth in a variety of acting
styles; he could handle up-close work, the demands of the
stage, comedy and empathy, with a profound depth to
both.[16] Keaton knew about Birdman before Gonzlez
Irritu contacted him though. He was in the middle of
production at another project when he received a call,
advising him that Gonzlez Irritu was making another
lm. Being a fan of his work, he ew home to nd out

The pair had a close relationship with Gonzlez Irritu,

editing the script with him and switching some of the actors. When they joined production Josh Brolin was playing the role of Mike Shiner, but decided to switch him
for Norton because of scheduling conicts.[2] Gonzlez
Irritu found casting Mike Shiner dicult, because he
wanted from his actors a quality of reality in each of
them that really projects to the lm. He said Nortons
experience as a theatre actor combined with his selfcondence meant that in a way there was some kind of
mental reality to Edward,[18] but Norton believes he was
the one who convinced Gonzlez Irritu to take him on.
Already a fan of the directors work, and impressed with
his ability to push outside the boundaries,[22] Norton had
heard about Gonzlez Irritus project from a friend. He
read through the screenplay at 3am, and said I laughed
so hard I woke people up.[23] He wanted to meet him
the next day, and once he got to the director, told him
he couldn't cast someone who was the embodiment of
what the script was taking aim at. Instead, someone who
has at least a little bit of authentic depth of experience, in
this world. Gonzlez Irritu agreed.[24] Norton was not
the only member of the cast who had tasted the theatre
world though. Ryan, one of the last actors to be cast,[25]

was invited because Gonzlez Irritu had seen her in the

play Detroit.[26] Lindsay Duncan had vast experience in
the theatre world too, and decided to accept her oer as
the critic because of the quality of the script, saying Its
delicious because of the writing.[27] But like Shiners
character, Gonzlez Irritu found casting Laura dicult. Riseborough met him on a street corner for a cup of
tea, and recalling the event, said I told him that I would
crawl across hot coals to work with him.[28] Gonzlez
Irritu described Laura as a very wacky, quirky role,
but said when [Andrea Riseborough] did it I knew that
it was her, because she did it right in the tone, and she
understood who she was she was not judging.[18]

3.3

Rehearsal and lming

PRODUCTION

movie to see if it was possible. Having realized no theater had all the backstage areas they required, they hired
Kaufman Astoria Studios in New York.[34] Still, Gonzlez
Irritu wanted to shoot at a Broadway theater, but would
have to wait until several weeks into rehearsals before securing St. James Theatre.[35] They then went about having the stand-ins read and walk through the script to see
how large the set needed to be.[35] Afterwards, they designed and made blueprints of the shots and the blocking of the scenes.[30] The planning was precise. Gonzlez
Irritu said There was no room to improvise at all. Every movement, every line, every door opening, absolutely
everything was rehearsed.[32] The actors started rehearsing once this preliminary work was completed: according
to Lubezki, they did the scenes with the actors once we
kind of knew what the rhythm of the scenes were. He described the atypical approach like an upside down movie
where you do post-production before the production.[29]
I know Alejandro is very adamant about kind of keeping
the rabbit in the hat and not being super specic about
how it was shot, but I will say it took a lot of rehearsal
and it was very specic... There was no luxury of cutting
away or editing around anything. You knew that every
scene was staying in the movie, and like theater, this was
it, this was your chance to live this scene.
Emma Stone[36]

Benjamin Kanes (Birdman) and Michael Keaton (Riggan) rehearsing the action-sequence of the lm.

Once the writing was nished, Gonzlez Irritu contacted friend and cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki to
discuss his idea for the lm.[29] After reading the script,
Lubezki was worried that Gonzlez Irritu would offer him the job since "[Birdman] had all of the elements
of a movie that I did not want to do at all comedy,
studio work and long takes but changed his mind after further discussion with the director.[30] The pair had
worked together on commercials and a short lm in the
anthology To Each His Own Cinema,[31] but not on any
feature lms. Lubezki wanted to be sure that this was a
decision Rodrigo Prieto, cinematographer of all four of
Gonzlez Irritus feature lms, was comfortable with,
but after receiving his blessing, the two headed into preproduction.[30]
Lubezki was concerned that no lm had been shot in the
way Gonzlez Irritu envisioned, meaning there would
be no reference material to look up. The two decided
the only way to learn how to shoot it would be to shoot
it themselves, so they hired a warehouse in Sony Studios,
Los Angeles, and built a proxy stage.[29][32] The setup was
minimal, with canvas and C-stands for walls, tape and a
few pieces of furniture to mark out areas.[29][33] Using a
camera and some stand-ins, the duo worked through the

During the blocking of the scenes and rehearsals,

Gonzlez Irritu gathered his long-time editors Douglas Crise and Stephen Mirrione onto the proxy set, so
they could discuss where to remove edits.[37] Production designer Kevin Thompson was on hand too, since
many of the shots Gonzlez Irritu desired required the
set to be built in a certain way. For example, Riggans
makeup mirror and desk were constructed so that the
camera would see his reection.[33] Thompson also took
into consideration the needs of the crew, for instance designing the stairs a little wider for Steadicam operator
Chris Haarhos footsize.[38] The writers were also involved at this stage, ne-tuning the script to make sure
the lm was uid and never stopped.[11]

3.4

Music

5
movie that Lubezki went so far as to say the movie
would have been impossible to do years before.[30] The
cameras were lensed with Leica Summilux-C or Zeiss
Master Primes.[38] Lubezki stated that these gave clean
images, saying You can have all these lights in the frame
and they are not really causing bad are or things like
that.[30] In terms of sizes, they initially trialled an 21mm,
but this didn't give Gonzlez Irritu the intimacy he
wanted. The crew instead went to a 18mm Leica, which
was used for the majority of the lm. Only when emphasis was needed did they switch the lens to a 14mm, but
this was rare.[38]

The meticulous timing for the scenes meant that takes

were cancelled because of the slightest mishaps. Emma
Stone, in an interview with Jimmy Fallon, recalled
how a six-minute take of the scene where Riggan rst
meets Mike was ruined after she walked around a corner too quickly.[43] Because of this, the number of
takes for a given scene was high, usually twenty for the
shorter scenes,[29] the takes running smoothly around the
fteenth.[38] Chris Haarho described it as a type of
dance where everyone would hopefully try to peak all at
the same moment. The locations sometimes placed restrictions on the takes too; the live Times Square sequence
was shot only twice since they didn't want to attract the
[29]
St. James Theatre and Kaufman Astoria Studios in New attention of tourists.
York were used to lm the stage and backstage scenes of Whenever shooting was taking place however, there was
Birdman respectively.
pressure on everyone involved, but the cast had a positive experience. Edward Norton said that normally in
Once the logistics of the scenes were worked out and movie production half the people can check out due
they had the timing down, the team headed to Kauf- to repetitive aspects, but during the shooting of Birdman
man Studios for more rehearsals, followed by principal everybodys on, the whole thing, and you're all on pins
photography based exclusively in New York during the and needles because you're all relying on forty other peospring of 2013.[39] The studios were used to lm the ple not to drop the ball. Because of this, Stone said the
backstage areas of the lm, including Riggans dressing director was able to get the best out of the cast, saying
room and the theatre corridors. St. James Theatre was "[Gonzlez Irritus process] creates this sort of fury in
used for two weeks, and was the location for the stage you, and then you end up realizing that he just got so much
[19]
scenes.[40] The bar segments were shot in The Rum House out of you that you didnt even know you had. Naomi
on 47th Street,[41] and 43rd Street was used for the action- Watts commented that the atmosphere felt emblematic
sequence.[42] Throughout the locations, including the stu- of how it feels onstage at least my long-time memo[44]
dio, the scenes were lit with natural light,[lower-alpha 2] since ries from long ago. Andrea Riseborough, meanwhile,
Lubezki wanted the movie to look as naturalistic as pos- described the process as wonderful, mentioning how it
sible. The night-time scenes were possible to lm in this was possible to hear the lming of a sequence from far
away before the camera arrived and then the magic hapway due to the brightness of New York.[30]
pens with you, and then everything leaves you, and evThroughout shooting, Arri Alexa cameras were used, erythings silent.[36] Once they successfully completed a
with an Alexa M for handheld sequences and an Alexa take though, it was obvious to everybody involved. NorXT attached to the Steadicam. Neither used matteboxes, ton said Ive never, ever been on a set where every day
however. Steadicam operator Chris Haarho explained ended with an enormous, authentic sort of cheer at having
this decision: We didnt want this big black thing gliding made it. Youre waiting for the scream from [Gonzlez
into their eyeline. This way we could get very close and Irritu] and everybody was genuinely excited.[22]
get the light past the lens and onto the actors face.[38]
Lubezki who did all the handheld camerawork[29]
had chosen the Alexa M because the camera was very 3.4 Music
small and allowed him to get into tiny spaces and close to
the actors,[30] sometimes lming two inches away from The lms music consists entirely of drums and classiKeatons face.[33] The camera also allowed recording for cal pieces. With Rachmanino and Tchaikovsky among
such a long period necessary for the long takes of the others, most of the classical composers featured are well

6
known, but Gonzlez Irritu did not regard the choice
of pieces as important, saying I think all those classical pieces are, in a way, great, but honestly if I would
have put another good classical piece it would be the same
lm.[45] Gonzlez Irritu stated that the classical components come from the world of the play, citing the radio in Riggans room and the show itself as two sources
of the music.[46] The drum sections comprise the majority of the score however, and were composed by Antonio
Snchez. Gonzlez Irritu explained the choice by saying they helped to structure scenes, and that The drums,
for me, was a great way to nd the rhythm of the lm... In
comedy, rhythm is king, and not having the tools of editing to determine time and space, I knew I needed something to help me nd the internal rhythm of the lm.[47]
He also wanted a score that wouldnt cater to an audiences expectations, which the drums, being more abstract, provided.[48] The ocial soundtrack was released
in October 14, 2014.[49]

Jazz drummer Antonio Snchez composed and recorded the score

for the lm.

Gonzlez Irritu contacted friend and jazz drummer Antonio Snchez in January 2013, inviting him to compose the score for the lm.[50] His reaction to writing a
soundtrack using only drums was similar to Lubezkis
thoughts of shooting the movie like a single shot: It
was a scary proposition because I had no point of reference of how to achieve this. Theres no other movie
I know that has a score like this.[51] Snchez had also
not worked on a lm before,[50] nevertheless, after receiving the script, composed rhythmic themes for each of
the characters.[52] Gonzlez Irritu was looking for the
opposite approach however, preferring spontaneity and
improvisation.[53] Snchez then waited until production
moved to New York before composing more,[52] where
he visited the set for a couple of days to get a better idea
of the lm.[53] Following this, a week before principal
photography, he and Gonzlez Irritu went to a studio to
record some demos.[46][54] During these sessions the director would rst talk him through the scene, then while
Snchez was improvising guide him by raising his hand
to indicate an event such as a character opening a door
or by describing the rhythm with verbal sounds.[54][55]
They recorded around seventy demos,[52] which Gonzlez

PRODUCTION

Irritu used to inform the pacing of the scenes on set,[29]

and once lming was complete, spliced them into the
rough cut.[54] Snchez summarized the process by saying
The movie fed on the drums and the drums fed on the
imagery.[53]
His next work on Birdman was in September, where he
traveled to Los Angeles to re-record the soundtrack.[50]
By this stage the lm was assembled, so during the two
days of recording Snchez would watch a scene to see
what Gonzlez Irritu had done with the demos, then
redo the track.[56] This was a new experience for Snchez
who until this point, had guided his improvisations in
response to the sound and energy around him. Here,
he was using a scene to guide him, and said the biggest
challenge of the soundtrack was adapting what I do to a
moving image, a story line, and dialogue.[57] As in New
York, Gonzlez Irritu supervised these recordings, but
this time would give specic directions. For example, instructing Snchez to stop or start when Riggan uttered
certain words.[53] Gonzlez Irritu also shaped the overall feel of the soundtrack. He wanted it to grow crazier throughout the lm, so for the end tracks Snchez
would overdub up to four drum tracks on top of each
other.[54][55] Additionally, Gonzlez Irritu was not satised with the quality of the sound from the previous
recordings: it was too good. Instead, he wanted an instrument that sounded like it hadn't been played in years,
to tie in with state of the theatre in the lm.[53] To achieve
this, Snchez adjusted his setup; detuning the drums and
stacking dierent kinds of cymbals on top of one another
were among the techniques he used.[52][56] Amusingly,
this process was included in the lm the rst sound
in Birdman is in fact Snchez asking Gonzlez Irritu
a question in Spanish, followed by his detuning of the
drums.[52]
In between the two studio recordings, Snchez was away
touring with the Pat Metheny Group, which created a
complication.[58] Gonzlez Irritu wanted to include a
drummer in the lm from the very beginning,[51] saying
I wanted [Snchez] to become a character in his own
lm, and have the play become a play of a play.[46] The
drummer recommended his friend Nate Smith, but didn't
decide on the music to play beforehand, resulting in Smith
improvising during the shoots. This meant Snchez had
to learn and match him exactly during the recordings in
Los Angeles,[51] noting Alejandro was very specic and
he would watch the clip over and over again to make sure
that you could not tell that it was not him that was actually producing the sound. Never in my life have I had
to do that.[55] The process was not aided by a dierent
method of recording for the scene outside of St. James
Theatre featuring Smith. The drums were moved out onto
the street, and people carrying mics a block away would
walk towards and past Snchez as he was playing, to coordinate the sound and image of the lm without the need
for post-production eects.[54]

4.1
3.4.1

Box oce
Best Original Score controversy

On December 12, 2014, the Academy of Motion Picture

Arts and Sciences released their longlist for the Academy
Award for Best Original Score, from which Birdman was
absent. Snchez had received a note from the award committee the previous day explaining the decision, quoting
rule fteen of the 87th Academy Award Rules and writing they felt the fact that the lm also contains over a half
an hour of non-original (mostly classical) music cues that
are featured very prominently in numerous pivotal moments in the lm made it dicult for the committee to
accept your submission. Snchez decided to launch an
appeal, and along with Gonzlez Irritu and the executive vice-president of Fox Music, sent letters to the chair
of the Academys music branch executive committee,
Charles Fox, asking that the committee reconsider their
decision.[59] One of the points they raised was that the
committee had incorrectly calculated the ratio of classical to original music, which after being claried Snchez
thought he was on really solid ground.[60] A response
from Fox on December 19 however, explained that a special meeting of the music committee was held, and although its members had great respect for the score and
considered it superb, thought that the classical music
was also used as scoring, equally contributes to the effectiveness of the lm, and that the musical identity of
the lm was created by both the drums and classical music. Ultimately, they did not overturn their decision.[59]
Snchez said that he and Gonzlez Irritu were not satised with the explanation, and that To not be able to
even participate, to not be on the list, thats whats so
disappointing.[60]
Je Peretz writing on Medium.coms Cuepoint Music,
accused the Academy of racism, saying When we consider that the members that make up the music branch
of the Academy, led by Charles Fox, are mostly of one
racial background, one gender and one age group, its not
hard to see how they could be confused by an all drum
score. Sadly, but not surprisingly this elitism has its roots
in another type of '-ism,' Americas Puritan fear of things
African in general and fear of African rhythms in particular and highlighting the many instances when the rule
being used to justify the exclusion was waived for music
of white, European origin.[61]

Release

On July 10, 2014, it was announced that Birdman had

been selected as the opening lm of the 71st Venice International Film Festival along with Mohsen Makhmalbaf's
new lm.[62] The lm got a limited release on October 17,
2014, with a theatre count of 4 in North America,[63][64]
and on November 14, 2014, it was released nationwide in
857 theatres.[65]

4.1 Box oce

As of February 16, 2015, Birdman has grossed
$72,230,755 worldwide including $36,630,755 in North
America and $35,600,000 in other territories against a
production budget of $16.5 million.[2]
The lm made a total of $424,397 in North America in
its limited opening weekend of October 17, 2014, playing in 4 theatres in New York and Los Angeles for a per
theater average of $106,099 which ranks 18th all-time
(eighth among live-action movies) and ranking #20.[66]
In the second weekend of October 24, 2014, Birdman
expanded to 50 theaters and earned $1.38 million, that
translates to a $27,593 per-theater average.[67] The lm
expanded nationwide to 857 theaters in the weekend of
November 14, 2014, grossing $2,471,471 with a per theatre average of $2,884 and ranking #10. In the same
weekend, Birdman grossed $11.6 million.[68]
The lm opened in Mexico in November 13, 2014, grossing $628,915 in its opening weekend and it opened in January 2, 2015, in United Kingdom grossing $2,337,407
over the weekend.[69]

4.2 Critical response

Birdman received widespread critical acclaim, particularly for Keaton, Norton, and Stones performances. At
Rotten Tomatoes, it has a rating of 93% based on 254
reviews, with rating average of 8.5/10. The sites critical consensus states: A thrilling leap forward for director Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu, Birdman is an ambitious
technical showcase powered by a layered story and outstanding performances from Michael Keaton and Edward
Norton.[70] Metacritic gave the lm a score of 88 out of
100, based on reviews from 49 critics, indicating universal acclaim.[71]
The camera work, which depicts most of the lm as
one continuous take, was met with extensive acclaim
for its execution and usage. The acting was widely
praised, particularly Keaton,[72][73] with Peter Debruge
of Variety calling the performance the comeback of the
century.[74] Debruge described the lm as a self aware
showbiz satire and called it a triumph on every creative
level.[75] Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph gave the
lm 5/5, with particular praise for the use of long takes by
Emmanuel Lubezki, director of photography.[76] Richard
Roeper gave the lm an A, and wrote that Keaton
makes a serious case for an Academy Award for Best Actor nomination.[72]
Writing for The New Yorker, Richard Brody called the
lm Godardian, comparing it to Pierrot le fou, Every
Man for Himself, Alphaville, and Germany Year 90 Nine
Zero, four classic lms by French director Jean-Luc Godard.[77] However, he suggested the lm fell short of
reaching the same cinematic mastery, adding, its not
a good idea for a lmmaker to get in the ring with

Mr. Godard.[77] Thematically, he also compared it to

Opening Night by John Cassavetes.[77] He added that the
actors played in the sort of modern naturalism, without
eccentricity of gesture, excess of expression, or heightened and formalistic precision, that is the business-casual
of contemporary cinema.[77] He concluded that the lm
trade[d] on facile, casual dichotomies of theatre versus
cinema and art versus commerce and deliver[ed] a work
of utterly familiar and unoriginal drama.[77] Also in The
New Yorker, Anthony Lane rejected the lms suggestion that lm critics are out to destroy lms, explaining,
Someone could have told Irritu that critics, though often mean, are not preemptively so, and that anybody who
said, as Tabitha does, Im going to destroy your play, before actually seeing it, would not stay long in the job.[78]
In The New York Times, Manohla Dargis compared the
main character to Icarus.[79] She also noted a reference
to Susan Sontag's Against Interpretation in the dressingroom mirror.[79]
Noting the thematic pull between Riggans insanity or
actual superpowers, Travis LaCouter of First Things
writes that the importance of these powersreal or
imaginedis apparent: They are for Riggan the thing
beyond the labels, the kernel of his genius and, because
he sees drawing upon them as selling out, the source of
his great angst. LaCouter concludes that the quirky profundity of this lm is in how it dares the viewer to consider the everyday magic that we tend to ignore, repress,
or resent.[80]
A number of critics have provided highly negative
reviews, however.
Reviewing it for Vanity Fair,
Richard Lawson called the lm hoary and deceptively
simple.[81] Scott Tobias, writing for The Dissolve, gave
the lm 1.5 stars. He commends Lubezkis cinematography as succeeding at trapping viewers in a pressurecooker atmosphere as Riggan and his players struggle to
keep it together, but suggests that Gonzlez Irritu is
incapable of modulation and that there exists a sourness to Birdman that Irritu cant turn into wit..[82]

4.3

Accolades

Main article: List of accolades received by Birdman

(lm)
Michael Keaton received his rst Golden Globe award,
winning for Best Actor in a Motion Picture Musical or
Comedy at the 72nd Golden Globe Awards.
For the 87th Academy Awards, Birdman tied with The
Grand Budapest Hotel in the highest number of nominations with nine, including Best Picture, Sound Editing, Sound Mixing, Original Screenplay, Cinematography and Best Actor for Keaton. Emma Stone and Edward
Norton were nominated in Best Supporting Acting categories. Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu won for Best Direc-

REFERENCES

tor.[83] The lm won Academy Awards for Best Picture,

Best Director, Best Original Screenplay and Best Cinematography.

4.4 Year-end lists

Birdman appeared on over 100 critics top ten lists of the
best lms of 2014, with over a few dozen publications
ranking the lm rst in their lists.[84][85][86]
1st - James Verniere - Boston Herald[87]
1st - Clint O'Connor - Cleveland Plain Dealer[88]
1st - Brad Brevet - Rope of Silicon[89]

5 Notes
[1] Dinelaris contributed some of the rst drafts,[9] Bo and
Giacobone co-wrote the lm.
[2] There was one exception, a 20K used to simulate daylight
outside a window.

6 See also
Birdman and the Galaxy Trio

7 References
[1] Birdman. British Board of Film Classication. September 11, 2014. Retrieved October 29, 2014.
[2] Thompson, Anne (21 October 2014). How 'Birdman'
Got Made: Fox Searchlight and New Regency Partners
Tell All (Keaton, Norton, Stone VIDEOS)". Thompson
on Hollywood. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[3] Birdman (2014)". Box Oce Mojo. Retrieved February
22, 2015.
[4] 21st SAG Awards:Full List of Nominees. Screen Actors Guild Awards. 2014. Retrieved December 10, 2014.[5] http://www.bbc.com/news/live/
entertainment-arts-31557571
[6] Fleming Jr, Mike (15 October 2014). Alejandro G. Irritu And Birdman Scribes On Hollywoods Superhero
Fixation: 'Poison, Cultural Genocide' Q&A. Deadline.
Retrieved 12 February 2015.
[7] Foundas, Scott (27 August 2014). Interview: Birdman
Director Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu on His First Comedy. Variety. Retrieved 12 February 2015.

[8] McKittrick, Christopher (26 November 2014).

Birdman: Completely one shot? Dont even try
it"". Creative Screenwriting Magazine. Retrieved 14
February 2015.
[9] Sauer, Patrick (23 October 2014). The Bookish World
of Birdman: A Q&A with Writer Alex Dinelaris. Biographile. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
[10] Hammond, Pete (6 January 2015).
Daring Do.
Deadline.com. Retrieved 1 February 2015.
[11] Milly, Jenna (5 December 2014). BIRDMAN Writers
Thought No One Would Get It"". ScreenwritingU. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
[12] Mitchell, Elvis. Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu. Interview
Magazine. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[13] Taylor, Drew (8 January 2015). Interview: Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu Talks 'Birdman,' The Films Bad
Original Ending, Critics, 'True Detective' & More. Indiewire.com. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
[14] Miller, Julie (10 February 2015). Heres How Johnny
Depp Could Have Appeared in Birdman. Vanity Fair.
Retrieved 12 February 2015.
[15] Ryzik, Melena (8 October 2014). Everyman Returns.
NYT. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[25] Fleming Jr, Mike (13 March 2014). Amy Ryan Joins
Alejandro Gonzalez-Inarritu Comedy Birdman". Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[26] Rathe, Adam. Birdmans Woman. DuJour. Retrieved
15 February 2015.
[27] McNulty, Charles (11 November 2014). Lindsay Duncan nds her footing in 'A Delicate Balance'". LA Times.
Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[28] Tapley, Kristopher (18 October 2014). Andrea Riseborough says 'Birdman' was like working with a theater company of actors. HitFix. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[29] Tapley, Kristopher (20 December 2014). Oscar-winning
cinematographer Emmanuel Lubezki details the 'dance' of
lming 'Birdman'". HitFix. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[30] Emmanuel Lubezki ASC, AMC on BIRDMAN. Arri
News. Arri. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
[31] Barta, Preston (23 October 2014). Interview: Director
Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu unmasks the Birdman". NT
Daily. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
[32] Clarke, Cath (15 October 2014). Alejandro Gonzlez
Irritu interview:
'Everyones terried of being
mediocre'". Time Out. Retrieved 1 February 2014.

[16] Chiarella, Tom (28 January 2014). A Normal Day in the

Unusual Life of Michael Keaton. Esquire. Retrieved 15
February 2015.

[33] Desowitz, Bill (19 December 2014). Emmanuel Lubezki

on Achieving the One-Take Illusion of 'Birdman,' Whats
Next for Irritu. Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 3
February 2015.

[17] Acuna, Kirsten (18 October 2014). It Took Michael

Keaton About 27 Seconds To Decide To Be In 'Birdman'".
Business Insider. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[34] Murphy, Mekado (31 December 2014). Below the Line:

Birdman Production Design. NYT.

[18] Interview: 'Birdman' director Alejandro Gonzalez Iarritu. Rappler. Rappler.com. 17 January 2015. Retrieved
15 February 2015.

[35] Jacobs, Matthew (3 December 2014). How 'Birdman'

Made A Frenzied Theater Production And Naked Times
Square Trek Soar. Hu Post. Retrieved 3 February
2015.

[19] D'Alessandro, Alessandro (22 December 2014). Bold

Statement. Deadline. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[20] Taylor, Drew (8 January 2015). Interview: Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritu Talks 'Birdman,' The Films Bad
Original Ending, Critics, 'True Detective' & More. IndieWire. Retrieved 15 February 2015.
[21] McClintock, Pamela (8 January 2015). Making of 'Birdman': Alejandro G. Inarritu Recounts Harrowing Experience Behind His First Comedy. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[36] Birdman or the Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance Interview. At the Movies. ABC. 9 December 2014. Retrieved
30 January 2015.
[37] Desowitz, Bill (17 October 2014). Stitching 'Birdman'
Together with Editors Douglas Crise and Stephen Mirrione. Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 4 February
2015.
[38] Daron (26 November 2014). Birdman An Interview
with Steadicam Operator Chris Haarho. Sound & Picture. Retrieved 3 February 2015.

[22] Thompson, Anne (24 October 2014). Edward Norton

and Andrea Riseborough Dig Into Actors Egos and 'Birdman'". Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 15 February
2015.

[39] Acuna, Kirsten (22 October 2014). Heres How Ridiculously Dicult It Was To Film 'Birdman' In 30 Days.
Business Insider. Retrieved 3 February 2014.

[23] Sarkar, Samit (15 October 2014). Michael Keaton and

Edward Norton take a trip through the weird world of
'Birdman'". Polygon. Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[40] Brown, Lane (10 October 2014). The Real Comeback

of the Fake Michael Keaton: Scenes From the Birdman
Set. New York.

[24] Goyal, Samarth (11 February 2015). When Norton convinced Irritu to cast him in his lm. desimartini.com.
Retrieved 15 February 2015.

[41] Ng, David (November 10, 2014). In 'Birdman,' Broadways St. James Theatre plays itself. L.A. Times. Retrieved November 22, 2014.

10

[42] Bord, Christine (4 June 2013). Michael Keaton lms an

explosive scene for Birdman in NYC. On Location Vacations. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
[43] Edward Norton Won't Talk to Emma Stone.
Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon. NBC.

The

[44] Bailey, Jason (12 October 2014). Alejandro Irritus

Birdman is Brainy, Buoyant, Brash, Meta Moviemaking. Flavorwire. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
[45] Hammond, Pete (22 December 2014). "'Birdman' Score
Drummed Out Of Oscars As Academy Rejects Filmmakers Appeal. Deadline. Retrieved 8 February 2015.
[46] Thompson, Anne (12 January 2015). Watch: Why
Golden Globe Winner Alejandro Gonzlez Irritu Took
Risks on 'Birdman'". Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[47] Thompson, Anne (13 October 2014). Watch: How
'Birdman' Composer Antonio Sanchez Drummed the
Score. Thompson on Hollywood. Retrieved 4 February
2015.
[48] Bosso, Joe (28 January 2015). Drummer-composer Antonio Sanchez talks Birdman. Retrieved 4 February
2015.
[49] Birdman (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack)". amazon. amazon.com. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[50] Malone, Tyler (Winter 2014). "(The Unexpected Virtue
Of A Jazz Drummer)". PMc Publishing. Retrieved 4
February 2015.
[51] Ciafardini,
Marc
(24
November
2014).
InterviewComposer Antonio Sanchez on the
Drums and Jazzy Ambiguity of Birdman". goseetalk.
Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[52] Panosian, Diane (3 December 2014). Awards 2015
Spotlight: Composer Antonio Sanchez Takes SSN into
the Jam Sessions that Created Birdmans Dauntless Percussion Score. ssn. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[53] Patches, Matt (4 November 2014). How Alejandro G.
Irritu 'directed' drummer Antonio Sanchezs 'Birdman'
score. HitFix. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[54] de Larios, Margaret (17 October 2014). Birdmans
Beating Heart: An Interview with Composer Antonio
Sanchez. the Film Experience. Retrieved 4 February
2015.
[55] Moulton, Jack (3 December 2014). Interview: Drummer
Antonio Sanchez on his rst lm composition 'Birdman'".
The Awards Circuit. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[56] Martinez, Kiko (31 October 2014). Antonio Sanchez
Birdman. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[57] Mahoney, Lesley (5 November 2014). Antonio Sanchez
'97: The Making of the 'Birdman' Score. Berklee College of Music. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[58] Ali, Lorraine (9 December 2014). Antonio Sanchezs
soaring beat takes ight in 'Birdman'". LA Times. Retrieved 4 February 2015.

REFERENCES

[59] Feinberg, Scott (24 December 2014). The Inside Story:

Why 'Birdmans' Drum Score Isn't Eligible for an Oscar
and Why an Appeal Was Rejected. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[60] Patches, Matt (22 December 2014). Exclusive: 'Birdman' composer says Oscar DQ doesnt make mathematical sense. HitFix. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
[61] https://medium.com/cuepoint/
why-oscar-hates-drummers-2ab6d59679a
[62] Birdman to hatch on opening night of Venice lm festival. Retrieved July 10, 2014.
[63] Fleming Jr, Mike (April 11, 2014). Fox Searchlight Sets
Alejandro Gonzalez Inarritus Birdman For October 17
Bow. deadline.com. Retrieved April 12, 2014.
[64] Upcoming Movies in Theatre. Boxocemojo.com. Box
Oce Mojo. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
[65] Upcoming Movies. boxocemojo.com. Box Oce
Mojo. Retrieved January 6, 2015.
[66] Weekend Report: 'Fury' Topples 'Gone Girl,' 'Birdman' Soars in Limited Release. boxocemojo.com.
Boxocemojo. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
[67] Weekend Report: Decent Debuts from 'Ouija,' 'Wick'
This Weekend. boxocemojo.com. Boxocemojo. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
[68] Subers, Ray. Weekend Report: 'Dumb' Sequel Takes
First Ahead of 'Big Hero 6,' 'Interstellar'". boxocemojo.com. Boxocemojo. Retrieved January 13, 2015.
[69] Birdman International Box Oce. boxocemojo.com.
Retrieved January 13, 2015.
[70] Birdman. Rotten Tomatoes. Flixster. Retrieved February 20, 2015.
[71] Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance) Reviews. Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved November
7, 2014.
[72] Birdman (2014; Rated R)". Richard Roeper & The
Movies.
[73] Christy Lemire (October 17, 2014). Birdman. RogerEbert.com. Zach Galianakis plays strongly against type
[74] Peter Debruge (August 27, 2014). Michael Keaton pulls
o a startling comeback in Alejandro G. Inarritus blistering showbiz satire.. Michael Keaton returns with the
comeback of the century
[75] Peter Debruge (August 27, 2014). Venice Film Review:
Birdman or (The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance)".
Variety. Archived from the original on August 27, 2014.
[76] Robbie Collin. Birdman, review: 'spectacular, starpowered'". The Daily Telegraph.
[77] Richard Brody, Birdman Never Achieves Flight, The
New Yorker, October 23, 2014

11

[78] Anthony Lane, High Fliers, The New Yorker, October 20,
2014
[79] Manohla Dargis, Former Screen Star, Molting on Broadway, The New York Times, October 16, 2014
[80] LaCouter, Travis. Birdmans Sly Metaphysics. www.
firstthings.com. First Things. Retrieved 6 December
2014.
[81] Richard Lawson, Michael Keaton Struggles to Re-Invent
Himself in Birdman, Vanity Fair, October 27, 2014
[82] Scott Tobias, Birdman by Scott Tobias, The Dissolve,
October 16, 2014
[83] Ford, Rebecca (January 15, 2015). Oscar Nominations
2015: The Complete List. The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
[84] Film Critic Top 10 Lists. Metacritic. Retrieved 201412-26.
[85] Best of 2014. CriticsTop10. Retrieved 2014-12-29.
[86] The Top Ten Lists. Movie City News. Retrieved 201501-01.
[87] Time to get reel. bostonherald.com. Retrieved January
14, 2015.
[88] Top 10 Movies of 2014: Entertainment Year in Review
2014. cleveland.com. Cleveland Plain Dealer. Retrieved
January 14, 2015.
[89] Brevet, Brad (23 December 2014). Top Ten Movies of
2014. RopeofSilicon.com. Retrieved 4 February 2015.

BBC NEWS ENTERTAINMEN & ARTS - Oscars 2015: Winners list

External links
Ocial website
Birdman at the Internet Movie Database
Birdman at AllMovie
Birdman at Box Oce Mojo
Birdman at Metacritic
Birdman at Rotten Tomatoes

12

9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

9.1

Text

Birdman (lm) Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdman%20(film)?oldid=648471353 Contributors: Tpbradbury, JackofOz,

DocWatson42, Kuralyov, Discospinster, SidP, Erik, Bjones, Jleon, BD2412, Koavf, Bgwhite, Tone, Cryptic, UDScott, Morhange, Mr
Fist, Obi-WanKenobi-2005, Onion Terror, Pulveriser, Arthur Rubin, Rms125a@hotmail.com, Jrethorst, Gilliam, Jprg1966, Toughpigs, Muboshgu, JoeOnSunset, Salamurai, Esrever, Guat6, Fdssdf, Lasersharp, Jolsonmhd, Icarus of old, Treybien, Lugnuts, Cosuna,
Oosh, Bearheart, SummerPhD, Zigzig20s, Iressivor, Y2kcrazyjoker4, Brittany Ka, Kronnang Dunn, Richiekim, Cop 663, Dpm12, Inwind, Bovineboy2008, JRWoodward, Sroc, Dhj1955, Natg 19, Trobert, Feudonym, NinjaRobotPirate, Legoktm, Pauljr1121, Flyer22,
JSpung, TheOnlyOne12, Anaceofdiamonds, Invertzoo, Dvl007, Binksternet, All Hallows Wraith, Jdpie, Mezigue, Niceguyedc, Farslayer,
Charlr6, Mkativerata, Engines On, Holothurion, Deoli1, Chepetoo, Will-B, Wonton884, Vyom25, AussieLegend2, Pageturners, Yobot,
Otiuqok, AnomieBOT, Danno uk, Sb1990, GorgeCustersSabre, Sock, Fortdj33, Jonesey95, Dutchmonkey9000, Jedi94, Zanhe, Wnick99,
STATicVapor, GoingBatty, Wikiturrican, JDDJS, Tony.mountjoy, NathanielTheBold, Quondum, AndrewOne, 11 Arlington, Captain
Assassin!, Huandy618, Spicemix, ClueBot NG, BallroomBlitzkriegBebop, Jcgoble3, Ashrzr, Easy4me, Popcorndu, HesioneHushabye,
Krimuk90, BG19bot, Flax5, Hosam007, Harizotoh9, KingQajar, MisterMorton, Wrath X, Yne, Amymc12, BattyBot, Sogeking123, Spirit
of Eagle, Jonny Nixon, Mogism, Nodaybuttoday10, Opk712, Ururfaust, Koala15, Xwoodsterchinx, Baxter176, Alexazrael, Squaredroot,
JustusAnkka, Thebadger33, Neuroxic, BenStein69, Sir Syrup, Jonjon082693, Minombreesjean, Quenhitran, Buzzers1, Jrv787321960,
Stamptrader, Iheartnyla, Jeremyb-phone, Astoria Village, SpiderAusban, Sharklover5555, Jonjon889933, Charge2charge, Thomasamuse,
TropicAces, Landingdude13, Matt 20123, Jvm21, SlimJimmyBRabbit, MercuryStu2035, KurtHLarson, Jtjones66, Theironminer, Rebelkeno, Bammie73, Mousavi461, Amar4444, JShanley98, Filmi50, Glitchygirl, Dibyendutwipzbiswas, HackedBotato, Emmagood 1995,
Muscat Hoe, Skm989898, JulieP123, CornelisHazevoet, MikeMouse004, Monomalya, Ronydd2988, Babylove0306, J8L9S3, SoSivr, MinorStoop, Moviemaster8510, Moveoverjames, Petttpettty, Fatwitchnewyork, Skramgirl, Lonk9999, Batman7578928, Cobraham, Llmg91,
TrixieTop, Nonsusan and Anonymous: 232

9.2

Images

File:Antonio_Sanchez.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Antonio_Sanchez.jpg License: CC BY-SA

2.0 Contributors: North Sea Jazz Festival Original artist: Genevive Ruocco The Hague, NL
File:Birdman6.1.13_(37).JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Birdman6.1.13_%2837%29.JPG License:
CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Denise Korey
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
File:Kaufman_Studio_35_Av_35_St_sun_jeh.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4e/Kaufman_Studio_
35_Av_35_St_sun_jeh.jpg License: CC0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Jim.henderson
File:Michael_Keaton_by_Gage_Skidmore.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Michael_Keaton_by_
Gage_Skidmore.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Gage Skidmore
File:St_James_Theatre_-_The_Producers.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/St_James_Theatre_-_
The_Producers.JPG License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Ignasi masip
File:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: ? Original artist: ?

9.3

Content license

Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0