CHEMICAL KINETICS

Z.C. G. HACHERO
DEPARTMENT OF MINING, METALLURGICAL, AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING, COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES, DILIMAN, QUEZON CITY, PHILIPPINES
DATE PERFORMED: FEBRUARY 5, 2015
INSTRUCTORS NAME: LAWRENCE JOHN

PAULO TRINIDAD

METHODOLOGY
There were three parts in the
experiment, namely; (1) Effect of
Concentration on the Rate of Reaction,
(2) Effect of Temperature on the Rate
of Reaction and (3) Catalysis.
For the first part, a 50-mL beaker was
marked with an X on the bottom. 6
different runs were done, each with
different volumes and molarity of
Na2S2O3, HCl, and water.
For runs 1 to 3, required volumes of
0.15 M Na2S2O3 and water was mixed
in the beaker. The required volume of
3.0 M HCl, was then added and the
time from the moment the acid until
the X mark disappears is recorded. For
runs 4 to 6, the same procedures were
applied, with the difference of adding
only water and 3.0 M HCl to the
beaker, and 0.15 M Na2S2O3 was added
instead of HCl.
Table

1. Required volumes
solution per run

RU
N

Volume of
0.15 M
Na2S2O3 (mL)
10.0
5.0
2.5
5.0
5.0
5.0

1
2
3
4
5
6

Volume
of water
3.0
8.0
10.5
1.0
1.5
2.0

of

Volume
of 3M
HCl, mL
2.0
2.0
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

For the second part, run 3 from part 1

was subjected to three temperatures:
once in an ice bath, one at ambient
temperature and another at elevated
temperature. The required amount of
0.15 M Na2S2O2 and 50mL water, was added to the beaker
with the X mark. The 50-mL beaker
and test tube was then placed in a
500-mL
beaker
at
the
desired
temperature. HCl was added to the
solution, while the beaker was in the
water bath. The time from the
moment the acid is added until the X
mark was no longer visible, was
recorded.
The third part had two further
divisions. The first was the oxidation of
Tatrate by Hydrogen Peroxide. The first
step was the preparation of hot water
bath, maintained
with a temperature of 65C. To two 6inch test tubes, 5mL 0.3 M sodium
tartrate and 2
mL 6% H2O2 was added, and to test
tube 2, an additional 8 drops of 0.3 M
CoCl2 was added. Both test tubes were
placed in the hot water bath, and
observed for color changes in the
solutions.
The second part was the reaction of
oxalate with permanganate. To a 4inch test tube, 1 mL saturated
Na2C2O4, 5 drops of water, and 1 mL
3.0 M H2So4 was mixed. The mixture

Page 1 of 6

was then split into equal portions in

separate test tubes. Test tube 1 was
added with a drop of 0.01 M KMnO4,
and the time it took for the
permanganate to decolorize was
recorded. A second drop of 0.01 M
KMnO4 was added to test tube 1, and
again record the time it took
permanganate to decolorize. To Test
tube 2, 5 drops of 1% MnSO4 was
added and the solution was mixed
thoroughly. A drop of 0.01 M KMnO4
was added, and the time it took for
permanganate to decolorize was
recorded.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Effect of Concentration on the
Rate of Reaction
The balanced chemical equation for
the reaction under study is:
Na2S2O3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) +
S(s) + SO2(g) + H2O(l)
(1)
with the net ionic equation:
S2O32-(aq) + 2H+(aq) S(s) + SO2(g) +
H2O(l) (2)
As the reactants were mixed in the
beaker, which contained specific
volume of and solution, precipitates
were formed. As the precipitates
continued to develop, the time it took
for it to visually cover the mark X
under the beaker was measured. The
results were then tabulated as shown
below.
Table 2. Experimental rate data
from the reaction of Na2S2O3 and
HCl
RU
N
1

[S2O32-]ini

0.05 M

[H+]init

0.1 M

0.40
M
0.40
M

TIME
(s)
29.71

1/t (s-1)

68.90

0.015

0.034

0.025 M

0.1 M

0.1 M

0.1 M

0.40
M
0.60
M
0.40
M
0.20
M

388.41

0.0003

33.70

0.030

55.69

0.018

55.83

0.018

For Runs 1 to 3, from the data it could

be incurred that the concentration is
directly proportional to the rate of
reaction. When the concentration of
S2O32 is increased, the rate of reaction
also increased which also indicated
less time needed to form enough
precipitate to cover the X mark. For
Runs
4
to
6,
changing
the
concentration of HCl did not make a
significant change in reaction rate.
The order of reaction with respect to
[S2O32-] approaches the value of 1. On
the other hand, the order of reaction
of [H+] approaches 0, meaning the
initial rate is independent of the
concentration of H+. The overall kinetic
order of reaction is 1, the sum of the
order of reactions of [S2O32-] and [H+].
The possible sources of errors
encountered in the experiment: for
each run it is necessary to clean the
beaker used. However, doing this
increases the chance of acquiring a
higher volume if the glassware used
was not properly dried. This may result
to smaller concentration which leads
to a smaller rate of reaction.
Effect of Temperature on the Rate
of Reaction
As the temperature of the set-up
increases, the faster a reaction will
end. This can be explained through
the Arrhenius equation:
k = A e-Ea/RT
(3)

Page 2 of 6

which implies that rate of reaction is

directly proportional with temperature.
Since the reaction is in first order, we
assume 1/T to be the rate constant
because initial concentrations are
constant while the temperatures are
varied.
0
0
1/temperature (1/K)

0
0

0
-3.4699999999999998
ln (1/time)

Figure 1. Effect of temperature on

reaction rate.
The graph shows a linear relation
between the inverse of temperature vs
the natural logarithmic of the inverse
time. As it takes the equation of a line,
y = mx + b (where y = ln k, m =
(Ea)/R, and b = ln A), we can
determine that activation energy Ea is
. The activation energy is the
minimum required energy to start a
reaction.
Catalysis
The third part of the experiment is
further divided into two parts. For the
first part, our balanced equation is:
C4H4O6 2 + 5H2O2 4CO2 + 6H2O +
2OH
without the catalyst.
(4)
CoCl2 is the catalyst. The action of the
cobalt catalyst can be followed by
observing the color changes of the
solution. The solution starts out pink

and the mixture then quickly turns

green.
The
production
of
effervescence is due to oxidation of
the tartrate ions occurs almost
immediately after the green color has
been observed. As the tartrate ions
are consumed and the amount of gas
production subsides, the color of the
solution returns to the original pink
color. When all the tartrate has been
consumed, the color of the solution
reverts back to pink, indicating that
only Co(II) ions are present and that
the cobalt chloride catalyst is not used
up in the reaction. [3]
For the second part, our balanced
equation is:
5C2O42- + 2MnO4- + 16H+ 10CO2
+ 8H2O + 2Mn+
(5)
and its balanced equation in an acidic
mdium is:
2MnO4- + 5C2O42- + 6H3O+ 2Mn2+
+ 10CO2 + 8H2O
(6)
with Mn as the catalyst.
A strong acid is needed in part 2 so
that MnO4 could be converted to Mn. It
involves autocatalysis which means
that the reaction produces the
compound that is used as a catalyst
for the second reaction. The reaction
has
ended
if
we
see
the
decolorization of the solution. [4]
The presence of a catalyst, either by
manual addition or by the production
of the reactants themselves lowers the
activation energy of the reaction. By
the Arrhenius equation, we know that
lower activation energy means a
faster reaction rate.
REFERENCES

Page 3 of 6

[1] Petrucci, R., Herring, F., Madura, J.,

& Bissonnette, C. General Chemistry:
Principles and Modern Applications,
10th ed.; Pearson: Canada, 2011.
[2] Chang, R. General Chemistry:
Essential Concepts, 6th ed.; McGrawHill: New York, 2011.
[3]The Pink Catalyst;
http://www.flinnsci.com/media/395440
/cf0255.01.pdf (accessed February 9,
2015)
[4] Autocatalysis: Reaction of
Permanganate with Oxalic Acid;
http://www.chemeddl.org/alfresco/serv
ice/org/chemeddl/video.html?
options=false&ID=vid:691&guest=tru
e (accessed February 9, 2015)

Page 4 of 6

2( H +

APPENDIX

Run 1:

1( H+
1( H+

2( S 2O 321( S 2 O3 21( S 2 O3 22( S 2O 32M = M V

V

2( H +
M = M V
V
2( H +
(3.0 M
M = (0.002 L)

2( S 2O 32(0.15 M)(0.01L)
M =
(0.015 L)

2( H +
M = 0.040 M

2( S 2O 32M = 0.10 M
2( H +

Run 3:

1( H+
1( H+
2( H +
M = M V
V
2( H +
(3.0 M
M = (0.002 L)

2( S 2O 321( S 2 O3 21( S 2 O3 22( S 2O 32M = M V

V
2( S 2O 32(0.15 M)(0.0025L)
M =
(0.015 L)
2( S 2O 32M = 0.025 M

(0.015 L)

2( H +
M = 0.040 M

Run 2:

(0.015 L)

2( H +
1( H+
1( H+

2( S 2O 321( S 2 O3 21( S 2 O3 22( S 2O 32M = M V

V

2( H +
M = M V
V
2( H +
(3.0 M
M = (0.002 L)

2( S 2O 32(0.15 M)(0.005L)
M =
(0.015 L)

(0.015 L)

2( H +
M = 0.040 M

2( S 2O 32M = 0.050 M
Run 4:

Page 5 of 6

2( S 2O 321( S 2 O3 21( S 2 O3 22( S 2O 32M = M V

V

2( S 2O 32(0.15 M)(0.005L)
M =
(0.075 L)
2( S 2O 32M = 0.1 M

2( H +
M = 0.40 M

Run 6:

2( H +
1( H+
1( H+

2( S 2O 32(0.15 M)(0.005L)
M =
(0.015 L)

2( H +
M = M V
V
2( H +
(3.0 M
M = (0.0015 L)

2( S 2O 32M = 0.050 M

(0.0075 L)

2( H +
1( H+
1( H+

2( H +
M = 0.60 M

Run 5:

2( S 2O 321( S 2 O3 21( S 2 O3 22( S 2O 32M = M V

V

2( H +
M = M V
V

2( S 2O 321( S 2 O3 21( S 2 O3 22( S 2O 32M = M V

V

2( H +
(3.0 M
M = (0.00050 L)

2( S 2O 32(0.15 M)(0.005L)
M =
(0.0075L)
2( S 2O 32M = 0.1 M

(0.075 L)

2( H +
M = 0.20 M

Rate 1 = k[S2O32-]1m [H+]1n

Rate 2 = k[S2O32-]2m [H+]2n

2( H +

Rate 4 = k[S2O32-]4m [H+]4n

Rate 5 = k[S2O32-]5m [H+]5n

1( H+
1( H+
2( H +
M = M V
V

rate = k[S2O32-]1 [H+]0

rate = k[S2O32-]

2( H +
(3.0 M
M = (0.001 L)

lnk = -

(0.0075 L)

Page 6 of 6

Ea 1
( )
R T

+ lnA