Vorlesung Tiefbohrtechnik 1

Introduction to Rotary-Drilling Technology (inc. Rig Count)

Drilling a Well, Drilling methods
Rock Mechanics I
Drilling Mud: Functions, Properties, Rheology
Rock Mechanics II, Well stability
Borehole hydraulics, Overbalance vs. Underbalance
Drilling bits, Selection criteria
Drilling optimisation concepts
Drill-string basics
Downhole motors I (Theory, Moineu Motoren)
Downhole motors II (Turbinen, Selection Criteria)
Special drilling systems (Drilling Hammer, Coring)
Formation pressure, Frac-gradienten
Measuring drilling parameters
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

INTRODUCTION:
Accurate Pore Pressure Prediction (PPP) is the basis for:

Drilling fluid density.

Well Safety.
Rapid Drilling Rate.
Prevention of Kicks.
Selecting Casing Setting Depths.
Cement Slurry Density.
Avoid Lost Circulation

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

PORE PRESSURE PREDICTION TECHNIQUES

Before Drilling.

During Drilling.
After Drilling.

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

BEFORE DRILLING
Seismic Method of Pore Pressure Prediction

A pre-drill estimate of pore pressure can be obtained from seismic

velocities given a suitable velocity to pore pressure transform.

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

Eaton Method:

Eaton method which direct transform

from velocity to pore pressure

The Bowers Method:

Bowers method assess the effective

stress from the velocities and calculate
pore pressure.

Pp = Pobs (Pobs Phyd) x (Vi/Vn)

Pp = Predicted pore pressure
Pobs = Overburden pressure (rocks and
fluids)
Phyd = Hydrostatic pressure
Vi = Interval Velocity (seismic data)
Vn = Normally compacted shale velocity

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

Uncertainties in pore pressure from seismic data is reduced by information

while drilling : sonic log, mud weight, and pore pressure data.
Source: www.cggveritas.com

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

DURING DRILLING

Using Logging while drilling method.

Using d-Exponent method.

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

d-Exponent Equation
Equation used for measuring d- Constant

Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

D-Exponent Method
d = d exponent
dc = corrected d exponent
ROP= Rate of penetration.
RPM= Rate per minute.
WOB= Weight on bit.
B= Diameter of the bit

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

Procedure to determine dc
Plot dc value on a semi-log paper against depth.
Establish the normal pressure trend line through dc value corresponding
to known clean normally pressured shale.

Plot the actual dc value alongside the trend line.

Calculate the pore pressure using Eaton Method and Ratio Method

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Plot of depth and dc exponent

Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Equations
Eaton Method:

Ratio Method

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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AFTER DRILLING:
It based on Well Logging like Resistivity, Density which depend upon:

Porosity measurements

Salinity of pore water.

Temperature.

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Well Engineering & Construction by Hussain Rabia

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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CONCLUSIONS
In order to determine which type analysis is adequate, it is necessary to
consider structure of area, the faults, salt bodies, lithology and evaluate
quality of seismic data.

During drilling we can used D exponent, which will help in knowing the
pore pressure.

Understanding Pore and Frac Pressure helps reducing well control

problems and optimizing drilling operations

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Measuring drilling parameters

It is necessary at all time to know the bit

position and well trajectory (path)

WHY?
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Terminology

Inclination Angle
q, a, I

Direction Angle
f, e, A

4
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Types of directional wells

Type II

Type I

Type III

KOP
EOC

Build
and Hold
Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

Build-Hold
and Drop

Continuous
Build12
TBT I 2014

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Kickoff Methods

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu
Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Survey Methods

Single-Shot

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Survey Methods

Multishot

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Survey Methods

Steering Tools

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Survey Methods

MWD

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Drilling Parameter describing well path: I, A, DMD

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Building Hole Angle

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Holding Hole Angle

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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Pendulum Effect

Dr. Catalin Teodoriu

Institut fr Erdl- und Erdgastechnik

TBT I 2014

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