Higher Order Derivatives

Implicit Differentiation
Mathematics 53
Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

1 / 19

For today

Higher Order Derivatives

Implicit Differentiation

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

2 / 19

Higher Order Derivatives

If f 0 is differentiable, then the derivative of f 0 is called the second derivative of f

and is denoted f 00 .
We can continue to obtain the third derivative, f 000 , the fourth derivative, f (4) ,
and other higher derivatives.

Definition
The n-th derivative of the function f , denoted f (n) , is the derivative of the

(n 1)-th derivative of f , that is,

f (n) ( x ) = lim

x 0

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

f (n1) ( x + x ) f (n1) ( x )
x

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

4 / 19

Higher Order Derivatives

Remarks
1

The n in f (n) is called the order of the derivative.

The derivative of a function f is also called the first derivative of f .

The function f is sometimes written as f (0) ( x ).

Other notations: Dx n [ f ( x )] ,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

dn y
dn
,
[ f ( x )] , y(n)
n
dx
dx n

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

5 / 19

Higher Order Derivatives

Example
Find f (n) ( x ) for all n N where f ( x ) = x6 x4 3x3 + 2x2 4.
Solution. We differentiate repeatedly and obtain

= 6x5 4x3 9x2 + 4x,

f 00 ( x )

= 30x4 12x2 18x + 4,

f 000 ( x )

= 120x3 24x 18,

f (4) ( x )

= 360x2 24,

f (5) ( x )

= 720x,

f (6) ( x )

= 720,

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

f 0 (x)

(n)

( x ) = 0 for all

n 7.

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

6 / 19

Higher Order Derivatives

Example

Find f (4) ( x ) if f ( x ) = 2x 3.
Solution.

f 0 (x)

f 00 ( x )

f 000 ( x )

f (4) ( x )

1
1
(2x 3) 2 (2)
2
3
1
(2x 3) 2 (2)
2
5
3
(2x 3) 2 (2)
2
7
15
(2x 3) 2 (2)
2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

= (2x 3) 2
3

= (2x 3) 2
5

= 3 (2x 3) 2
7

= 15 (2x 3) 2

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

7 / 19

Equations in two variables are used to define a function explicitly or implicitly.

y = x2 1 defines f ( x ) = x2 1 (explicitly).
y2 = x + 1 defines two functions of x: (implicitly)

f1 (x) = x + 1

f 2 ( x ) = x + 1.

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

9 / 19

dy
Consider: If x3 2xy 3y 6 = 0, how do we find
?
dx

Solution
From x3 2xy 3y 6 = 0, we can define y explicitly in terms of x as

y=
Thus,

x3 6
.
2x + 3

dy
(2x + 3)(3x2 ) ( x3 6)(2)
4x3 + 9x2 + 12
=
=
.
dx
(2x + 3)2
(2x + 3)2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

10 / 19

Implicit Differentiation

Question: Suppose we have x4 y3 7xy = 7 or tan( x2 2xy) = y.

How do we find

dy
?
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

11 / 19

Implicit Differentiation

To find

dy
using implicit differentiation, we
dx

think of the variable y as a differentiable function of the variable x,

differentiate both sides of the equation, using the chain rule where necessary,
and

solve for

dy
.
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

12 / 19

Implicit Differentiation
Example
Find

dy
if x3 2xy 3y 6 = 0.
dx

Solution.

Dx [ x3 2xy 3y 6]

D x [0]

Dx [ x ] Dx [2xy] Dx [3y] Dx [6]


dy 
dy
3x2 2 1 y + x
3
0
dx
dx
dy
dy
3x2 2y 2x
3
dx
dx
dy
dy
2x
+3
dx
dx
dy
(2x + 3)
dx

D x [0]

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

= 0
= 0
= 3x2 2y
= 3x2 2y
Mathematics 53

13 / 19

Implicit Differentiation

dy
dx

3x2 2y
2x + 3
3

=
=
=

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x 6
3x2 2 2x
+3
2x + 3
3x2 (2x + 3) 2( x3 6)
(2x + 3)2

4x3 + 9x2 + 12
.
(2x + 3)2

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

14 / 19

Implicit Differentiation

Example
Find

dy
if x4 y3 7xy = 7.
dx

Solution.

Dx [ x4 y3 7xy]

dy
dy 
4x3 y3 + 3x4 y2
7 y+x
dx
dx
dy
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

D x [7]

= 0
=

4x3 y3 + 7y
.
3x4 y2 7x

Mathematics 53

15 / 19

Implicit Differentiation

Example
Find

dy
if tan( x2 2xy) = y.
dx

Solution.

Dx [tan( x2 2xy)]
h

dy i
sec2 ( x2 2xy) 2x 2 y + x
dx

=
=

Dx [y]
dy
dx

Thus,

dy
2x sec2 ( x2 2xy) 2y sec2 ( x2 2xy)
=
.
dx
1 + 2x sec2 ( x2 2xy)

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

16 / 19

Higher Order Derivatives

Example
Determine

d2 y
if xy2 = y 2.
dx2

Solution.

Dx [ xy2 ]
dy
y2 + x 2y
dx
dy
dx

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

=
=
=

D x [ y 2]
dy
dx
y2
1 2xy

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

17 / 19

We have

dy
y2
=
.
dx
1 2xy
d2 y
dx2

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

dy
dy
(1 2xy)(2y dx
) (y2 )[2(y + x dx
)]
(1 2xy)2
i
h

h
2
(1 2xy) 2y 1y2xy (y2 ) 2 y + x

(1 2xy)2

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

y2
12xy

i
.

Mathematics 53

18 / 19

Exercises

Determine Dx3 [ cos(4x ) ].

Find

dy
if
dx

Find the equation of the tangent line to the graph of

3x cos y = 1 + x2 +
4

sin( x + y) = xy2 2x3 .

p

2y + 1 at P(1, 0).

Find the fourth derivative of

Institute of Mathematics (UP Diliman)

x6 1
.
x2

Higher Order, Implicit Differentiation

Mathematics 53

19 / 19