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A.B. Arani
H. Monsef
University of Tehran
Tehran, Iran
a_boujar@ut.ac.ir
University of Tehran
Tehran, Iran
hmonsef@ut.ac.ir
I.
INTRODUCTION
SMART GRID
In this research the IEEE 57 bus test system has been chosen
to analyze the influences of the execution of RTP program
enabled through the realization of smart grid in selected buses.
The most influential buses should be selected in order to
implement smart grid. Due to high price of these
infrastructures only 10 buses having a great effect on
preventing transmission lines congestion have been selected.
The procedure used here, is that first by using contingency
analysis, critical lines which are threatening system the most,
are identified. Then, 10 buses which could affect these critical
lines tensions the most have been identified. Load reduction in
these buses would yield the best response to the grids load
shape and system's reliability.
To achieve this goal, on the first step, single contingencies
for transmission lines have been considered. When a line is
disconnected, other lines have to transmit its ex-transmitted
power. As a result some of other lines would be overloaded.
The total amount of overloading (TAO) resulting from
disconnecting a line for each line has been calculated. Then,
by multiplying TAO in the probability of the related
contingency, most severe contingencies would be ranked.
.
1
Where:
TAO = Total Amount of Overloading
p = Probability of related contingency
In this paper it is assumed that the outage probabilities of all
transmission lines are equal to 0.02. So the TAOs are the
determining factor to rank lines. As a result most critical lines
are lines number 15, 42, 3, 8, 17, 41, 16, 1, 2, 27 and 60
respectively (ordered with respect to line ranks from high to
low). In the next step, buses influencing these lines the most
should be identified and in order to do so, Generation Shift
Factor (GSF) method has been used. GSF is defined as:
f
2
,
p
Where:
p = Generation change in i-th bus
.
5
Where:
0
6
.
1
Where:
Generation Shift Factor of l-th line and i-th bus
Reactance of l-th line
The real part of (n, i)-th element of the impedance
matrix
The real part of (m, i)-th element of the impedance
matrix
This index shows the impact of a decrease in load of i-th bus
(which could be considered as an increase in generation) on
the transmitted power of l-th line. GSF index could be positive
or negative. The positive value means that a decrease in the
,
,
0
,
0
The final model is as follows [10]:
, .
1,2,3, ,24
9
Where:
d(i) = Customer demand in i-th hour (MWh).
(i) = Spot electricity price in i-th hour ($/MWh).
It is supposed that customers demand has the initial value
which is a
and the electricity has the price of
of
fixed price. The load changes to d(i) after the execution of DR
program.
is the price curve considered for the DR
program which would be the actual price curve of electricity
in the market in smart grid.
V.
Peak period
Off-Peak period
Low period
Peak
-0.1
0.045
0.027
Peak
Off-Peak
Low
VI.
Off-Peak
0.045
-0.1
0.021
Low
0.027
0.021
-0.1
50
g
1800
1700
1600
MW
1500
1400
1300
1200
10
12
14
16
18
0.8217
0.9310
g
1100
55
1000
Table III.
GRID
20
22
24
Hours
$/MWh
TABLE II.
45
40
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
Hours