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Product
Surpac 6.2
Table of Contents
Introduction
Overview
Requirements
Workflow
Collar Table
Survey Table
Optional Tables
10
10
10
11
12
12
13
13
13
15
16
18
22
22
22
23
23
23
26
26
29
29
31
33
Display Drillholes
33
33
35
37
Task: Display Colour-filled Bar Graphs of Gold Assays on the Left-hand Side
38
39
Identify Drillhole
Task: Run Identify Drillhole
Graphically Edit Drillhole
Task: Run Edit Drillhole
Drillhole Sections
Creating Sections Graphically
Task: Create Sections Graphically
Advanced Cross-Sectional Viewing
Task: Create Sections Including DTMs and 3DMs
Creating Regular Sections
Task: Create Regular Sections
Digitising an Ore Outline
Task: Digitise an Ore Outline
Flagging an Interval Table
Task: Flag an Interval Table
Determining the Grade of a Digitized Segment
Task: Determine the Grade of a Digitised Segment
Section Plotting
Creating a Simple Section Plot
39
39
40
40
42
42
42
43
43
46
46
47
47
55
55
58
58
60
60
60
67
67
70
70
79
79
84
84
87
87
94
94
94
97
97
100
100
103
103
106
106
107
A Simple Example
107
108
108
110
110
113
The Histogram
113
Bimodal Distributions
114
Outliers
114
115
115
117
Task:Remove Outliers
117
Introduction
Introduction
Overview
This document introduces the theory behind Geological database processes and provides detailed
examples using the Geological database modelling functions in Surpac. By working through this
tutorial you will gain skills in the creation, use of and modification of Geological databases.
Requirements
This tutorial assumes that you have a basic knowledge of Surpac. We recommend that you be at
least comfortable with the procedures and concepts in the Introduction to Surpac manual. If you are
a new Surpac user, you should go through the Introduction to Surpac manual before going through
this manual.
You will also need:
l
l
Workflow
Note: This workflow demonstrates the steps in this tutorial. There are other ways to achieve a
result.
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Geological Database
Survey Table
The survey table stores the drill hole survey information used to calculate the drill hole trace
coordinates. Mandatory fields include: downhole survey depth, dip and azimuth of the hole.
For a vertical hole which has not been surveyed, the depth would be the same as the max_depth
field in the collar table, the dip would be -90 and the azimuth would be zero.
The y, x and z fields are used to store the calculated coordinates of each survey.
Optional fields for this table may include other information taken at the survey point e.g. core
orientation.
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Optional Tables
Aside from the mandatory tables, optional tables may be added and used to store information such
as geology and assays.
There are three different types of optional tables that can be added to a database:
1. Interval(depth from and depth to)
2. Point(depth to)
3. Discrete(point data)
Interval tables require the depth at the start of the interval and the depth at the end of the interval,
called the depth_from and depth_to fields respectively.
Point tables require only the depth where the sample was taken, called the depth_to field. A sample
identifier field is defined for interval tables but this is not a key field and so does not require data if it
is not available. The y, x and z fields are used to store the calculated coordinates of the sample
depths.
Discrete sample tables are used for storing data for a point, which has a unique samp_id. All that is
required for this table is the samp_id and its position in space i.e. its Y, X and Z coordinates. The
discrete sample table is ideally suited for storing and later processing geochemical soil samples.
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The following diagram is a summary of the data that may be contained in the optional tables:
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The name of the work directory is displayed in the title bar of the Surpac window.
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Geological Database
The name of the work directory is displayed in the title bar of the Surpac window.
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Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
An empty database with only mandatory fields in the tables Collar, Survey and
Translation will be created. At this point, optional tables for sample and geology data may
be created.
5. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Note: To create a new row, right-click the row number, and then click Add.
6. Click the assay tab and enter the information as shown.
7. Click the geology tab, enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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The database is created. The database name appears on the status line to indicate that
you are connected to it.
Note: The value for DB_SPECIFICcan be any folder on your local drive or on a network
drive.
The database definition file (.ddb) contains:
l
l
l
The .ddb file is a text file and contains no data. It allows Surpac to connect to a relational
database and usually has the same name as the database.
10. Close the text editor.
To see all of the steps in this section, run 01_create_new_database.tcl. You will need to Apply any
forms presented.
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Geological Database
The DB MAPPER function creates links between tables and fields in the existing database and
Surpacs' database structure. This function also allows you to define a view of your database by
specifying which tables and fields you want to use in Surpac. This is useful if you have a very large
database and you only need to use information from a few tables.
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The form is split into two sections. The left hand side, the Source database, shows all
tables and queries contained in the database. The right hand side, the Mapping detail,
shows the tables and field names required for connecting Surpac to your database.
The mapping detail pane on the right hand side of the form shows two folders labelled
Mandatory Tables and Optional Tables.
4. Expand the survey and collar folders by clicking on the + symbol to the left of the
folder.
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The first folder represents the translation table that is required for translating numeric
codes, such as below detection assays from the lab. This folder will contain the
mandatory fields for the translation table and folders for any optional fields and indexes.
The styles table stores the drawing styles created for drillhole geology codes and assay
values that are stored in the database. When connecting to an existing database, you will
need to create the styles before you can display coloured values for the drillholes.
The Interval Tables, Point Tables and Discrete Tables folders are used to specify which
optional tables you want to include in your database.
Note: Any table names or fields names that have an asterisk (*) next to their name
must be mapped.
Mapping required tables
If the existing database uses the same table names and field name conventions as a
database created using Surpac, then the collar, survey, interval and point tables are
mapped automatically.
Note: These items are case sensitive.
If other naming conventions have been used, including upper or mixed case, then each
table must be mapped.
Any table names or field names that have not been recognised by running the DB
MAPPER function are highlighted with an asterisk (*).
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Geological Database
The hole_path field does not have to be mapped. If the external database does not have
this field then Surpac uses the CURVED algorithm for all holes. Fields that are not mapped
to the mandatory fields will be placed in the Optional Fields folder.
6. Drag and drop the survey table from the left hand side over the top of the survey table
on the right hand side.
7. Repeat the mapping process to map each of the remaining mandatory fields for the
survey table.When you have finished mapping the fields you will see the following:
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Geological Database
Note: This is only a label for the field and will not change the actual field name in your
Access database.
9. Map the geology table.
The interval, point and discrete tables allow you to map tables such as sample, geology,
weathering, geochem etc.
a. Drag and drop the geology folder on the left into the Interval tables folder on
the right and map the mandatory fields.
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b. In the geology table, under Optional Fields, rename the rock field to
lithology.
The geology folder will contain all the mandatory Surpac fields and a folder to add in
optional fields and indexes.
10. Click Finish.
Note: For an interval table, the field samp_id is specified as a mandatory field; however
you do not need to map this field if your interval table is a geology table. All fields with an
asterisk (*) next to their name MUST be mapped.
11. Choose Database > Close.
Once you have finished mapping your database, a ddb file is produced which Surpac can use to
connect to the database. If you rename or change the configuration of your database, you can then
use the DB MAPPER function to update the new changes.
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Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
4.
5.
6.
7.
If a format file of the same name exists it will be used. No checks are made to ensure that
the format file matches the data to be imported.
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Geological Database
8. Click Apply.
This will create a format file which, if the structure of the text file being imported remains
the same, can be used each time you import data in the same format.
9. Select the tables that you want to insert the data into. In this case it is only the geology
table and the sample table.
Note: Make sure you scroll down and remove the ticks from the tables that cannot be
seen in the current view.
10. Tick the field names you wish to include and then complete the column number of the
data in the text file. Scroll down, fill in the information for the sample table, and then click
Apply.
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Geological Database
11. On the next form, fill in or select the data file names and load type.
Note: If the overlapping sample check is performed, an error is recorded in the report
file if the data for any holes overlaps. Allowing a small number of errors before the
process stops can be useful. These error records do not go into the database but are
stored in a reject file, along with an explanation for the error.
Note: The Insert option will not replace existing data in the database, whereas the
Update option will.
Following, is a sample reject file, where a header record has been read as an error and
sent to the reject file along with two other rejected records.
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Geological Database
To see all of the steps in this section, run 02a_importing_data.tcl. You will need to click
Apply on any forms presented.
Viewing Data
Data can be directly viewed in the Access database by dragging the .mdb file into the graphics
workspace. Once the data has been imported,tables can be viewed or edited by choosing options
from the Edit menu in Surpac.
When selecting View table constrained, the Define Query Constraints form allows the data to be
filtered depending on the values for a particular field from that Table. Multiple constraints can also
be used; the rule for selected data is that each condition must be met for the data to be displayed.
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Geological Database
Note: Right-click in the space below the current row and select Add from the pop up
menu to add a new row.
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Geological Database
Notice that holes meeting all three of the above constraints are displayed.
6. Click Apply.
7. Close the database.
To see all of the steps in this chapter, run 02b_viewing_data.tcl. You will need to click Apply on any
forms presented.
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Display Drillholes
Task:Display Drillholes
Display Drillholes
Task: Display Drillholes
1. Open the surpac_training database.
2. Run the Display drillholes function by clicking the down arrow on the database button
on the status bar and choosing Display drillholes from the popup menu.
Alternatively, choose Display > Drillholes from the main menu or click the
Icon.
4. Click Apply.
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Display Drillholes
Task:Display Drillholes
When the drillholes are rotated it can be seen that despite colouring the traces by assay,
everything is uniformly green. This is because no styles have been setup to display the
data. You will now create colour display styles for the lithology and assays.
5. To see all of the steps in this section, run 03a_display_drillholes_no_styles.tcl. You will
need to click Apply on any forms presented.
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Display Drillholes
Yellow
IN
Green
MU
Blue
QV1
Red
S2
Orange
SH
Cyan
ST
Magenta
Codes can be lumped together. For example, if there was a series of codes beginning with
the letter M, they could be all coded purple,
or, as in the above example, S* Orange, S2, SH and ST would all plot as Orange.
Surpac 6.2
M*
Purple
S*
Orange
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Geological Database
Display Drillholes
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Display Drillholes
This will add one grade range, which consists of the minimum and maximum values
found in the gold field. This is just to provide you with a reference of the range of values
currently available in that field.
8. From the first range created, on the right hand side, change the From Value and To
Value to 0 and 2, respectively.
9. Choose a colour for this grade range.
10. Right-click again on the gold field and choose Add new style from the context menu.
This will add a new range below the previously added range.
11. On the right-hand side, change the From Value and To Value to 2 and 4, respectively.
12. Choose a colour for this grade range.
13. Continue adding grade ranges in increments of 2 until you reach 10. For example:
0-2
Cyan
2-4
Orange
4-6
Yellow
6-8
Blue
8-10
Red
Displaying cylinders.
Displaying lithological codes on the right-hand side.
Displaying assays on the left-hand side.
Displaying colour-filled bar graphs of the gold assays on the left-hand side and
offsetting them by 5m.
Note: All of the following tasks require that you be connected to the database surpac_
training.ddb.
Display Drillholes
Task: Display Cylinders
1. Choose Display > Drillholes.
2. Select rescale view to display all holes in plan view.
3. As you zoom in and change the display, leave the box unticked to maintain your desired
view.
Note: All data is to be displayed on the screen, so no constraints are added to the
holes.
Displaying cylinders is a great tool for viewing high grade areas. The colour of the cylinder
is taken from the styles table, and its size is determined by the numeric value for that
field.
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Display Drillholes
As the drillholes are displayed and rotated in the graphics space, a good sense of how the
orebody is trending can be viewed.
To see all of the steps in this section, run 03b_display_cylinders.tcl. You will need to
click Apply on any forms presented.
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Display Drillholes
3. Enter the information as shown on the Collar stylestab, and then click Apply.
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Geological Database
Display Drillholes
4. Enter the information as shown on the Labelstab, and then click Apply.
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Display Drillholes
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Geological Database
Display Drillholes
Task: Display Colour-filled Bar Graphs of Gold Assays on the Left-hand Side
Task: Display Colour-filled Bar Graphs of Gold Assays on the Left-hand Side
1. Choose Display > Drillholes.
2. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
To see all the steps in this task, run macro 03c_display_drillholes_with_styles.tcl. You will need to
click Apply on any forms presented.
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Geological Database
4. Choose Display > Identify drillhole or click the Identify drillhole icon
5. Following the prompt, click to select a hole.
6. Press ESC to terminate the function.
You will see something similar to the following in the message window:
Hole ID: WRC001, Collar Y: 1682.69, Collar X: 7318.77, Collar Z: 191.48, Depth: 120.00
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Geological Database
Choose Display > Edit drillhole or click the Edit drillhole icon
.
Following the prompt, click to select the hole of interest.
Select the sample table and the gold field and then click Add.
Select the geology table and the lithology field and then click Add.
Sample results for hole WRC065 are shown below:
Note: To remove charts from the editor, right mouse click over the field headings (ie.
sample/gold or geology/lithology) and choose Remove from the popup menu.
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Note: This function allows you to edit the drillhole database directly unless
permissions have been set in the external database to exclude write back functions.
If any changes have been made, when you exit the function the following form will appear
allowing your changes to be saved directly in the database.
6. Click No.
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Drillhole Sections
Drillhole Sections
Creating Sections Graphically
Task: Create Sections Graphically
Note: This task requires that the previous task has been successfully performed so that the
drillholes are displayed correctly. If you have not got your drillholes displayed as in the last task, run
the macro 03c_display_drillholes_with_styles.tcl
1. Choose Section > Define or click the
icon.
2. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
3. Select your section click and hold the mouse button down and drag to a point as
shown:
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
4. At the prompt "Press F2 to confirm the section definition, or ESC to cancel the function",
press F2.
The results will appear similar to that shown below.
icon.
To see all of the steps in this section, run macro 04a_create_sections_graphically.tcl. You will need
to Apply any forms presented.
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Drillhole Sections
2. Use the transparency slider toolbar to view the data through these rendered surfaces
Note: To bring up the transparency slider toolbar, right-click in the empty space next
to the menus, choose Toolbars, then Scale and transparency.
3. Choose Sections > Define.
4. Enter the information on the Section Method tab as shown.
5. Click the Section Objects tab and tick the Section Objects check box.
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Drillhole Sections
Note: Leave the Object Range unspecified and all objects in graphics will be sliced.
This time all objects are sliced along the section line, showing the pit design, topography
and orebody in section.
7. Click the
To see all of the steps in this section, run macro 04b_advanced_cross_sectional_viewing.tcl. You
will need to Apply any forms presented.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
This will create sections starting at 7120mN and continuing up to 7600mN, every 40m.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Notice that the current drillhole section is displayed in the status bar. To switch to other
sections, click the Previous section
icons.
Notice that the section number is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the Surpac
window.
To see all of the steps in this section, run 04c_create_regular_sections.tcl. You will need to Apply
any forms presented.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Note: If the Snap to Section Plane box is ticked, all values will be the same for that
section plane, in this case the northing (Y coordinate). Otherwise points snapped to
drillhole will have the coordinates of that point, while digitised points between holes will
snap to the plane of the section.
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Drillhole Sections
6. In the Layers pane, click New and enter the information as shown.
This will create a layer called "ore_interp" to store the new data you are digitising.
7. Choose Create > Digitise > New point at mouse location or click the
icon as shown.
Note: Left click digitises a point on screen snapping to plane. Right click snap to a
drillhole, depending on what is selectable.
The following options may be seen under the Database > Display menu.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
8. Digitise some end points for the ore zone by left clicking points as shown.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
11. Right click at the lower boundary of the MU zone in the next drillhole as shown.
The next two points are generated using the New midpoint function. To do this, you
need to zoom out so that you can see the next drillhole on the left.
12. Click F1.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Surpac 6.2
icon.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Note: While it is not necessary to save until the end, it is strongly recommended to save your
work as you go along in case of power cuts or system crashes etc.
To see all of the steps in this section, run macro 04d_digitising_ore_outline.tcl. You will need to
Apply any forms presented.
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Drillhole Sections
4. Open ore1.dtm.
Note: You will need to type in the layer name (intersect) on the form.
Any drill holes that pass through object 8 will be written to the intersect table.
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Drillhole Sections
A new layer will also be created to visually show intercepts that pass through the 3DM as
shown below. It is not necessary to save this information. It can be used as a graphics
check to ensure an intercept has been generated for all drillholes passing through the
3DM.
You have now flagged the grade intervals to composite for statistical analysis,
compositing and block model filling.
Note: The new Intersect table does not contain any grades, merely the locations of the
grades in the assay table It can be used as a defined Zone when extracting composites
from the database.
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
icon.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Drillhole Sections
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Section Plotting
Creating a Simple Section Plot
Task: Create a Simple Section Plot
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Open topo1.str.
Open ore1.str.
Open surpac_training.ddb.
Choose Display > Drillholes.
Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
The data in the two string files and the drillhole traces are displayed.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
11. Enter the information as shown on the Labels tab, and then click Apply.
Note: Right click in the empty space below the first row and select Add to add a
second row to the table.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Notice that the section number is displayed in the Status bar at the bottom of the
window.
12. Choose Sections >Next.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Note: If you have difficulty with these steps, click the Reset graphicsicon
open section_7320_north.swa.
, then
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
The file section.dwf is created and displayed in the Plot Preview window as shown.
21. Choose File > Close to close the Plot Preview window.
22. Click Reset graphics
To see all of the steps in this section, run 05a_autoplot_section.tcl, You will need to click Apply on
any forms presented.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
The file section_with_plan.dwf is created and displayed in the Plot Preview window, as
shown.
To see all of the steps in this section, run 05b_autoplot_section_plan_strip.tcl. You will need to click
Apply on any forms presented.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Reset Graphics.
Open oblique_section_line.swa.
Choose Display > Point > Attributes.
Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
25. On the Plot Parameters tab, enter the information as shown, and then select the
Oblique Section Grid tab.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
26. On the Oblique Section Grid tab, enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
Note: The fields of this tab only become active if the Grid selected on the Plot
Parameters tab is blank, NOGR, or one of the oblique grids.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
29. Select View > Window in, or use the mouse scroll wheel to zoom in on one edge of the
map as shown below.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Note: The plots will be named according to what is entered for the output file name.
In this case the first plot will be called multi_section.dwf, with subsequent plots called
multi_section01.dwf, multi_section02.dwf etc.
4. Click the Batch sections tab.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
Northing
Filename
7320
multi_section.dwf
7360
multi_section_01.dwf
7400
multi_section_02.dwf
7440
multi_section_03.dwf
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
15. Choose File > Close to close the Plot Preview window.
To see all of the steps in this section, run 05d_autoplot_multiple_sections.tcl. You will need to click
Apply on any forms presented.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
4. Click and drag the right and left mouse buttons and/or use the mouse wheel to zoom the
title block, as shown.
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Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Note: When you select the Drawing area of VA1B in Plot content, the only available
option in the Optional content Drawing area is VA1T. The software only allows you to
select drawing areas which are appropriate for the selected sheet size.
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
Surpac 6.2
Page 89 of 120
Geological Database
Section Plotting
Filename
7320
multi_solid_section.dwf
7360
multi_ solid_section_01.dwf
7400
multi_ solid_section_02.dwf
7440
multi_ solid_section_03.dwf
15. Drag and drop multi_solid_section.dwf to display the plot in the Plot Preview window.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
16. Click and drag the right and left mouse buttons and/or use the mouse wheel to zoom in
on the title block as shown:
Notice that the Section number has been automatically appended to the title
block.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
17. Click and drag the right and left mouse buttons and/or use the mouse wheel to zoom in
on the legend:
18. Drag and drop into graphics each of the files that were created:
multi_solid_section_01.dwf
multi_solid_section_02.dwf
multi_solid_section_03.dwf
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Section Plotting
To see all of the steps in this section, run 05f_autoplot_multiple_solid_sections.tcl. You will need to
click Apply on any forms presented.
Surpac 6.2
Page 93 of 120
Geological Database
Compositing
Compositing
Compositing by Elevation
Task: Perform Composite by Elevation
This function creates one or more string files which contain elevation composites of sample data. It
can be weighted by length alone or by other fields in the table containing the sample data and can be
used to weight by specific gravity or recovery.
1. Choose Composite > Bench elevations.
Drill Holes are processed as described below:
All samples, or fractions of samples, of a drill hole which are within the nominated
elevations for the composite, are reduced to a single point value. This value has the
length-weighted average of all samples which intersected the elevation range of interest.
If the total vertical length of the samples as a percentage of the vertical height of the
elevation bounds of the composite is less than a defined threshold percentage, then the
hole will be ignored. The reason for this is to give you some control over whether drill
holes which only partially intersect the elevation composite are included or excluded from
the final result.
2. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Compositing
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Compositing
To see all of the steps in this section, run 06a_composite_by_elevation.tcl, You will need to Apply
any forms presented.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Compositing
Compositing Downhole
Task: Perform Composite Downhole
1. Choose Composite > Downhole.
2. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Compositing
Surpac 6.2
Page 98 of 120
Geological Database
Compositing
To see all of the steps in this section, run 06b_composite_downhole.tcl. You will need to Apply
any forms presented.
Surpac 6.2
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Geological Database
Compositing
This is where you use the flagged intercepts created and stored in the intersect table.
Surpac will now composite samples that fall inside the intervals stored in this table.
5. Click Apply on the blank constraints form.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Compositing
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Compositing
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Compositing
Compositing Graphical
Task: Perform Composite Graphical
1. Choose Display > Drillholes.
2. Enter the information as shown, and then click Apply.
Note: The dilute option means that if the box is ticked, any negative values or missing
samples will be classed as zero and will therefore dilute any composite you create. If it is
not ticked, the negative value or missing sample will be ignored and therefore will not
affect the composite.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Compositing
5. Click the Display options tab and enter the information as shown.
This will result in the display of the averaged sample value 1 unit high, as a thick blue trace
terminated at each end by diamond shaped markers.
6. Click the Composite code labels tab, enter the information as shown, and then click
Apply.
This will result in the display of the code labels on the left hand side of the drillhole trace,
1 unit high. The code is a character value suitable for storing in a database table
representing an interval.
7. Choose Composite > Create.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Compositing
icon.
Now you will view the calculated grade and the exact depth_to and depth_from as shown
below:
13. Choose Composite > Edit.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Compositing
Note: You can also edit the depths at this point and the composite will be recalculated.
Note: Selecting the Group by Composite code check box will group all the Hg_ore code
composites together.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Domains
Domains
One of the most important aspects of geostatistics is to ensure that any data set is correctly classified
into a set of homogenous domains. A domain is either a 2D or 3D region within which all data is
related. Mixing data from more than one domain, or not classifying data into correct domains, can
often be the source of estimation errors.
A Simple Example
Imagine that you are a meteorologist, and you are given three air temperatures measured at
locations A, B, and C, as displayed below. Based on the values shown, what would you guess the
temperature is at location X? Would you guess that the temperature at location X was greater than
25?
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Domains
Now consider the following: Imagine that you want to go to your favourite beach, but only if the
temperature is 25 degrees or more. You have three friends who live near the beach you want to go
to, and you call them up and ask each one what the temperature is at each of their homes. You draw
the map below, with the locations of each friend (A, B, and C) and the temperatures they give you.
Your favourite beach is at location X. Note that the friend at location B lives high up in the
mountains, while friends at A and C live near the beach.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Domains
D1
< 1.000
1 1.999
2 2.999
3 3.999
4 4.999
5 5.999
>= 6.000
As in the first example above, any estimation that you would make with only this file
would be based only on the distances between the sample points and the estimated
location.
8. With all_composites2.str still displayed on the screen, open ore1.dtm.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Domains
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Domains
On the next form, notice that the character field lithology has been set up in the geology
table, which is an interval table. The text QV1 has been inserted into the field lithology
for every interval of a drillhole which is inside ore1.dtm.
4. After viewing the form, click Apply.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Domains
An east-west section of the database and the composites which were created is
displayed.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Basic Statistics
The Histogram
A histogram is a statistical term which refers to a graph of frequency vs. value. A histogram is the
graphical version of a table which shows what proportion of cases fall into each of several nonoverlapping intervals of some variable.
For example, a distribution of gold grades could be represented by the following table.
Gold (g/t)
Number of samples
(frequency)
0.0 - 0.5
0.5 1.0
40
1.0 - 1.5
58
1.5 2.0
82
2.0 - 2.5
40
2.5 3.0
29
3.0 - 3.5
18
3.5 4.0
10
4.0 4.5
12
4.5 5.0
5.5 6.0
6.0 6.5
6.5 7.0
7.0 7.5
7.5 8.0
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Bimodal Distributions
The mode is the most commonly occurring value in a data set. For example, in the following data
set, the number 8 is the mode:
1 3 5 5 8 8 8 9
Bimodal means that there are two relatively most common values which are not adjacent to one
another. In the following data set, the numbers 2 and 8 are equally common, and the distribution is
said to be bimodal:
1 2 2 2 3 5 5 8 8 8 9
Imagine that you are studying the average specific gravity, or density of rocks in a coal deposit. A
histogram of all rock samples might look like this:
Specific Gravity
Any histogram which displays two peaks, as in the example above, is said to be bimodal. The
bimodal distribution in the example above can be explained by the fact that the data set is comprised
of coal samples as well as intervening sandstone and mudstone bands. The specific gravity values
between 1 and 2 are representative of the coal, while specific gravity values between 2 and 3
represent the intervening rock.
Often the source of a bimodal distribution can be two domains being mixed into a single data set. In
order to minimise estimation errors, you should make every attempt to separate any data set which
has a bimodal distribution. In the example above, merely segregating the data based on rock type
would result in two separate normal distributions.
Outliers
An outlier is a statistical term for a data value which is relatively distant from the majority of all
other values in the data set. For example, in the following data set, the number 236 would be
considered to be an outlier:
1 3 5 5 8 8 8 236
Outliers can cause problems with the calculation of variograms. Additionally, if used in an
estimation, outliers can result in unrealistic results. One technique used to reduce the impact of
outliers is to apply a cutoff to them. In the example above, the value of 236 could be cut, or
changed to a value of 9:
1 3 5 5 8 8 8 9
Another alternative is to remove the outlier value(s).
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Task:Display Histogram
The macro will choose Analysis > Basic statistics window to open the Basic Statistics
window.
The macro will then choose File > Load data from string files.
The form below is displayed.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Task:Display Histogram
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Task:Remove Outliers
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Task:Remove Outliers
Next, a histogram and a line representing the cumulative frequency is displayed. Notice
that the maximum data value is now 17. After this, Statistics > Report was selected. This
form prompts you to enter the name of an output report, the report format, and a range
of percentiles which will be written to the report.
5. When you have completed viewing the form, click Apply.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Task:Remove Outliers
The output report gold_cut17.not contains several output statistics, including the
specified percentiles. This file is created in the directory, but is not displayed by the
macro.
7. Open gold_cut17.not and verify that the maximum value is 17.
Surpac 6.2
Geological Database
Basic Statistics
Surpac 6.2
Task:Remove Outliers
Geological Database