Week 6

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions
Chapter 4: Contact Interactions
http://apl.aip.org/applab/v96/i4/p043701_s1
http://ftp.aip.org/epaps/appl_phys_lett/E-APPLAB-96-038950/
http://www-math.mit.edu/~dhu/Striderweb/striderweb.html

What was particularly confusing or difficult?
I don't really understand Young's modulus at all, and I

don't understand what its significance is.
The way the book explains how to calculate the length of an inter-atomic bond
is kind of complicated and confusing. I hope Dr. Greco goes over this in
lecture. CHALLANGE ACCEPTED
I would like more explanation on the idea of stress and strain
Applications of Young's modulus and when it ceases to be
relevant/useful.
It was hard to grasp the last section on compression forces. In the example, a
brick sitting on a table compresses the atoms of the table, but this is hard to
picture in real life.
Nothing was too difficult understand, I just felt that the book was
jumping from one topic to another. Are we just surveying all forces?
How does it all relate to our goal in the class?
I've learned about Young's Modulus and stress and strain, but I never learned
it through the idea of atoms.

Model of a solid: All matter consist of atoms:

``uncuttable Democritus (460 BC - 370 BC)
1. Atoms attract each other when they

are close but not too close.
2. Atoms repel one another when
they get too close to each other
3. Atoms in solids, liquids and
gases keep moving even at
very low temperatures
=11010 m

Chapter 4: balls and springs
A chemical bond between two atoms acts

like a spring
Equilibrium
Close
Too Close
Ball-Spring Model

Everyday solids are

made up of millions
and millions of atoms
(balls and springs)
At room temperature the

atoms are in motion in the
form of lattice vibrations.
The cubic lattice of a solid
is not very stable but
gives good
approximations.
Ball and Spring Cubic Lattice

Clicker: How does the diameter of one atom in a solid

compare to the length of an atomic bond in our model
(1) The bond length is greater than the atomic diameter
(2) The bond length is less than the atomic diameter
(3) They are the same

Clicker: How does the diameter of one atom in a solid

compare to the length of an atomic bond in our model
(1) The bond length is greater than the atomic diameter
(2) The bond length is less than the atomic diameter
(3) They are the same

Tension
From our previous analysis of tension we

determined that the larger the mass the
great the tension in the wire
F wire=mg
Does this fit with our model of a

solid?
Replace the wire with a long thin chain of

atoms
Assume a massless springs
The larger the mass the bigger the
stretch!

Chapter 4: interatomic bond length
To make qualitative predictions with the Ball and

Spring model requires application of Hooke's law
1. What type of lattice should we choose
(how are the balls packed together)
2. What is the length of an individual
spring for a given type of atom
(how many springs are there)
3. What is the stiffness of an
individual spring for a given atom
(what is the effective spring
stiffness of the solid)
Simple Cubic
System

Clicker: The mass of one copper atom is m and the

The density of solid copper is . What is the volume
occupied by one atom of copper in a solid?
(1) m*
(2) m/
(3) m*()^3
(4) /m

Clicker: The mass of one copper atom is m and the

The density of solid copper is . What is the volume
occupied by one atom of copper in a solid?
(1) m*
(2) m/
(3) m*()^3
(4) /m

To determine atomic spacing requires three things:

Density, Atomic Mass and Avogadro's Number
The density of a material is independent of size and shape!
m atom
d
matom
d=
1/3
atomic mass
m atom =
NA
N A =6.0210 23 atoms/ mole

Example: The atomic spacing of gold atoms?
The density is usually given in the problem state or

obtained from a reference (book, web, CRC, etc...)
3
gold =19.310 kg / m
The Atomic Mass is found from the periodic table

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rSAaiYKF0cs
atomic mass=196.97 g / mole

m gold =
0.197 kg / mole
25 kg
=3.2710
23
atom
6.0210 atoms / mole
d gold =
25
3.2710 kg / atom
3
3
19.310 kg / m
d gold =2.571010 m
1/3

Reading Question: Why density? This isn't Chemistry class!
Density is a very powerful concept

Consider the man of steel, Superman.
Born on the planet Krypton and
endowed with the strength his
massive planet bequeathed to him.
Could there be such a planet?
Density can give us the answer!
Assume golden age superman who

could only jump over a building
Best analysis wins a prize!
Must be submitted before Test 2.

Chapter 4: interatomic bond strength
Hooke's Law requires information about:
The rest length of the spring
The spring stiffness
At this level we do not possess the

tools to microscopically measure the
strength of an individual bond between
two atoms
Instead, we need a way to relate a

macroscopic measurement of how a
solid responds to deformation to the
microscopic quantity (bond strength)
This will require a method for
determining how springs work
together in a group

Springs in Series (end-to-end)
If we hang a weight from one spring the spring constant is found from
the momentum principle
k s ' =mg / 2s
k s ' =k s / 2
2L0
F Earth=F Spring
2s
The effective spring constant for

this spring can again be determined
by the momentum principle
L0
Two identical springs end-to-end

act just a like a single spring that
was twice as long as the first and
stretched twice as far
L0
k s =mg / s
L0
F Earth=F Spring

Springs in Parallel (side-by-side)
If we hang a weight from one spring the spring constant is found from
the momentum principle
F Earth=F Spring
s / 2 k s ' =mg =ks
k s ' =2k s
L0
The effective spring constant for

this spring is determined by the
momentum principle
s/2
Two identical springs side-by-side

with each support half of the weight
and stretch only half has far
L0
s/2
k s =mg / s
L0
F Earth=F Spring

Double the length and half the stiffness
k s ' =k s / 2
Half the length and double the stiffness
k s ' =2k s

Clicker: You hang a 1 kg mass from a spring, which

stretches 0.4 m. You link the spring end-to-end with
another identical spring, and hang a 1 kg mass from
the linked springs. How much does this longer spring
stretch?
(1) 0.16 m
(2) 0.2 m
(3) 0.4 m
(4) 0.8 m
(5) It doesn't stretch at all
(6) I don't know, I am still thinking about gum


stretches 0.4 m. You link the spring end-to-end with
another identical spring, and hang a 1 kg mass from
the linked springs. How much does this longer spring
stretch?
(1) 0.16 m
(2) 0.2 m
(3) 0.4 m
(4) 0.8 m
(6) I don't know, I am still thinking about gum


stretches 0.4 m. You place a second identical spring
beside the first, so the 1 kg mass is now supported by
two springs. How much does each spring stretch?
(1) 0.2 m
(2) 0.4 m
(3) 0.5 m
(4) 0.8 m


stretches 0.4 m. You place a second identical spring
beside the first, so the 1 kg mass is now supported by
two springs. How much does each spring stretch?
(1) 0.2 m
(2) 0.4 m
(3) 0.5 m
(4) 0.8 m

How does this generalize to N springs
In series the effective spring constant decreases with each

spring we add
The longer a solid gets the softer it feels
The shorter a solid gets the stiffer it feels
In parallel the effective spring constant increases with each

spring we add
The thinner a solid gets the softer it feels
The fatter a solid gets the harder if feels
k series =k s / N
k parallel =k s N

Group Problem: You hang a 1 kg mass from a spring,

which stretches 0.4 m. You place a second identical
spring beside the first and attach a third identical
spring below these. You hang a 1 kg
mass from the bottom spring, how far
does the mass move?
(1) 0.2 m
(2) 0.4 m
(3) 0.6 m
(4) 0.8 m
(5) 1.2 m

Now that we know how springs work together we are

prepared to combine our addition rules with the cubic
lattice model
This will relate the macroscopic spring stiffness in a solid to the
microscopic spring stiffness (bond strength)
How many springs can fit down the
length of the wire (a chain)
# springs= L / d atomic
The effective spring stiffness of a chain
k atomic k atomic d atomic

k chain =
=
# springs
L

How many of these chains are there in a wire?
The same as the number of atoms on the bottoms surface of

the wire
The number of atoms is found by looking at the crosssectional area; the area of a flat slice of the wire
A wire A wire
# chains =
= 2
A atom d atomic
The effective spring stiffness of these

chains working in parallel
# chains
k wire =k chain# chains =k atomic
# springs
Awire
1
k wire =k atomic
L wire d atomic

Chapter 4: young's modulus
This is Amazing! By making macroscopic measurements of a

solid and applying the ball and spring model, we can determine the
bond strength between two atoms - a microscopic quantity
From this relationship we can see how a change in the

shape of a wire will affect the macroscopic spring stiffness
Awire
1
k wire =k atomic
L wire d atomic
A long wire is softer than a short wire
A fat wire is more stiff than a skinny wire
Demo time
The microscopic result should be true regardless of: the
cross sectional area of the wire, the length of the wire, the size
of the weight used to stretch the wire

Recall from the tension example that the spring stiffness of the
wire was found by satisfying the momentum principle
Force tension
Force tension =Force Earth
k wire =
L
Substituting into the spring stiffness relationship
k atomic
F T L wire
=
d atomic L Awire
stress F T / A k atomic
Y
=
=
strain L/ L d atomic
Young's Module is the ratio of stress

to strain and does not depend on the
size or shape of the material

Clicker: Two wires with equal lengths are made of

pure copper. The diameter of wire A is twice the
diameter of wire B. When 6 kg masses are hung on
the wires, wire B stretches more than wire A. You
make careful measurements and compute Young's
modulus for both wires. What do you find?
(1) YA > YB
(2) YA = YB
(3) YA < YB

Clicker: Two wires with equal lengths are made of

pure copper. The diameter of wire A is twice the
diameter of wire B. When 6 kg masses are hung on
the wires, wire B stretches more than wire A. You
make careful measurements and compute Young's
modulus for both wires. What do you find?
(1) YA > YB
(2) YA = YB
(3) YA < YB

Chapter 4: Compression
Compression Forces (Contact Forces)
Contact forces only apply to points of contact between system

and surroundings
Contact forces can push (compression) or pull (tension)
How does the metal table exert a force on the brink?

Example: Mr. Louis Cyr supports the combined weight

of 18 men (19,127 N). Each of his thighbones (femur)
have a length of 0.55 m and an effective cross-sectional
area of 5.7e-4 m2.
How much does

each one of his
thigh bones compress?

Example: Solution
Young's Modulus: For compressed Bone = 9.4e9 N/m2
F T / A
Y=
L/ L
F T / A
L=
Y / L
F T=19127/ 2 N
4
9,563.5 N /5.710 m
L=
9.4109 N / m 2 /0.55 m
L1 mm

Chapter 4: Friction
Two solids in contact and moving against each other

feel a friction forces resisting this movement
This is directly related to the compression force

If we apply a force to a brick laying on
a table, the brick will run into an
uncompressed part of the table
This force is parallel to the table
and called the frictional force
All of this compressing and decompressing
of the bonds imparts energy into the table
It heats up!
We call friction a dissipative process

Chapter 4: Friction
Leonardo da Vinci (1452-1519): The first person to qualitatively

study the problem of friction
He focused on all kinds of friction

and drew a distinction between
sliding, static and rolling friction
f sliding= kFN
f static sFN
is the coefficient of friction and will

have a different value for static/kinetic
FN is the normal force or the force
compressing the two surface together

Chapter 4: Friction
Some useful properties of friction

1. The force of friction is proportional to the compression force
2. The force of friction is independent of the area of contact
3. The force of friction is independent of the sliding velocity
4. The static friction force can have any value < F

5. The friction force depends on the direction of motion,
making friction a non-conservative force

Chapter 4: Friction
Clicker: A block of mass M is dragged along a table

by a string at a constant speed v. The string makes an
angle with the table and the coefficient of friction
between the block and the table is . What is the
tension T in the string?
(1) mg sin
(2) mg /sin cos
(3) mg /sin
(4) mg cos
(5) mg / sin cos

Chapter 4: Friction
Clicker: Solution
Use the momentum principle
net =0
F
FN
T cos = F N
F N T sin =mg
FN
Solve for T
F N =T / cos
T / cos T sin =mg
T = mg / sin cos
mg

Chapter 4: Friction
Example: Imagine a penguin of mass M dropped on a conveyor

belt moving with speed v. When the penguin first lands on the belt
there is slippage, until the speed of the penguin catches up to the
belt. If the coefficient of friction between penguin and belt is , what
is the distance d the penguin travels before reaching speed v?
vi = 0
vf = v
d
v
v

Chapter 4: Friction
Example: Solution
Force Diagram
System: Penguin
Surroundings: Belt + Earth
Initial State: Penguin meets belt
Final State: Penguin moves at speed v
a distance d away
FN
FN
mg
net t
p = F
Nv t
m v f = F
vi = 0
vf = v
m v f = mgv t
v f = gv t

Chapter 4: Friction
Example: Solution
Force Diagram
How to find the change in time?
r = v avg t
v f 0
d v =
t
2
2d
= t
v
2d
v= g
v
FN
FN
mg
vi = 0
vf = v
d
v
v
d=
g2

Chapter 4: Speed of Sound
When we considered the stretch or compression of a

solid we assumed that the change in shape was
uniform and instantaneous.
In reality, this change is not instantaneous
We call the speed with which the propagation travels

the speed of sound

Chapter 4: Speed of Sound
We already know enough to compute the speed of

propagation through our ball and spring model
using Vpython
For each atom (loop):
1) Find the stretch
2) Find the net force
3) Update the momentum
4) Update the position
5) Update t = t + t
VPython

Chapter 4: spring-mass system
To determine an analytical expression for the

speed of sound requires additional information
about spring mass systems
Place the origin at

the equilibrium position
net =k s x x
F
Use the momentum principle

2
ks
dv x
d x
= x
m
=k s x
2
m
dt
dt
What function is equal to its
second derivative
x t = Acos t

If we substitute this expression into the equation of

motion for a spring mass system we find
A stands for Amplitude and is equal to the initial displacement
A= x 0
Omega is the angular

frequency and is dependent
on the spring stiffness
and mass of the block
= k s / m
=2 /T
x t = Acos t

Clicker: Suppose the period of a spring-mass

oscillator is 1 s. What will be the period if we double
the mass?
(1)T = 0.5s
(2) T = 0.7s
(3) T = 1.0s
(4) T = 1.4s
(5) T = 2.0s
= k s / m
=2 /T


oscillator is 1 s. What will be the period if we double
the mass?
(1)T = 0.5s
(2) T = 0.7s
(3) T = 1.0s
(4) T = 1.4s
(5) T = 2.0s
= k s / m
=2 /T


oscillator is 1 s with an amplitude of 5 cm. What is the
period if we increase the amplitude to 10 cm, so that
the total distance traveled in one period is twice as
large?
(1)T = 0.5s
(2) T = 0.7s
(3) T = 1.0s
(4) T = 1.4s
(5) T = 2.0s
= k s / m
=2 /T

Clicker: Suppose the period of a spring-mass oscillator

is 1 s with an amplitude of 5 cm. What is the period if
we increase the amplitude to 10 cm, so that the total
distance traveled in one period is twice as large?
(1)T = 0.5s
(2) T = 0.7s
(3) T = 1.0s
(4) T = 1.4s
(5) T = 2.0s
= k s / m
=2 /T

Chapter 4: analytical speed of sound
Use dimensional analysis to

guess at the correct answer
for the speed of sound
Characteristic distance and time
d scale =d atomic
t scale =1/
v scale =d atomic
Speed of Sound
v sound =d atomic
k atomic
m atomic

Example: Tension revisited How long does it take for a gold

wire to stretch once a 10 kg mass is hung from the end. The length
of the wire is 2 m and a 0.001 m wide. The wire stretches 2.48 mm.
F T / A 109.8/0.001 2
10
2
Y=
=
=7.910 N /m
L / L
0.00248 /2
v sound =d atomic
k atomic
m atomic
d 3atomic Y
m atomic
10
Y
7.910
v sound =
=
=2023 m / s
19300
2m
4
T=
=
=9.910 s
v sound 2023 m / s
L
Measured v sound =2030 m / s percenterror =
2023 m / s2030 m/ s
100 %=0.34 %
2030 m/ s

SRS: A slinky is held from one end and dropped. What

does the slinky do?
Answer:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wGIZKETKKdw
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eCMmmEEyOO0
What would happen if I hung two identical spring from

the ceiling and cut each one
at the same time; one at the
ceiling, one at the ball?
Which ball would hit the
ground first?

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Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Chapter 4: Contact Interactions

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

What was particularly confusing or difficult?

I don't really understand Young's modulus at all, and I

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Model of a solid: All matter consist of atoms:

1. Atoms attract each other when they

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

A chemical bond between two atoms acts

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Everyday solids are

At room temperature the

Ball and Spring Cubic Lattice

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: How does the diameter of one atom in a solid

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: How does the diameter of one atom in a solid

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

From our previous analysis of tension we

Does this fit with our model of a

Replace the wire with a long thin chain of

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

To make qualitative predictions with the Ball and

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: The mass of one copper atom is m and the

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: The mass of one copper atom is m and the

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

To determine atomic spacing requires three things:

The density of a material is independent of size and shape!

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Example: The atomic spacing of gold atoms?

The density is usually given in the problem state or

The Atomic Mass is found from the periodic table

atomic mass=196.97 g / mole

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Reading Question: Why density? This isn't Chemistry class!

Density is a very powerful concept

Assume golden age superman who

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Hooke's Law requires information about:

The rest length of the spring

The spring stiffness

At this level we do not possess the

Instead, we need a way to relate a

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Springs in Series (end-to-end)

The effective spring constant for

Two identical springs end-to-end

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Springs in Parallel (side-by-side)

The effective spring constant for

Two identical springs side-by-side

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Double the length and half the stiffness

Half the length and double the stiffness

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: You hang a 1 kg mass from a spring, which

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: You hang a 1 kg mass from a spring, which

Physics 2211: Matter and Interactions

Clicker: You hang a 1 kg mass from a spring, which