BAHAY NA BATO

In the nineteenth century, the nipa hut or bahay kubo evolved and gave way to the Bahay na bato (stone house) and became the typical house of noble Filipinos. With the opening of Manila to
international trade in 1834 and the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, trade and agricultural production rose to exhilarating heights and increased the fortunes of the native aristocracy, particularly
in the provinces. Wealth became the passport to higher education not only in Manila but also in Europe. The elite or principalia included landowners and traders, as well as professionals such as
physicians, accountants and the highly educated, cosmopolitan illustrado (literally, enlightened). The Bahay na bato, the colonial Filipino house, followed the nipa hut's arrangements such as
happy marriage of the basic native form-hip roof, open ventilation (large windows), elevated apartments and specialized interior spaces. In addition, another feature of bahay na bato has classical
ornaments. The most obvious difference between nipa huts and bahay na bato would be the materials that were used to build them. The bahay na bato was constructed out of brick and stone rather
than the traditional bamboo materials because during Spanish period, Spaniards brought the masonry construction in the Philippine. Bahay na bato is a mixture of native Filipino, Spanish and
Chinese influences, it is a structure that meets the challenges of the Philippine landscape. It is uses sawali or woven bamboo slats. This type of ceiling was cooler, readily
available and surer protection against earthquake. During the 19th century, wealthy Filipinos built some fine houses and house builder of any age
have mined the materials from the sea, the forest, the earth and from the farm. From the sea comes a variety of capiz shells for windows. The same
material is used for most of the Spanish-type churches in the Visayas. The farm yields as much building materials as the sea. For mortar, molasses or
pulot from sugarcane and egg white from the chicken coop are mixed with lime for cementing purposes, yet it is durable because other structures is
still existing even though in that kind of construction materials. From the forests the abundant supply of the Philippine hardwood such as narra,
molave, tanguile, kamagong, mahogany, etc. that are used for beams, posts, walls, and floors. And the good earth with its deposits of local stones,
bricks and tiles from clay, and volcanic turf adobe stones, becomes an inexhaustible source of building materials.
The bahay na bato is well function related to Filipino lifestyle, customs and values. Since Filipino has an extended family at least two to three generations living under one roof. There is no
constraint between adult space and children space in the Filipino town house. Basically Filipino wants to share warmth and kinship of each family member there is no boundary line when it comes
to the parents and children.

The old house is typically having two-storey. The living quarters are elevated and are reached
through an interior stairway located in the zaguan on the ground floor (Figure 1). The zaguan is
(literally "passageway" in Arabic) to accommodate horse carriages and carrozas (processional
carriages) in old days, but nowadays often function as a sari-sari store or office place. The stairs
or escelera are not only a means of access but also the setting for a stately arrival. A surrounding
balustrade detached from the wall provides room all around for welcoming committee and
prolonged farewells.

The stairs
or escalera, on the other hand, lead up to the caida or upper entrance hall. Opening to
Figure 1: Example floor plan of bahay
the caida
na(Figure
bato 2) is the sala or living room. Cuarto or bedrooms flank the sala and nearby is the
dining room. At the rear of the house are the kitchen and next to it, the open-air azotea.

Figure 2: Caida

The broad, massive window sill is grooved and holds two to three sets of sliding shutters: a set of wooden louvers or jalousies, a set of capiz or oyster shell shutters, and occasionally, a set of glasspaned shutters. Between the window sill and the floor runs the ventanilla, with sliding wooden shutters and wooden balustrades or iron grills. The idea of having extra window for more ventilation
is a very Filipino. The bahay na bato is an example of space surrounded by space. Running above the partitions are panels of wooden fretwork, which allow the air within the house to circulate.
Other features of the bahay na bato that make it a uniquely Filipino building include the banguera or dishrack (Figure 3) is where they kept the pots to drain.

The bahay na bato represents the apex in the development of indigenous Filipino architecture, because its expands the prototypal structure of the ethnic house from a one-room dwelling to a multiroomed house of grand scale, while preserving the basic features.

Figure 3:
Banguera

RELATED LITERATURE
Here are some excellent preserved examples of these houses of the illustrious Filipinos can be admired in Vigan, Ilocos Sur. In Taal, Batangas, the main street is also lined with examples of the
traditional Filipino homes.
Vigan was the major commercial center in the region, trading directly to China and this was resulted to Chinese migration into the area with
subsequent intermarriage between the native inhabitant and Chinese immigrants. Vigan was the important supplier of goods during Spanish
colonial period, it led to new merchant class mixed Chinese, native and Spanish or Filipino mestizo because of success, they built residential
houses (bahay na bato) in eastern district of the town, previously the old Chinese quarters or Kasanglayan. The house is called Quema house
after the name of Don Enrique Quema a Chinese trader in the early 19 th century.
The roof has a steep pitch suggestive of traditional Chinese architecture. The ground floor was used as storage and as a garage for horsedrawn carriages, while the living quarters were housed in the upper floor. The exterior walls of the upper storey are enclosed by woodframed, sliding window panels of capiz shells. All throughout the living quarters are wide plank hardwood floors.

The Ilagan-Barrion House in

Conchita, Julita and
after their conjugal
paid off her
had

Taal, Batangas. Built in 1870. The house belonged to Domingo Ilagan and Maria Martinez who had six children: Aniceto, Rosario, Candida,
Juan. Candida, who married Antonino Barrion, a lawyer, with their three daughters Nellie, Corazon and Charito moved to this house in Taal
home in Batangas City was burned down by the Japanese during World War II. The Ilagan house was actually an ancestral home, but Candida
siblings to gain sole ownership. Candida lived in this beautiful house and it was their home until Candida passed away in 1975. The house
been totally neglected for several years after her death. In 2004, Manny and Bobby Inumerable, children of Nellie, renovated the present
house. The Barrion House is a good example of a geometric style of the Filipino Hispanic house because there are hardly any decorations
on the facade. The house relies mainly on the structural elements for its beauty Capiz windows with diamond and square patterns cover
entirely the upper facade. The ground floor is bare and makes a good contrast. The interior has gold leaf neo-gothic arches and the
decorations on the ceiling were made by Japanese artisans.

The district's parish, the Santo Nio de Arevalo Parish, is home to the third oldest Santo Nio figure in the Philippines. The church was
built in such a way that when seen from above it is shaped like a cross. Adjacent to the church is the Arevalo Convent, a heritage building
in a Spanish colonial design and that is one of the example bahay na bato concept in the Villa Arevalo, Iloilo City.

CHURCHES
Church architecture on the other hand, prevailed all over the country. Early churches evolved in the same manner as the nipa house. They were built of local materials like wood, rattan and nipa.
Since these materials could not withstand the devastating effects of fire, typhoon and other calamities the Spanish friars introduced a more sturdy church using timber hardwood of narra, guijo and
molave; sand and gravel; adobe; and, lime and bricks.

NAME OF BUILDING

ALBUQUERQUE, BOHOL
CHURCH

PIONEER THINKERS AND

ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTERS
AUGUSTINIAN
RECOLLECTS
Symmetrical balance is
projected in this composition
effected by the concentration
of the elements in the middle
segment. The plain, square
belltower, emphasized by the
undulating lines found at its
base, and the columns are the
main elements. There is a
touch of baroque architecture
in the design of the faceade.

BUILDING FACADE

ANGAT, BULACAN
CHURCH (HOLY ROSARY)

AUGUSTINIANS
Fr. Juan Morelos- It is
assumed that he was the
builder of the first church and
convent.
Fr. Grgorio Giner- it is
presumed that he built a new
one made of stronger
materials.
Fr. Joaquin Calvo- He
completed the faade in 1802
and was also responsible for
the construction of slender
tower.
Fr. Ignacio Manzanares- He
restored the convent which
was also damaged by the
earthquake.
Damaged by the earthquake
June 3, 1863, this Baroque
church is characterized by the
use of foliated crestings on the
raking cornice of the
pediment. Windows, statued
niches and spaces between the
horizontal stringcourses which
divide the faade into three
levels are ornamented with
floral carvings.

ANGELES, PAMPANGA

AUGUSTINIANS
Fr. Guillermo Masnou- In
1855, he replaced the original
church with nipa and wood
materials.
Fr. Ramon Sarrionandia- He
began the construction of the
present church in 1860 using
stone and bricks.
Fr. Juan Merino- The church
almost completed in 1880, Fr.
Merino, in the following year,
continued with the
construction work.
Fr. Pedro Ibeas- He completed
the construction in 1891.
Fr. Rufino Santos- He made
some restoration work in
1893. By 1897, the church
was completely finished.
Formal balance is achieved by
the Renaissance faade which
is characterized by two
flanking towers. The main
entrance is designed with a
projecting porch using an
elliptical church. The spandrel
and pier dado are ornamented
with relief carvings.

APALIT, PAMPANGA
CHURCH

AUGUSTINIANS
Fr. Juan Cabello- He began the
construction of a church in
1641.
Fr. Simon de Alarcia- During
his priorship from 1854 to
1860, he tried to build a three
nave church using stone and
brick materials. Records do
not indicate whether he was
able to finish the church.
Fr. Antonio Redondo- In 1876,
he laid the foundations of a
new church and was able to
finish its construction in 1883.
Symmetrically balanced as
evidenced by the presence of
two flanking towers, the
faade is characteristically
Neo- Renaissance with its
plain, low segmental
pediment. The semicircular
main door with a circular
window above is framed by
receding semicircular arches
in relief.

MILITARY BUILDINGS

NAME OF BUILDING

MALACAANG PALACE

PIONEER THINKERS/
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTERS
The Spanish Captains-General
(before the independence of New
Spain, from which the Philippines
was directly governed) and the
later GovernorsGeneral originally resided at
the Palacio del
Gobernador (Governor's Palace)
fronting the city square in the
walled city
ofIntramuros in Manila.
Malacaang Palace was originally
made of adobe, wood, with
interiors panelled with finest narra
and molave.
A wooden two-story building was
added to the back of the original
structure, as well as smaller
buildings for aides, guards and

BUILDING FAADE

Malacaang Palace in 1898

CUARTEL DE SANTO
DOMINGO

porters, as well as stables, carriage

sheds and a boat landing for riverborne visitors.
An 1869 earthquake hit
Malacaang, thus, repairs are
made urgent.
Posts and supports were repaired
or replaced.
Balconies are reinforced.
Cornices are provided for the
roof.
Roofing was replaced with G.I.
roofing (formerly tile roofs) to
lighten loads to the walls.
The interior was refurbished.
wooden buildings that had
sliding capiz windows.
Patios
azoteas.
Dominicans

An old two-storey
Spanish barracks building
in Santa Rosa, Laguna in
the Philippines.
The whole cuartel is built
across an 8.2 hectare
stretch of land. Its walls
are made up of adobe
stones. Some of the
interior walls inside were
part of the ruins of the old

CASA MANILA

fort. Watchtowers are not

presently used since the
building is covered with
huge trees.
The architect of Casa
Manila was J. Ramon L.
Faustmann. It was
constructed by Imelda
Marcos during the 1980s
and modeled on Spanish
colonial architecture.
A museum
in Intramuros depicting
colonial lifestyle during
Spanish colonisation of
the Philippines.
The museum is the
imposing stone-and-wood
structure circa 1850, one
of the grand houses in
Barrio San Luis (one of
the four original villages
of Intramuros) is located
across historic San
Agustin church and
bounded by Calle Real,
General Luna, Cabildo
and Urdaneta streets.

SCHOOL BUILDINGS
NAME OF THE BUILDING

Santa Isabel College

PIONEER THINKERS/
ARCHITECTURAL
CHARACTERS
Daughters of Charity of St.
Vincent de Paul

University of San Carlos

A Catholic school
and university in Ermita
in the city
of Manila,Philippines,
formerly for girls only,
offering courses at the
primary, secondary, and
post-secondary levels.
The school is currently
operated by
the Daughters of
Charity.
Spanish Jesuits
Fr. Antonio Sedeno
Fr.Pedro ChirinO
Fr. Antonio Pereira

A private Catholic
university in Cebu
City which is
administered and
managed by the Society
of the Divine Word since
1935.

BUILDING FAADE

he buildings reopened as
repairs were made over
the course of 1945 and
1946. The Colegio de
San Carlos was granted
its university charter in
1948. The University
was named after St.
Charles Borromeo.