CHAPTER 5: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

REPRODUCTION
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It is the process by which an organism

produces offspring either sexually or
asexually. Its main purpose is for the
perpetuation of species

The Cell Cycle

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CELL DIVISION
-

It is the process of cell reproduction

following several stages to produce two
daughter cells. It is often referred to as
CELLULAR REPRODUCTION.

Mitosis Promoting Factor (MPF)

-

Protein triggering agent for cell

division.

Interphase
-

a. MEMBRANE GROWTH
b. MITOSIS (eukaryotic cells)
c. MEIOSIS (eukaryotic cells)
Membrane Growth
The process wherein cells partition
their genetic material among
prokaryotic cell.

Mitosis
-

The process of nuclear division in

which duplicated chromosomes are
separated from one another,
producing nuclei, each with one copy
of each chromosomes.
Comes from the Greek word mitos,
meaning thread.
Mitosis is usually accompanied by
cytokinesis, resulting in two daughter
cells with genetic potential identical to
each other and the parent cell which
they arose.

This is a type of cell division that

occurs only in reproductive cells or
gametes.
Meiosis occurs only in diploid cells and
produces four daughter nuclei, each
containing haploid number of
chromosomes.

Two main steps

o Mitosis is a series of phases in
cell division during which the
nucleus of cell divides into two
nuclei with identical genetic
material.
o Cytokinesis is the process
during which the cytoplasm of
the cell divides into two new
cells, called daughter cells

Stages in Mitosis
-

Meiosis
-

The longest phase in the cell cycle of a

typical cell

M Phase

TYPES OF CELL DIVISION

The stages through which a cell

passes from one cell division to the
next.
Two main stages ( *Interphase * M
phase )

Interphase
o The period between cell
division. The genetic material is
in the form of chromatin.
o Centrosomes, a small oval
body, is found just outside the
nuclear membrane. This is true
in animal cell but not in plant
cell.
Prophase
o Chromatin shortens and
thickens.
o DNA in chromatins replicated.
o Chromatin now becomes
chromatid which is held
together at a single point by a
centromere
Metaphase
o Chromosomes move toward the
middle of the spindle fiber.
Anaphase
o Chromatids separate and begin
to travel away from each other
towards opposite poles.

Telophase
o In animal cells, centrosomes
reappear
Cytokinesis
o In animal cells, cytokinesis
results when a fiber ring

composed of a protein called

actin around the center of the
cell contracts pinching the cell
into two daughter cells, each
with one nucleus

CHAPTER 5: CELLULAR REPRODUCTION

Chromosome Number

In humans, each gamete contains 23

chromosomes.
All body cells contain two complete
sets of chromosomes, which in human
is 46 chromosomes.

Diploid
-

Sperm - Male gametes

Egg or Ova - Female gametes

one complete set of chromosomes

Asexual Reproduction
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Tumor - abnormal growths of cells.

-

Benign Tumor
o cells remain together and
usually cause little harm.
Benign tumors can be often
removed by surgery.
Malignant Tumor
o cells do not remain together.
They break free from a tumor
and migrate to a new locations
in the body. The malignant cells
can start new tumors in new
locations.

Cancer
-

The spread of malignant cells to a new

location. Cancer cells can spread
freely because they lack the surface
proteins that bind the normal cells
together.

Asexual
o reproduce without the use of
gametes or sex cells. One
parent organism can reproduce
by itself.

Budding
o a parent organism produces
offspring by growing a tiny
replica of itself called a bud, on
some part of its body.
Fragmentation
o separated pieces of the parent
organism can develop into new
individuals
Vegetative Reproduction
o new plants grow from the
stems, roots, or leaves of an
existing plant
Fission
o splitting of organism body into 2
identical parts
Sporulation
o spore formation as in fern plant
and mushrooms.

Regeneration
-

Types of Reproduction
-

Sexual
o requires the union of male
and female gametes called
fertilization.

The cell with two complete sets of

chromosome

Haploid
-

The ability of some animals to grow

entire body parts lost through accident
or injury.

Pollination
-

the transfer of pollen grains from the

another of one flower to the stigma of
another flower

Self Pollination - the transfer of pollen

grains of one flower to the stigmata of the
same flower.
Cross Pollination - the transfer of pollen
grains of one flower to the stigmata of
another flower
Agents of Pollination
-

Wind Water Animals man

FERTILIZATION female gametes

The union of male gametes and

ZYGOTE -

The single cell that results from fertilization.

The zygote contains two complete sets of chromosomes and
therefore diploid

HOMOLOGOUS PAIRS chromosomes in a diploid cell.

CROSSING OVER -

The matching pairs of

It is the exchange of genes

between pairs of homologous chromosomes.