EST FORMULAS

1|E S T F o rmul as
BASIC COMMUNICATIONS
Wavelength
Frequency
Bandwidth
Audio Power
= 0.5
Amplifier Efficiency
Load Impedance
Load Resistance
Collector Voltage
Varactors Capacitance
=
1 + 2
Crystal Thickness
65.5
Oscillator Operating Frequency @

Certain Temperature
= + ( )
Audio Power
Audio Power
= 0.5
=
2

2
2
=
2
Resonant Frequency
=
( ) = 4
Quality Factor
Shape Factor
Image Frequency
60
6
= + 2
Image Frequency Rejection Ratio

=
Compiled by: MIT - TEAM4A [Santos, Moreno, Mallari, Malana, Lineses, Jimenez, Garcia, Gamboa, Dahilog, Baduria]
2|E S T F o rmul as
Image Frequency Rejection Ratio

= 1 + 2 2

=

= +
= 2
Total Transmitting Power
Coupling Coefficient
=
Bandwidth (AM)
VCO Sensitivity
Upper and Lower Sideband

Frequency
2
= 1 +
Total Sideband Power
Optimum Coupling Coefficient
Bandwidth
= 1.5
Power Saving of Double Sideband

Suppressed Carrier
%. . =
MODULATION

100
Peak Envelope Power
2
=
2
Modulation Index
=
2
2
Emitter Modulator Voltage Gain
= (1 )
Modulation Index for Single Sideband
Total Modulation Index (AM)

= 1 2 + 2 2 + + 2
Upper and Lower Sideband Voltage

= =
= 2
Quality Factor
=
( 1 /20 )
4
3|E S T F o rmul as
FM Modulator Sensitivity
Deviation Ratio
( )
Percent Modulation (FM)

% =
Carrier Swing
100
. . = 2
FM Bandwidth Carsons Rule

= 2 + (max )
NOISE
Effective Noise Bandwidth
=
Total Harmonic Distortion

% =
Noise Power
Noise Voltage
= 1 2 + 2 2 + 3 2 + + 2
Shot Noise
= 2
FM Exact Bandwidth
= 2
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
= 2
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
= 2
Noise Factor
FM Narrow Bandwidth
FM Wideband Bandwidth
/() = 10log( / )
/() = 20log( / )
Noise Phase Shift
= 1 ;
PM Modulator Sensitivity
=
100
Noise Figure
(/)
(/)
() = (/) (/)
Total Noise Factor

= 1 +
2 1 3 1 4 1
+
+
1
1 2
1 2 3
4|E S T F o rmul as
Equivalent Noise Temperature
Power Density
= 290( 1)

4 2
Electric Field Intensity
RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION
Velocity of Propagation
Effective Antenna Area

=
Characteristic Impedance
Received Power
Relative Permittivity
=
Characteristic Impedance of a
Medium
Power Density
377
Power Density
2
=
Power Density
4 2
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
30

4 2
Effective Antenna Area
Snells Law
2
=
4
1 1 = 2 2
Refractive Index
Snells Law
1
1
=
2
2
Critical Angle
= 1
=
5|E S T F o rmul as
Maximum Usable Frequency

=
Optimum Working Frequency

= 0.85
Distance between Transmitting and

Receiving Antennas
= 17 + 17
Distance between Transmitting and

Receiving Antennas
= 2 + 2
Free Space Loss
= 32.4 + 20 + 20
Time between Fades

=
Number of Cells
3.4642
ANTENNAS
Antenna Efficiency
=
Dipole Gain
( ) = ( ) 2.14
Antenna Power Gain

=
Folded-Dipole Impedance
= 732
Helical Antenna Gain

=
15( )2
3
Helical Antenna Beamwidth

=
52
Parabolic Antenna Beamwidth

2 2
=
2
Passive Reflector Gain

Radial Length
142.5
=
= 20
4
2
Parabola Coupling Factor
Radiation Resistance
=
6|E S T F o rmul as
TRANSMISSION LINES
Characteristic Impedance of
Balanced wire near Ground
Wavelength
Velocity Factor
Velocity of Propagation
=
Propagation Time
276
2
2
=
10
1+
Characteristic Impedance of Wires in

Parallel near Ground
69
=
log
Balanced 4-wire
2 2
138
22
=
10
1+
4
2 2
1 +
Balanced 2-wire near Ground
=
2
2
10 1 +
41 2
276
Characteristic Impedance of Coaxial

Cable
=
138
Reflection Coefficient
=
Characteristic Impedance of ParallelWire Cable

276
10
Reflection Coefficient
Phase Shift
1
+ 1
= (360)
Standing Wave Ratio

=
7|E S T F o rmul as
Standing Wave Ratio

=
Stripline Characteristic Impedence
1 + ||
1 ||
Standing Wave Ratio
60
ln
Load Power
1 /
(1 + )2
Reflected Power
Load Power
= 2
ln
FIBER OPTICS
Index of Refraction
=
Snells Law
Critical Angle
Impedance Matching
Quarter-wavelength Transformer
=
Microstrip Characteristic Impedance

87
120
1 1 = 2 2
= (1 2 )
1
1
=
2
2

0.67 0.8 +
Open-Wire (Microstrip) Transmission

Line
Standing Wave Ratio
1 + /
5.98
=
ln
0.8 +
+ 1.41
= 1
Numerical Aperture
= 1 2 2 2
=
Maximum Acceptance Angle

= 1 (1 2 2 2 )
Acceptance Cone
= 2
8|E S T F o rmul as
Single Mode Cutoff Wavelength

=
21 2
2.405
Maximum Radius
Number of Modes
Bandwidth
0.383

=
2
1
=
2
Bit Rate for NRZ Code

=
Bit Rate for RZ Code

=
1
2
500
Bandwidth-Distance Product
Responsivity
Responsivity
Electrical Bandwidth
0.35
=
Irradiance
Fiber Attenuation
= 10
/10
Photon Energy
Total Rise Time
1234
= 2 + 2 2
Bit Rate for UPRZ Code

=
1
2
Bit Rate for UPNRZ code
9|E S T F o rmul as
TELEPHONY
Total Channel Capacity in a Cellular

Area
Pulse Dialing Duration

= (0.1) + ( 1)
Frequency Reuse Factor
Tone Dialing Duration
= + ( 1)
DC Loop Resistance
=
Grade of Service
0.1095
2
Traffic Intensity
Carried Traffic
= (1 )
Trunk Utilization
Via Net Loss
= 0.2 + 0.4()
Crosstalk Decibel Unit
= 90
Number of Full-Duplex Cellular

Channels
=
Co-Channel Reuse Ratio

=
Co-Channel Reuse Ratio

= 3
AMPS Transmit Carrier Frequency

= 0.03 + 825
= 0.03( 1023) + 825
AMPS Receive Carrier Frequency

= + 45
GSM Frequency Shift between Mark

and Space
= 0.5
GSM Maximum Transmitted

Frequency
= + 0.25
GSM Minimum Transmitted

Frequency
= 0.25
CDMA Radiated Power
= 76
10 | E S T F o r m u l a s
MICROWAVE DEVICES
Phase Velocity
Waveguide Longer Dimension

=
Rectangular Waveguide Cutoff

Frequency
=
Group Velocity
= 1
Group Velocity
Phase Velocity
Group and Phase Velocity

= 2
377
2
1
1
2
Guide Wavelength
= 1
2
1
Guide Wavelength
Circular Waveguide Cutoff

Wavelength
=
Waveguide Characteristic Impedance
Rectangular Waveguide Cutoff

Wavelength
=
2
1
Magnetron Average Power

=
Magnetron Duty Cycle

=
Horn Antenna Gain

=
7.5
2
TERRESTRIAL MICROWAVE
H-Plane Beamwidth
=
E-Plane Beamwidth
70
56
=
Radar Equation
2 2
=
(4)3 4
Radar Distance
Distance between Transmitter and

Receiver
( ) = 2( ) + 2( )
( ) = 17 ( ) + 17( )
K-Factor
1
1 0.04665 0.005577
Effective Earth Radius
Maximum Unambiguous Range

=
Minimum Usable Frequency
Doppler Shift Frequency

=
Earth Curvature
=
Fresnel Zone
1( ) 2( )
1.5
1( ) 2( )
12.75
1( ) 2( )
= 17.3
( ) 1( ) 2( )
1( ) 2( )
= 72.1
( ) 1( ) 2( )
Fresnel Zone Clearance

= 0.61
Fresnel Zone Clearance

1( ) 2( )
= 43.3
( ) 1( ) 2( )
1( ) 2( )
= 10.4
( ) 1( ) 2( )
Nth Fresnel Zone Radius

= 1

(EIRP)
= ( ) + ( )
=
Unavailability
=
Reliability
= (1 ) 100
Antenna and Feedline Equivalent

Noise Temperature
=
( 1)290 +
Equivalent Noise Temperature

= 290( 1)
Energy per Bit per Noise Density

Ratio
Free Space Loss
= 32.4 + 20( ) + 20( )
= 92.4 + 20( ) + 20( )
Noise Power Density
= 96.6 + 20( ) + 20( )
Carrier-to-Noise Ratio
= 36.6 + 20( ) + 20( )

Isotropic Radiated Power (IRL)
( ) =
Ratio of the Received to Transmitted

Power
() = ( ) + ( ) ( )
Availability
() = ( )
Receive Signal Level (RSL)
( ) = ( ) + ( ) + ( )
( )
Fade Margin
= 30 + 10 log(6 )
10 log(1 ) 70
DIGITAL AND DATA

COMMUNICATIONS
BPSK Minimum Double-Sided

Nyquist Bandwidth
=
Coding Efficiency
Hamming Code
QPSK Nyquist Bandwidth
2 + + 1
Baud-to-Bit rate Conversion
16-PSK / 16-QAM Nyquist Bandwidth
Processing Gain
() = (/) (/)
8-PSK / 8-QAM Nyquist Bandwidth
= 2
Bandwidth Efficiency
Shannon-Hartley Theorem on
Information Capacity
= 2 (1 + /)
Dynamic Range
Dynamic Range
Aliasing Frequency
= 1.76 + 6.02()
M-ary Encoding
= 2
FSK Frequency Deviation

| |
=
2
Dynamic Range
FSK Baud Rate
= 2 1
Maximum Quantization Error
FSK Minimum Bandwidth

= 2( + )
Data Rate
-Law Companding
=
Sound Intensity Level (SIL)
ln 1 +
= 1010 ( )
ln(1 + )
= 10 10 + 120
Intersymbol Interference
= 20 log
ACOUSTICS & BROADCASTING

Sound Loudness
Nth Decade
2 = 1 10
Reverberation Time Stephen and

Bate Equation
3
60 = 0.012 + 0.1070
Sabine Equation
= 40 + 10 2 ()
Sound Power Level (PWL)

= 1010 (
= 10 10 + 120
Sound Power Level from an Isotropic

Source
= + 20 10 + 11
=
4 2
60 = 0.049
60 = 0.049
Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
Sound Intensity
60 = 0.049
60 = 0.161
60 = 0.161
= + 20 10 + 8
= 20 10 + 94
Norris-Eyring Equation
Sound Power Level from a Source at

Ground Level
= 2010 ( )
60 = 0.161
(1 )
(1 )
Helmholtz Resonator Frequency
f-rating
Channel Frequency (Ch.2-4)
Alumination
=
Y-signal
= 54 + 6( 2)

= 174 + 6( 7)
= 0.30 + 0.59 + 0.11
= 0.60 0.28 0.32
Picture Carrier Frequency
= 0.21 0.52 0.31
Sound Carrier Frequency
I-signal
= 470 + 6( 14)
Q-signal
= + 1.25
C-signal magnitude
=
C-signal phase
= 1
= + 1.25 + 4.5
Color Sub-Carrier Frequency

= + 1.25 + 3.58
Velocity of Sound in Terms of

Youngs Modulus and Density
Video Frequency Response

=
Differential Gain
80
= 1 100
Horizontal Scanning Time in terms of

number of pixels
= 0.125
Tape Recorded Wavelength

=
From:
ECE Solutions in Electronics Systems &
Technologies (Arceo & De Vera)

EST FORMULAS

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1|E S T F o rmul as

Oscillator Operating Frequency @

Image Frequency Rejection Ratio

Image Frequency Rejection Ratio

Total Transmitting Power

Upper and Lower Sideband

Total Sideband Power

Optimum Coupling Coefficient

Power Saving of Double Sideband

Peak Envelope Power

Emitter Modulator Voltage Gain

Modulation Index for Single Sideband

Total Modulation Index (AM)

Upper and Lower Sideband Voltage

Percent Modulation (FM)

FM Bandwidth Carsons Rule

Total Harmonic Distortion

Noise Phase Shift

Total Noise Factor

Equivalent Noise Temperature

Electric Field Intensity

RADIO WAVE PROPAGATION

Effective Antenna Area

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

Effective Antenna Area

Maximum Usable Frequency

Optimum Working Frequency

Distance between Transmitting and

Distance between Transmitting and

Free Space Loss

Time between Fades

Antenna Power Gain

Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

Helical Antenna Gain

Helical Antenna Beamwidth

Parabolic Antenna Beamwidth

Passive Reflector Gain

Parabola Coupling Factor

Characteristic Impedance of Wires in

Characteristic Impedance of Coaxial

Characteristic Impedance of ParallelWire Cable

Standing Wave Ratio

Standing Wave Ratio

Stripline Characteristic Impedence

Standing Wave Ratio

Microstrip Characteristic Impedance

Open-Wire (Microstrip) Transmission

Standing Wave Ratio

Maximum Acceptance Angle

Single Mode Cutoff Wavelength

Bit Rate for NRZ Code

Bit Rate for RZ Code

Total Rise Time

Bit Rate for UPRZ Code

Bit Rate for UPNRZ code

Total Channel Capacity in a Cellular

Pulse Dialing Duration

Frequency Reuse Factor

Tone Dialing Duration

Via Net Loss

Crosstalk Decibel Unit

Number of Full-Duplex Cellular