Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PowerStation 4.0
User Guide
Copyright 2001
Operation Technology, Inc.
All Rights Reserved
This manual has copyrights by Operation Technology, Inc. All rights reserved. Under the
copyright laws, this manual may not be copied, in whole or in part, without the written consent of
Operation Technology, Inc. The Licensee may copy portions of this documentation only for the
exclusive use of Licensee. Any reproduction shall include the copyright notice. This exception
does not allow copies to be made for other persons or entities, whether or not sold. Under this
law, copying includes translating into another language.
Certain names and/or logos used in this document may constitute trademarks, service marks, or
trade names of Operation Technology, Inc. or other entities.
Access, Excel, ODBC, SQL Server, Windows NT, Windows 2000, Windows Me, Windows
98, Windows XP, and Microsoft Word are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.
AutoCad is a registered trademark of Autodesk.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation.
PowerPlot is a registered trademark of Jackson & Associates.
Crystal Reports is a registered trademark of Seagate Software.
MATLAB and Simulink are registered trademarks of MathWorks
Screen shot(s) reprinted by permission from Microsoft Corporation.
Operation Technology, Inc. believes that the information contained herein is accurate as of its
publication date, and such information is subject to change without notice. This information is
provided as is without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied, including but not
limited to the implied warranties of merchantability, fitness for a particular purpose, or noninfringement. Operation Technology, Inc. assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions in
this publication or any other documents referenced in this publication.
Chapter 15
Load Flow Analysis
The PowerStation Load Flow Analysis program calculates the bus voltages, branch power factors,
currents, and power flows throughout the electrical system. The program allows for swing, voltage
regulated, and unregulated power sources with multiple utility and generator connections. It handles both
radial and loop systems. Different methods are provided for you to select from in order to achieve the
best calculation efficiency.
This chapter defines definitions and explains the usage of different tools you will need to run load flow
studies. Theoretical background for different load flow calculation methods is also provided.
The Load Flow Toolbar section explains how can you launch a load flow calculation, open and view an
output report, or select display options. The Load Flow Study Case Editor section explains how can you
create a new study case, what parameters are required to specify a study case, and how to set them. The
Display Options section explains what options are available for displaying some key system parameters
and the output results on the one-line diagram, and how to set them. The Load Flow Calculation Methods
section shows formulations of different load flow calculation methods. Comparisons on their rate of
convergence, improving convergence based on different system parameters and configurations, and some
tips on selecting an appropriate calculation method are also found in this section. The Required Data for
Calculations section describes what data is necessary to perform load flow calculations and where to enter
them. Finally, the Load Flow Study Output Report section illustrates and explains output reports and
their format.
15-1
Toolbar
Alert View
After performing a load flow study, you can click on this button to open the Alert View, which lists all
equipment with critical and marginal violations based on the settings in the study case.
15-2
Toolbar
Choosing any format other than TextRept in the Report Manager activates the Crystal Reports. You can
open the whole load flow output report or only a part of it, depending on the format selection. The format
names and corresponding output report sections are given below:
Branch
Bus
Cable
Complete
Cover
EqCable
LFreport
Losses
Summary
XFMR&X
Loading
UndrOver
You can also view output reports by clicking on the View Output Report button on the Study Case
Toolbar. A list of all output files in the selected project directory is provided for short-circuit
calculations. To view any of the listed output reports, click on the output report name, and then click on
the View Output Report button.
15-3
Toolbar
Load flow text output reports (with an .lfr extension) can be viewed by any word processor such as
Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word. Currently, by default, the output reports are viewed by
Notepad. You can change the default viewer in the ETAPS.INI file to the viewer of your preference
(refer to Chapter 1).
The text output reports are 132 characters wide with 66 lines per page. For the correct formatting and
pagination of output reports, you MUST modify the default settings of your word processor application.
For Notepad, WordPad, and Microsoft Word applications, recommended settings are explained in the
Printing & Plotting section.
15-4
To create a new study case, go to the Project View, right-click on the Load Flow Study Case folder, and
select Create New. The program will then create a new study case, which is a copy of the default study
case, and adds it to the Load Flow Study Case folder.
15-5
Study Case ID
Study case ID is shown in this entry field. You can rename a study case by simply deleting the old ID
and entering the new ID. Study case ID can be up to 12 alphanumeric characters. Use the Navigator
button at the bottom of the editor to go from one study case to the next existing study case.
Method
In this section you can select a load flow solution method. Three methods are available: NewtonRaphson, Fast-decoupled, and Accelerated Gauss-Seidel.
Note that for the Newton-Raphson, a few Gauss-Seidel iterations are made first to establish a set of sound
initial values for the bus voltages (since convergence of the Newton-Raphson method is highly dependent
on the initial bus voltages).
15-6
Maximum Iteration
Enter the maximum number for iterations. If the solution has not converged before the specified number
of iterations, the program will stop and inform the user. The recommended and default values are 2000
for the Gauss-Seidel method, and five for the Newton-Raphson and Fast-decoupled methods.
Precision
Enter the value for the solution precision, which is used to check for convergence. This value determines
how precise you want the final solution to be. For the Gauss-Seidel method, precision is applied to check
the difference between the bus voltages after each iteration. For the Newton-Raphson and Fast-decoupled
methods, the precision is compared with the difference in power for each bus (MW and Mvar) between
iterations. If the difference between the iterations is less than or equal to the value entered for precision,
the desired accuracy is achieved.
If the solution converges but the mismatch values are high, reduce the value of the precision to make your
results more precise and run the program again (you may need to increase the number of iterations). Note
that a smaller precision value results in lower mismatch (higher accuracy), as well as a longer run time.
The default (and recommended) values are 0.000001 pu volts for the Gauss-Seidel method, and .001 pu
power for the Newton-Raphson and Fast-decoupled methods.
Acceleration Factor
This field is present if the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method is used. Enter the convergence acceleration
factor to be used between iterations. Typical values are between 1.2 and 1.7; the default is 1.45.
Loading
In the Loading section of the Load Flow Study Case Editor, you can specify the operating loads by
selecting a loading category and diversity factors (variable or fixed).
Loading Category
Select one of the ten Loading Categories for this Load Flow Study. With the selection of any category,
PowerStation uses the percent loading of individual motors and other loads as specified for the selected
category. Note that you can assign loading to each one of the ten categories from the Nameplate page of
the induction machine editor and synchronous motor editor and the Loading or Rating page of other load
component editors.
Operating Load
This option is available if your ETAP key has the online feature. When this box is checked, the operating
loads updated from online data or a previous load flow study will be utilized in the load flow study.
None
Select None to use the percent loading of each load as entered for the selected Loading Category.
15-7
Bus Maximum
When the Maximum Loading option is selected, all motors and other loads directly connected to each bus
will be multiplied by the bus maximum diversity factor. Using this option, you can simulate load flow
studies with each bus having a different maximum diversity factor.
This study option is helpful when the future loading of the electrical system has to be considered and each
bus may be loaded at a different maximum value.
Bus Minimum
When the Minimum Bus Loading option is selected, all motors and other loads directly connected to each
bus will be multiplied by the bus minimum diversity factor. Using this option, you can simulate load
flow studies with each bus having a different minimum diversity factor.
The minimum bus loading study option may be used to see the effect of transformer taps and capacitors
(if any) on the system voltages under a minimum (light) loading condition.
Charger Loading
For chargers, you have the option to use the loading category load or the operating load. Note that the
operating load for a charger can only be updated from a DC load flow study.
Initial Condition
Initial conditions for all bus voltages and angles can be specified in this section for load flow calculation
purposes.
15-8
entry defaulted at 10. According to the selection for the initial bus voltage and the Apply XFMR PhaseShift field, there are four different situations:
When the Use Fixed Values is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is also checked, the
calculated initial bus voltage angles are used in the load flow calculation.
When the Use Bus Voltages is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is also checked, the initial
bus voltage angle from the Bus Editor is compared against the calculated bus voltage angle. If the
difference is less than MaxIniAngDiff, the initial bus voltage angle from the Bus Editor is used;
otherwise the calculated value is used in the load flow calculation.
When the Use Fixed Values is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is not checked, the initial
voltage angle entered in the Load Flow Study Case is used in the load flow calculation. In this case,
all the buses have the same initial voltage angle.
When the Use Bus Voltages is checked and the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is not checked, the initial
bus voltage angles from the Bus Editor are used in the load flow calculation.
When the operating load is specified as the system load, the operating voltage angles are used as the
initial value. In this case, if the Apply XFMR Phase-Shift is checked, the operating voltage angle is
compared against the calculated bus voltage angle. If the difference is less than MaxIniAngDiff, the
operating voltage angle is used; otherwise the calculated value is used in the load flow calculation.
Report
Equipment Cable Losses and Vd
Select this option to report losses and voltage drop associated with equipment cables in the output report.
Bus Voltage
Calculated bus voltages seen in the output report can be printed in kV or in percent of the bus nominal
voltages. Select your preference by clicking on in Percent or in kV. For graphical display of bus
voltages see Load Flow Display Options.
Update
In this section, you can decide to update initial conditions of the buses and/or set the transformer taps to
the calculated value of LTCs. The selected options will be updated after the subsequent load flow run.
15-9
online feature, you can see the operating P, Q, and V in only element editors, and they cannot be used in a
later study.
Transformer LTCs
Select this option to update the transformer taps to reflect the result of load tap changer (LTC) settings,
i.e., transformer taps will be set to values determined from the load flow solution for LTCs. This feature
is useful when you want to consider the impedance of the LTC taps for short-circuit calculations.
15-10
Loading
This set of value fields allows the user to enter the condition percent values of the monitored parameters
used to determine if an alert should be reported based on loading conditions determined by a Load Flow
calculation. The Load Flow Loading Alerts generate overload alerts.
Bus Alerts
Bus loading alerts are determined from the values entered into the percent value input fields. The
monitored parameter is the percent of rated continuous current flowing through the bus. If the continuous
current calculated from a Load Flow study exceeds the specified percent values, then the program
generates an alert.
Transformer Alerts
Transformer Simulation Alerts generate an alert if the Critical or Marginal percent limit of maximum
MVA rating is exceeded after a Load Flow calculation. If the calculated MVA is more than the percent of
rated value specified in the Marginal or Critical percent fields, overload alerts are reported. The
simulation alerts work for both two and three winding transformers.
Cable
Cable Simulation Alerts monitor the rated loading limit for cables / line in percent of allowable ampacity,
which is entered from the Ampacity Page of the Cable Editor. If the Load Flow calculated current
percent flowing through the cable is greater than the Marginal or Critical percent limits, overload alerts
are reported.
Reactor
A reactor alert generates alerts if the program determines that the percent of rated continuous current is
exceeded based on the Load Flow calculation results. These alerts are reported as overloads.
Generator / Utility
The generator Loading Simulation Alert monitors the percent of rated MW. If the results from a Load
Flow calculation indicate that the specified percent of rated MW is exceeded, then, the program reports an
overload alert.
15-11
Protective Devices
Protective Device Simulation Alerts generate alerts when certain predetermined parameter value ratings
are exceeded. The following table contains a list of the conditions used by the Alert Simulation Program
to determine when to report an alert. Load Flow results are compared to the monitored parameters listed
in the following table:
Protective Devices
Low Voltage Circuit Breaker
High Voltage Circuit Breaker
Fuses
Contactors
SPDT / SPST switches
Monitored parameters in
percent of
Continuous rated Current
Continuous rated Current
Rated Current
Continuous rated Current
Continuous rated Current
Condition reported
Overload
Overload
Overload
Overload
Overload
Protective device alerts will generate alerts only if the monitored parameter rating is larger than zero.
15-12
Display Options
Color
Select the color for result annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
Voltage
Voltage
Select kV or percent for voltage display on the one-line diagram from the list. It should be noted that all
percent voltages are displayed with the bus nominal kV as the base voltage.
Bus
Select this option to display bus voltages on the one-line diagram. Bus voltages are displayed at 15
degrees.
15-13
Display Options
Load Term
Select this option to display load (motors and static loads) terminal voltages on the one-line diagram.
Load terminal voltages are displayed at 15 degrees.
% Voltage Drop
Line / Cable
Select this option to display line and cable voltage drops on the one-line diagram.
Load FDR
Select a unit for power flow or current flow from the list to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
Power Flows
Here you specify how the flows will be displayed.
Units
Select the unit (kVA or MVA) to be used to display power flow on the one-line diagram.
kW + jkvar
Select the kW + jkvar radio button to display power flow in kW+jkvar or MW+jMvar.
kVA
Select the kVA radio button to display power flow in kVA or MVA.
Amp
Select the Amp radio button to display current flow in amperes.
%PF
When the Amp or kVA radio button is selected, you can check this box to show power factor of power
flow along with the current.
Show Units
Select this option to show units for power flow and current displayed on the one-line diagram.
Elements
Branch
Select this option to display power flow through all branches on the one-line diagram. PowerStation
displays the power flow at one end of a branch, i.e., the end that has a positive kW value flowing into the
branch. For three-winding transformers, all three power flows are displayed.
Gen./Motor/Load
Select this option to display power flow for generators, motors, MOVs, capacitors, lumped loads, and
static loads on the one-line diagram.
Composite Motor
Select this option to display power flow into composite motors.
15-14
Display Options
Composite Network
Select the check box to display power flow into composite networks.
Branch Losses
Select this option to display branch losses on the one-line diagram. Losses are displayed inside a bracket
in [kW+jkvar] or [MW+jMvar].
Meters
Ammeter
Check this option to display primary current for the branch to which an ammeter is attached.
Voltmeter
Check this option to display primary voltage for the bus to which a voltmeter is attached.
Multi-Meter
Check this option to display the measurements of a multi-meter, including bus voltage, branch current,
branch power flow, power factor, and frequency.
15.3.2 AC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for AC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ID of the selected AC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC elements on the oneline diagram.
15-15
Display Options
Rating
kW / MW
MVAsc
HP / kW
kVA / MVA
Connection Type (# Phases - # Wires)
kVA / MVA
Base MVA
Continuous Amps
# of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
kA Bracing
Bus Bracing (kA)
Rated Interrupting (kA)
Interrupting (ka)
50/51 for Overcurrent Relays
Transformer Rated Turn Ratio
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the kV check box is replaced by the
cable/line conductor type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings (continuous or full-load ampere)
of the selected elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables/lines, the Amp check box is replaced by the
cable/line length on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated impedance of the selected AC elements on
the one-line diagram.
Device Type
Generator
Power Grid (Utility)
Motor
Transformer
Branch, Impedance
Branch, Reactor
Cable / Line
Impedance
Subtransient reactance Xd
Positive Sequence Impedance in % of 100 MVA (R + j X)
% LRC
Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X per unit length)
Impedance in ohms or %
Impedance in ohms
Positive Sequence Impedance (R + j X in ohms or per unit length)
D-Y
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the connection types of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For transformers, the operating tap setting for primary, secondary, and tertiary windings are also
displayed. The operating tap setting consists of the fixed taps plus the tap position of the LTC.
15-16
Display Options
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the AC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected AC-DC elements on the oneline diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected AC-DC elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type
Charger
Inverter
UPS
VFD
Rating
AC kVA & DC kW (or MVA / MW)
DC kW & AC kVA (or MW / MVA)
kVA
HP / kW
kV
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
A
Click on the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
Device Type
Charger
Inverter
UPS
Amp
AC FLA & DC FLA
DC FLA & AC FLA
Input, output, & DC FLA
Composite Network
Click on this check box to display the composite network IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
15-17
Display Options
15.3.5 DC Page
This page includes options for displaying info annotations for DC elements.
Color
Select the color for information annotations to be displayed on the one-line diagram.
ID
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the IDs of the selected DC elements on the one-line
diagram.
Rating
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ratings of the selected DC elements on the oneline diagram.
Device Type
Battery
Motor
Load
Elementary Diagram
Converter
Cable
Rating
Ampere Hour
HP / kW
kW / MW
kW / MW
kW / MW
# of Cables - # of Conductor / Cable - Size
kV
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the rated or nominal voltages of the selected
elements on the one-line diagram.
For cables, the kV check box is replaced by the
type on the one-line diagram.
A
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the ampere ratings of the selected elements on the
one-line diagram.
For cables, the Amp check box is replaced by the
button. Click on this button to display the cable
length (one way) on the one-line diagram.
Z
Select the check boxes under this heading to display the impedance values of the cables and impedance
branches on the one-line diagram.
Composite Motor
Click on this check box to display the DC composite motor IDs on the one-line diagram, then select the
color in which the IDs will be displayed.
15-18
Calculation Methods
Newton-Raphson Method
The Newton-Raphson method formulates and solves iteratively the following load flow equation:
P J 1
Q J
3
J 2
=
J 4 V
where P and Q are bus real power and reactive power mismatch vectors between specified value and
calculated value, respectively; V and represents bus voltage angle and magnitude vectors in an
incremental form; and J1 through J4 are called Jacobian matrices.
The Newton-Raphson method possesses a unique quadratic convergence characteristic. It usually has a
very fast convergence speed compared to other load flow calculation methods. It also has the advantage
that the convergence criteria are specified to ensure convergence for bus real power and reactive power
mismatches. This criteria gives you direct control of the accuracy you want to specify for the load flow
solution. The convergence criteria for the Newton-Raphson method are typically set to 0.001 MW and
Mvar.
The Newton-Raphson method is highly dependent on the bus voltage initial values. A careful selection of
bus voltage initial values is strongly recommended. Before running load flow using the Newton-Raphson
method, PowerStation makes a few Gauss-Seidel iterations to establish a set of sound initial values for the
bus voltages.
The Newton-Raphson method is recommended for use with any system as a first choice.
Fast-Decoupled Method
The Fast-decoupled method is derived from the Newton-Raphson method. It takes the fact that a small
change in the magnitude of bus voltage does not vary the real power at the bus appreciably, and likewise,
for a small change in the phase angle of the bus voltage, the reactive power does not change appreciably.
Thus the load flow equation from the Newton-Raphson method can be simplified into two separate
decoupled sets of load flow equations, which can be solved iteratively:
[ P ] = [J1 ][ ]
[ Q] = [J 4 ][ V ]
The Fast-decoupled method reduces computer memory storage by approximately half, compared to the
Newton-Raphson method. It also solves the load flow equations using significantly less computer time
than that required by the Newton-Raphson method, since the Jacobian matrices are constant.
As with the Newton-Raphson method, convergence criteria of the Fast-decoupled method is based on real
power and reactive power mismatches, which are typically set to 0.001 in the order of MW and Mvar.
15-19
Calculation Methods
Although for a fixed number of iterations it is not as accurate as the Newton-Raphson method, the savings
in computer time and the more favorable convergence criteria makes for a very good overall performance.
In general, the Fast-decoupled method can be used as an alternative to the Newton-Raphson method, and
it should definitely be given a try if the Newton-Raphson method has failed when dealing with long radial
systems or systems that have long transmission lines or cables.
[I ] = [YBUS ][V ]
the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method derives the following load flow equation and solves it iteratively:
*
[P + jQ] = [V T ][YBUS
][V * ]
where P and Q are specified bus real and reactive power vectors, V is the bus voltage vector, and
YBUS is the system admittance matrix.
The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has relatively lower requirements of the bus initial voltage values
compared to the Newton-Raphson method and the Fast-decoupled method. Instead of using bus real
power and reactive power mismatch as convergence criteria, the Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method checks
bus voltage magnitude tolerance between two consecutive iterations to control the solution precision. The
typical value for bus voltage magnitude precision is set to 0.000001 pu.
The Accelerated Gauss-Seidel method has slower convergence speed. When you apply appropriate
acceleration factors, a significant increase in the rate of convergence can be obtained. The range for the
acceleration factor is between 1.2 and 1.7, and is typically set to 1.45.
Negative Impedance
Negative resistance and reactance should be avoided. As an example, the traditional method of modeling
three-winding transformers by a Y equivalent model, using one impedance and two two-winding
transformers, sometimes results in a negative impedance value for one of the impedance branches. In this
case, the negative impedance should be combined with other series circuit elements so that the result is a
positive impedance value. Load flow calculations may not converge if a large value of negative
impedance is used. PowerStation can now model three-winding transformers directly with no need for
the user to do any conversions.
15-20
Calculation Methods
Load Editor Calculation of load for loading categories and voltage drop
Input for Studies Calculation of load specification for load flow and initial load for motor starting
and transient stability studies
Studies Results Calculation of load displayed in one-line diagram from load flow, motor starting,
and transient stability studies
Bus Editor Sum of load connected to a bus
15-21
Calculation Methods
The following two tables describe how these factors are used in these cases:
Bus Operating V
Input to Studies
Load
Loss
x
Bus
Editor
x
Demand Factor
Loading %
Service Factor
App. Factor
Load Quantity
Bus Operating V
Input to Studies
Load
Loss
x
Bus
Editor
x
Demand Factor
Loading %
App. Factor
Load Quantity
Bus Diversity Factor
*
x
x
*
Motor load includes induction motor and generator, synchronous motor, MOV, and motor load
portion of lumped load.
Static load includes static load, capacitor, and static load portion of lumped load
15-22
Required Data
Nominal kV
%V and Angle (when Initial Condition is set to use Use Bus Voltages)
Load Diversity Factor (when the Loading option is set to use Diversity Factor)
Branch Data
Branch data is entered into the Branch Editors, i.e., Transformer, Transmission Line, Cable, Reactor, and
Impedance Editors. Required data for load flow calculations for branches includes:
Inverter Data
Required data for load flow calculations for inverters includes:
Inverter ID
DC and AC rating data
AC output voltage regulating data
15-23
Required Data
Static Load ID
Rated kVA/MVA and kV
Power factor
Loading Category ID and % Loading
Equipment cable data
Capacitor Data
Required data for load flow calculations for static loads includes:
Capacitor ID
Rated kV, kvar/bank, and number of banks
Loading category ID and % Loading
Equipment cable data
Load ID
Rated kV, MVA, power factor, and % motor load
Loading category ID and % Loading
Element ID
Rated AC kV, MVA, and power factor, as well as DC rating data
Loading category ID and % Loading
15-24
Required Data
Other Data
There are some study case related data, which must also be provided. This includes:
The study case related data is entered into the Load Flow Study Case Editor.
15-25
Output Reports
Help
Click on this button to access Help.
OK / Cancel
Click on the OK button to dismiss the editor and bring up the Crystal Reports view to show the selected
portion of the output report. If no selection is made, it will simply dismiss the editor. Click on the Cancel
button to dismiss the editor without viewing the report.
Operation Technology, Inc.
15-26
Output Reports
15-27
Output Reports
15-28
Output Reports
15.6.4 Results
This page allows you to select formats to view the load flow result portion of the output report.
15-29
Output Reports
15-30
Output Reports
15.6.5 Summary
This page allows you to select different portions of the load summary to view. Note that some portions of
the summary are available only when you selected specific options in the study case, such as Critical and
Marginal Voltage options.
Alert-Complete
Alert-Critical
Alert-Marginal
Branch Loading
Bus Loading
Losses
Summary
15-31
Output Reports
15-32
Output Reports
15.6.6 Complete
In this page you select from the formats available, Complete, which brings up the complete report for the
load flow study, or Text Report, which is explained in greater detail in the Text Report section. The
complete report includes input data, results, and summary reports.
15-33
Output Reports
15-34
Output Reports
Init. Voltage
Generation
Motor Load
Static Load
Mvar Limits
=============
==============
==============
==============
==============
ID
Type
kV
Description
% Mag.
Ang.
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
Max.
Min.
------------
----
------
--------------------
------
-----
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
Bus3
Load
13.800
101.0
-1.2
3.368
1.355
0.000
0.000
LVBus
Load
0.480
99.1
-1.8
0.121
-0.059
0.250
0.127
Main Bus
SWNG
34.500
100.0
0.0
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
MCC1
Load
0.480
98.0
-3.0
0.421
0.190
0.200
0.000
Sub 2A
Load
13.800
101.5
-1.3
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Sub 2B
Gen.
13.800
100.0
1.4
0.996
-0.616
0.000
0.000
4.650
-2.000
Sub 3
Load
4.160
99.8
-0.4
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
Sub3 Swgr
Load
4.160
99.6
-0.4
6.300
Line / Cable
0.000
0.400
0.170
0.000
0.000
------
------
------
------
------
6.300
5.306
1.040
0.450
0.127
Impedance
===================================================================
===================================
ID
Library
Size
L (ft)
#/
T (C)
MVAb
% R
% X
% Y
------------
--------
----
------
---
------
--------
--------
--------
-------
-------
-------
----------
1350.
75
0.20200
0.06850 0.0000000
100.0
14.32
4.86
0.0000000
250.
75
0.03860
0.04270 0.0000000
100.0
5.58
6.17
0.0000000
Cable11
15MCUS1
Cable2
5MCUS3
2
350
CKT / Branch
============
Transformer
=======================================
%Tap Setting
Reactor
=============
=================
========================
ID
MVA
kV
kV
% Z
X/R
From
------------
-------
------
------
-------
-----
T3
1.000
4.160
0.480
6.500
18.0
0.000
XFMR 3
1.000
4.160
0.480
7.200
28.0
0.000
T2
10.000
34.500
13.800
6.900
23.0
-2.500
T1
To
X (ohm)
X/R
% Tol.
% R
% X
--------
-------
------
-------
-------
0.000
0.00
36.1
649.0
0.000
0.00
25.7
719.5
0.000
0.00
3.0
68.9
------ ------
15.000
34.500
Zps =
7.100
39.0
0.000
0.00
1.2
47.3
10.000
13.800
Zpt =
7.200
40.0
0.000
0.00
1.2
48.0
5.000
4.160
Zst =
14.100
38.0
0.000
0.00
2.5
94.0
CKT / Branch
Connected Bus ID
========================
==========================
=========================
ID
Type
From
To
-------
-------
-------
14.3
4.9
15.1
5.6
6.2
8.3
------------
----------
------------
------------
Cable11
Line/Cable
Sub 2A
Bus3
Cable2
Line/Cable
Sub 3
Sub3 Swgr
T3
2W XFMR
Sub3 Swgr
LVBus
36.1
649.0
650.0
XFMR 3
2W XFMR
Sub3 Swgr
MCC1
25.7
719.5
720.0
T2
2W XFMR
Main Bus
Sub 2A
2.9
67.2
67.3
T1
3W XFMR
Main Bus
Sub 2B
1.2
48.0
48.0
Main Bus
Sub 3
1.2
48.7
48.7
Sub 2B
Sub 3
324.1
3383.4
3398.9
Sub 2A
Sub 2B
0.0
0.0
0.0
Tie CB
Tie Breakr
15-35
Output Reports
Voltage
Generation
Motor Load
========================
===========
============
============
ID
Type
Static
Load
============
Load Flow
XFRM
======================================
kV
% Mag. Ang.
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
To Bus ID
MW
Mvar
Amp
------------ ----
-----
------ ----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
-----
------------
-----
-----
---- -----
Bus3
Load
13.80
0.3
0.00
0.00
3.37
1.35
0.00
0.00
Sub 2A
-3.37
-1.35
152
92.8
LVBus
Load
0.48
99.06 -1.8
0.00
0.00
0.12
-0.06
0.25
0.12
Sub3 Swgr
-0.37
-0.07
451
98.4
Swng
34.50
-0.53
3.31
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sub 2A
-0.69
3.42
Sub 2B
0.16
-0.11
-0.61
-0.19
787
95.5
152
92.8
*Main Bus
99.74
100.00
0.0
%PF
=====
% Tap
-----
58 -19.8 -2.500
3 -82.9
Sub 3
MCC1
Load
0.48
Sub 2A
Load
13.80
Sub 2B
Load
13.80
98.00 -3.0
100.29
100.29
0.3
0.3
0.00
0.00
0.42
0.19
0.19
0.00
Sub3 Swgr
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Bus3
3.39
1.36
Main Bus
0.69
-3.34
142 -20.3
Sub 2B
-4.08
1.98
189 -90.0
Sub 2A
4.08
-1.98
189 -90.0
Sub 3
1.22
0.59
56
90.0
6.30
-2.00
1.00
-0.62
0.00
0.00
Main Bus
Sub 3
Load
4.16
99.76 -0.4
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
Sub3 Swgr
1.38
0.47
202
94.7
Main Bus
-1.38
-0.47
202
94.7
Sub 3
-1.38
-0.47
202
94.8
LVBus
0.37
0.08
52
98.0
MCC1
0.61
0.22
90
94.1
Sub 2B
Sub3 Swgr
Load
4.16
99.65 -0.4
0.00
0.00
0.40
0.17
0.00
0.00
Critical Limit =
99.00 %
-----------------Bus
Oper. Voltage
Bus
Oper. Voltage
Bus
Oper. Voltage
=====================
===============
=====================
===============
=====================
===============
ID
kV
% Mag.
kV
ID
kV
% Mag.
kV
ID
kV
% Mag.
------------
-------
------
-------
------------
-------
------
-------
------------
-------
------
0.480
98.00
MCC1
kV
-------
0.470#
15-36
Output Reports
Critical Limit =
101.00 %
----------------Bus
Oper. Voltage
Bus
Oper. Voltage
Bus
Oper. Voltage
=====================
===============
=====================
===============
=====================
===============
ID
kV
% Mag.
kV
ID
kV
% Mag.
kV
ID
kV
% Mag.
------------
-------
------
-------
------------
-------
------
-------
------------
-------
------
kV
-------
=========================
===========================
Two-Winding
Transformer
====================================================
Loading
Capability
Loading (input)
ANSI Loading(output)
ID
Type
Ampacity
Amp
MVA
MVA
MVA
------------
-----------
--------
-------
--------
----------
--------
--------
---------
---------
T3
Transformer
1.500
0.374
25.0
0.372
24.8
XFMR 3
Transformer
1.500
0.652
43.5
0.641
42.8
T2
Transformer
15.000
3.485
23.2
3.408
22.7
Losses
% Bus Voltage
Vd
============
=========================
==================
==================
=================
=============
% drop
ID
From Bus ID
To Bus ID
MW
Mvar
MW
Mvar
--------
--------
--------
--------
Sub 2A
-3.368
-1.356
3.387
1.362
19.0
LVBus
Sub3 Swgr
-0.366
-0.066
0.367
0.075
T2
Main Bus
Sub 2A
-0.689
3.417
0.692
XFMR 3
MCC1
Sub3 Swgr
-0.613
-0.190
Cable2
Sub 3
Sub3 Swgr
1.382
0.467
T1
Sub3 Swgr
Sub 3
------------
------------ ------------
Cable11
Bus3
T3
kW
kvar
From
To
in Vmag
------ ------
-------
6.4
99.74 100.29
0.55
0.5
9.2
99.06
99.65
0.59
-3.337
3.5
79.6
100.00 100.29
0.29
0.614
0.220
1.1
30.8
98.00
99.65
1.65
-1.381
-0.465
1.2
1.3
99.76
99.65
0.11
0.5
18.7
(3 winding transformer)
-------- --------
Sub 2A
-------- -------25.7
15-37
146.0
Output Reports
Swing Bus(es):
MW
Mvar
MVA
% PF
=========
=========
=========
==============
-0.531
3.311
3.353
15.8
Leading
6.300
-2.000
6.610
95.3
Leading
97.5
Lagging
Generators:
Total Demand:
5.769
---------
1.311
---------
5.306
1.040
0.437
0.125
Apparent Losses:
0.026
0.146
System Mismatch:
0.000
0.001
Number of Iterations =
5.916
--------5.407
-------------98.1
Lagging
171
15-38
Alert View
Device ID
The Device Identification section of the Alert View lists the names of all the components that qualified as
alerts after the Load Flow calculation.
Type
The type section of the Alert View displays information about the type of the device having the displayed
alert.
Rating
The rating section of the Alert View provides the rating information being used by the load flow program
to determine whether an alert should be reported and of what kind. Section 16.2.2 Alert Page provides
detailed information on alerts for each type of elements.
Calculated
The calculated section of the Alert View displays the results from the Load Flow calculation. The results
listed here are used in combination with those displayed in the ratings section to determine the operating
15-39
Alert View
percent values. These values are then compared to those entered in the Load Flow study case editor alarm
page.
%Value
This section displays the percent operating values calculated based on the Load Flow results and the
different element ratings. The values displayed here are directly compared to the percent of monitored
parameters entered directly into the Alert Page of the Load Flow Study Case Editor. Based on the
element type, system topology and given conditions, the Alert Simulation Program uses these percent
values to determine if and what kind of alert should be displayed.
Condition
The conditions section of the Alert View provides a brief comment about the type of alert being reported.
In the case of Load Flow alerts, the different conditions reported are Overloads, Over Voltage, Under
Voltage, Over Excited, and Under Excited.
15-40