Psychanalisis

a system of psychological theory and therapy which aims to

treat mental disorders by investigating the interaction of conscious and
unconscious elements in the mind and bringing repressed fears and conflicts
into the conscious mind by techniques such as dream interpretation and free
association.

1890s Freud

moved from neurology to psych

1895 Freud's first theory to explain hysterical symptoms was presented in Studies on Hysteria , co-authored with his mentor the distinguished physician Josef Breuer, which was generally
seen as the birth of psychoanalysis. The work was based on Breuer's treatment of "Anna O.," which the patient herself had dubbed the "talking cure." Breuer wrote that many factors
that could result in such symptoms, including various types of emotional trauma, and he also credited work by others such as Pierre Janet; while Freud contended that at the root of
hysterical symptoms were repressed memories of distressing occurrences, almost always having direct or indirect sexual associations.
1896 Freud published his so-called seduction theory which proposed that the preconditions for hysterical symptoms are sexual excitations in infancy, and he claimed to have uncovered
repressed memories of incidents of sexual abuse for all his current patients
1898 1898 he had privately acknowledged to his friend and colleague Wilhelm Fliess that he no longer believed in his theory, though he did not state this publicly until 1906.

In the oral stage of development, the first relationships children have with
objects (caretakers) determine their subsequent relationship to reality. Oral
satisfaction can result in self-assurance and optimism, whereas oral fixation
can lead to pessimism and depression. Moreover, a person with an oral
fixation will present a disinclination to take care of him/herself and will require
others to look after him/her. This may be expressed through extreme
passivity (corresponding to the oral benign suckling substage) or through a
highly active oral-sadistic behaviour (corresponding to the later sadistic biting
substage.
In the anal stage,
when the training in cleanliness starts too early, conflicts may result between a
conscious attitude of obedience and an unconscious desire for resistance. This
can lead to traits such as frugality, orderliness and obstinacy, as well as to
obsessional neurosis as a result of anal fixation

1900 his second psychological theory which hypothesises that the unconscious has or is a "primary process" consisting of symbolic and condensed thoughts, and a "secondary process" of
logical, conscious thoughts, The Interpretation of Dreams. Chapter VII was a re-working of the earlier "Project" and Freud outlined his "Topographic Theory."(uncousious, subconcious
and concious ) In this theory, unacceptable sexual wishes were repressed into the "System " unconscious due to society's condemnation of premarital sexual activity, and this repression
created anxiety.
Alfred
received an invitation from Sigmund Freud to join an informal discussion group that included Rudolf Reitler and Wilhelm Stekel. The group, the "Wednesday Society"
1902 Adler
(Mittwochsgesellschaft), met regularly on Wednesday evenings at Freud's home and was the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement.
1905 Freud published Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality in which he laid out his discovery of so-called psychosexual phases: oral (ages 02), anal (24), phallic-oedipal (36), latency
(6-puberty), and mature genital (puberty-onward).
1907 Karl
had his first contact with Sigmund Freud
Abraham In addition, Abraham based his understanding of manic-depressive illness on the study of the painter Segantini: an actual event of loss is not itself sufficient to bring the
1911
psychological disturbance involved in melancholic depression. This disturbance is linked with disappointing incidents of early childhood; in the case of men always with the
mother (Abraham, 1911). This concept of the prooedipal bad mother was a new development in contrast to Freuds oedipal mother and paved the way for the theories of
Melanie Klein
He developed a theory of organic inferiority and compensation that was the prototype for his later turn to phenomenology and the development of the inferiority complex.
1911 A.Adler
Neo-Freud. He and a group of his supporters formally disengaged from Freud's circle, the first of the great dissenters from orthodox psychoanalysis, the first neo Freudian. Advocate in
psychology for prevention and emphasized the training of parents, teachers, social workers and so on in democratic approaches that allow a child to exercise their power
through reasoned decision making whilst co-operating with others. (he influenced greately the Humanistic-Existential Psychology founders: Jung, Maslow and Rr.May)

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to

prominence in the mid-20th century]. It typically holds that people are
inherently good. It adopts a holistic approach to human existence and pays
1913
special attention to such phenomena as creativity, free will, and human
potential. It encourages viewing 1.ourselves as a "whole person" greater than
the sum of our parts and encourages self exploration rather than the study of
behavior in other people. Humanistic psychology acknowledges spiritual
aspiration as an integral part of the human psyche. It is linked to the emerging
1915
field of transpersonal psychology.
2.Human beings have their existence in a uniquely human context, as well as in
1919
a cosmic ecology.
3.Human beings are aware and are aware of being aware - i.e., they are
1920
conscious. Human consciousness always includes an awareness of oneself in
the context of other people.
1920
4.Human beings have some choice and, with that, responsibility.
5.Human beings are intentional, aim at goals, are aware that they cause future
events, and seek meaning, value, and creativity. Empathy and self-help
1923
Unconditional positive regard -the care that the therapist needs to have for the
client. This ensures that the therapist does not become the authority figure in
the relationship allowing for a more open flow of information as well as a
1924
kinder relationship between the two. The ideal self:The ideal self and real self
involve understanding the issues that arise from having an idea of what you
wish you were as a person, and having that not match with who you actually
are as a person. Non-pathological: Humanistic psychology tries to be a science
1924
of human experience, focusing on the actual lived experience of persons,. This
usually implies that the therapist downplays the pathological aspects of a
person's life in favour of the healthy aspects.
19241925

J.B.Watson John Broadus Watson published the classic article Psychology as the behaviorist views it. Bihevioralism began. Classical Conditioning Stage 1: Before Conditioning:
In this stage, the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) produces an unconditioned response (UCR) in an organism. In basic terms this means that a stimulus in the environment has
produced a behavior / response which is unlearned. Stage 2: During Conditioning:During this stage a stimulus which produces no response (i.e. neutral) is associated with
the unconditioned stimulus at which point it now becomes known as the conditioned stimulus (CS).Stage 3: After Conditioning:
Now the conditioned stimulus (CS) has been associated with the unconditioned stimulus (UCS) to create a new conditioned response (CR).
Freud:In "On Narcissism" Freud turned his attention to the subject of narcissism. Still using an energic system, Freud characterized the difference between energy directed at the self
versus energy directed at others, called cathexis.
Melanie began analysing children in 1919( the first 2 were her own)
Klein
addressed the power of identification (with the leader and with other members) in groups as a motivation for behavior (Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego)
Freud: suggested his "dual drive" theory of sexuality and aggression in Beyond the Pleasure Principle, to try to begin to explain human destructiveness. Also, it was the first appearance
of his "structural theory" consisting three new concepts id, ego, and superego
he summarised the structural theory ideas of id, ego, and superego in a book entitled, The Ego and the Id. In the book, he revised the whole theory of mental functioning, now
considering that repression was only one of many defense mechanisms, and that it occurred to reduce anxiety. Hence, Freud characterised repression as both a cause and a result of
anxiety.
Otto Rank published Das Trauma der Geburt (translated into English in 1929 as The Trauma of Birth), analysing how art, myth, religion, philosophy and therapy were illuminated by
separation anxiety in the "phase before the development of the Oedipus complex"
Karl
A short study of the Development of the Libido (1924b), where he elaborated on Freuds Mourning and Melancholia (1917) and demonstrated the vicissitudes of normal
Abraham and pathological object relations and reactions to object loss. Studied the role of infant sexuality in character development and mental illness and, like Freud, suggested
that if psychosexual development is fixated at some point, mental disorders will likely emerge. He described the personality traits and psychopathology that result from the
oral and anal stages of development.

Melanie
was analyset by Karl Abraham
Klein
1926 Freud in Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety, Freud characterised how intrapsychic conflict among drive and superego (wishes and guilt) caused anxiety, and how that anxiety could lead
to an inhibition of mental functions, such as intellect and speech giving the bases of Ego psychology
Adler's School, known as "Individual Psychology"an arcane reference to the Latin individuus meaning indivisibility, a term intended to emphasize holismis both a social
and community psychology as well as a depth psychology. Adler's Theory of personality:A)Primary and secondary feelings of inferiority B)Striving for significance
C)Compensation Feeling of community D)Style of life A concept reflecting the organization of the personality, including the meaning individuals give to the world and to
themselves, their fictional final goal, and the affective, cognitive, and behavioral strategies they employ to reach the goalB) Fictional E)final goal future-oriented striving
toward an ideal goal of significance, superiority, success or completion D)Unity of the personality the individual not to be divided up, he's not to be seen as apart from his
context either. He said that you can't examine an isolated individual F) Private logic (vs. common sense)with Five Basic Mistakes: Overgeneralizations. False or Impossible
Goals .Misperceptions of Life and Life's Demands .Denial of One's Basic Worth. Faulty Values G)Safeguarding tendency-Cognitive and behavioral strategies used to avoid or
1930 A.Adler excuse oneself from imagined failure. They can take the form of symptomssuch as anxiety, phobias, or depressionwhich can all be used as excuses for avoiding the tasks
of life and transferring responsibility to others. They can also take the form of aggression or withdrawal.h)Psychology of use (vs. possession)The perspective that an
individual uses her thinking, feeling, and actions (even her symptoms) to achieve a social end.Emphasizes personal responsibility for one's character.

1935

Klein was a transitional figure who stood between classical psychoanalysis and object relations theory proper.
Key ideas:Emphasized biological drives and instincts. Infant experiences the "death instinct" as a fear of death or annihilation. Fear of this destructive impulse within infant's
self is transferred to an object that seems overpowering and uncontrollable in the helpless infant's fantasies.Fantasies. Imaginal representations of bodily instincts and
urges Objects. Drives are inherently aimed toward objects. Psychic mechanisms used by infant include splitting, introjection, projection, and projective identification.
Projection: Infant believes an object has qualities that are actually the infant's own feelings. Introjection is the mental fantasy through which the infant takes in something
perceived in the world (for example, internalizing danger and deprivation.) Splitting -can't keep two contradictory thoughts or feelings in mind at the same time, and
therefore keeps the conflicting feelings apart and focuses on just one of them.. Projective identification--imaginatively splitting off part of oneself and attributing it to
M. Klein another in order to control the other. This often includes splitting, in the form of externalization of inner anxiety and anger.Ego and superego carry on functions previously
performed by parents or others. Good breast becomes focal point around which ego develops. Infant deflects life instinct and death instinct on to external object (ex., the
frustrating or gratifying breast.) This "fluctuation of introjection and projection creates the amalgam of ego and object that is the core of the developing ego." With
increasing maturity, infant overcomes illusions of omnipotent control over objects.

1936 Anna
Freud

An interest in the social approach to psychodynamics was the major theme

linking the so-called Neo-Freudians.

Psychodynamic psychotherapy is a form of depth psychology, the primary

focus of which is to reveal the unconscious content of a client's psyche in an
effort to alleviate psychic tensionIt also relies on the interpersonal relationship
between client and therapist more than other forms of depth psychology. In
terms of approach, this form of therapy uses psychoanalysis adapted to a less
intensive style of working, usually at a frequency of once or twice per week.
Principal theorists drawn upon are Freud, Klein and theorists of the object
relations movement. An emphasis on the centrality of intrapsychic and
unconscious conflicts, and their relation to development.
Seeing defenses as developing in internal psychic structures in order to avoid
unpleasant consequences of conflict.
A belief that psychopathology develops especially from early childhood
experiences.
A view that internal representations of experiences are organized around
interpersonal relations.
A conviction that life issues and dynamics will re-emerge in the context of the
client-therapist relationship as transference and counter-transference.
Use of free association as a major method for exploration of internal conflicts
and problems.
Focusing on interpretations of transference, defense mechanisms, and
current symptoms and the working through of these present problems.
Trust in insight as critically important for success in therapy.

Karen
1937 Horney
(neo
freudian )

1938 M. Klein

1940

Carl
Rogers

Sigmund's famous daughter, published her seminal book, The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense, outlining numerous ways the mind could shut upsetting things out of
consciousness
Published the book "The Neurotic Personality of Our Time". Horney believed neurosis to be a continuous processwith neuroses commonly occurring sporadically in
one's lifetime. This was in contrast to the opinions of her contemporaries who believed neurosis was a negative malfunction of the mind in response to external stimuli, such
as bereavement, divorce or negative experiences during childhood and adolescence.
Horney believed these stimuli to be less important, except for influences during childhood. Rather, she placed significant emphasis on parental indifference towards the
child, believing that a child's perception of events, as opposed to the parent's intentions, is the key to understanding a person's neurosis. For instance, a child might feel a
lack of warmth and affection should a parent make fun of the child's feelings. The parent may also casually neglect to fulfill promises, which in turn could have a detrimental
effect on the child's mental state.
Moving toward others: Compliance (The need for affection and approval; pleasing others and being liked by them. The need for a partner, as a process of "moving
towards people", or self-effacement. Under Horney's theory children facing difficulties with parents often use this strategy,ay also seek out a partner, somebody to confide
in, fostering the belief that, in turn, all of life's problems would be solved by the new cohort. A lack of demands and a desire for inconspicuousness both occur in these
individuals
Moving against others: Aggression: also called the "moving against people", or the "expansive" solution.(The need for power; the ability to bend wills and achieve control
over otherswhile most persons seek strength, the neurotic may be desperate for it. The need to exploit others; to get the better of them. To become manipulative,
fostering the belief that people are there simply to be used. The need for social recognition; prestige and limelight. The need for personal admiration; for both inner and
outer qualitiesto be valued. The need for personal achievement; Aggressive types also tend to keep people away from them,They would do whatever they can to be
happy and wouldn't desist from hurting anyone.
Moving away from others: Detachment : also called the "moving-away-from" or "resigning" solution or a detached personality: The need for self sufficiency and
independence; while most desire some autonomy, the neurotic may simply wish to discard other individuals entirely. The need for perfection; while many are driven to
perfect their lives in the form of well being, the neurotic may display a fear of being slightly flawed. Lastly, the need to restrict life practices to within narrow borders; to
live as inconspicuous a life as possible.recognized that children might simply try to become self-sufficient.Everything the "detached" type does must be unassailable and
refined. They suppress or deny all feelings towards others, particularly love and hate.
Kleins ideas came into conflict with those of Anna Freud
Launched person-centered psychotherapy, influenced by Otto Rank and Karen Horney, the beginnng of human psychology.The goal of PCT is to provide clients with an
opportunity to develop a sense of self where they can realize how their attitudes, feelings and behavior are being negatively affected: There are six necessary and sufficient
conditions required for therapeutic change:
1)Therapistclient psychological contact: 2)Client incongruence: that incongruence exists between the client's experience and awareness.
3)Therapist congruence, or genuineness: the therapist is congruent within the therapeutic relationship. 4)Therapist unconditional positive regard (UPR) 5):Therapist
empathic understanding:6)Client perception: that the client perceives, to at least a minimal degree, the therapist's UPR and empathic understanding.three interrelated core
conditions:
Congruence - the willingness to transparently relate to clients without hiding behind a professional or personal facade. Unconditional positive regard - the therapist offers
an acceptance and prizing for their client for who he or she is without conveying disapproving feelings, actions or characteristics and demonstrating a willingness to
attentively listen without interruption, judgement or giving advice.Empathy - the therapist communicates their desire to understand and appreciate their clients
perspective.

1941
Erich Fromm postulated eight basic needs:
Relatedness Relationships with others, care, respect, knowledge.
Transcendence
Being thrown into the world without their consent, humans have to transcend
their nature by destroying or creating people or things.
Rootedness
Rootedness is the need to establish roots and to feel at home again in the
world. Productively, rootedness enables us to grow beyond the security of our
mother and establish ties with the outside world. With the nonproductive
strategy, we become fixated and afraid to move beyond the security and safety
of our mother or a mother substitute.
Sense of Identity
The drive for a sense of identity is expressed nonproductively as conformity to
a group and productively as individuality.
Frame of orientationUnderstanding the world and our place in it.
Excitation and Stimulation Actively striving for a goal rather than simply
responding.
Unity A sense of oneness between one person and the "natural and human
world outside."
Effectiveness The need to feel accomplished

Erich
his first seminal work, Escape from Freedom (known in Britain as Fear of Freedom), Fromm's writings were notable as much for their social and political commentary as for
Fromm
their philosophical and psychological underpinnings. Indeed, Escape from Freedom is viewed as one of the founding works of political psychology. Fromm extolled the
( neo freud)
virtues of humans taking independent action and using reason to establish moral values rather than adhering to authoritarian moral values.
Beyond a simple condemnation of authoritarian value systems, Fromm used the story of Adam and Eve as an allegorical explanation for human biological evolution and
existential angst, asserting that when Adam and Eve ate from the Tree of Knowledge, they became aware of themselves as being separate from nature while still being part
of it. This is why they felt "naked" and "ashamed": they had evolved into human beings, conscious of themselves, their own mortality, and their powerlessness before the
forces of nature and society, and no longer united with the universe as they were in their instinctive, pre-human existence as animals. Fromm believed that freedom was an
aspect of human nature that we either embrace or escape. He observed that embracing our freedom of will was healthy, escaping freedom through the use of escape
mechanisms was the root of psychological conflicts. Fromm outlined three of the most common escape mechanisms: automaton conformity, authoritarianism, and
destructiveness
1950
summarized her ideas in Neurosis and Human Growth: The Struggle Toward Self-Realization, It is in this book that she summarizes her ideas regarding neurosis, clarifying
Karen her three neurotic "solutions" to the stresses of life. 1-The expansive solution became a tripartite combination of a-narcissistic, b-perfectionistic and c- arrogant-vindictive
Horney approaches to life. Her other two neurotic "solutions" were also a refinement of her previous views:2- self-effacement, or submission to others, 3-and resignation, or
(neo
detachment from others. She described case studies of symbiotic relationships between arrogant-vindictive and self-effacing individuals, labeling such a relationship
freudian ) bordering on sadomasochism as a morbid dependency.
1956

Erich
Fromm

"The Art of Loving,"which recapitulated and complemented the theoretical principles of human nature found in Escape from Freedom and Man for Himselfprinciples which
were revisited in many of Fromm's other major works.According to Fromm, the awareness of a disunited human existence is a source of guilt and shame, and the solution
to this existential dichotomy is found in the development of one's uniquely human powers of love and reason.

human Fromm considered love to be an interpersonal creative capacity rather than an emotion, and he distinguished this creative capacity from what he considered to be various
existencialist forms of narcissistic neuroses and sado-masochistic tendencies that are commonly held out as proof of "true love". Indeed, Fromm viewed the experience of "falling in love"

as evidence of one's failure to understand the true nature of love, which has always had the common elements of care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge. Fromm
says that in the process of living, we relate to the world by: 1) acquiring and assimilating things"Assimilation", and 2) reacting to people"Socialization",these two ways
of relating to the world were not instinctive, but an individual's response to the peculiar circumstances of his or her life; he also believed that people are never exclusively
one type of orientation.He lists four types of nonproductive character orientation,. Receptive and exploitative orientations-how an individual may relate to other people
and are socialization attributes of character. A hoarding orientation is an acquiring and assimilating materials/valuables character trait. The marketing orientation arises in
response to the human situation in the modern era. The current needs of the market determine value. It is a relativistic ethic. and one positive character orientation, which
he called Productive In contrast, is an objective ethic.
Object relation concepts:
Object. An object is that to which a subject relates. Michael St. Clair writes, Drives
like those for sex, hunger, and affection have objects. In object-relations theory,
objects are usually persons, parts of perons, or symbols of one of these.
Representation refers to the way the person has or possesses an object. Object
representation is the mental representation of an object.
An external object is an actual person, place or thing that a person has invested with
emotional energy.
An internal object is one person's representation of another, such as a reflection of
the child's way of relating to the mother. It is a memory, idea, or fantasy abouta
person, place, or thing..(Some writers, like Melanie Klein, use the term "object"
without always stating whether it refers to a person or an inner representation.)
Self. An internal image. Conscious and unconscious mental representations of
oneself.
Self-representation. A person's inner representation of himself or herself as
experienced in relation to significant others.
Self-object. A loss of boundaries, where what is self and object are blurred and the
distinction between self and external object is not clear. (This condition is called
"confluence" in Gestalt Therapy.)
Part object. This is an object tht is part of a person, such as a hand or breast. The
other is not recognized as a "whole object."
Whole object. Another person who is recognized as having rights, feelings, needs,
hopes, strengths, weaknesses, and insecurities just like one's own.
Object constancy. Maintaining a lasting relationship with a specific object, or
rejecting any substitute for such an object. Example of the latter: rejecting mothering
from anyone except one's own mother.
Splitting. This occurs when a person (especially a child) can't keep two contradictory
thoughts or feelings in mind at the same time, and therefore keeps the conflicting
feelings apart and focuses on just one of them.
Self-psychology. The big issue is the nature and kind of emotional investment in the
self. Narcissism plays a central role in the thinking of self-psychology. That is, the
person deals with objects as if they were part of the self, or in terms of the object
performing an essential function for the self. Such a distorted relationship requires a
different form of treatment from that of neurotics.( mahler, KOHUT
BOSZORMENYI-NAGY, JACOBSON ,WINNICOTT ,FAIRBAIRN)