4G TELECOMMUNICATION

(LTE -Long Term Evolution)

Serial
Content
Number
1

INDEX

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Number

INTRODUCTION

In telecommunications, 4G is the fourth generation of cellular wireless

standards. It is a successor to the 3G and 2G families of standards. In 2008,
the ITU-R organization specified the IMT-Advanced (International Mobile
Telecommunications Advanced) requirements for 4G standards, setting peak
speed requirements for 4G service at 100 Mbit/s for high mobility
communication (such as from trains and cars) and 1 Gbit/s for low mobility
communication (such as pedestrians and stationary users).
A 4G system is expected to provide a comprehensive and secure allIP based mobile broadband solution to laptop computer wireless modems,
smart phones, and other mobile devices. Facilities such as ultra-broadband
Internet access, IP telephony, gaming services, and streamed multimedia
may be provided to users.
Pre-4G technologies such as mobile WiMAX and first-release 3G Long
term evolution (LTE) have been on the market since 2006 and 2009
respectively, and are often branded as 4G. The current versions of these
technologies did not fulfill the original ITU-R requirements of data rates
approximately up to 1 Gbit/s for 4G systems. Marketing materials use 4G as
a description for Mobile-WiMAX and LTE in their current forms.
IMT-Advanced compliant versions of the above two standards are
under development and called LTE Advanced and WirelessMANAdvanced respectively. ITU has decided that LTE Advanced and
WirelessMAN-Advanced should be accorded the official designation of IMTAdvanced. On December 6, 2010, ITU announced that current versions of
LTE, WiMax and other evolved 3G technologies that do not fulfill "IMTAdvanced" requirements could be considered "4G", provided they represent
forerunners to IMT-Advanced and "a substantial level of improvement in

performance and capabilities with respect to the initial third generation

systems now deployed."
The

approaching

4G

(fourth

generation)

mobile

communication

systems are projected to solve still-remaining problems of 3G (third

generation) systems and to provide a wide variety of new services, from
high-quality

voice

to

high-definition

video

to

high-data-rate

wireless

channels.
The term 4G is used broadly to include several types of broadband
wireless

access communication systems, not only cellular telephone

systems. One of the terms used to describe 4G is MAGICMobile multimedia,

anytime anywhere, Global mobility support, integrated wireless solution, and
customized personal service. As a promise for the future, 4G systems, that is,
cellular broadband wireless access systems have been attracting much
interest in the mobile communication arena. The 4G systems not only will
support the next generation of mobile service, but also will support the fixed
wireless networks. This article presents an overall vision of the 4G features,
framework, and integration of mobile communication.
The features of 4G systems might be summarized with one wordIntegration. The 4G systems are about seamlessly integrating terminals,
networks, and applications to satisfy increasing user demands. The
continuous expansion of mobile communication and wireless networks shows
evidence of exceptional growth in the areas of mobile subscriber, wireless
network access, mobile services, and applications. An estimate of 1 billion
users by the end of 2013 justifies the study and research for 4G systems.

HISTORY
The history and evolution of mobile service from the 1G (first
generation) to fourth generation are discussed in this section. Table 1
presents a short history of mobile telephone technologies. This process
began with the designs in the 1970s that have become known as 1G. The
earliest systems were implemented based on analog technology and the
basic cellular structure of mobile communication. Many fundamental
problems were solved by these early systems.
Numerous incompatible analog systems were placed in service around
the world during the 1980s.The 2G (second generation) systems designed in
the 1980s were still used mainly for voice applications but were based on
digital technology, including digital signal processing techniques. These 2G
systems provided circuit-switched data communication services at a low

speed. The competitive rush to design and implement digital systems led
again to a variety of different and incompatible standards such as GSM
(global system mobile), mainly in Europe; TDMA (Time Division Multiple
Access) (IS-54/IS- 136) in the U.S. PDC (Personal Digital Cellular) in Japan,
and CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) (IS-95), another U.S. system.
These systems operate nationwide or internationally and are today's
mainstream systems, although the data rate for users in these system is
very limited. During the 1990s, two organizations worked to define the next,
or 3G, mobile system, which would eliminate previous incompatibilities and
become a truly global system.
The 3G system would have higher quality voice channels, as well as
broadband data capabilities, up to 2 Mbps. Unfortunately, the two groups
could not reconcile their differences, and this decade will see the
introduction of two mobile standards for 3G. In addition, China is on the
verge of implementing a third 3G systems. An interim step is being taken
between 2G and 3G, the 2.5G. It is basically an enhancement of the two
major 2G technologies to provide increased capacity on the 2G RF (Radio
Frequency) channels and to introduce higher throughput for data service, up
to 384 kbps. A very important aspect of 2.5G is that the data channels are
optimized for packet data, which introduces access to the Internet from
mobile devices, whether telephone, PDA (Personal Digital Assistant), or
laptop.

However,

the

demand

for

higher

access

speed

multimedia

communication in today's society, which greatly depends on computer

communication in digital format, seems unlimited. According to the historical
indication of a generation revolution occurring once a decade, the present
appears to be the right time to begin the research on a 4G mobile
communication system.

Technology
1G
Design Began 1970

2G
1980

2.5G
1985

3G
1990

4G
2000

Implementati

1984

1991

1999

2002

2010?

on
Service

Analog

Digital

Higher

Higher

Higher

voice,

voice,

capacity,

capacity,

capacity,

synchron

short

packetized

broadband

completely

-ous data

messages

data

data up to 2 IP- Oriented,

to

9.6

Mbps

kbps

multimedia,
data

to

hundreds Of
AMPS,

TDMA,

GPRS,

WCDMA,

megabits
Single

TAGS,

CDMA,

EDGE,

CDMA2000

standard

INMT,

GSM

1XRTT

Data

etc.
1.9 kbps

PDC
14.4 kbps

384 kbps

2 Mbps

200 Mbps

Bandwidth
Multiplexing

FDMA

TDMA,

TDMA

CDMA

CDMA?

core Network

PSTN

CDMA
PSTN

CDMA
P3TK,

Packet

internet

packet

network

Standards

network

SYMBOLS:
1xRTT = 2.5G CDMA data service up to 384 kbps
AMPS = Advanced Mobile Phone Service
CDMA = Code Division Multiple Access
EDGE = Enhanced Data for Global Evolution
FDMA = Frequency Division Multiple Access
GPRS = General Packet Radio System
GSM = Global System for Mobile
NMT = Nordic Mobile Telephone
PDC = Personal Digital Cellular
PSTN = Public Switched Telephone Network
TACS = Total Access Communications System
TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access
WCDMA = Wideband CDMA

Time division multiple access (TDMA)

TDMA is a channel access method for shared medium networks. It allows
several users to share the same frequency channel by dividing the signal into
different time slots. The users transmit in rapid succession, one after the
other, each using its own time slot. This allows multiple stations to share the
same transmission medium (e.g. radio frequency channel) while using only a
part of its channel capacity. TDMA is used in the digital 2G cellular systems
such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), IS-136, Personal
Digital Cellular (PDC) and iDEN, and in the Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications (DECT) standard for portable phones. It is also used
extensively in satellite systems, combat-net radio systems, and PON
networks for upstream traffic from premises to the operator. For usage of
Dynamic TDMA packet mode communication, see below.

TDMA frame structure showing a data stream divided into frames and those
frames divided into time slots.
TDMA is a type of Time-division multiplexing, with the special point that
instead of having one transmitter connected to one receiver, there are
multiple transmitters. In the case of the uplink from a mobile phone to a base
station this becomes particularly difficult because the mobile phone can
move around and vary the timing advance required to make its transmission
match the gap in transmission from its peers.

TDMA CHARACTERISTICS

Shares single carrier frequency with multiple users

Non-continuous transmission makes handoff simpler

Slots can be assigned on demand in dynamic TDMA

Less stringent power control than CDMA due to reduced intra cell
interference

Higher synchronization overhead than CDMA

Advanced equalization may be necessary for high data rates if the

channel is "frequency selective" and creates Inter symbol interference

Cell breathing (borrowing resources from adjacent cells) is more

complicated than in CDMA

Frequency/slot allocation complexity

Pulsating power envelope: Interference with other devices

2G TECHNOLOGIES
2G technologies can be divided into TDMA-based and CDMA-based standards
depending on the type of multiplexing used. The main 2G standards are:

GSM (TDMA-based), originally from Europe but used in almost all

countries on all six inhabited continents. Today accounts for over 80%
of all subscribers around the world. Over 60 GSM operators are also
using CDMA2000 in the 450 MHz frequency band (CDMA450).[2]

IS-95 aka cdma One (CDMA-based, commonly referred as simply CDMA

in the US), used in the Americas and parts of Asia. Today accounts for
about 17% of all subscribers globally. Over a dozen CDMA operators
have migrated to GSM including operators in Mexico, India, Australia
and South Korea.

PDC (TDMA-based), used exclusively in Japan

iDEN (TDMA-based), proprietary network used by Nextel in the United

States and Telus Mobility in Canada

IS-136 a.k.a. D-AMPS (TDMA-based, commonly referred as simply

'TDMA' in the US), was once prevalent in the Americas but most have
migrated to GSM.

2G services are frequently referred as Personal Communications Service, or

PCS, in the United States.

CAPACITIES, ADVANTAGES, AND DISADVANTAGES

CAPACITY
Using digital signals between the handsets and the towers increases system
capacity in two key ways:

Digital voice data can be compressed and multiplexed much more

effectively than analog voice encodings through the use of various
codes, allowing more calls to be packed into the same amount of radio
bandwidth.

The digital systems were designed to emit less radio power from the
handsets. This meant that cells had to be smaller, so more cells had to
be placed in the same amount of space. This was made possible by cell
towers and related equipment getting less expensive.

ADVANTAGE

While digital calls tend to be free of static and background noise, the
lossy compression used by the codes takes a toll; the range of sound
that they convey is reduced. You will hear less of the tonality of
someone's voice talking on a digital cell phone, but you will hear it
more clearly.

DISADVANTAGES

In less populous areas, the weaker digital signal may not be sufficient
to reach a cell tower. This tends to be a particular problem on 2G
systems deployed on higher frequencies, but is mostly not a problem
on 2G systems deployed on lower frequencies. National regulations
differ greatly among countries which dictate where 2G can be
deployed.

Analog has a smooth decay curve, digital a jagged steppy one. This
can be both an advantage and a disadvantage. Under good conditions,
digital will sound better. Under slightly worse conditions, analog will
experience static, while digital has occasional dropouts. As conditions
worsen, though, digital will start to completely fail, by dropping calls or
being unintelligible, while analog slowly gets worse, generally holding a
call longer and allowing at least a few words to get through.

EVOLUTION
2G networks were built mainly for voice services and slow data transmission.
Some protocols, such as EDGE for GSM and 1x-RTT for CDMA2000, are
defined as "3G" services (because they are defined in IMT-2000 specification
documents), but are considered by the general public to be 2.5G or 2.75G
services because they are several times slower than present-day 3G service.

2.5G (GPRS)
2.5G ("second and a half generation") is used to describe 2G-systems
that have implemented a packet-switched domain in addition to the circuitswitched domain. It does not necessarily provide faster services because
bundling of timeslots is used for circuit-switched data services (HSCSD) as
well.
The first major step in the evolution of GSM networks to 3G occurred with the
introduction of General Packet Radio Service (GPRS). CDMA2000 networks
similarly evolved through the introduction of 1xRTT. The combination of
these capabilities came to be known as 2.5G.
GPRS could provide data rates from 56 kbit/s up to 115 Kbit/s. It can be used
for services such as Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) access, Multimedia
Messaging Service (MMS), and for Internet communication services such as
email and World Wide Web access. GPRS data transfer is typically charged
per megabyte of traffic transferred, while data communication via traditional
circuit switching is billed per minute of connection time, independent of
whether the user actually is utilizing the capacity or is in an idle state.
1xRTT supports bi-directional (up and downlink) peak data rates up to
153.6 kbit/s, delivering an average user data throughput of 80-100 kbit/s in
commercial networks.[3] It can also be used for WAP, SMS & MMS services, as
well as Internet access.
2.75G (EDGE)
GPRS1 networks evolved to EDGE networks with the introduction of 8PSK
encoding. Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), Enhanced GPRS
(EGPRS), or IMT Single Carrier (IMT-SC) is a backward-compatible digital
mobile phone technology that allows improved data transmission rates, as
an extension on top of standard GSM. EDGE was deployed on GSM networks
beginning in 2003initially by Cingular (now AT&T) in the United States.

EDGE is standardized by 3GPP as part of the GSM family and it is an upgrade

that provides a potential three-fold increase in capacity of GSM/GPRS
networks. The specification achieves higher data-rates (up to 236.8 kbit/s) by
switching to more sophisticated methods of coding (8PSK), within existing
GSM timeslots.

3G OR 3RD GENERATION MOBILE TELECOMMUNICATIONS

3G or 3rd generation mobile telecommunications is a generation of
standards for mobile phones and mobile telecommunication services fulfilling
the

International

Mobile

Telecommunications-2000

(IMT-2000)

specifications by the International Telecommunication Union.[1] Application

services include wide-area wireless voice telephone, mobile Internet access,
video calls and mobile TV, all in a mobile environment.
Several telecommunications companies market wireless mobile Internet
services as 3G, indicating that the advertised service is provided over a 3G
wireless network. Services advertised as 3G are required to meet IMT-2000
technical standards, including standards for reliability and speed (data
transfer rates). To meet the IMT-2000 standards, a system is required to
provide peak data rates of at least 200 kbit/s (about 0.2 Mbit/s). However,
many services advertised as 3G provide higher speed than the minimum
technical requirements for a 3G service. Recent 3G releases, often denoted
3.5G and 3.75G, also provide mobile broadband access of several Mbit/s to
smart phones and mobile modems in laptop computers.
The following standards are typically branded 3G:

The UMTS system, first offered in 2001, standardized by 3GPP, used

primarily in Europe, Japan, China (however with a different radio
interface) and other regions predominated by GSM 2G system

infrastructure. The cell phones are typically UMTS and GSM hybrids.
Several radio interfaces are offered, sharing the same infrastructure:
o The original and most widespread radio interface is called WCDMA.
o The TD-SCDMA radio interface was commercialised in 2009 and
is only offered in China.
o The latest UMTS release, HSPA+, can provide peak data rates up
to 56 Mbit/s in the downlink in theory (28 Mbit/s in existing
services) and 22 Mbit/s in the uplink.

The CDMA2000 system, first offered in 2002, standardized by 3GPP2,

used

especially

in

North

America

and

South

Korea,

sharing

infrastructure with the IS-95 2G standard. The cell phones are typically
CDMA2000 and IS-95 hybrids. The latest release EVDO Rev B offers
peak rates of 14.7 Mbit/s downstream.00000000000000000
APPLICATIONS OF 3G
The bandwidth and location information available to 3G devices gives rise to
applications not previously available to mobile phone users. Some of the
applications are:

Mobile TV

Video on demand

Video Conferencing

Telemedicine

Location-based services

ADVANTAGE
1. The customers will get a high speed network for their communication
which

is

far

better

than

the

2G

technology,

particularly

in

data

communication.
2. The customer will get wireless broadband.
3. Customer can see video or satellite based programs like TV programs
using this technology.
4. Customers can use all the facilities at same time.
5. It may also be cheap than the other traditional media we are using, as a
result of price war.
6. The many in one service will be available at the same network. Due to use
of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use these multi-purpose
services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service
providers.

DISADVANTAGE
1. Since in telecom sector, there is much competition, so the companies
have a very marginal price for their facilities.

2. The companies who will not get license from the spectrum distribution
authorities will suffer to use only 2G, which will badly affect their business. In
this situation these companies will either disappear from this sector or will
run with losses. Because of the customers will start to use the services of the
companies having 3G technology.
3. Due to use of the DTH & the 3G technology, everyone will use these multipurpose services to avoid time loss and keeping records for different service
providers.

So

the

traditional

cable

business

will

badly

affected

by

implementing this new technology.

4. The radiation of magnetic waves generated with the heavily use of the
wireless system will affect our life also. More uses of the services will have
more effect on us. The radiations of the magnetic waves are danger for our
life. A long use can affect our brains.
5. The mobile are not suitable devices to see TV or web browsing. So, initially
this service may be used in mass but in future, mobile can not be used to
see the TV or for Internet surfing. This will affect the business of 3G.
Thus we see here that the disadvantages are more than the advantages of
the 3G technology from the service providers as well as from customer point
of view. Also, it will cause to damage the existence of some businesses like
cable operator business or 2G service. So, some of these may be kept in
mind while we implement the 3G technology.

VISION OF 4G
This new generation of wireless is intended to complement and
replace the 3G systems, perhaps in 5 to 10 years. Accessing information
anywhere, anytime, with a seamless connection to a wide range of
information and services, and receiving a large volume of information, data,
pictures, video, and so on, are the keys of the 4G infrastructures. The future
4G infrastructures will consist of a set of various networks using IP (Internet
Protocol) as a common protocol so that users are in control because they will
be able to choose every application and environment. Based on the
developing

trends

of

mobile

communication,

4G

will

have

broader

bandwidth, higher data rate, and smoother and quicker handoff and will
focus on ensuring seamless service across a multitude of wireless systems
and networks. The key concept is integrating the 4G capabilities with all of
the existing mobile technologies through advanced technologies. Application
adaptability and being highly dynamic are the main features of 4G services
of interest to users
.
These features mean services can be delivered and be available to the
personal preference of different users and support the users' traffic, air
interfaces, radio environment, and quality of service. Connection with the
network applications can be transferred into various forms and levels
correctly and efficiently. The dominant methods of access to this pool of
information will be the mobile telephone, PDA, and laptop to seamlessly
access the voice communication, high-speed information services, and
entertainment

broadcast

services.

Figure

illustrates

elements

and

techniques to support the adaptability of the 4G domain. The fourth

generation will encompass all systems from various networks, public to
private; operator-driven broadband networks to personal areas and ad hoc
networks. The 4G systems will interoperate with 2G and 3G systems, as well
as with digital (broadband) broadcasting systems. In addition, 4G systems
will be fully IP-based wireless Internet. This all- encompassing integrated
perspective shows the broad range of systems that the fourth generation
intends to integrate, from satellite broadband to high altitude platform to
cellular 3G and 3G systems to WLL (Wireless Local Loop) and FWA (Fixed
Wireless Access) to WLAN (Wireless Local Area Network) and PAN (Personal
Area Network),all with IP as the integrating mechanism. With 4G, a range of
new services and models will be available. These services and models need
to be further examined for their interface with the design of 4G systems.
Figures 3 and4 demonstrate the key elements and the seamless connectivity
of the networks.

Figure 2 4G Mobile Communication Visions

Figure 3. Seamless Connections of Networks

Figure 4. Key Elements of 4G Vision

TRANSMISSION

An OFDM transmitter accepts data from an IP network, converting and

encoding the data prior to modulation. An IFFT (inverse fast Fourier
transform) transforms the OFDM signal into an IF analog signal, which is sent
to the RF transceiver. The receiver circuit reconstructs the data by reversing
this process. With orthogonal subcarriers, the receiver can separate and
process
IP NETWORK
OFDM
TRANSMITTER
MODULATION
IFFT making
IF analog
RF TRANSMITTER
ODFM provides better link and communication quality.

KEY 4G TECHNOLOGIES
Some of the key technologies required for 4G are briefly described below:

ORTHOGONAL FREQUENCY DIVISION MULTIPLEXING

(OFDMA)
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) not only provides clear
advantages for physical layer performance, but also a framework for
improving layer 2 performance by proposing an additional degree of freedom. Using OFDM, it is possible to exploit the time domain, the space
domain, the frequency domain and even the code domain to optimize radio
channel

usage.

It

ensures

very

robust

transmission

in

multi-path

environments with reduced receiver complexity. OFDM also provides a

frequency diversity gain, improving the physical layer performance .It is also
compatible with other enhancement Technologies, such as smart antennas
and

MIMO

(multiple-input

and

multiple-output)radar

antenna

.OFDM

modulation can also be employed as a multiple access technology

(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access). In this case, each OFDM
symbol can transmit information to/from several users using a different set of
sub carriers (sub channels). This not only provides additional flexibility for
resource allocation (increasing the capacity), but also enables cross-layer
optimization of radio link usage.

SOFTWARE DEFINED RADIO

Software Defined Radio (SDR) benefits from today's high processing

power to develop multi-band, multi-standard base stations and terminals.
Although in future the terminals will adapt the air interface to the available
radio access technology, at present this is done by the infrastructure. Several
infrastructure gains are expected from SDR. For example, to increase
network capacity at a specific time (e.g. during a sports event), an operator
will reconfigure its network adding several modems at a given Base
Transceiver Station (BTS). SDR makes this reconfiguration easy. In the
context of 4G systems, SDR will become an enabler for the aggregation of
multi-standard Pico /micro cells. For a manufacturer, this can be a powerful
aid

to

providing

development

multi-standard,

effort

and

costs

multi-band
through

equipment

simultaneous

with

reduced

multi-channel

processing.

Figure 6. An Ideal Software Radio Receiver

MULTIPLE-INPUT MULTIPLE -OUTPUT

MIMO uses signal multiplexing between multiple transmitting antennas
(space multiplex) and time or frequency. It is well suited to OFDM, as it is
possible to process independent time symbols as soon as the OFDM

waveform is correctly designed for the channel. This aspect of OFDM greatly
simplifies processing. The signal transmitted by m antennas is received by n
antennas.

Processing

of

the

received

signals

may

deliver

several

performance improvements range, quality of received signal and spectrum

efficiency. In principle, MIMO is more efficient when many multiple path
signals are received. The performance in cellular deployments is still subject
to research and simulations. However, it is generally admitted that the gain
in spectrum efficiency is directly related to the minimum number of antennas
in the link.

HANDOVER AND MOBILITY

Handover technologies based on mobile IP technology have been considered for
data and voice. Mobile IP techniques are slow but can be accelerated with classical
methods (hierarchical, fast mobile IP). These methods are applicable to data and
probably also voice. In single-frequency networks, it is necessary to reconsider the
handover methods. Several techniques can be used when the carrier to interference
ratio is negative (e.g. Variable Spreading Factor Orthogonal Frequency and code
Division Multiplexing (VSFOFDM), bit repetition), but the drawback of these techniques
is capacity. In OFDM, the same alternative exists as in CDMA, which is to use macrodiversity. In the case of OFDM, MIMO allows macro-diversity processing with
performance gains. However, the implementation of macro-diversity implies that MIMO
processing is centralized and transmissions are synchronous. This is not as complex as
in CDMA, but such a technique should only be used in situations where spectrum is
very scarce.

QUALITY OF SERVICE
What QoS does 4G provide to us they are as follows:-

(a) Traffic generated by the different services will not only increase
traffic loads on the networks, but will also require different quality of service
(QoS) requirements (e.g., cell loss rate, delay, and jitter) for different streams
(e.g., video, voice, and data).
(b) Providing QoS guarantees in 4G networks is a non-trivial issue
where

both

QoS

signaling

across

different

networks

and

service

differentiation between mobile flows will have to be addressed.

(c) One of the most difficult problems that are to be solved, when it
comes to IP mobility, is how to insure the constant QoS level during the
handover.
(d) Depending on whether the new access router is in the same or
some other sub network, we recognize the horizontal and vertical handover.
(e) However, the mobile terminal cannot receive IP packets while the
process of handover is finished. This time is called the handover latency.
(f) Handover latency has a great influence on the flow of multimedia
applications in real-time.
(g) Mobile IPv6 has been proposed to reduce the handover latency and
the number of lost packets.
(h) The field "Traffic Class" and "Flow Label" in IPv6 header enables the
routers to secure the special QoS for specific packet series with marked
priority.

SECURITY
Security is a major issue in todays convergence communication world what
securities does 4G provide to us they are as follows:(a) The heterogeneity of wireless networks complicates the security issue.
(b) Dynamic reconfigurable, adaptive, and lightweight security mechanisms
should be developed.
(c)

Security

in

wireless

networks

mainly

involves

authentication,

confidentiality, integrity and authorization for the access of network

connectivity and QoS resources for the mobile nodes flow.
(d)

AAA

(Authentication

Authorization

Auditing)

protocols

provide

framework for such suffered especially for control plane functions and
installing security policies in the mobile node such as encryption, decryption
and filtering.

BENEFITS
(a)

Convergence of cellular mobile networks and WLANs

(i)

Benefits for Operators:

(aa) Higher bandwidths.
(ab) Lower cost of networks and equipment.
(ac) The use of license-exempt spectrum.
(ad) Higher capacity and QoS enhancement.
(ae) Higher revenue.

(ii)

Benefits for Users:

(aa) Access to broadband multimedia services with lower cost
and where mostly needed.
(ab) Inter-network roaming.

(b)

Convergence of mobile communications and broadcasting

(i)

From broadcaster point of view:

Introducing interactivity to their unidirectional point-to multipoint

Broadcasting systems. That is, a broadband downlink based on DAB/DVB-T
(Digital Audio Broadcasting/Digital Video Broadcasting Television) and a
narrowband uplink based on 3G cellular systems.
(ii)

From the cellular mobile operator point of view:

Providing a complementary broadband downlink in vehicular

environments to support IP- based multi-media traffic which is inherently
asymmetrical.

(c)

Convergence benefits
(i) Broadcasters will benefit from the use of cellular mobile systems to adapt the

content of their multi-media services more rapidly in response to the feedback from
customers.
(ii) Cellular operators will benefit from offering their customers a range of new
broadband multimedia services in vehicular environments.
(iii) Users will benefit from faster access to a range of broadband multi-media
services with reasonable Quality of Service (QoS) and lower cost.

WIRELESS SYSTEM DISCOVERY

(a)

A multimode terminal attaches to the WLAN and scans the available

systems. It can download suitable software manually or automatically.

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY

(a) In order to use the large variety of services and wireless networks,
multimode user terminals are essential as they can adapt to different
wireless networks by reconfiguring themselves
(b)This eliminates the need to use multiple terminals (or multiple
hardware components in a terminal).
(c) The most promising way of implementing multimode user terminals is
to adopt the software radio approach.

Figure 5. 4G wireless: one view shown wireless system discovery

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY CHALLENGES:

(a) Regulatory and Standardization issues
(b) Business models
(c) Flexible spectrum allocation and sharing between operators
(d) User preference profiles
(e) Inter-system handover mechanisms and criteria
(f) Software downloads mechanisms

IPv6 SUPPORT
Unlike 3G, which is based on two parallel infrastructures consisting of
circuit switched and packet switched network nodes respectively, 4G will be
based

on

packet

switching

only.

This

will

require

low-latency

data

transmission.
By the time that 4G was deployed, the process of IPv4 address
exhaustion was expected to be in its final stages. Therefore, in the context of
4G, IPv6 support is essential in order to support a large number of wirelessenabled devices. By increasing the number of IP addresses, IPv6 removes the
need for network address translation (NAT), a method of sharing a limited
number of addresses among a larger group of devices, although NAT will still
be required to communicate with devices that are on existing IPv4 networks.

RE-CONFIGURABLE TECHNOLOGY BENEFITS FOR:

(a) USERS:
(i)

Select network depending on service requirements and cost.

(ii)

Connect to any network - Worldwide roaming.

(iii)

Access to new services.

(b) OPERATORS:
(i)

Respond to variations in traffic demand (load balancing).

(ii)

Incorporate service enhancements and improvements.

(iii)

Correction of software bugs and upgrade of terminals.

(iv)

Rapid development of new personalized and customised services.

(c) MANUFACTURERS:
(i)
(ii)

Single platform for all markets.

Increased flexible and efficient production.

PERSONAL MOBILITY:
In addition to terminal mobility, personal mobility is a concern in
mobility management. Personal mobility concentrates on the movement of
users instead of users' terminals, and involves the provision of personal
communications and personalized operating environments. Once the caller's
agent identifies user's location, the caller's agent can directly communicate
with his agent.

APPLICATIONS
(a) VIRTUAL PRESENCE: This means that 4G provides user services at
all times, even if the user is off-site.
(b) VIRTUAL NAVIGATION: 4G provides users with virtual navigation
through which a user can access a database of the streets, buildings
etc.
(c) TELE-GEOPROCESSING APPLICATIONS: This is a combination of GIS
(Geographical

Information

System)

and

GPS

(Global

System) in which a user can get the location by querying.

Positioning

(d) TELE-MEDICINE AND EDUCATION: 4G will support remote health

monitoring of patients. For people who are interested in lifelong
education, 4G provides a good opportunity.
(e) CRISIS MANAGEMENT: Natural disasters can cause breakdown in
communication systems. In today's world it might take days or 7 weeks
to restore the system. But in 4G it is expected to restore such crisis
issues in a few hours.

MULTIMEDIA - VIDEO SERVICES

4G

wireless

systems

are

expected

to

deliver

efficient

multimedia services at very high data rates.

Basically there are two types of video services: bursting and

streaming video

services.

Streaming is performed when a user requires real-time video

services, in which the server delivers data continuously at a
playback rate.

Bursting is basically file downloading using a buffer and this is

done at the highest

data rate taking advantage of the whole

available bandwidth.

CONCLUSION
As the history of mobile communications shows, attempts have
been made to reduce a number of technologies to a single global standard.
Projected 4G systems offer this promise of a standard that can be embraced
worldwide through its key concept of integration. Future wireless networks
will need to support diverse IP multimedia applications to allow sharing of
resources among multiple users. There must be a low complexity of
implementation and an efficient means of negotiation between the end users
and the wireless infrastructure. The fourth generation promises to fulfill the
goal of PCC (Personal Computing and Communication) a vision that
affordably provides high data rates everywhere over a wireless network. In
few countries like South Korea and Japan 4G was launched in 2010 and the
world is looking forward for the most intelligent technology that would
connect

the

entire

globe.

In

India,

Mukesh

Ambanis

Reliance

Communications conducted trial for 4G in India, got 80 Mbps Download

Speed.
In all suggestions for 4G, the CDMA spread spectrum radio
technology used in 3G systems and IS-95 is abandoned and replaced by
OFDMA and other frequency-domain equalization schemes. This is combined
with MIMO (Multiple in Multiple Out), e.g., multiple antennas, dynamic
channel allocation and channel-dependent scheduling.

REFERENCES
1) Communication Systems
2) www.comsoc.org
3) www.techonline.com
4) www.ieee.org