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ChemWiki: The Dynamic Chemistry E-textbook > Wikitexts > UC Davis > UCD Chem 124A: Kauzlarich > ChemWiki Module Topics > Molecular
Orbital Theory applied to BH3
Introduction
Molecular Orbital theory is used to show how bonds between atoms in a molecules are formed from the orbital perspective. This theory is very
important in understanding whether a molecule is paramagnetic or diamagnetic since Valence Bond theory can not establish this. We usually see the
MO diagram of diatomic such H2, F2 or HBr. With this module we would learn how make MO diagram for polyatomic molecules and particularly
BH3. The first step of making MO diagram for BH3 is to know the structure and symmetry elements BH3 has.
Symmetry Elements
The molecular structure of BH3 is trigonal planar and it belongs to the point group D3h. The symmetry elements are included:
Figure 1: Molecule structure of BH3 (Used with permission from Dean.H Johnston)
Symmetry Labels
D3H
2C3
3C2
2S3
A1'
A2'
-1
-1
Rz
E'
-1
-1
(x,y)
A1''
-1
-1
-1
A2''
-1
-1
-1
E''
-1
-2
(Rx,Ry)
x2+y2, z2
(x2-y2,xy)
(xz,yz)
D3h
2C3
3C2
2S3
3v
LGO
-Next, with these values we can apply the following formula to identify the symmetry labels of the Ligan group orbitals
a= 1/h [(N).Xr(R).Xi(R)]
-Three hydrogens in BH3 are assigned with 1, 2, 3. Now lets look at how each is affected by the symmetry operations of the D3h and their
results are completed in the following table:
D3h
C3
C23
C2
C2
C2
S3
S23
a1
LGO1
C23
C2
C2
C2
S3
S23
(a1') = 41+42+43
= 4(1+2+3)
(a1')= 1/3 (1+2+3)
-The shape of the LGO1 is
D3h
C3
-1
-1
-1
-1
LGO1
21
-2
-3
21
-2
-3
-Noticed that in the LGO2, we have 1 nodal plane which is the horizonal line between the positive charge and negative charge. Therefore, the LGO3
(doubly degenerate with e') would also 1 nodal plane and its wavefunction would be (e') = 1/2 (2-3). The shape of the LGO3 is
MO diagram
-As we can see in this diagram, the energy level of 3 LGOs are higher than the 2s orbital and below the 2 p orbital dued to the electronegativy of both
Boron and Hydrogen. Hydrogen has higher electronegativity than boron, therefore hydrogen would have lower energy level in the MO diagram.
-In addition, B has 3 electrons in the valence electrons and 3 hydrogens have total 3 electrons. Therefore, the total number of electrons filled in
orbitals are 6. With all of the informations above about symmetry labels of B atom and the 3 LGOs, we now construct the MO diagram of BH3.
Noticed that, the bonding formation only happens to atoms that have the same symmetry labels. 2s orbital and LGO(1) would contribute 1 electron to
give 2 spin pairs electrons at the a1' energy level. 2px and 2py orbitals would bond to the LGO(2) and LGO(3), which give 2 spin pairs electrons at the
e' energy level.
References
1. Pople, John A.. Approximate Molecular Orbital Theory (Advanced Chemistry). New York: Mcgraw-Hill (Tx), 1970. Print., Phy Sci Engr Library
QD461. P66
2. Noebe, Guillermo (EDT)/, Ronald D. (EDT)/ Abel, and Phillip B. (EDT) Bozzolo. Applied Computational Materials Modeling. Berlin and
Heidelberg: Springer Verlag, 2007. Print. Phy Sci Engr Library TA 404.23.A66
3. Housecroft, Catherine, and Alan G. Sharpe. Housecroft Inorganic Chemistry 3e (3rd Edition). 3 ed. Alexandria, VA: Prentice Hall, 2008. 128
Outside Links
http://symmetry.otterbein.edu/gallery/index.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=82u4v...ext=1&index=25
Problems
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Answers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
a2''
because e' is doubly degenerate molecule orbital.
B.O = 3
a1' + e' + e''
a1' has no node, so it is stable and has lowest energy compare to e'.
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