I

1462

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38. NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1990

The Large Circular Array with One Element

Driven
RONOLD w.P. KING,

LIFE

FELLOW,
IEEE

Abstmct- The circular array of parallel nonstaggered elements has

unusual resonances when correctly proportioned. The analytical determination of its properties in their dependence on the radius, length, and
spacing of the individual elements as well as on their number requires a
high degree of accuracy. The solution of the coupled integral equations
with the method of symmetrical components is reexamined with special
attention to the problem of coupling among closely spaced and more
distant elements. The accuracy of the new general formula is verified
for the four-element array and the single element.

I. INTRODUCTION

N coupled integral equations. These can be replaced by N

independent integral equations when the driving voltages are

HE INTERESTING RESONANCES and directional

properties of circular arrays constructed of N parallel
nonstaggered dipoles of which only one is driven have been
reviewed [l] in terms of available analyses, numerical data,
and measurements. These are primarily in the work of Mack and the currents are
as reported in [2, ch. 41, a series of technical reports [3], and
I , " ) ( ~ ' )= zI(z')ei2T(i-l)m/N.
a private communication. The theoretical treatment makes use
(1b)
of the two-term representation of the current in each element These are known as phase-sequence voltages and currents.
as originally developed in 141 and described as a special case For each value of m ,they differ only by a progressiy phase
in [2, pp. 63-65, 85-94, and ch. 41. In the two-term formu- change from element to element so that only a single intelation the current in a driven element is represented by the gral equation is needed for all of the currents in each phase
terms A sin k(h - lzl) + B(cos kz - coskh), the current in sequence. The relevant equation is
a parasitic element by C(cos kz - coskh). Tillman [5] uses
A(sin kz - sinkh) + B(coskz - coskh). For conventional
arrays these representations are very good. For the more exacting requirements of resonant arrays in which the accurate
determination of mutual admittances is crucial, greater accuracy in the representation of the currents is required. Note
that the individual elements are not near self-resonance and
where C ( m )is a constant to be determined and
may be antiresonant.
11. INTEGRAL
EQUATIONS
The circular array consists of a large number N of identical
dipoles each with the half-length h and the radius a. The
distance between adjacent elements is d as shown in Fig. 1.
The distance from the typical element 1 to element i is b l i.
When the elements are center-driven by the N voltages V i ,
with i = 1, 2 , . . . , N , the currents are Z;(z). They satisfy

It is assumed that

ka <<1;
Manuscript received May 26, 1989; revised October 30, 1989. This work
was supported in part by the USAF Rome Air Development Center under
Contract F19628-88-K-0024 with Harvard University, in part by the Joint
Services Electronics Program Grant N00014-89-J-1023, and in part by the
Strategic Defense Initiative, Office of Innovative Science and Technology, under Contract DAAL02-89-K-0097 managed by Harry Diamond Laboratories.
The author is with the Gordon McKay Laboratory, Harvard University,
Cambridge, MA 02138.
IEEE Log Number 903671 1.

a ~

(5)

The solution of (2) for I c m ) ( zto) be carried out in this paper

depends on the properties of the integral. The kernel has two
parts, K c m ) ( z2')
, = Kk"(z, z') - j K i m ) ( z ,z'), where

0018-926X/90/0900-1462$01.00 @ 1990 IEEE

1463

KING.LARGE CIRCULAR ARRAY

I m C b ( h/4,Z)

-3 1
-3

Fig. 3. The function S b ( h , z) for kh

Fig. 2 . The function C b ( h , z ) for kh

=u

= u/2

where Q is a constant and

These have very different properties that are determined initially with the principal component of current, sin k(h - 121) =
The sums include element 1 and the n elements on each side
sin kh cos kz - cos kh sin k (z1. Thus, the relevant quantities
that contribute significantly to the parameter @ in (9). In genare
eral, this is limited to elements for which bli < h . Note that
because of geometrical symmetry and the opposite signs of
the progressive phase differences on each side of element 1,
@ in (9) is real.
A similar study of the imaginary parts of C , ( h , z ) and
S,(h, z)-also illustrated in Figs. 2 and 3-shows that
ImCP(0.25h, z )
ImS,(OSh,

where RI =
R2 =
The
real and imaginary parts of these two functions have been
evaluated, respectively, for h = X/4 and XI2 with PIX as the
parameter. CP(0.25X, z ) is shown in Fig. 2, S,(OSX, z ) is
shown in Fig. 3. It is seen that when PIX is sufficiently small
as when p = a , the following relations are well satisfied:
kh = ~ / 2 Re
: [CP(0.25X, z ) - CP(0.25h, h)]

z) - Ki:)(h,

~(m)(~/)[~k?)(z,
h

ImCP(0.25h, 0)cos i k z ,

(lla)

ImSP(0.5h, 0)cos i k z .

(llb)

;
kh =
The approximation is very good when kh 5 ~ / 2 when
T , the approximate form vanishes at z = h , the exact form
does not. However, when the boundary condition Z(h) = 0
is enforced, the approximate form is quite acceptable. The
approximations (1 la), (1 lb) suggest that, in general,

cos kz,

This suggests the approximation

z)

(12b)

z)]dz

- Z(m)(z)@,
(9)

As with (9), significant contributions to (12a) are limited to

the element 1 and its n close neighbors on each side for which
bl; < h .

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO. 9. SEPTEMBER 1990

The indicated properties of the integral in (2) Suggest a

rearrangement of the integral equation in the form

lh
N

When (18) is substituted in (15), the result is

~ ( mcos
) kz'

z"'(z')[Kk;)(z, z') - Kkm,'(h, z')l dz'

TO

[C(m)coskz+ -1 ~ ( msinklzl
)
2

where

TO

or

U ( m ) = C(m)B(m)+ $ y ( m ) & m )

4?r

(14)

Z'"(z')Kk~'(h,z')dz',

(15)

Z(m)(z')KE)(z,
z')dz',

(16)

-h

s"
-$Lh
4?r

Z(m)(z')Ki:)(O,
z')dz',

-h

and

This sum is over the N

(2n

+p

)B:m)

[C(m)B(lm)+ y ( m ) B ( m )
+D ( m ) B : m ) +~

~ i 4 - 1 @Ob)

( m ) ~ 3-[ 1

where B;", . . . ,Bim"are the four integrals in (20a). The evaluation of these integrals is carried out in Appendix 11.
The equations in (19b) and (20b) can be solved for Dm)
and U(") in terms of the eight constants, A',", . . . ,Aim);
B;", . . . ,Bi'""; the given voltage V m ) the
, contribution
M @ ) by the more distant elements, and the yet to be determined constant C("') The results are

=~

+ 1) elements for which b ~i 2 h .

( mc l )i m )

+ y ( m )u:m) + M(m)~

( m )
3 9

where

111. THEDISTRIBUTION
OF CURRENT

It follows from ( 13) that a first approximation of the current

is

(20a)

+ U(m)&m) + M(m)Bim)

Sh

v'") = -3
M("') =

(13)

D(m) -

+ d mcos) 21 kz' + U m+) M m ) K I R ~ , ' ( ~ , z') dz',

Z"'(Z)\k"'
-

+ 21 ~ ( msin) k lz'l

01"' = [A\"( 1 - Dim))+ B\m)Aim)]Q-l,

(21)

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KING: LARGE CIRCULAR ARRAY

When this is introduced in (25) and the terms are reDb(h, Z ) =

arranged,

-~i!"'(sinklzI

+ P;"(cos
+ Pb"

cos I)
kz - cos k h )
1

f Z - cos -kh

+ NF' (cos

COS

1
3kZ'

e-JkR~

(7
+

-)R2

e-jkR2

dz'. (35)

It is of importance to study the properties of the four distributions (30)-(33) that combine to give the complete contribution of the more distant elements. What is relevant is their
behavior as functions of the radial distance b with 0 5 )z1 5 h .
This is carried out in detail in [6] with the help of numerous
three-dimensional graphs. These show that for all distributions a plane-wave character is approached in a remarkably
short radial distance- of the order of b = h . The longitudinal
variations at b = h are also investigated in [6]. They consist
of a small decrease to z = f h from a maximum at z = 0.
This slightly reduces the components (cos kz - coskh) and
(cos k z / 2 - coskh/2) in the ends near z = h-where they
are already small-in those few elements that are in the range
h < bli < 4h. At all greater distances the amplitudes of the
functions S l ( z ) , S * ( z ) ,C(z) and D ( z ) become constant in z
at their respective values at z = 0.
It is concluded in [6] that a good approximation in all cases
with kh 5 .x is an approximate plane-wave behavior with the
amplitude and phase at z = 0. This value is chosen because all
currents vanish at z = h and the major coupling effect is in the
central half of each element. Thus, the relevant quantities in
determining the currents induced by the more distant elements
at b 2 h are

sinkh)

+ M"'[Np(cos kz

I*

- cos kh)

l2k z

and

Sl(0) = S I = sinkhCb(h, 0 ) - coskhSb(h, 0), (36)

IV. THECONTRIBUTION
FROM

THE

MOREDISTANT
ELEMENTS

The contribution to the current by the more distant elements

is contained in the coefficient M ( m )as defined in (16) with
(17). The substitution of the current (27) into (16) involves
the following integrals:

D(0) E D = Db(h, 0 ) -COS ikhEb(h, 0).

(39)

They are readily evaluated numerically. For greater simplicity and only a small decrease in accuracy that is limited to
elements in the range h 5 bli 5 4h, a complete set of approximate formulas is derived in [6].
With (36)-(39), (16) can be solved for M("')to give

e-JkRj2

C(Z) =

(coskz' - coskh)--l

RI2

= Cb(h, 2 )

COSkhEb(h, Z ) ,

(32)

1
=Db(h, Z) -COS -khEb(h, Z ) ,
2

where Cb(h,

2)

When this is substituted in ( 2 7 ) , the current is

dz'

(33)

r'm'(z) =

j27r~"'
A(m)

C0@(tn)

+ (Pkm'+ F ( " N ~ ' ) ( c o s k z

coskh)

and Sb(h, z ) are defined in (7a) and (7b) and

lh(7+ -)
e-jkR~

Eb(h, Z ) =

(41)

e-JkR2

R2

dz',

(34)

Note that the more distant elements contribute to the ampli-

/'

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38. NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1990

If desired, either the term sink(h - lzl) or the term

tudes of (cos kz - coskh) and (cos kz/2 - cos kh/2); they
have no effect on the terms sin k(h - Iz 1) and sin k Iz I - sin kh . (sin klzl - sinkh) can be eliminated. Since P ( m )= A(m)coskh, it follows that with sink(h - lzl) - Pp(sin klzl V. FINALFORMFOR THE CURRENT
sin kh) = sin kh (cos kz - cos kh) - A(m)(
sin k I Z I - sin kh),
In the derivation of the formula (41), the peaking property (46a) becomes
of the real part of the kernel is used to obtain
Z(Z)[Kk~)(Z, z) - Kk:(h,
l

z)] dz

Q(~(z),

(42)
where Q ( m ) is to be defined at the value of z for which the
kernel peaks. Since the current is shown to consist of four
different distributions, a more accurate procedure is to define
a constant Q ( m ) for each distribution at its maximum value.
Specifically, let
sink(h
l

lzI)[Kk(z,

z) - Kk?(h,

(sinklzl - sinkh)

z)]dz

h
N

@sink(h

z) - Kk:(h,

(sinklzl - sinkh)[Kk:)(z,
f

.i

- lzl),

(43a)
Alternatively, use can be made of the identity - (sin k Iz 1 - sin
kh) = -(cos kz - cos kh) tan kh [sin k(h - Jzl)]/coskh.
With this (46b) becomes

2)Idz

h
N

Qim)(sinklzI- sinkh),

l h ( c o s k z - coskh)[Kk~)(z,z) - Kk:(h,

(43b)

z)]dz

Qg)(coskZ - coskh),

( i

cos-kz -cos-kh
2

(44)

(45)

The parameter aim)defined for sin k(h - I Z 1) is an adequate

approximation for sink Iz 1- sin kh. With these definitions,
(42) can be corrected to take account of the somewhat different Q functions for each component. Since the dominant
current in all cases is sink(h - lzl), it is appropriate to use
as defined in (43a) as the function Q() which is used The three forms (46a)-(46c) are equivalent. The form (46c)
to determine all of the coefficients. The improved formula for has the disadvantage that individual terms become infinite
when kh = a/2.
the current is

@im)

VI. THEPARAMETERS
The three parameters Q(m)that occur in (46) are introduced
in (43)-(45). Explicit definitions are

. (cos ,kz - cos ,kh)

1.

Kk!(h, z)] d ~ , (47)

X/4, kh 2 n/2; and

- Kk:(h,

z)] dz,

(48)

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KING: LARGE CIRCULAR ARRAY

1 is driven and all others are parasitic, V; = V I ,i = 1;

V , = 0, i = 2 , . . . , N . In this case (51) gives V ( m )= V I / N
2
for all m and V ) / V I can be replaced by l/Nin (53a)-(53d).
When element 1 is driven with all others parasitic, it is
[Kk:(O, z) - Kji,(h, z)] dz. (49)
evident from (53) with i = 2, 3 , . . . , N that there are sigNote that these parameters are defined at the respective max- nificant contributions from the terms sin k(h - lzl) and (sin
imum of the particular distribution. This occurs at z = 0 k J z J- sinkh) to the currents in the parasitic elements whenfor @? and
when kh 5 7r. The explicit evaluations are ever there are any elements near enough to the driven one
carried out in Appendix 111.
to contribute to Q ( m ) . These terms have discontinuous derivatives at z = 0, which is incompatible with the requirement
VI1 . ARBITRARILY
DRIVEN
ARRAY
; ONEELEMENT
EXCITATION
from symmetry that dZ;(z)/dz= 0 at z = 0 when V ; = 0.
The Nindividual driving voltages I/; and currents Z;(z), i = This defect is a consequence of the approximations involved
1, 2 , . . . ,N, in an arbitrarily driven circular array are related in the representation (9). The representation is simplified with
to the phase-sequence voltages V ( m )and currents Z c m ) ( z )by the form (46b) in which sin k(h - lzl) does not appear. The
the formulas
equivalent of (52) for an array based on (46b) instead of (46a)
and specialized to have only element 1 driven is
N-l

q.$ = (1

-cos i k h )

-I

fh

(cos ?kz - cos

Qg

I/. -

ejWi-l)m/Nv(m);

I -

m =O

-t;(sinklzI

sinkh)

N-l

z),

ej2*(;-l)m/N~(m)(

(50)

+f;(coskz - c o s k h ) + h ;

m =O

when referred to antenna 1. The inverse relations are

y(m)=N-

e -j 2 * ( ; - l ) m / N

-cos-kh)},
1
2

(54)

where

v..
I ,

i=l
N

N-1

+f;(coskz -Coskh)+h;

(52)

hi

=N-I
m =O

where
s; =

v,
m=O

N-1

)
a@)
(
(Qkm) )

m =O

ej 2 s ( i - 1) m / N . (5%)
ej2n(i-l)m/N

(534

The self- and mutual admittances are

v(m)p(m)
S

= v;l

*g

(y.:)

(53b)

ej2*(;-l)m/N,

ylf

A(m)

m=O

Z;(O)
j27r
= __ [lisinkh + f ; ( l -coskh)
VI
lo
~

When the distances between elements are all large enough so

that bl; 2 h for all values of i , the parameter
reduces
to @ s , the value for the isolated element. When this is true,
(55a) gives t ; = 0, i = 2 , 3 , . . . , N . When there are closely
spaced elements with 61;< h , f; # 0, so that the term (sin
klz( - sinkh) with its discontinuity in slope at z = 0 remains
for the parasitic elements. This is not correct. The current
induced by a driven element in an adjacent parasitic one is
similar to that in the driven one but it must have zero slope at

!Pim)

ej 2 u ( i -

I)m/

, (53c)

m =O

ej2n(i - I ) m / N

(534

The self-admittance is Y 1 1 = Z I ( O ) / V ~ ,the mutual admittances are Y = Z;(0)/V1, i = 2 , . . . ,N . When only element

=o.

In order to improve the representation for the parasitic elements, i = 2, 3, . . . ,N, the approximation (43b) can be reintroduced specifically for the term (sin klzl - sinkh) which

1468

IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 38, NO, 9, SEPTEMBER 1990

generates unreal discontinuities at z

sin k Iz I

= 0.

Thus,

sin kh

-Ot4

-0.2

0,2

0.4

ej2s(i-l)m/N

x Re { S b , , ( h ,z ) - S b , , ( h ,h) - sinkh

Here Rlj = J(z - z ) ~ b:;,

follows with ( S a ) that
-

Rlh; =

t;(sink(zI - sinkh)

,/(h

z ) ~ b:;. It
Z/X

g;(z)

g;(h),

(57)

where

Fig. 4. The functions @(sin klzl - sinkh) and Re { S , ( h , z) - S , ( h , h ) sin kh[E,(h,z ) - E , ( h , h ) ] }for kh = ?r and kh = */2; a/X = 0.007022.

{S,(h, z ) - S S a ( hh)-sin
,
kh[E,(h, z)-E,(h, h ) ] } / Q sThe
.
two functions are shown graphically in Fig. 4 with a / A =
m =O
0.007022 or ka = 0.044, kh = a and kh = a / 2 . It is seen
that the principal difference is a rounding of the sharp peak at
+
ej2ir(k-l)m/N
z = 0. When the contributions by the other terms-for which
(k=l
k=N-n+)
the !Pim) differ from \ks in that they depend on bl; and not
bll = a-are
included, their effect is a broader rounding of
Re{Sb~k(h,z > - S b l * ( h , h )
the peak at z = 0. In all cases the slope of the current has the
- sinkhEb,,(h, z ) -Eblc(h, h)l).
correct zero value at the center of all parasitic elements when
(584 (57) with (58a) or (58b) is substituted in (54). The resulting
improved form is
When there are no near elements, n = 0, and with bl I = a ,
= Qs, the value for the isolated element. It follows that
(58a), like ( S a ) , vanishes. Thus
N-l

gi(z) - gi(h)

N-I

(*im))-2ej2s(i-l)mlN

E 5

@im)

g;(z) - g ; ( h )

z) -S,(h,

= N-*;2Re{S,(h,

- sinkh[E,(h,

h)

z ) - E,(h, h ) ] ]
= 0,

= 2,

3,. . .,N,

(59a)

where g ; ( z ) - gj(h) is given in (58a), f;and hi in (55b) and

(5%). The mutual admittances are

N-l
&2r(j-l)mlN

i = 2, 3 , . .., N .

m =O

(58b)

Ylj = - = - g;(O) - g ; ( h )
zi(o)
VI
j2
t-0=

3
1

fj( 1 - coskh) +hi

1 - COS -kh
. (59b)
In this case the entire term sink )zI - sin kh disappears from
all parasitic elements. It remains only for the driven element
i = 1, where it is needed.
A comparison of (59b) with (55d) indicates that g;(O) - g ; ( h )
When n # 0, the values of
for the N values of m are replaces t; sin kh . These terms are significantly different.
not alike so that t; in ( S a ) and gi(z) - g ; ( h ) in (58a) differ However, the principal contributions to the mutual admittances
from zero. Each value of
includes the term k = 1 in come from the terms fi ( 1 - cos kh) h;( 1 - cos kh / 2 ) .
the sum in (58a) and this is combined with the 2n terms for
VIII. CLOSELY
SPACED
ELEMENTS
which blk < h. The general nature of the difference between
the left and right sides of (57) can be seen from the leading
When all elements are closely spaced, the phase sequences
term k = 1. For this, sin klzl - sinkh is replaced by Re include the cage antenna with m = 0 (all elements driven

Qim)

Qim)

1469

KING:LARGE CIRCULAR ARRAY

in phase) and various forms of multiconductor transmission

lines when m > 0. These are readily illustrated with N = 4
which includes the four-element cage antenna when m = 0
and two types of transmission line with m = 1 and 2 ( m = 3
interchanges the currents in elements 2 and 4). The sum in the
definitions of the eight constants A(m)and B()becomes
N

PF) = -( 1/3) COS kh, E:) = PE) = P3 - -( 1 /3) sin kh,

p g ) =PE) = p (D3 )= 0; A(l) = A(2) = a(3)
= (2/3) cos kh.
Since there are no distant elements ( b1; >. h), the coefficient
F ( m ) = 0 for all m. With the above values for Pim),P;,
P E ) , A(m)and 9im),(46c) reduces to

p ( z ) = j2nV
___

Cej2r(i-l)m/N
i=l

(60)

=xej(r/2)(i-I)m.

sink(h - lzl).
coskh

(oq(l)

r=l

It follows from Appendix I that Ay = (4j/9(O)) Si 2kh,

A? = (4jj9O)) Cin 2kh, A? = (4j/9(0))[2Sikh/2 + Si
3kh/2], ,440= (8j/9(0))Sikh; AI = AI ) = 0, i =
1, 2, 3, 4. The constants B(m)in Appendix I1 are

4
-

1
2

4-- cos kh[Si 4kh

2Cin2kh)

si2kh]

(61b)

The current in (62) is that of a center-driven two-wire line

with open ends and spacing bl3. When driven in the phase
sequence m = 1, the diagonal pairs are two-wire lines with
each in the neutral plane of the other. The current in (63) is
that of a four-wire line with the diagonally opposite conductors
connected in parallel.

4
-

1
+ -21 sin. 2-kh[Si3kh

Here Z: is the characteristic impedance of the two conductor

transmission line. Similarly

Cinkh)

Sikh]

IX. THEISOLATED
ELEMENT
The brief study of four closely spaced elements shows that
the quite complicated general formula (46c) reduces exactly
to the familiar relations for nonradiating multiconductor transmission lines. It is appropriate to specialize the general formula (46a) to the single center-driven element for comparison
with measured data. The current in the isolated element is

(F)

(-)

(coskz - coskh)

QDPD (cos ?kz

1 -cos -kh)}
1
9s
2

. (64)

The admittance is

y)
+(y)
+(

(1 - coskh)
(1 -coskkh)}.

When kh = n/2 and a / h = 0.007022,

@ D = 6.21 and

@S

(65)
=

9 c = 6.19,

(9.00 -j7.62)coskz +j2.68(1 - sinklzl)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION. VOL. 38, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1990

kh:

<, 4

with the method of symmetrical components. A careful study

of mutual interactions shows that the near elements (bl; < h )
and the more distant elements (bl; 2 h ) must be treated separately since they contribute differently to the currents and
the self- and mutual admittances. The usual discontinuities at
the centers of parasitic elements introduced by the method of
symmetrical components have been removed.

0.007022

kz

I
APPENDIX
EVALUATION
OF THE CONSTANTS
A(")
I i ( z ) / V , 1: ( z ) / V ( m A / V )

The constants Ai", . . ,Ai"' are defined in (19) with (14).

They all involve the imaginary part of the kernel,

Fig. 5. Current on a half-wave dipole, as given by (66).

kh=n.

% = 0.007022

Ror =

(70)

For the 2n
1 near elements, byj < h2 so that (sin kRoj)l
Roi N (sin kz')lz'. The following integrals are involved:

kz

dz-.

-n

I, = 2 1h coskz'-- sin kz' dz' =

Z'

I i k ) / V , 1;' ( z ) / V ( m A / V )

I2=2

Fig. 6. Current on a full-wave dipole, as given by (68).

lh

dz'

.Ikh?

d u = Si2kh,

d u = Cin2kh,

The admittance and impedance are

= 9.46

- j4.10 mS; Z

= 89.0

+j38.6

0.

(67)

The complete distribution of the current in the form I,(z) =

I:(z) + jI:(z) together with its component parts is shown
in Fig. 5. Also represented is the measured current. The agreement is seen to be very good.
When kh = ?r and a / h = 0.007022, Qs = 5.69, Qc =
7.49, QD = 7.12; the detailed formula for the current is

"={
V

- j2.92 sink Iz I

+ (0.025 + j0.539)( 1 + cos kz)

1
sinkz' dzl = 4
I 3 = 2 1 cos ?kzT7
fkh

sin
. U

=.I
.Ih

14-2

+ sin 3u

f k h cos2 U

sin U

1
3
d u = Si -kh +Si -kh,
2
2

-dz/ = 2 i k h

du = 2 S i k h .

du

(73)

(74)

With these integrals

+ (0.858 + j0.463)cos

--n

The admittance and impedance are

Y = 0.91

+ j1.54

mS;

2 = 284.4 - j481.3

N -n

R. (69)

The complete distribution and its component parts are

shown in Fig. 6 together with the measured values. The agreement is good. Both the maximum amplitude of the current
and the admittance are quite accurately given. However, the
measured curve approaches z = 0 more steeply than can be
represented precisely by the simple trigonometric functions.
X. CONCLUSION
A systematic solution of the N coupled integral equations of
a circular array with one element driven has been carried out

(77)
m:

N -n

1471

KING: LARGE CIRCULAR ARRAY

near-range difference kernel is involved. This is

I1
APPENDIX
EVALUATION
OF THE CONSTANTS
B(m)

Kkz(zm, z) -Kkz(h, z)

The four constants B(m)are defined in (20) with (15). They

all involve the real part of the near-range kernel,
n+l

Kk?)(h,

e j 2 r ( i - l ) m l N pcoskRIhi

z) =

Rlhi

i=N-n+l

where
RI,,; = J(h - z ) ~+ b:; and R2h; = J ( h
The following integrals occur:

4h
1
cos kh In - - - Cin4kh
bli
2

(79)

where zm locates the maximum value of the particular currentdistribution function and
Ro;

+ b:;.

+Z)

dt

+ b:i,

RIh;

d(h

z ) ~+ 6:;.

(86)

The following integrals are involved:

sinkh Si4kh,

(80)

kh 5 n/2
2h
2 In - + G s ( h ) ,
b li

where

- 2Cin2kh)

1
+ -coskh[Si4kh
2
193 =

cos kRlh;
=

dz

csc kh {Si 2kh cos kh

+ $ Si 2kh

Sikh] cos2kh
-

Cin2kh)sin2kh]},
(87c)

4h
1
In - - -(Cin 3kh
bli
2

1
1
- sin -kh[Si 3kh
2
2

+ [In2 - i(Cin4kh

-2Si2kh1,

1 CoskRlh;
cos Zkzdz
Rlhr

cos -kh
2

-Cin 2kh

- i[Si4kh

Lh
+

Gs(h)

L,
h

82s

sink(h -

(h - X/4

lzl)
(h

+ Cin kh)

cos k d ( h - z ) ~ b:i

Sikh],

( 82)

4h
In - - Cin2kh.
b ii

(83)

The approximate formulas are obtained after bl; has been neglected in all terms except those that become infinite at z = h ,
since in the near range b:; < h 2 . This approximation is excellent for bll = a and other elements for which kbl; < 1. For
elements in the range 1 < k b l i < kh, the accurate integrals
must be evaluated.
The final formulas are

n(2kh - a)
k2b;;
-In

-2 [Cin (2kh - a)

1
2

- Si 2kh

- Cin (2kh

- 2)

X/4 - 2)

dz,

kh

+ b:;

+ b:i
2 a/2

4kh - K
[
GI
cos 2kh

+ Cin n]

+ 21 cos 2kh [Cin (4kh - n)

-

- a) + Si 4kh

- Si 2kh]

1
2

= -sin2kh[2ln2+Si(4kh -a)

( 84)

Si(2kh

n)

APPENDIX
I11
EVALUATION
OF THE PARAMETERS
Q(m)

kh 5 n

Qr),
Qkm),

The three parameters

and Q r are defined in
(47)-(49). They include contributions from the 2n + 1 elements that are within the range bli < h . The real part of the

-2ln-

2h
+Gc(h),
b I;

Cin4kh +Cin2kh],

(88b)

1472

IEEE TRANSACTlONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION. VOL. 38, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 1990

where
Gc(h) = -Cin2kh + ( 1 -coskh)-

. [2 Cin kh
-

L,,

COS

8D =

Cin4kh

i
n

2 Cin 2kh] cos kh

i Si4kh sinkh,

(89c)

kz - COS $ kh
1 -cos i k h

Rlhi

) dz
(90a)

2h
2 1n b ii

Note that, for the isolated element, @S = dls, kh 5 ~ / 2 ;

= 8 2 ~ 3kh > ~ / 2 ;@c = 8 ~kh, S T ; @D = 80,
kh 5 T .
@S

+ GD(h),

(90b)

where

REFERENCES
[I]

G D ( ~=)(1 -cos $kh)-[i cos ikh(Cin3kh

+ 5 Cin kh - 2 Cin 2kh) - Cin i k h - Cin i k h

-

4 sin ikh(Si3kh

Sikh)].

(90c)

The approximate formulas involve the neglect of b:; in

the arguments of the trigonometric terms. This is a good
approximation when kbli < 1. For elements in the range
1 5 kbl; 5 kh, the accurate integrals must be evaluated. With
the integrals (87)-(90) the
are

[2]

[3]
[4]
[5]

[6]

R. W. P. King, Supergain antennas and the Yagi and circular arrays,

IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 31, pp. 178-186, Feb. 1989.
R. W. P. King, R. B. Mack, and S . S. Sandler, Arrays of Cylindrical
Dipoles. London; New York: Cambridge Univ. Press, 1968.
R. B. Mack, A study of circular arrays, Parts 1-6, Cruft Lab.,
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, M A , Reps. 381-386,1963.
R. W. P. King, Linear arrays: Currents, impedances and fields, I,
IRE Tmns. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-7, pp. S440-S451, Dec.
1959.
J . D. Tillman, Jr., The Theory and Design of Circular Antenna
Arrays. Univ. Tennessee Experiment Station, 1966.
R. W. P. King, Electric fields and vector potentials of thin cylindrical
antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propugat., pp. 1456-1461,this
issue.

@im) = C e j 2 ~ ( i - l ) m j N d 1s;
i

kh 5 T/2,

(91)

Ronold W. P. King (A3O-SM43-F53-LF71),

for a photograph and biography please see page 846 of the June 1990 issue of this TRANSACTIONS.