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STRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY Oc ABSTRACT
|_UNCLASSIFIED!IJNLIMITED
-1 SAM,
Tin Sa
Form
1473, JUN 86
AS RPT.
Unclassified
0] DTIC USERS
913
Previous editions are obsolete.
684-
3
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE
Unclassified
by
MAJ James F. Holcomb, Jr.
Soviet Army Studies Office
U. S. Army Combined Arms Center
Fort Leavenworth,
March
Kansas
1988
89-00782
I.
Introduction
Soviet perceptions of future war have changed over time,
-'-As
(indeed
of the possibility
realization
experience
accomplish many
of the missions
during
is
apparent
systems
artillery
in
receives
in
in
228.
mortar and
continued
that
systems
in
tactics
tubes
96
of
artillery
attention
the last
in
particular
As a
period of war.
force structure
This
to nuclear
result, significant
decade.
will have to
previously allocated
the initial
to
solutions
A major aspect of
that artillery
the realization
particularly
to determine
might present.
such a battlefield
analysis was
artillery
the
own and
study of their
weapons,
the increasing
probability)
this
With the
concepts
operational
so have their
Regiments
like
in
new designs.\The
influences their
entire
combat actions.
What
approach
is
held
perceived
in
-_
--4i
is
Science.
experience
provides
victory.
Indeed,
parameters
this
in
and experimental
annexes
Military
artillery
outcomes
utilization
is
referred
approach.
to in
paper
is
The
and reflect
to present a concise
of Soviet artillery
employment and
and scientific
approach
they employ.
on the systematic
and British
II.
Artillery
Allocation
(in
influence
the battle
of control.
amount of artillery
Before
at his particular
level.
Determining
to
the
examining an example,
assets available to a
it
is
necessary
to determine
the
with
(abbreviated
as TVD in
Russian)
of Strategic
could expect
to
(RVGK).
In
responsible
or even battalion
control at a high
proportion of tneir
artillery
always
retain
progressed.
Artillery
as major
to the lowest
(AAG)
Front.
fires
commander
division's
nature
as
in
it
of
responsible
from
counterbombardment
The Regimental
and
Group (DAG)
that
allocated
Group
(RAG)
down to
is
formed in
(Annex B).
example to a
force
is
involved in
to the diviliion
like manner.
artillery
For example,
the battle
organic artillery
In
he would
is
regiments).
addition,
This process
principally
is
In
order to influence
in
is
is
a large
some assets
This principle of
level.
Group
level.
Similarly,
on down to regimental
centralizing
battalion
involved
in
above,
\ury
assault
operation
for
-i2/
or a
(desant)r
0
Group but is
*The Front is roughly equivalent to an Army
true combined arms formation including air.
:3
IBy
Dlstrtbution/
AvnLlabillty Codes
Diet
-I-I
Availland/or
Special
As an example of this
a Tank Division
assets:
Organic:
Arty Bns of 3xTank Regts,
122mm (4
Bns)
Divisional Arty Regt ----- 36x2E1/D--30
lx2S3/D-20 152mm
From Army:
48x2S5
From Front:
Bn),
152mm (2
72x2S3
240mm Mortar,
(1
18xBM-21
122mm (2
MRL
Bns),
(1Bn)
Bns)
122mm (3
Bns),
18xBM-27 MRL
(1 Bn),
12xM-1975
NOTE:
Gun/howitzer batteries
at Army level and above have 8
systems vice 6 at Division and below.
(by norm)
is
required
that 10%
So to maximize
their
systems'
they
artillery
more
Their
MORTARS
MRLS
Between wpns
15-60m
20-40m
15-20m
400-2000m
(usually 1000m)
1000-2000m
Between btry's
From FEBA
500-1500m
1-4 km (RAG)
3-6
--
km (DAG)
3-6 kin
5-8 km (AAG)
5-8 km
from their
the Soviets
for artillery
employment are:
defense
-----------------------------------
----------------------------------------
time available
into play in
example,
support
45 wpns/km
Obviously,
the attack.
of aircraft
Integration
equation
is
or helicopters
of aircraft
operations
For comparison,
on
the Operational
level.
Forward Detachments
task organized,
the
process.
(peredovie
the operational
getting
to help
for
and/or helicopters
to
the rounds.
the availability
40 wpns/km
thereby turning
tactical
success
Forward Detachments as a
as possible
feature
into operational
thereby preempting
line or terrain
success.
At division
fulfills
this
role,
act as Forward
although,
Detachments
incomplete defenses.
In
for regiments,
especially
designating a Forward
against
Detachment,
the
always attach a
2SI SP artillery
battalion
the Forward
Security Element
(GPZ
to it.
in
Russian,
these formations
they play
in
the offensive.
Artillery
usually a Motorized
battalion.
is
at
receive
The presence of
for artillery
that
is,
it
fires
is
is
done in
role
similar manner to
The senior
Rifle
Planning
Planning
allocation,
addition,
artillery
Ill.
In
regiment)
conduct the
to strike
initial
targets
(Chief of
plan.
subor'hinate commanders
Target priorities
general
f ,r
in
Defensive
Command Posts,
Reserves and
strong points
logistictl
facilities
support
described in
forces
terms of norms,
that is,
how
This is
"battlefield
calculus"
phase is
This
Next,
is
podgotovka ataki).
r . .. . . . I
lines.
Artillery
podderzhka ataki)
echelon.
..
Finally,
. .. .
Artillery
. . ..
..
-7
the Depths
(artilleriiskoe
(See Annex C
and experiments.
These norms
a scientifically
based
effects
Physical destruction
Requires 30%
Harrassing
fire
(iznurenie).
norms).
(See
Soviet thinking.
extremely
they have
30 seconds;
an ATGM crew
drive out
1-2 minutes.
Furthermore,
determined that
in
from an artillery
In
desired effect.
in
Finally,
counterbattery
fire
in
that
the effects
fire
3-5 minutes
to be brought to bear
the Battalion
fired,
the battalion
in
calculations
4-7 minutes.
with above.
sequence and
fire
fire
This
missions
unit now is
55-60%,
is
that
of
(See Annex
Artillery
the total.
for artillery
length of a
fire
and Annex F
raid).
Tactics
to the
15-20% of
Artillery
of
have
Current thinking
will
fire
IV.
than five
systems allow
(divizion).
the
to have the
missions
less
the first
in
they can
all
addition,
considered
barrage
of artillery
However,
types of fires
it
is
tactics
instructive
in
offensive
operations.
The Soviets employ different
types of fires
situation.
depending on the
Usually fired
by battery, platoon
or
direct
may be either
type of fire
stationary or mobile
employed for example
Classified as either
- Barrage fire:
is
It
and is defensive in nature.
against a counterattacking force.
Concentrated fire:
important targets
duration
against
fire
minutes)
A series of
Successive concentrations of aimed fire:
located throughout the width and depth
concentrated fires
according to a schedule.
of the enemy positions and fired
barrage:
Fire curtain or rolling
There
barrage used offensively.
main lines and 100-300 m between
lines.
A single or double
can be 300-1000 m between
intermediate barrage
The fire
and
the combined
arms
organizing
In
least
locate at
maneuver
commander's
points.
four observation
is
additional
will
battalion
occupied by
to target
scheme.
the artillery
for combat,
according
the artillery
unit commander.
Three
the nature
of the terrain.
presence
(ACRV)
of
the Artillery
(flank,
forward)
depending on
by the
Vehicle
is
based
first
artillery
center in
the
commanders
in
vicinity
their
in
the fire
The battery
direction
net as well
communicates
logistical
of radio net).
in
to the firing
batteries.
The
as
batteries
well as
support agencies.
Recently,
(avianavodchik)
respective
the addition of a
forward air
controller
especially
for
The fires
reserve
forces.
and shifting
of fires.
artillery
assets that
manner,
fires
maneuv
facilitate
The fire
traditional
battalions
is
targets
or
commander designates
for fires
in
their
to a particular
situation.
In
to
preparation
lasts
uninterrupted barrage
This
Requests
situation
fire
with uncovered
The combined-arms
to deal
to the
or even Artillery
it
is
of Western stereotype.
short,
powerful
fire
not the
The
raids by
based on assessment of
11.
(See
H-2 to 11+3:
Final counterbombardment
support phase.
While
fire
and transition
to
plan by phase).
apply:
Unobserved
fires
up to
10 kin:
over 10 kin:
both:
Observed
fires:
BMPs
the duration
of the fire
strikes,
V.
especially
on the
and shifted
on
commander.
Conclusion
The Soviet approach
significantly
right
units often
different
or 1%rong
scientifically
capabilities
it
to artillery
appears
to us,
to the Soviets
it
However,
is
of the effects
12
and
is
that their
fires
critical
main axes.
scientific
in
This in
turn,
tactical
success
particular
to battle
in
approach
the
especi
they believe,
success
that ultimately
lly on the
will allow
13
them
SOURCES
1.
Peredel'skii,
Battalion in
2.
Vainer,
Voenizdat
G.E.;
Artilleriiskii
Combat); Voenizdat
A.Ya.;
(Moskva)
3.
Reznichenko,
1984.
Takticheskie
Divizion v Boyu
(Moskva)
1984.
Raschety
(Tactical
(Artillery
Calculations);
1982.
V.G.;
Taktika (Tactics);
Voenizdat (loskva)
4.
Chief of the General Staff, British Ministry of Defense; The
Army Field Manual, Vol II,
Part 2 (Soviet Operations), 1986.
5.
Bellamy, Chris; Red God of War-Soviet Artillery and Rocket
Forces; Brassey's (London) 1986.
6.
in
7.
Donnelly, Christopher; "The Wind of Change in Soviet
Artillery", International Defense Review, No. 15 (June 82).
8.
Czarnotta, Z.; "The Artillery Battalion During the Commitment
of the Second Echelon into Battle", Przeg!ad Wojsk Ladowych,
December 1986, pp. 25-28.
Translated by Dr. Harry Orenstein,
Soviet Army Studies Office, Ft. Leavenworth, KS.
14
89-00782.500-3 Jan 88