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SUBJECT: MATHEMATICS
TOPIC: HYPERBOLA
COURSE CODE: AISM-09/M/HYP
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AISM-09/M/HYP
HYPERBOLA
AISM-09/M/HYP
Contents- HYPERBOLA
Basic Concepts ........................................................................................................................................ 3
Definitions ........................................................................................................................................... 3
Standard Equation ............................................................................................................................... 3
Relation between Focal Distances ........................................................................................................... 6
Another Definition of Hyperbola.............................................................................................................. 7
Transverse and Conjugate axes: ........................................................................................................... 7
Relative Position of a Point with respect to the Hyperbola ....................................................................... 8
Parametric Coordinates ........................................................................................................................... 8
Important Properties of Hyperbola .......................................................................................................... 9
Ellipse Vs Hyperbola .............................................................................................................................. 22
Diameter of a hyperbola .................................................................................................................... 25
Director circle of a hyperbola ................................................................................................................ 26
Asymptote............................................................................................................................................. 27
Rectangular hyperbola .......................................................................................................................... 31
Intersection of a Circle and a Rectangular Hyperbola ............................................................................. 34
Conjugate hyperbola ............................................................................................................................. 38
Solved Examples .................................................................................................................................... 41
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Basic Concepts
As we have studied earlier that by slicing a cone with a plane in
different orientations, we obtain conic sections. The hyperbola is
obtained by cutting a right circular cone at both the nappes by a plane.
The hyperbola is to be thought of a single curve consisting of two
branches, one on each nappe.
Definitions
A hyperbola is the locus of a point which moves in a plane such
that its distance from a fixed point (called the focus) is e(>1) times its
distance from a fixed straight line (called the directrix).
The hyperbola is a conic section for which the eccentricity (e) is
greater than unity.
Standard Equation
Let S be the focus and ZM the directrix of a hyperbola.
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Similarly by subtraction, SA SA
2a = 2eSC
SC = a/e.
Now, take C as the origin, CS as the x-axis, and the perpendicular line
CY as the y-axis. Then, S is the point (ae, 0) and ZM the line x = a/e.
Let P(x, y) be any point on the hyperbola. Then the condition
PS2 = e2.(distance of P from ZM)2 gives (x ae)2 + y2 = e2 (x a/e)2
or x2(1 e)2 + y2 = a2(1 e2)
i.e.
= 1.
(i)
= 1.
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Since the curve is symmetrical about the y-axis, it is clear that there
exists another focus S at (ae, 0) and a corresponding directrix ZM with
the equation x = a/e, such that the same hyperbola is described if a
point moves so that its distance from S is e times its distance from ZM.
The points A and A where the straight line joining the two foci cuts
the hyperbola are called the vertices of the hyperbola.
The straight line joining the vertices is called the transverse axis of
the hyperbola, its length AA is 2a.
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and x =
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The point (ae, l) lies on the hyperbola
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, so we have
e2 (l2/b2) = 1
l2 = b2(e2 1) =
( b2 = a2(e2 1)
l=
Parametric Coordinates
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= 1 in
, b tan
= 1 are
= 1.
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The tangent at point is
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= 1.
or m <
touches the
.
1 and
2 is
= 0.
The tangent drawn at any point bisects the angle between the lines,
joining the point to the foci, whereas the normal bisects the
supplementary angle between the lines.
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From any point (x1, y1) in general two tangents can be drawn to
hyperbola. The equation of the pair of tangents is
or SS1 = T2
1 = 0 or T = 0.
1 or T = S1.
.
Illustration:
Find the equation of the hyperbola whose directrix is 2x + y = 1,
focus is (1, 1) and eccentricity is
Solution:
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=e
SP = ePM
(x 1)2 + (y 1)2 = 3
or
(1)
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Here a2 = 1/a, b2 = 1
If e be the eccentricity of the hyperbola, then
b2 = a2(e2 1)
1=
(e2 1)
a = (e2 1)
or e2 = a + 1 or e =
Also the foci are given by (+ ae, 0)
The required foci are
or
x=+
x=+
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Illustration:
Find the locus of a point, the difference of whose distances from
two fixed points is constant.
Solution:
Let two fixed points be S (ae, 0) and S (ae, 0). Let P(x, y) be a
moving point such that
SP SP = Constant = 2a (say).
Then
= 2a
4aex 4a2 = + 4a
(ex + a)2 = (x + ae)2 + y2
(e2 1)x2 y2 = a2(e2 1)
taking b2 = a2(e2 1)
This is a hyperbola.
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Illustration:
Solution:
and
=1
y=x
t 1t 2
= 1
is
Slope of AB =
Illustration:
15
(1)
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(2)
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Solution:
t 1y + x = a , t 2y + x = a
+x=a .
Their points of intersection are (at2t3, a (t2 + t3), (at, t3 a (t1 + t3) and
(at1t2, a (t1 + t2)). If these points lie on the hyperbola xy = c 2, then
(1)
(2)
(3)
Solving, we get, t1 + t2 + t3 = 0
(since t1
t2
t 3)
Clearly, infinite such points can be found on the parabola (for example
co-normal points).
Also, t1 + t2 + t3 = 0
16
t2 ( t1 t2) (t1) =
[From (1)]
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So, the equations (1), (2) and (3) are not independent. Therefore an
infinite number of solutions is possible.
Illustration:
Find the equation of the hyperbola the distance between whose foci is
16, whose eccentricity is 2 and whose axis is along the x-axis centre
being the origin.
Solution:
We have b2 = a2(e2 1) = a2
Also 2ae = 16
ae = 8
b = a.
a = 4 2.
=1
x2 y2 = 32.
Illustration:
Find the locus of the middle points of the portion of the tangents to
= 1 included between the axes.
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Solution:
=1
, 0) and
h=
Hence
sec
and k =
tan
=1
= 4.
Illustration:
= 1
upon the tangent and normal at any point of the hyperbola meet them
in Q and R. Find the locus of Q and R.
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Solution:
sec
tan
= 1.
(1)
sin
Eliminating
x2 + y2 = ax cos
= 1.
, b tan
) is ax cos
= a2 + b2
+ by
(2)
(3)
sin
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and ax
= a2 + b2
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(x2 + y2)2 (a2y2 b2x2) = (a2 + b2)2 x2y2, which is the locus of R.
Illustration:
Solution:
T = S1
cos
, sin
= 1.
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Illustration:
and
(a > b).
Solution:
m2 = 1
c=
y=
In order to find the length, we select one of the common tangents, say
y=x+
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So, the distance between two points gives us the length of the
common tangents = (a2 + b2)
Ellipse Vs Hyperbola
Enquiry:
1.
is
i.e.
T = 0.
2.
3.
4.
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is given by SS1 = T2
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Where S =
S1 =
T=
5.
6.
7.
is given by
whose middle
.
Pause:
Try to get above results yourself using traditional methods similar to
the ellipse.
Enquiry:
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x 2 + y 2 = a2
Now let us draw the foot N of any ordinate NP of the hyperbola
x = CN = a sec NCU
= a tan
So that NP : NU = b : a
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Diameter of a hyperbola
The locus of the middle point of a system of parallel chords of a
hyperbola is called its diameter.
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is
Note:
If b2 < a2, this circle is real.
If b2 = a2, the radius of the circle is zero, and it reduces to a point
circle at the origin. In this case the centre is only point from where
tangents at right angle can be drawn to the hyperbola.
If b2 > a2, the radius of the circle is imaginary, so that there is no such
circle, and so no tangents at right angles can be drawn to the circles.
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Asymptote
A line, which is tangent to the hyperbola at infinity, but which is
not itself at infinity, is called the asymptote of the curve.
(1)
Or
or
which shows that the equation of the asymptote differs from that of
the hyperbola in the constant term only. Also the angle between the
asymptotes is 2 tan1
The lines
= 1.
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Remarks:
Illustration:
Solution:
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k = 6.
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Illustration:
= 1,
then length of whose latus rectum is 4/3 and which passes through the
point (4, 2).
Solution:
We have
3b2 = 2a
Hence
=1
Or a2 + 6a 16 = 0
(a 2)(a + 8) = 0
a=2
If
and
b2 = 4/3.
x or y
tan
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x.
and tan
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Illustration:
Solution:
Let P(x1, y1) be the mid-point of the chord of the given hyperbola, so
that the equation of the chords is
(1)
= 1, then
=0
or,
or
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= 0 or
+ 1= 0
=0
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Hence the chord (1) touches the conjugate hyperbola at its midpoint
(x1, y1).
Alternative solution:
x = my +
= 1 is
(2)
= b2m2 a2 =
Or
and hence
a2
= 1
Rectangular hyperbola
If the asymptotes of a hyperbola are at right angles to each
other, it is called a rectangular hyperbola.
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hyperbola
b = a.
x 2 y 2 = a 2.
(1)
for x and
for y.
Equation:
We know that the asymptote of hyperbola
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(1)
are given by y = +
If
(2)
= tan1
tan1
= tan1
= 2 tan1 (b/a)
i.e.,
= 2 tan1
or tan
b=a
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(ii)
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+ k = 0.
This is fourth degree equation in p, which has four roots. Hence the
circle and the hyperbola intersect in four points. If p1, p2, p3, p4 are the
roots of this equation, then
p1 + p2 + p3 + p4 = 2gc/c2 =
Also
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= 2f
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= f/2.
Hence the mean of the four points is (g/2, f/2) which is the midpoint of the centre of the hyperbola and that of the circle.
Illustration:
Solution:
The line AB passes through the centre of the circle. Hence AB is the
diameter of the circle and the mid-point of AB is the centre of the
circle. Let the co-ordinates of A, B, C, D be respectively (x 1, y1) (x2,
y2), (x3, y3) and (x4, y4). Let the centres of the hyperbola and the
circle be (h, k) and (g, f).
Then
. But g =
=h
Similarly
= k.
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Enquiry:
As
the
asymptotes
of
rectangular
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hyperbola
are
(1)
/4
/4
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i.e.
and
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respectively.
= a2
xy =
xy = c2 where 2c2 = a2
Parametric
co-ordinates
of
any
point
on
the
rectangular
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Conjugate hyperbola
A hyperbola whose transverse and conjugate axes respectively
are the conjugate and transverse axes of a given hyperbola is called
the conjugate hyperbola of the given hyperbola. The asymptotes of
these two hyperbolas are also the same.
(1)
Its transverse and conjugate axes are along y and x axes respectively.
Note:
1.
2.
3.
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we find that:
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(a)
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same
constant
by
which
the
equations
of
the
4.
5.
Illustration:
= 1 and its
Solution:
b2 = a2(e12 1).
(1)
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a2 = b2(e22 1).
(2)
1 = (e12 1)(e22 1)
0 = e 12 e 22 e 12 e 22
e12 + e22 = 1.
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Solved Examples
Example 1:
Show that the line 4x 3y = 9 touches the hyperbola 4x 2 9y2 = 27.
Solution:
b2 = 27/9 = 3
m = ,
a2m2 b2 =
or
c = 3
3 = 12 3 = 9 = (3)2
a2m2 b2 = c2
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Prove that the mid points of chords of the hyperbola
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parallel
(1)
(2)
Hence proved.
Example 3:
Prove that the angle subtended b any chord of a rectangular hyperbola
at the centre is the supplement of the angle between the tangents at
the end of the chord.
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Solution:
Let the equation of the hyperbola be x 2 y2 = a2 and P and Q be any
two points on it such that their coordinates are respectively (a sec
a tan
1)
and (a sec
2,
a tan
2)
y = x sin
(x 0)
(1)
(2)
tan
(3)
y a tan
= a2
y=
(4)
y=
If
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1,
and
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2,
then
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tan
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tan = tan
tan = tan ( )
=
(By (3))
Hence proved.
Example 4:
The normal to the hyperbola 16x 2 9y2 = 144 meets the axes in M
and N. MP and NP and are drawn at right angles to the axes. Find the
locus of P.
Solution:
The equation to the hyperbola is
(1)
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+ 4y = (9 + 16) tan
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(2)
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Let this normal cut the axis of x at M whose coordinates are (x, 0) and
the axis of y at N whose coordinates are (0, y) solving (2) with y = 0,
we get
x=
(3)
y=
(4)
tan2
= 1, we get
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Solution:
Recall:
If four points (x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3) and (x4, y4) are concyclic then
= 0.
These points are (ae, 0), (ae, 0), (a, b tan /2) and (a, b cot /2)
apply : R1
= (2ae)
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Solution:
Suppose A to be the target and B to be the firing point and let the
hearer be at a point P. If V1 and V2 be the velocity of the sound and
bullet respectively, then the time taken by the bullet in reaching from
B to the target A =
from A to P =
Hence
(BP AP)
BP AP =
AB
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Therefore the locus of the point P is the hyperbola having foci at A and
B and transverse axis equal to
AB
Example 7:
Prove that the locus of the pole of a chord of the hyperbola which
subtends a right angles at the vertex, is, x =
Solution:
The coordinates of the vertex are (a, 0). Transferring the origin to this
point, the equation of the hyperbola
becomes;
(1)
(2)
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(3)
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b2 a2 +
=0
x=a
Example 8:
Find the locus of intersection of tangent to a hyperbola, which meet at
a constant angle .
Solution:
Let the equation to the hyperbola be
(1)
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y = mx +
If the tangent passes through a point (h, k) when we must have
k = mh +
or
(2)
tan
+ tan
tan
tan
and as (tan
tan 2)2 =
2)
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=(
2).
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cot2 =
and
2x y + 7 = 0
(1)
(2)
(3)
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(x + 3y 1)(2x y + 7) =
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(4)
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(where
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is a constant)
(1)
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= cos
(2)
and
(4)
Let O be the centre of the circle passing through C, Q and R having its
coordinates as (h, k). Then clearly OC = OQ
h2 + k2 =
h2 + k2 =
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h2 + k2 = h2 + k2 + (a2 + b2)
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(2ah + 2bk)
(5)
Similarly OC = OR
Hence h2 + k2 =
(6)
= (a2 + b2)2
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Solution:
Let the equation to the hyperbola be
(1)
(2)
, b tan
parallel to the conjugate axis (1) i.e. y-axis passes through P will be
x = a sec
(3)
The line (3) will cut the conjugate hyperbola (2) at Q where x = a sec
and hence y = b
or
cos
= cos
sin
(4)
sec
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=1
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+ cos
(5)
+ 2 cos2
cos2
in (5) we get
Squaring we have,
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Solution:
SCH =
As CH = x and SH = y and CS =
x cos
= y cos
[ x = y] we have
x=y=
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and also tan
cos
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Hence x = y
Example 13:
If the normal to the rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2 at the point t meets
the curve again at a point t, Establish the relation between t and t.
Solution:
Let the equation of the hyperbola b2 xy = c2 and the coordinates of
any point P on its be (ct, c/t), then the equation to normal at P w.r.t.
the hyperbola is
y
= t2 (x ct)
yt xt3 c + ct4 = 0
(1)
t ctt3 c + ct4 = 0
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or
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t t2t3 t + tt4 = 0
On factorizing we get
(t t3 + 1) (t t) = 0
Hence tt3 + 1 = 0
tt3 = 1 as t
Solution:
The two curves are given as
x2 y2 = 3a2
and
(1)
xy = 2a2
as it lies on (1)
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or
x y sin
= cos
a cos
(3)
If equation (3) is a tangent to (2) also, then solving (2) and (3) we
must get two coincident roots.
Putting the value of x from (2) in (3) we get
(y sin
y2 sin
a cos ) y = 2a2
a y cos
2a2 = 0
(4)
4(2a2) sin
+ 8 sin
=0
=0
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8 sin 3 = 0
+ 1) (sin
3) = 0
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Hence sin =
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Hence cos =
y2
2a2 = 0
y2 + 2
ay + 6a2 = 0
x=
and cos
y=
a.
a.
and tan
with the help of relations (5) and (6) for the coordinates of the point A,
we find the coordinates as
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Let the bisectors of the angles BOC be taken as axis. So the equations
of OB and OC are respectively.
and
x cos
+ y sin
=0
x cos
y sin
=0
where
BOC
= h cos
+ k sin
(1)
and similarly
AC = Perpendicular from A on C
= h cos
k sin
(2)
+ (y k) cos
=0
k cos
=0
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(y k) cos
=0
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(3)
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= h sin
k cos
+ k cos .
OB AB +
OC AC
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Example 16:
If P, Q and R be three points on the rectangular hyperbola xy = c 2,
whose abscissas are x1, x2 and x3, find the area of the triangle PQR
and also find the area of the triangle formed by the tangents at these
points.
Solution:
The equation of the hyperbola is
xy = c2
If P be a point on the hyperbola having its abscissa as x 1, the
corresponding value of the ordinate will be given by y 1 =
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and
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PQR =
w.r.t. the
hyperbola will be
=2
(1)
and R
will be
(2)
(3)
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Hence y =
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x=
Similarly if B and C be the points of intersection of (2) and (3), and (1)
and (3), their coordinates, will be respectively.
and
= 2c2
= 2c2
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