Bacteria

Structure and Function

Prokaryote &
Eukaryote
Evolution

Cellular Evolution

Infolding Theory

Current evidence
indicates that eukaryotes
evolved f
from p
prokaryotes
y
between 1 and 1.5 billion
years ago
Two theories:
1. Infolding theory
2. Endosymbiotic theory

The infolding of the

prokaryotic plasma
membrane gave rise to
eukaryotic
k
ti organelles.
ll

Endosymbiotic Theory
Endosymbiosis refers to one
species living within another(the
another(the
host)
Movement of smaller
photosynthetic
p
y
& heterotrophic
p
prokaryotes into larger
prokaryotic host cells
chloroplast
Formed cell organelles

mitochondria

infolding

organelle

Prokaryotic &
Eukaryotic Cells

Earliest
Prokaryotes

Classification
of Life

Most numerous
organisms on
Earth
Include all
bacteria
Earliest fossils
date 2.5 billion
years old
7

Three Domains of
Life

Kingdoms of Bacteria

Archaea

Archaebacteria:
9 Found in harsh
environments
n i nm nt
9 Undersea volcanic vents,
vents,
acidic hot springs,
springs, salty
water

prokaryotes living in
extreme habitats

BacteriaCyanobacteria and
eubacteria
Eukarya
Protozoans, fungi,
plants, & animals

Archaebacteria

10

Kingdoms of Bacteria
Eubacteria:
9 Called the true
bacteria
9 Most bacteria are in
this group
9 Include photosynthetic
Cyanobacteria
11

12

Eubacteria

Characteristics
of Bacteria

13

Bacterial Structure

14

Bacterial Cell

Microscopic prokaryotes
No nucleus or membranemembranebound organelles
Contain ribosomes
Single, circular
chromosome in nucleoid
region
15

Protection
Cell Wall made of
Peptidoglycan
May have a sticky
coating called the
Capsule for
attachment to host or
other bacteria
17

16

Sticky Bacterial
Capsule

18

Bacterial
Structure
PLASMIDS

Have small rings of

DNA called Plasmids
Unicellular
Small in size (0.5 to
2m)
19

Bacterial Structure
Most grow best at
pH of 6.5 to 7.0
Many
M
actt as
decomposers recycling
nutrients
Some cause disease

20

Staphylococcus
Bacterial

21

Useful Bacteria

22

Useful Bacteria
Other uses
for bacteria
include
making
yogurt,
cheese, and
buttermilk.

Some
bacteria
can
degrade oil
Used to
clean up oil
spills
23

24

Flagella

Pili
Short protein appendages
Smaller than flagella
Adhere bacteria to
surfaces
Used in conjugation for
Exchange of genetic
information
Aid Flotation by
increasing buoyancy

Bacteria that
are motile have
appendages
called flagella
Attached by
Basal Body
A bacteria can
have one or
many flagella
25

26

Pili in Conjugation

Bacterial
Shapes

27

28

Shapes Are Used to

Classify
Bacillus: Rod shaped
Coccus: Spherical (round)
Vibrio: Comma shaped with
flagella
Spirillum: Spiral shape
Spirochete: wormlike
spiral shape

29

30

Grouping of Bacteria
Diplo
Diplo- Groups of
two
Strepto
Strepto- chains
Staphylo
Staphylo- Grapelike
clusters
31

32

Diplococcus

33

Streptococcus Causes
Strep Throat

34

Staphylococcus

35

36

Bacillus - E. coli

Streptobacilli

37

Spirillum

38

Spirochetes

39

40

41

42

Leptospira

Archaebacteria

Bacterial
Kingdoms

Lack peptidoglycan in cell

walls
Have different lipids in
their
h
cell
ll membrane
b
Different types of
ribosomes
Very different gene
sequences
43

Archaebacteria

44

Archaebacteria

Archaebacteria can live in

extremely harsh
environments
They do not require oxygen
and can live in extremely
salty environments as well as
extremely hot environments
Called the Ancient bacteria

Subdivided into 3
groups:
9Methanogens
h
9Thermoacidophiles
9Extreme Halophiles

45

Methanogens

46

Methanogens

Live in anaerobic
environments (no oxygen)
Get energy by changing H2
& CO2 into methane gas
Found in swamps
swamps,, sewage
treatment plants, digestive
tracts of animals
47

Break down
cellulose in a
cows
stomach
Produce
marsh
(methane)
gas
48

Thermoacidophiles or
Thermophiles

Extreme Halophiles
Live in very
salty water
Use salt to
generate
ATP (energy)
Dead Sea,
Great Salt
Lake
inhabitants

Live in
extremely hot
environments
Found in
volcanic vents,
hot springs,
cracks on ocean
floor that leak
acid
49

50

Characteristics

Kingdom
Eubacteria

3 basic shapes (coccus,

bacillus, spirilla)
Most are heterotrophic
(cant make their own food)
May be aerobic or
anaerobic
Identified by Gram staining

True Bacteria

51

Gram Staining

52

Gram Positive

Developed in 1884 by
Hans Gram
Bacteria treated with
purple Crystal Violet & red
Safranin stains
Cell walls either stain
purple or reddish pink
53

Have thick layer

of peptidoglycan
(protein(protein
-sugar
complex)
l )
Single lipid
layer
Stain purple
Can be treated
with antibiotics

54

Gram Negative
Bacteria

Gram Positive
Bacteria

9 Lactobacilli (makes yogurt &

buttermilk)
y
(make
(make
9 Actinomycetes
antibiotics)
9 Clostridium (lockjaw bacteria)
9 Streptococcus (strep throat)
9 Staphylococcus (staph
(staph
infections)

Thin layer of peptidoglycan in

cell wall
y of lipids
p
Extra thick layer
Stain pink or reddish
Hard to treat with antibiotics
Some photosynthetic but
make sulfur not oxygen
Some fix nitrogen for plants

55

Gram Negative

56

Gram Negative
Rickettsiae are
parasitic
bacteria
carried by ticks
Cause Lyme
disease & Rocky
Mountain
Spotted Fever

Rhizobacteria
grow in root
nodules of
l
legumes
(soybeans,
peanuts)
Fix N2 from air
into usable
ammonia
57

Cyanobacteria

58

Cyanobacteria

Gram negative
Photosynthetic
Called
ll d blue
bl -green bacteria
blueb
Contain phycocyanin (red
(redblue) pigments &
chlorophyll
59

May be red, yellow, brown, black,

or blue
blue-green
May grow in chains (Oscillatoria)
Have
H
H t
Heterocysts
t to
t h
help
l fix
fi N2
First to re
re-enter devastated
areas
Some cause Eutrophication (use up
O2 when die & decompose in
water)
60

10

Cyanobacteria

Nutrition,
Respiration,
and
Reproduction
61

Modes of Nutrition

62

Methods of Respiration

Saprobes feed on dead

organic matter
Parasites feed on a host
cell
Photoautotroph use
sunlight to make food
Chemoautotroph oxidize
inorganic matter such as
iron or sulfur to make food

Obligate Aerobes require

O2 (tuberculosis bacteria)
Obligate Anaerobes die if
O2 is present (tetanus)
Facultative Anaerobes dont
need O2, but arent killed by
it (E. coli)

63

Bacterial Respiration
Anaerobes
carry on
fermentation
Aerobes
carry on
cellular
respiration
65

64

Reproduction
Bacteria reproduce
asexually by binary fission
Single
Sin l chromosome
h m
m
replicates & then cell
divides
Rapid
All new cells identical
(clones)
66

11

Binary Fission E. coli

Cellular organism copies its genetic information

then splits into two identical daughter cells
67

Reproduction

68

Conjugation

Bacteria reproduce
sexually by Conjugation
Form
F m a tube
t b b
between
t
n 2
bacteria to exchange
genetic material
Held together by pili
New cells NOT identical
69

70

Transduction &
Transformation

Spore Formation
Form endospore
whenever when
habitat conditions
become harsh
(little
(littl food)
f d)
Able to survive for
long periods of
time as endosperm
Difficult to
destroy (heat
resistant)

Genetically change bacteria

May become antibiotic resistant
Transformed bacteria p
pick up
p
pieces of DNA from dead
bacterial cells
Transduction viruses carry
foreign DNA to bacteria; used
to make insulin
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Pathogens

Pathenogenic
Bacteria

Called germs or microbes

Cause disease
May produce poisons or
toxins
Endotoxins released after
bacteria die (E. coli)
Exotoxins released by Gram
+ bacteria (C.
(C. tetani)
tetani)
73

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