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Lab 1
The Tensile Test
Material Science Lab, Spring 2015
Dr. Mohammed Benalla
Group #1
Richard Garrison
Submission Date: 03 February 2015
Abstract
The Tensile Test is used to create a Stress-Strain curve from the
application of force on both ends of a sample of material. From the StressStrain graph constructed several properties can be measured or concluded
about the data. For this particular experiment it was necessary to determine
Youngs Modulus, yield strength, ductility, and breaking strength of HIPS
Plastic, Brass, and Steel samples. Each material endured three trials to
obtain more accurate data. Before hand, it was necessary to measure the
dimensions of each sample before inducing stress upon it in order to have
initial values for % Elongation calculations. After conducting the experiment,
collecting the data, and exporting the data for analysis it was determined
that Steel has the largest Youngs Modulus, followed by Brass, and HIPS
Plastic respectively. In regards to yield strength from highest to lowest it is
Brass, Steel, and HIPS Plastic. Breaking strength calculations returned the
same phenomenon as yield strength. When considering ductility (%
Elongation) Steel possessed the highest value followed by HIPS Plastic and
Brass respectively.
Introduction
The Tensile Test is well established experiment to measure several
properties of a material. They are such properties such as yield strength,
tensile strength, elastic properties, and ductility. The results of such as test is
displayed in the form of a stress strain curve from which the material
properties can be determined from the behavior of the line. The Modulus of
Elasticity (E) is the measured slope of the linear section of the Stress Strain
curve and it determines exactly how elastic a material is. The yield strength
is a measurement that describes how much stress a material can withstand
before its deformations become permanent or plastic. Ductility is the ability
of a material to be permanently deformed without breaking when a force is
applied. All values whether it be measurements or calculation were to be
recorded.
Data
The following data show the measured dimensions of the coupons
using a caliper. These values will become necessary later when determining
factors such as elongation and ductility.
Sampl
HIPS
HIPS
Brass
Brass
Brass
Plastic
Plastic
Length
1
80.24
2
80.33
79.88
79.86
79.94
80.01
80.09
80.08
(mm)
Width
4.04
4.06
4.0
4.0
3.98
4.01
4.02
4.0
(mm)
Height
0.4
0.4
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.09
0.09
1.0
(mm)
Cross
1.616
1.624
0.32
0.32
0.318
0.360
0.361
4.0
Sectio
nal
Area
(mm2)
Table I
The following data show the stress strain curve created from each trial of
each sample.
f(x) =
R = 0
Stress(MPa)
Linear ()
1.50E+01
1.00E+01
5.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 1.00E-01 2.00E-01 3.00E-01 4.00E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
f(x) =
R = 0
Stress(MPa)
Linear ()
1.50E+01
1.00E+01
5.00E+00
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
1.50E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
Stress (MPa)
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.00E-02
2.00E-02
Strain (mm/mm)
3.00E-02
f(x) =
R = 0
Stress (MPa)
Linear ()
2.00E+02
1.50E+02
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00 5.00E-02 1.00E-01 1.50E-01 2.00E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
Stress (MPa)
Linear ()
2.00E+02
1.50E+02
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
5.00E-02
1.00E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
1.50E-01
f(x) =
R = 0
Stress (MPa)
Linear ()
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
1.00E-01
2.00E-01
3.00E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
Stress (MPa)
Linear ()
1.00E+02
5.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2.00E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
4.00E-01
f(x) =
R = 0
Stress (Mpa)
Linear ()
8.00E+01
6.00E+01
4.00E+01
2.00E+01
0.00E+00
0.00E+00
2.00E-01
4.00E-01
Strain (mm/mm)
Results
After conducting the tensile test several deductions can be made about
the materials tested in the experiment. Among these include the Modulus of
Elasticity (E) which is the measured lope of the linear section of the Stress
Strain curve, and it determines exactly how elastic a material is. The
relationship between the slopes of the elastic region is best summarized as
the steeper the slope the least elastic a material is. The flatter the slope the
more elastic the material is. This phenomenon shows that out of the three
material tested Steel is the least elastic, followed by Brass, and then HIPS
Plastic the most elastic. The measured Youngs Modulus is 1003.4, 79776,
and 93796.7 respectively.
It should be noted that the Youngs Modulus was taken directly from
the calculated slopes of the Stress-Strain graphs created in Excel. Therefore,
there are no calculations performed. However, the values were averaged
together before being entered into Table I. Consider the Youngs Modulus for
Brass.
( 71,381+76,978+ 90,969 )
=79,776
3
Another conclusion drawn from the Stress Strain curve is the yield
strength. The yield strength is a measurement that describes how much
stress a material can withstand before its deformations become permanent
or plastic. It is calculated by computing a 0.2% value from the point of initial
stress application and drawing a line along the elastic region of the stress
strain curve. Where that line intersects the stress strain curve indicates the
yield strength. Through the experiment it is determined that the yield
strength for HIPS Plastic, Brass, and Steel are 25.25 MPa, 224 MPa, and 154
MPa respectively.
Yield Strength was calculated using the following procedure. 0.2% of
the maximum strain was calculated then a parallel line with respect to the
elastic trendline was drawn. Where the resulting line intersects the StressStrain curve lay the Yield Strength. Consider HIPS Plastic Trial 1.
0.2 x 0.300581
=0.602(mm/mm)
( mm
mm )
From the new strain rate of 0.602 (mm/mm) a new trendline can be
drawn parallel to the elastic region. The new line intersects the Stress-Strain
curve at 23.3 MPa.
Ductility will also be computed using data from the stress strain curve.
Ductility is the measure of how much stress a material can withstand once it
has reached plastic deformation. Since ductility can be calculated using
length elongation the measurements for HIPS Plastic, Brass, and Steel are
20.22%, 10.46%, and 30.23% respectively. The previous values were
computed using the following equation. Consider HIPS Plastic Trial 1.
Elongation=
Elongation=
104.3680.24
x 100=30.06
80.24
The last component of the stress strain curve that will be considered is
breaking strength, or the maximum amount of stress a material can endure
before complete failure. For HIPS Plastic, Brass, and Steel the breaking
strengths are 2.815 MPa, 269.3 MPa, and 171.67 MPa respectively.
Breaking strength was also a value taken directly from the graph so no
calculations were needed. However, the values were averaged together
before being entered into Table II. Consider the breaking strengths for Steel
of Breaking StrengthValue
Number of Trials
All results are finalized in the following table. It should be noted that
Table I contains the averages from the three trials completed.
Material
Youngs
Modulus
HIPS Plastic
Brass
Steel
1003.4
79,776
93,796.7
Breaking
Strength
20.22
10.46
30.23
(MPa)
2.815
269.3
171.67
Discussion
From the results it can be concluded that HIPS plastic is far more
elastic than the two other materials. Brass being an alloy composed of two
metals it inherits a more elasticity than Steel. However, from the data it can
be interpreted that HIPS Plastic had the lowest yield strength and Breaking
Conclusion