Introduction

Ihavemodifiedandprovidedanswerstosomeofthemoreilluminatingreviewquestionsand
exercisesfromHewittsConceptualPhysics,9thedition.IhavealsoincludedThingstoKnow
byHeartattheendofthethreemajordivisions.Youshouldcommittheserulestomemoryas
wecoverthemisclass.Thisworkbookshouldbeusedasanotherresourcethatisavailableto
assistyouinthisintroductoryphysicscourse.Itisnotasubstitutefortheclassroomteacheror
thetextbookyourtwomainresources.Ihopethishelpsyouinyourstudies.
Sincerely,
R.E.Tremblay

AllRightsReserved2005

ConceptualPhysics9theditionAnswersbyR.E.Tremblay
Ch.3Pg.51
Reviewquestions
2. Whattwounitsofmeasurementarenecessaryfordescribingspeed?
Ans.
Distanceandtime.
3. Whatkindofspeedisregisteredbyanautomobile?
Ans.
Instantaneousspeed.
5. Whatistheaveragespeedinkilometersperhourforahorsethatgallopsadistance
of15kminatimeof30min?
Ans.

15km
km
30
1
hr
hr
2

6. Howfardoesahorsetravelifitgallopsatanaveragespeedof25km/hrfor30
min.?

Ans.

1
2

Ourdistanceruleisgivenby X Vo t a t 2 .Sincethereisnoacceleration,the

rulesimplifiesto X Vo t 25

km
(.5hr) 12.5km
hr

7. Distinguishbetweenspeedandvelocity.
Ans.
Speedistherateatwhichanobjectchangesitsposition.Velocityisthespeedand

directionofanobject.
8. Ifacarmoveswithconstantvelocity,doesitalsomovewithconstantspeed?
Ans.
Yes.
9. Ifacarismovingat90km/hranditroundsacorner,alsoat90km/hr,doesitmaintaina
constantspeed?Aconstantvelocity?
Ans.
Itmaintainsaconstantspeedbutitsvelocityischangingbecauseitsdirectionoftravelis
changing.
10. Distinguishbetweenvelocityandacceleration.
Ans.
Velocityisthespeedanddirectionofanobject.Accelerationistherateatwhichan
objectschangesitsvelocity.
2

11. Whatistheaccelerationofacarthatincreasesitsvelocityfrom0to100km/hrin10seconds?
Ans.

V V2 V1 100km / hr 10km /hr

forward.
t
t
10sec
sec

Ch.3Pg.51
Reviewquestionscontinued.

12. Whatistheaccelerationofacarthatmaintainsaconstantvelocityof100km/hrfor10seconds?
Ans.

V V2 V1 100km /hr 100km /hr 0km /hr

t
t
10sec
sec

13. Whenareyoumostawareofmotioninamovingvehicle?
Ans.
Youaremostawareofmotioninamovingvehiclewhenitchangesitsspeed

ordirectionwhenitaccelerates.
18. Whatismeantbyafreelyfallingbody.
Ans.
Afreelyfallingbodyisanobjectthatonlyhastheforceofgravityonit.
19. Whatisthegaininspeedpersecondforafreelyfallingobject?
Ans.
AllobjectsinfreefallneartheEarthssurfaceacceleratedownat10m/s2.
20. Whatisthevelocityofanobject,5secondsafteritisdropped?6seconds?
Ans.
50m/s;60m/s
23. WhatrelationshipbetweendistancetraveledandtimedidGalileodiscoverforaccelerating
objects?
Ans.
Thedistancetraveledisproportionaltothefallingtimesquared.
24. Whatisthedistancetraveledforafreefallingobjectthatstartsfromrest,5secand6secafterit
isreleased?
1 2
Ans.
Ourequationfordistanceisgivenby X Vo t a t .Sincetheobjectstartsfromrest,
2
1
1 m
itsinitialvelocityis0m/sandtheequationreducesto: X a t 2 10 2 (5sec)2 75m
2
2 s
25. Whatistheeffectofairresistanceonfallingobjects?Whatistheaccelerationifthereisnoair
resistance?
Ans.
Airresistancereducestheaccelerationduetogravityofafallingobject.Withoutair

resistance,allobjectsinfreefallneartheearthssurfaceacceleratedownatapproximately10m/s/s.
26. Considerthesemeasurements:10m,10m/s,10m/s2.Whichisvelocity,whichisacceleration
andwhichisspeed?
Ans.
Youaskandanswerthisoneinclassforplus2pts.
3

Ch.3Pg.52
Exercises
1. Whatistheimpactspeedwhenacarmovingat100km/hrbumpsintotherearofanothercar
travelinginthesamedirectionat98km/hr?
Ans.
2km/hr.
2. HarryHotshotcanpaddleacanoeinstillwaterat8km/hr.Howsuccessfulwillhebeat
canoeingupstreaminariverthatflowsat8km/hr?
Ans.
Hewillnotgoanywhere.
3. Isafineforspeedingbasedononesaveragespeedorinstantaneousspeed?
Ans.
Itisbasedonyourinstantaneousspeed.
4. Oneairplanetravelsduenorthat300km/hrwhileanothertravelsduesoutha300km/hr.Are
theirspeedsthesame?Aretheirvelocitiesthesame?Explain.
Ans.
Theirspeedsarethesamebecausetheyarebothchangingtheirpositionsby300km
everyhour.Theirvelocitiesarenotthesamebecausetheyaremovingindifferentdirections.
6. Cananautomobilewithavelocitytowardthenorth,haveanaccelerationtowardthesouth?
Ans.Yes.Thecarcanbemovingnorthandslowingdown.Thatwouldgiveitachangeinvelocity
south,whichmeansthatitisacceleratingsoutheventhoughitisgoingnorth.
7. Cananobjectreverseitdirectionoftravelwhilemaintainingaconstantacceleratio5.
Canan
giveanexample.Ifnot,explainwhy.
Ans.Yes.Aballthrownstraightupwillriseandthenreverseitsdirectionandfall.Allthewhile,it
willhaveaconstantaccelerationof10m/s/sdown.
8. Youaredrivingnorthonthehighway.Then,withoutchangingspeed,youroundacurveand
driveeast.(a)Doesyourvelocitychange?(b)Doyouaccelerate?Explain.
Ans.
Youhaveanewvelocityandthereforhaveaccelerated.
9. Correctyourfriendwhosays,"Thedragsterroundedthecurveataconstantvelocityof100
km/h."
Ans.Thedragsterroundedthecurveataconstantspeedof100km/h.
4

11. Startingfromrest,onecaracceleratestoaspeedof50km/h,andanothercaracceleratestoa
speedof60km/h.Canyousaywhichcarunderwentthegreateracceleration?
Ans.No.Youneedtoknowhowmuchtimeittook.
12. Citeanexampleofsomethingwithconstantspeedthatalsohasavaryingvelocity.Canyoualso
giveanexampleofsomethingwithaconstantvelocity,thattravelsatavaryingspeed.
Askandanswercorrectlyinclassforplus2points.

EXERCISESCH.3continued
13. Citeanexampleofsomethingthatundergoesaccelerationwhilemovingatconstantspeed.Can
youalsogiveanexampleofsomethingthataccelerateswhiletravelingatconstantvelocity?Explain.
Ans.
Agirlridingabicyclearoundacornerataconstantspeedof10mi/hrisanexampleofan
objectacceleratingwithoutchangingitsspeed.Therearenoexamplesofobjectsthataccelerate
whilemovingatconstantvelocity.
14. (a)Cananobjectbemovingwhenitsaccelerationiszero?
Ans.Yes.Acarmovingatconstantvelocityisanexample.
(b)Cananobjectbeacceleratingwhenitsspeediszero?
Ans.Yes,aslongasitsspeediszeroforonlyoninstantintime.
15. Canyougiveanexamplewhereintheaccelerationofabodyisoppositeindirectiontoits
velocity?Dosoifyoucan.
Ans.
Yes.Thedirectionofaccelerationisthesameasthedirectionofanobjectschangein
velocity.Ifyouaredrivinginyourcarandthenapplythebrakes,thechangeinvelocityisbackward
sotheaccelerationisalsobackward.
18. Whatistheaccelerationofacarthatmovesatasteadyvelocityof100km/hrfor100seconds?
Explainyouanswer.
Ans.
Accelerationiszero.Theproblemstatesthatthecarismovingatconstantvelocity
thereforetherecanbenoacceleration.
22. Supposethatafreelyfallingobjectweresomehowequippedwithaspeedometer.Byhowmuch
woulditsspeedreadingincreasewitheachsecondoffall?
Ans.
Itsspeedreadingwouldincreaseby10m/severysecond.
23. Supposethatthefreelyfallingobjectintheprecedingexercisewerealsoequippedwithan
odometer.Wouldthereadingsofdistancefalleneachsecondindicateequalordifferentfalling
distancesforsuccessiveseconds?Explain.

Ans.
Theobjectwouldalwaysfallfurtherthanitdidintheprecedingsecondbecauseit
wouldbefallingfasterandfastereachsecond.
24. Forafreelyfallingobjectdroppedfromrest,whatisitsaccelerationattheendofthe5thsecond
offall?The10th?Defendyouranswer.
Ans.
10m/s/s.10m/s/s.AllobjectsinfreefallneartheEarthssurfaceaccelerateat10m/s/s
allthetime(whenwedisregardairfriction).
25. Ifairresistancecanbeneglected,howdoestheaccelerationofaballthathasbeentossed
straightupwardcomparewithitsaccelerationifsimplydropped?
Ans.
Theaccelerationwillbethesameinbothcases.10m/s/sdown.

EXERCISESCH.3continued
26 Whenaballplayerthrowsaballstraightup,byhowmuchdoesthespeedoftheballdecrease
eachsecondwhileascending?Byhowmuchdoesitincreaseeachsecondwhiledescending?How
muchtimeisrequiredforrisingcomparedtofalling?
Ans.
Aslongaswedisregardairfriction:a)10m/seceverysecondb)10m/seceverysecond
c)Risingandfallingtimesareequal.
27. Someonestandingattheedgeofacliffthrowsaballstraightupatacertainspeedandanother
ballstraightdownwiththesameinitialspeed.Ifairresistanceisnegligible,whichballwillhavethe
greaterspeedwhenitstrikesthegroundbelow?Explain.
Ans.
Theywillstrikethegroundatdifferenttimesbutwiththesamespeed.Theballthrown
upwardwillbemovingattheinitialspeedwhenitreturnstothepointofrelease.
29. Ifyoudropanobject,itsaccelerationtowardthegroundis10m/s/s.Ifyouthrowitdown
instead,woulditsaccelerationafterthrowingbegreaterthan10m/s/s?Whyorwhynot?
Ans.
Oncetheobjectleavesyourhand,itisinfreefall.Itwillthereforeacceleratedownat10
m/s/sifwedisregardairfriction.
30. Intheprecedingexercisecanyouthinkofareasonwhytheaccelerationoftheobjectthrown
downwardthroughtheairwouldactuallybelessthan10m/s/s?
Ans.
Ifweconsiderairfriction,thentheaccelerationofanobjectinfreefallisalwaysless
than10m/s/s.
32. Consideraverticallylaunchedprojectilewhenairdragisnegligible.Whenistheacceleration
duetogravitygreater:whenascending,atthetop,orwhendescending?Defendyouanswer.
Ans.Theaccelerationduetogravityisalwaysconstant.Itisapproximatelyequalto10m/s/s.
33. Ifitwerenotforairfriction,whywoulditbedangeroustogooutdoorsonrainydays?
Ans.
Airfrictionpreventsanobjectfromaccelerating.Insteadoffallingfasterandfasterand
faster,therainactuallyfallsataconstantvelocitythatisslowenoughtopreventinjurytophysics
studentsandtheirfriends.
6

34. ExtendTables2.2and2.3to10seconds,assumingnoairresistance.

Time
Velocity
Rule: Vf=Vo+at
6sec
60m/sec
7sec
70m/sec
8sec
80m/sec
9sec
90m/sec
10sec 100m/sec

Sincetheobjectwasdropped,weknowthat
Vo=om/s.
Becausetheobjectisinfreefallweknowthat
a=10m/s/s.Forexample,thevelocityat
9secondsisdeterminedasfollows:
m
m
m
V f 0 10 2 ( 9 sec) 90
s
sec
s

EXERCISESCH.3continued
34.
Time
6sec
7sec
8sec
9sec
10sec

Displacement

Rule: X Vo t

1 2
at
2

180m
245m
320m
405m
500m

Example:Whatisthedisplacementoftheobjectafter6secondsoffreefall?
Writetheruleandthensubstitutetheappropriatevalues.
1 2
Rule: X Vo t a t
2

X 0

m
1
m
(6 sec) 10 2 (6 sec) 2 180 meters
s
2 sec

Extrach3.Exercises

Extra Aclimbernearthesummitofaverticalcliffaccidentallyknocksloosealargerock.She
seesitshatteratthebottomofthecliff8secondslatter.a)Whatwasthespeedoftherockwhen
ithittheground?b)Howfardidtherockfall?

m
m
m
10 2 (8 sec) 80
s
sec
sec

a)

V f Vo at 0

b)

1
m
1
m
X Vo t at 2 0
(8 sec) (10 2 )(8sec) 2 320 meters
2
sec
2
sec

Extrach3.Exercises
Extra. Ifyouthrowarockoffacliff,howdothehorizontalcomponentsofitsvelocitycompare
forallpointsalongitstrajectory?
Ans. Sincethehorizontalvelocityofanobjectinfreefallneverchanges(whenwedisregard
airfriction),thehorizontalcomponentsareequalatallpointsalongitstrajectory.
Extra. Howfarbelowaninitialstraightlinepathwillaprojectilefallin1sec?Doesyour
answerdependontheangleoflaunchorontheinitialspeedoftheprojectile?Defendyour
answer.
Ans. Theprojectilewillfall5metersbelowastraightlinepathinthefirstsecondregardless
ofthelaunchangleorspeed.Theprojectileisinfreefallandacceleratesdownat10m/s/s.
Extrach3.Exercises
Extra. Supposeyouareonaledgeinthedarkandwishtoestimatetheheightoftheledgeabove
theground.Soyoudropastoneovertheedgeandhearitstrikethegroundin1second.Whatis
theheightoftheledge?Howcouldyouusethestonetoestimatetheheightifyouwerentclose
enoughtotheedgetosimplydropthestone?Explain.
Ans. Distancebelowastraightlinepathin1secondisgivenby:
1
m
1
2
X gt 2 (10 2 )(1s) 5 meters
2
2
s
Extra: Supposeyouswiminadirectiondirectlyacrossaflowingriverandendupadistance
downstreamthatislessthanthewidthoftheriver.Howdoesyourswimmingspeedcompareto
theflowrateoftheriver?
Ans. Yourswimmingspeedmustbefasterthantheriverbecauseyouswamfurtheracross
streamthantherivercarriedyoudownstream.
Extra: Supposeyouaredrivingalonginabusandthrowaballstraightupintotheair.While
theballisstillintheairthedriverstepsonthebrake.Wheredoestheballlandrelativetothe
car?
Ans. Theballlandsforward
Extra: Isaccelerationhowfastyougoorhowfastyougetfast?
Ans.Howfastyougetfastisclosertotheanswer.Italsoshouldincludehowfastyougetslow
orhowfastyouchangedirection.Morespecifically,accelerationistherateatwhichanobject
changesitsvelocity.

CH3PROBLEMS,p53
2.
Whatistheaccelerationofavehiclethatchangesitsvelocityfrom100km/hrtoadead
stopin10seconds?
km
hr 10 km / hr
Ans. A V
T
10 sec
sec
Thenegativesignindicatesthatthevehicleactuallyacceleratedbackward.
100

5.
a)Whatistheinstantaneousvelocityofafreelyfallingobject10secondsafteritis
releasedfromapositionofrest?b)Whatisitsaveragevelocityduringthis10secondinterval?
c)Howfarwillitgoduringthistime?
a)

b)

c)

V f Vo at 0

m
m
m
10 2 (10 sec) 100
sec
sec
sec

Average Velocity

V f Vo
2

100

m
m
0
s
s 50 m
2
sec

1
m
1
m
X Vo t at 2 0 (10 sec) (10 2 )(10 sec) 2 500 meters
2
s
2
sec

6.

Acargoesfrom0to50m/sin10seconds.Ifyouwishtofindthedistancetraveledusing
1 2
theequation X Vo t a t ,whatvalueshouldyouusefora?
2
Ans. Sincewearenottoldthatthecarisinfreefall,wemustcalculatetheaccelerationofthe
carasfollows:
m
m
50 0
V
s
s 5m
A

T
10 sec
s2

ExtraCh.3problem:
Abulletisfiredhorizontallywithaninitialvelocityof250m/sfromatowerthatis20
metershigh.a)Calculatethetimethebulletisintheair.b)Ifairresistanceisneglected,
calculatethehorizontaldistancethebullettravelsbeforestrikingtheground.
Ans.

a)Theverticaldistancethatanobjectinfreefallwilldropbelowastraightlinepathis
1
givenby: X Vo t at 2 .Fromreadingtheproblem,weknowthatXis20metersandthat
2
theinitialvelocityis0m/s.Wealsohavememorizedthattheaccelerationofanobjectinfree
falla=g=10m/s/s.Youcannowsolvefortime.Ifyoudontknowanyalgebra,wecanstillfind
thetime.Firstplugtheknownvaluesintotheequationsfollows.

1
m
20m (10 2 )t 2 ; t 2 4 sec 2 ; therefore, t 2 seconds .Anotherwaytogettheanswertothis

problemistobecomemorefamiliarwiththefreefalldistancetimetableonpage29.By
inspectionofthetableyoucandeterminethatifanobjectstartsfromrest,itwillfall20metersin
2seconds
b)

Thehorizontaldistancetraveledbythebulletintwosecondscanbefoundbyusingthe
1
followingrule: X Vo t + at 2 whereyouknowthattheaccelerationinthehorizontal
2
m
2
directionis0m/s .Theequationthenbecomes X Vo t 250 (2sec) 500meters
s

10

Ch2
ConceptualPhysics9theditionAnswersbyR.E.Tremblay
pg.36ReviewQuestions
9. CiteNewtons1stlawofmotion.
Ans.
Anobjectatrestwillremainatrest.Anobjectinmotionwillremainin
motionataconstantvelocity,unlessanunbalancedforceisappliedtoit.
10. Whatisthenetforceonacartthatispulledtotherightwith100poundsofforce
andtotheleftwith30poundsofforce?
Ans.
70poundstotheright.
11. Whydowesaythatforceisavectorquantity?
Ans.
Toknowthecompletevalueofaforcewemustknowitsmagnitudeanddirection.
Anythingthathasbothmagnitudeanddirectionisgiventhenamevector.
14. Whatisthenetforceonabagpulleddownbygravitywith18newtonsandpulledupwardbya
ropewithaforceof18newtons.
Ans.
0newtons.
15. Whatdoesitmeantosaythatsomethingisinmechanicalequilibrium?
Ans.
Whenanobjectisinmechanicalequilibrium,thesumofalltheforcesonitarezeroand
itthereforecannotaccelerate.

11

17. Considerabookthatweighs15newtonsatrestonaflattable.a)Howmanynewtonsofsupport
forcedoesthetableprovide?b)Whatisthenetforceonthebookinthiscase?
Ans.
a)
Becausethenetforceis0andwearetoldthatthebookispushingdownonthe
tablewithaforceof15newtons,wemustconcludethatthetableispushinguponthebookwitha
forceof15newtons.
b) Becausethebookisatrestonthetable,thoseofusthatbelieveinNewtons1stlawof
motionknowthatthenetforceonthebookmustbezero.

Ch.2
Pg.36Exercises
1. Aballisrollingacrossthetopofabilliardtableandslowlyrollstoastop.HowwouldAristotle
interpretthisobservation?HowwouldGalileointerpretit?
Ans.
Aristotlewouldsaythattherollingbilliardballstoppedbecauseaforcewasnotactingon
ittokeepitgoing.Hewouldbewrong.Galileowouldsaythatanunbalancedforcemusthaveacted
upontheballtostopit.
13. Intermsofnewtonsfirstlaw,howdoesacarheadresthelptoguardagainstwhiplashinarear
endcollision?
Askinclass.
18. Considerapairofforces,onehavingamagnitudeof20Nandtheother12N.Whatmaximum
netforceispossibleforthesetwoforces?Whatistheminimum?
Ans.Maximumwilloccuriftheforcesareappliedinthesamedirection.32newtons.
Minimumwilloccuriftheforcesareappliedinoppositedirectionstoeachother.8newtons
19. Cananobjectbeinmechanicalequilibriumifonlyoneforceactsonit?
Ans.
No.Ifonlyoneforceactsontheobject,ifwillhaveanunbalancedforceonitandwill
accelerate.

12

20. Whenaballistossedstraightup,itmomentarilycomestoastopatthetopofitspath.Isitin
equilibriumduringthisbriefmoment?WhyorWhynot?
Ans.Althoughtheballstopsmovingatthetopofitsflight,itisalwaysacceleratingdown.
Therefore,itisnotinequilibriumatanypoint.Notevenattheinstantatthetopofitsflightthatit
stops.
22. Askinclass.
29 a)Asyoustandonafloor,doesthefloorexertanupwardforceagainstyourfeet?b)Howmuch
forcedoesitexert?c)Whyareyounotmovedupwardbythisforce?
Ans.
a)Yes.
b)Aforceequaltoyourweight.
c)Gravityispullingyoudownand
thefloorispushingyouup.Theseforcesareequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirectionsothenet
forceonyouiszero.
31 Canyousaythatnoforceactsonabodyatrest?Orisitcorrecttosaythatnonetforceactson
it?Defendyouranswer.
Ans.
Nonetforceisthecorrectanswer.Anobjectatrestcanhaveseveralforcesactingonit.
Whenyouaddupalltheforces,iftheansweriszero,theobjectwillremainatrest.
33. Pullhorizontallyonacratewithaforceof200newtonsanditslidesacrossthefloorindynamic
equilibrium.Howmuchfrictionisactingonthecrate?
Ans.
200newtonsintheoppositedirection.
Ch.2
Pg.36Exercisescontinued
36 Becausetheearthrotatesonceper24hours,thewesternwallinyourroommovestowardyouat
alinearspeedofabout800miles/hour.Whenyoustandfacingthewallyouarecarriedalongatthe
samespeed,soyoudontnoticeit.Butwhenyoujumpupward,withyourfeetnolongerincontact
withthefloor,whydoesntthehighspeedwallslamintoyou?
Ans.
Whenyoujumpupward,youarestillmovingeastwithaspeedof800miles/hour,sothe
westernwall,whichisalsomovingeastat800miles/hour,cannotcatchyou.
37. AchildlearnsinschoolthattheEarthistravelingfasterthan100,000kilometersperhouraround
thesunandinafrightenedtoneasksyouwhywearentsweptoff.whatisyourans?
Ans.
Wearealsomovingaroundthesunat100,000kilometersperhour.
39. Thechimneyofastationarytoytrainconsistsofaverticalspringgunthatshootsasteelballa
meterorsostraightintotheairsostraightthattheballalwaysfallsbackintothechimney.Suppose
thetrainmovesatconstantspeedalongthestraighttrack.a)Doyouthinktheballwillstillreturnto
thechimneyifitisshotfromthemovingtrain?b)Howaboutifthetrainacceleratesalongthe
straighttrack?c)Howaboutifitmovesataconstantspeedonacirculartrack?d)Whyareyour
answersdifferent?

13

Ans.
a)Yes.b)No.c)No.d)Thetrainchangesitshorizontalvelocitywhiletheballisin
theairbutthehorizontalvelocityoftheballdoesnotchange.
Extra:

WhydidGalileouseinclineplanestoinvestigatefreefall?

Ans.
Objectsinfreefall,neartheEarthssurface,acceleratedownat10m/s/swhenwe
disregardairfriction.Inashortamountoftime,freelyfallingobjectsaremovingquiterapidly.In
ordertocalculatetheacceleration,onemustdeterminethepositionoftheobjectatknowntimes.
Galileodidnothavethebenefitoftodaysaccuratetimingdevicessoheusedaninclinedplaneto
slowdownthemotionofafallingobject.

Chapter10ReviewQuestionspg.197
1. WhydoesahorizontallymovingprojectilehavetohavealargespeedtobecomeanEarth
satellite?
Ans.
Pleaseaskinclass.
3. Whydoestheverticalcomponentofvelocityforaprojectilechangewithtime,whereasthe
horizontalcomponentofvelocitydoesnt?
Ans.
Theforceofgravityactsinthedowndirection,changingthevertical(updown)
componentofvelocity.
4 Trueorfalse.Whenairresistancedoesnotaffectthemotionofaprojectile,itshorizontaland
verticalcomponentsofvelocityremainconstant.
14

Ans.
False.Althoughthehorizontalcomponentdoesntchange,theverticalcomponentis
changedbythedownwardpullofgravity.
5. Arockisthrownupwardatanangle.Whathappenstothehorizontalcomponentofitsvelocity
as:a)itrises?b)itfalls?
Ans.
Thehorizontalcomponentofthevelocityofanobjectinfreefallneverchanges(aslong
aswearedisregardingairfriction).
6. Arockisthrownupwardatanangle.Whathappenstotheverticalcomponentofitsvelocityas:
a)itrises?b)itfalls?

vertical component

horizontal component

Ans.
a)Astherockrises,theverticalcomponentofitsvelocitygetssmaller.
b)Astherockfalls,theverticalcomponentofitsvelocitygetslarger.

Chapter10ReviewQuestionscontinuedpg.197

7. Aprojectilefallsbeneaththestraightlinepathitwouldfollowiftherewerenogravity.How
manymetersdoesitfallbelowthislineifithasbeentravelingfor:a)1sec?b)2seconds?Seefig.
10.6,pg.180
Ans.
a)5meters.
b)20meters
Comparetheseanswerstothedistanceanobjectinfreefallwoulddropin1sec.In2sec.Seetable
3.3page47
8. Doesyouranswertothelastquestiondependontheangleatwhichtheprojectileislaunched?
Ans.
No.

15

10 Aprojectileislaunchedverticallyat100m/s.Ifairresistancecanbeneglected,atwhatspeed
willitreturntoitsinitiallevel?
Ans.
100m/s(thesamespeedwithwhichitleft).
12. Whywillaprojectilethatmoveshorizontallyat8km/sfollowacurvethatmatchesthecurvature
oftheearth?
Ans.
Everysecondtheprojectilewilltravelahorizontaldistanceof8kmanddropavertical
distanceof5meters.TheEarthcurves5metersforevery8kmofsurface,sotheobjectnever
changesitsdistancefromtheEarthssurface.
15.Whydoesnttheforceofgravitychangethespeedofasatelliteincircularorbit?
Ans.
Gravityispullingatrightanglestothedirectionthatthesatelliteincircularorbitis
moving.Theforcearightangleschangesthedirectionofthesatellitesmotion,notitsspeed.
Ch.10pg.198

Exercises

1. Aheavycrateaccidentallyfallsfromahighflyingairplanejustasitfliesdirectlyaboveashiny
redCamarosmartlyparkedinacarlot.RelativetotheCamaro,wherewillthecratecrash?Lookat
thediagraminthetext.
Ans.
ThecratelandsbehindtheCamaro,inthedirectionthattheplanewasheading
6. Afriendclaimsthatbulletsfiredbysomehighpoweredriflestravelformanymetersina
straightlinepathwithoutdropping.Anotherfrienddisputesthisclaimandstatesthatallbullets
1 2
fromanyrifledropbeneathastraightlinepathaverticaldistancegivenby X gt andthatthe
2
curvedpathisapparentatlowvelocitiesandlessapparentathighvelocities.Nowitsyourturn.
Willallbulletsdropthesameverticaldistanceinequaltimes?Explain.
Ans.
Yes.Allobjectsinfreefall,neartheEarthssurfaceacceleratedownat10m/s/swhen
wedisregardairfriction.

Chapter10ReviewQuestionscontinuedpg.198
9. Whenarifleisbeingfiredatadistanttarget,whyisthebarrellinedupsothatitpointsexactlyat
thetarget?
Ans.
Whenthebulletleavesthebarrelitisinfreefallandwillbeginacceleratingdownat
approximately10m/s/sandwillfallbelowastraightlinepath.
10. Aparkrangershootsamonkeyhangingfromabranchofatreewithatranquilizingdart.The
rangeraimsdirectlyatthemonkey,notrealizingthatthedartwillfollowaparabolicpathandthus

16

fallbelowthemonkey.Themonkey,however,seesthedartleavethegunandletsgoofthebranch
toavoidbeinghit.Willthemonkeybehitanyway?Doesthevelocityofthedartaffectyour
answer,assumingitisgreatenoughtotraveltothetreebeforehittingtheground?Defendyour
answer.
Ans.
Wewilldiscussthisinclass.
14.Assumingnoairresistance,whydoesan8km/shorizontallyfiredprojectilenotstrikethe
earthssurface?
Ans.
Askinclass.
16.Whenthespaceshuttlecoastsinacircularorbitatconstantspeedabouttheearth,isit
accelerating?
Ans.Yesitisacceleratingtowardthecenteroftheearth.Anaccelerationtowardthecenterof
theorbitiscalledcentripetalacceleration.Allobjectsthatmoveinacircleatconstantspeed
acceleratetowardthecenterofthecircle.
21. Asatellitecanorbit5kilometerabovethemoon,butnotat5kilometerabovetheEarth.Why?
Ans.ThemoondoesnothaveanatmospheretoslowthesatellitedownandtheEarthdoes.
42. IfyoustopanEarthsatellitedeadinitstracks,itwouldsimplycrashintotheEarth.Whydont
thecommunicationssatellitesthathovermotionlessabovefixedpositionsoverthesamespoton
theEarthcrash?
Askthisoneinclass.
Extra:
Trueorfalse.Whenairresistancedoesnotaffectthemotionofaprojectile,itcovers
equalhorizontaldistancesinequaltimeintervals.
Ans.
True.

Ch.10problemspg.200
2. Anairplaneisflyinghorizontallywithspeed280m/swhenanenginefallsofdontyouhate
whenthathappens.Neglectingairresistance,ifittakes30secondsfortheenginetohittheground:
a)Howhighwastheplane?

17

Ans. a)
X=Vot+1/2at2
SincetheinitialvelocityVoverticallyiszero,theequationreducesto:
X=0+1/2at2=1/2(10m/s)(30sec)2=4500meters
b)calculatehowfarhorizontallytheenginetravelswhileitfalls.
Sincetheengineisnotacceleratinginthehorizontaldirection,theequationreduces
to:
m
X V t 280 (30sec) 8400 meters
Ans. b)
s

c)Iftheplanecontinuesflyinginastraightlineat280m/s,whereistheenginerelativetothe
planewhentheenginehitstheground?
Ans.

c)

Theengineis4500metersdirectlybelowtheplane.

Ch.4NewtonsSecondLawofMotion
p.65ReviewQuestions

18

3.
Howgreatistheforceoffrictioncomparedwithyourpushonacratethatdoesntmove
onalevelfloor?
Ans. Theyareequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirection.
4.
Ans.

Asyouincreaseyourpush,willfrictiononthecrateincreasealso?
Yesitwill.

5.
Ans.

Oncethecrateissliding,howharddoyoupushtokeepitmovingatconstantvelocity.
Withaforcethatisjustequaltothekineticorslidingfriction.

6.
Ans.

Whichisnormallygreater,staticfrictionorkineticfriction?
Staticfrictionisalmostalwaysgreater.

10.
Ans.

Whatrelationshipdoesmasshavewithinertia?
Massisameasureofanobjectsinertia.

11.
Whatrelationshipdoesmasshavewithweight?
Ans. Anobjectsweightisdirectlyproportionaltoitsmass.Weight=mg.Ifyoutriplethe
objectsmass,itsweightistripled.
12.
Ans.

Whichismorefundamental,massorweight?Whichvarieswithlocation.
Massismorefundamental.Weightchangeswithlocation.

14.
Fillintheblanks:TheStandardInternationalunitformassisthekilogram.TheSIunit
forforceisthenewton.
16.
Ans.

Whatistheweightofa1kilogramweightneartheearthssurface?
1kilogram.

19.
Ans.

Clearlydistinguishamongmass,weight,andvolume.
Massisameasureofanobjectsresistancetoachangeinitsvelocity.
Weightistheforceofgravityonanobject.
Volumeistheamountofspacethatanobjectoccupies.
20.
Isaccelerationdirectlyorinverselyproportionaltomass?Giveanexample.
Ans. Accelerationisinverselyproportionaltothemassofanobject.SportUtilityVehiclesare
generallymoremassivethancarsandhavepooraccelerationunlessalotofextrahorsepoweris
added.
21.
Ifthenetforceactingonaslidingblockissomehowtripled,byhowmuchdoesthe
accelerationincrease?
Ans. Sinceaccelerationisdirectlyproportionaltothenetforceappliedtoanobject,ifthenet
forceistripled,theaccelerationwillbetripled.

19

Ch.4NewtonsSecondLawofMotion;p.66ReviewQuestionscontinued
22.
Ifwesaythatonequantityisproportionaltoanotherquantity,doesthismeantheyare
equaltoeachother?Explainbriefly,usingmassandweightasanexample.
Ans. Beingproportionaldoesnotmeanbeingequal.Yourweightisproportionaltoyourmass
butnotequaltoyourmass.Mymassisabout70kilogramsandmyweightisabout700
newtons.BeingproportionalmeansthatifIdoubledmymassto140kilograms,myweight
woulddoubleandbe1400newtons.Massandweightarenotequal,buttheyareproportionalto
eachother.

23.
Ifthenetforceonaslidingblockistripled,byhowmuchdoestheaccelerationincrease?
Ans. Theaccelerationofanobjectisdirectlyproportionaltothenetforceappliedtotheobject.
Ifyoutriplethenetforceontheobject,youtripleitsacceleration.
24.
Ifthemassofaslidingblockistripledwhileaconstantnetforceisapplied,byhowmuch
doestheaccelerationdecrease?
Ans. Theaccelerationofanobjectisinverselyproportionaltoitsmass.Ifyoutriplethemass
oftheobjectwhilemaintainingthesamenetforce,itsaccelerationwillbeonethirdofits
originalvalue.
25.
Ifthemassofaslidingblockistripledatthesametimethenetforceonitistripled,how
doestheresultingaccelerationcomparetotheoriginalacceleration?
Ans. Therewillbenochangeintheobjectsacceleration.Pleaselookatformulathatfollows.
3F
F
A
isthesameas A
sothereisnochangeintheacceleration.
3M
M
27.
Whatismeantbyfreefall??
Ans. Anobjectisinfreefallwhentheonlyforcesactingonitaregravityandpossiblyair
friction.Airfrictionisoftenignoredwhenitsvalueissmallwhencomparedtotheforceof
gravityontheobject.
30.
Whatisthenetforcethatactsona10newtonfreelyfallingobject?
Ans. Ifweignoreairfriction,thenetforceonanobjectinfreefallisitsweight,inthiscase,10
newtons.
31.
a)Whatisthenetforcethatactsona10newtonfallingobjectwhenitencounters4
newtonsofairresistance?b)10newtonsofairresistance?
Ans. a)10N4N=6newtons
b)10N10N=0newtons
32.
Whattwoprincipalfactorsaffecttheforceofairresistanceonafallingobject?
Ans. Thespeedofthefallingobjectanditsshape(thelargerthesurfaceareaperpendicularto
thedirectionofmotion,thelargerthearefriction).
20

33.
Ans.

Whatistheaccelerationofafallingobjectthathasreacheditsterminalvelocity?
0m/s/s.Canyouexplainwhy?

Ch.4NewtonsLawsSecondLawofMotion
ExtraReviewQuestionsCh.4
Whatkindofpathwouldtheplanetsfollowifsuddenlynoforceactedonthem?
Ans. Sincetherearenounbalanceforcesactingontheplanets,Newtonsfistlawofmotion
tellsusthattheywouldtravelinastraightlineatconstantspeed.Alltheplanets,includingthe
Earth,wouldstoprevolvingaroundtheSun,andwewouldnotcontinuetolivehappilyever
after.
Extra: Acartispulledtotheleftwithaforceof100newtonsandtotherightwithaforceof30
newtons.Whatisthenetforceonthecart?
Ans. Theforcesareinoppositedirections.Ifwechooseleftaspositiveandrightasnegative,
wecansaythatwehavetwoforces,oneequalsplus100newtonsandtheotherequalsminus30
newtons.Nowaddthetwoforces.
100newtons+30newtons=70newtonstotheleft.
Extra: Considerawomanweighing500newtonswhostandswithherweightevenlydividedon
apairofbathroomscales.a)Whatisthereadingoneachscale?b)Ifsheshiftsherweightsoone
ofthescalesreads300newtons,whatwilltheotherscaleread?
Ans. a)250newtons
b)200newtons
Extra: a)Whatistheaccelerationofanobjectthatmovesatconstantvelocity?b)Whatisthe
netforceontheobjectinthiscase?
Ans. a)0m/s/s,whenthereisnochangeinvelocity,therecanbenoacceleration.
b)0
Newtons,anobjectmovingatconstantvelocitydoesnothaveanunbalancedforceactingonit.
Ch.4Reviewquestions
Extra: Ifyoupushhorizontallywithaforceof50newtonsonacrateandmakeitslideat
constantvelocity,a)howmuchfrictionactsonthecrate?b)Ifyouincreaseyourforce,willthe
crateaccelerate?Explain.
a)50newtons.Wearetoldthatthecratemovesatconstantvelocity.FromNewtons
1stlaw,weknowthatthenetforcemustbezero.Inordertogetanetforceofzeroweneedto
have50newtonsofbackwardforcetooffsetthe50newtonsthatwepushwith.
b)Yes.Sincetheforcethatyouapplyislargerthanthefrictionalforce,youwillhavean
unbalanceforce.Wheneveranunbalancedforceisappliedtoanobject,theobjectaccelerates.
Extra: Whydoactionandreactionpairsofforcesnevercanceloneanother?
Ans. Actionreactionreferstoforcesthatareappliedtodifferentobjects.Forcescanonly
canceleachotheroutiftheyareappliedtothesameobject.

21

Extra: Iftheforcesthatactonabulletandtherecoilinggunfromwhichitisfiredareequalin
magnitude,whydothebulletandgunhaveverydifferentaccelerations?
F
Ans. Becausetheyhavedifferentmasses. A
M

ExercisesCh4,p.66
1.
WhatisthenetforceonaMercedesconvertibletravelingalongastraight
roadatasteadyspeedof100km/hr?
Ans. 0Newtons.Doyouknowwhy?Ifnot,askinclass.
2.
Canthevelocityofanobjectreversedirectionwhilemaintainingaconstant
acceleration?Ifso,giveanexample,ifnotexplainwhy.
Askandanswerinclassfor+2pts.
3
Ifanobjecthasnoacceleration,canyouconcludethatnoforcesareexertedonit?
Explain.
Ans. No.Youcanonlyconcludethesumofalltheforcesontheobjectiszero.
5.
Ifittakes1Newtonofforcetopushhorizontallyonyourbooktomakeitslideat
constantvelocity,howmuchforceoffrictionactsonthebook?
Ans. Theremustbea1Newtonforceoffrictionbackintheoppositedirection.Theforces
willcanceleachotheroutandthenetforcewillbezerothebookmustthenmoveatconstant
velocity.
6
Cananobjectroundacurvewithoutanyforceactingonit?
Ans. No.Goingaroundacurveinvolveschangingthedirectionoftravel.Anobjectcannot
changeitsspeedordirectionwithouttheapplicationofanunbalancedforce.
9.
A400kgbeargraspingaverticaltreeslidesdownatconstantvelocity.Whatisthe
frictionforcethatactsonthebear?
Ans. 4000newtons
11.
Intheorbitingspaceshuttleyouarehandedtwoidenticalboxes,onefilledwithsandand
theotherfilledwithfeathers.Howcanyoutellwhichiswhichwithoutopeningtheboxes.
Ans. Pusheachofthem.Theonethatismoredifficultytoaccelerateistheonethatismore
massivetheonewiththesandinit.
14.
Whenajunkedcariscrushedintoacompactrectangle,doesa)itsmasschange?b)Its
weightchange?Explain.
Ans. Itsmassandweightdonotchange.Itsvolume(theamountofspaceittakesup)
changes.
22

15.
Gravitationalforceonthemoonisonly1/6thatofthegravitationalforceontheearth.
Whatwouldbetheweightofa10kilogramobjectonthea)earthandontheb)moon?
c)Whatwoulditsmassbeonthemoonandontheearth?
Ans. a)EarthWeight=mg=10kg(10m/s/s)=100newtons.
100newtons
17newtons
b)Moonweight=
6
c)10kilograms;anobjectsmassdoesntchangewithlocation.

ExercisesCh4,p.67continued
18.
Ans.

a)Whatisyourownmassinkilograms?b)Whatisyourweightinnewtons.
a)Mymassis73kilograms. b)Myweightis730newtons

160lbs
72.7 73kg
2.2

weight 73kg(10

m
) 730newtons
s2

Idividedmyweightinpoundsby2.2inordertodeterminemymass.Youshoulddivideyour
weightinpoundsby2.2todetermineyourmass.
19.
Arocketbecomesprogressivelyeasiertoaccelerateasittravelsthroughspace.Whyis
thisso?(Hint:About90%ofthemassofanewlylaunchedrocketisfuel.)
Ans. Ifyoudontknowtheanswertothisone,pleaseaskinclass.
30.
Whatistheaccelerationofarockatthetopofitstrajectory(flightpath)whenthrown
straightupward?IsyouranswerconsistentwithNewtonssecondlawofmotion?
Ans. 10m/s/sdown.ThisisconsistentwithNewtonssecondlaw.
32.
Afriendsaysthataslongasacarisatrest,noforcesactonit.Whatdoyousayifyou
areinthemoodtocorrectyourfriend.
Ans. Weknowthatthecarhasweightsotheremustmeatleastoneforceonit.Wealsoknow
thatacaratrestisnotacceleratingsothesumofallforcesonthecarmustbezero.Thereis
anotherforce,calledthenormalforce,thatispushingthecarupawayfromtheroad.Iwill
explainlaterinthesemesterhowtheroadisabletopushuponthecarwithaforcethatisexactly
equaltoitsweight.
33
Whenyourcarmovesalongthehighwayatconstantvelocity,thenetforceonitiszero.
Whythen,doyoucontinuerunningyourengine?
Ans. Theengineissupplyingtheenergythatallowsthewheelstopushthecarforward.Wind
friction(andothersourcesoffriction)ispushingthecarbackward.Whenthecarismovingat
constantvelocity,thesumofalltheseforcesmustbezero.Ifyouturnofftheengine,frictional
forceswillslowthecardown.

23

34.
Ashootingstarisusuallyagrainofsandfromouterspacethatgivesofflightasit
burnsup.Whatexactlycausesthisburning?
Ans. Airfriction.
35.
a)Whatisthenetforceonanapplethatweights1newtonwhenyouholditatrestabove
thefloor?b)Whatisthenetforceonitwhenyoureleaseit?
Ans. a)Zero.
b)1newton

ExtraexercisesCH.4
Extra Ifwefindanobjectthatisnotmovingeventhoughweknowittobeactedonbyaforce,
whatinferencecanwedraw.
Ans. Becauseitisnotaccelerating,weknowthatthesumofallforcesthatareactingonthe
objectiszero.Sincewearetoldthataforceactsontheobject,weknowthattheremustbeone
ormoreforcesactingontheobjectwhosesumisequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirectionto
thefirstforce.
Extra Iftheearthexertsaforceof1000newtonsonanorbitingcommunicationssatellite,how
muchforcedoesthesatelliteexertontheearth?Explain.
Ans. Newtonsthirdlawofmotiontellsusthatsatellitemustbeexertinga1000newtonforce
ontheearth.
Extra Yourweightistheresultofagravitationalforceoftheearthonyourbody.Whatisthe
correspondingreactionforce?
Ans. Themassofyourbodyispullingbackontheearth.

Problemsch4.pg.68
2.
Whatistheaccelerationofa40kgblockofcementwhenpulledsidewayswithanet
forceof200Newtons?
Ans.

F
M

200newtons
m
5 2
40ki log rams
s

24

4.
Ifamassof1kgisaccelerated1m/s2byaforceof1newton,whatwouldbethe
accelerationof2kgactedonbyaforceof2newtons?
Ans. 1m/s2

ExtraproblemCH.4
a)Ifyoustandnexttoawallonafrictionlessskateboardandpushthewallwithaforce
of30N,howharddoesthewallpushonyou?
Ans. 30newtonsintheoppositedirection.
b)Ifyourmassis60kg,whatisyouracceleration?
Ans. 1/2m/s2.

Ch.5ReviewQuestions
4.

StateNewtonsthirdlawofmotion.
Seethethingstoknowbyheartpageofthismanual.

5
Considerhittingabaseballwithabat.Ifwecalltheforceontheballtheactionforce,
identifythereactionforce.
Ans. Thereactionforceisthebackwardforceonthebatduetotheball.
9.
TheEarthpullsdownonyouwithagravitationalforcethatwecallyourweight.Doyou
pullupontheEarthwiththesameamountofforce?
Ans. Yes.Newtonsthirdlawtellsusthatwedo.
10.Iftheforcesthatactonabulletandtherecoilinggunfromwhichitisfiredareequalin
magnitude,whydothebulletandgunhaveverydifferentaccelerations?
Ans. Thehaveverydifferentmasses.AccordingtoNewtonssecondlawofmotion,the
accelerationofanobjectisinverselyproportionaltoitsmass.Therefore,thesmallmassbullet
receivesaverylargeacceleration.
13.
Canyouphysicallytouchanotherpersonwithoutthatpersontouchingyouwiththesame
magnitudeofforce?
Ans. No!No!AthousandtimesNo!
16.
Whatisavectorquantity?Givethreeexamples.
Ans. Avectorissomethingthathasmagnitude(anumber)anddirection.Threethingsthat
arevectorsaredisplacement,velocity,andacceleration.

25

17.
Whatisascalarquantity?Givethreeexamples.
Ans. Ascalarquantityhasmagnitudeonly.Speed,distancetraveledandvolumeareexamples
ofscalarquantities.

Ch.5Exercisesp.82
8.
Two100newtonweightsareattachedtoaspringscaleasshown.Doesthescaleread0,
100,or200newtons.Hint:Woulditreadanydifferentlyifoneoftheropesweretiedtothewall
insteadoftothehanging100newtonweight?
springscale

100newtons
Ans.

100newtons

Itreads100Newtons.Askinclassifthisconfusesyou.

14.
Youpushaheavycarbyhand.Thecarinturnpushesbackonyouwithaforcethatis
equalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirectiontothefirstforce.Whydonttheforcescanceleach
otheroutmakingaccelerationimpossible?
Ans. Theforcesactondifferentobjectssotheycannotcanceleachotherout.
16.
Thestrongmanwillpushthetwoinitiallystationaryfreightcarsofequalmassapart
beforehehimselfdropstotheground(seediagrampg.83intext).Isitpossibleforhimtogive
eitherofthecarsagreaterspeedthantheother?Whyorwhynot.
26

Ans.

Notpossible.Askinclassifyoudontunderstand.

19.
a)IfaMacktruckandaHondaCivichaveaheadoncollision,uponwhichvehicleisthe
impactforcegreater?Explainyouanswer.
Ans. Theforcesonthetruckandcarareequalinmagnitudebutoppositeindirection
Newtonsthirdlawofmotion.
24.
Twopeopleofequalmassattemptatugofwarwitha12meterlongropewhilestanding
onfrictionlessice.Whentheypullontherope,theyeachslidetowardeachother.Howdotheir
accelerationscompare,andhowfardoeseachpersonslidebeforetheymeet?
Ans. Theiraccelerationsareequalandtheymeetinthemiddle.Ifyoudontunderstandwhy,
pleaseaskinclass.
28.
Ans.

Whentwovectorssumtozero,howmusttheyberelated?
Theywillbeequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirection.

Ch.5Exercisesp.82continued
31.
a)Whydoesverticallyfallingrainmakeslantedstreaksonthesidewindowsofa
movingautomobile?b)Ifthestreaksmakeanangleof45,whatdoesthistellyouaboutthe
relativespeedofthecarandthefallingrain.
Ans. a)Astherainmovesdownthesidewindow,thecarmovesforward,makingtherain
flowtowardthebackofthewindow.
b)A45angleiscreatedonlywhentheverticaldistancethattherainfallsisequaltothe
horizontaldistancethatthecarmoves.Thiscanonlyhappeniftherainisfallingatthesame
speedthatthecarismoving.
45

Equal distances

Volunteertohelpdemonstrateproblem31inclassforplus2.

27

Extra: Ifyouwalkedat1m/sdowntheaisleofabusthatismovingat10m/salongtheroad,
howfastareyoumovingrelativetotheroadwhenyouwalktowardthe:a)frontofthebus?b)
Towardtherearofthebus?
Ans. a)10m/s+1m/s=11m/s
b)10m/s1m/s=9m/s
Extra: Anairplanetravels200km/hrthroughtheair.Ifitheadsdirectlyagainsta40km/hr
wind,whatisitsspeedrelativetothegroundbelow?
Ans. Thewindisblowingintheoppositedirectionofmotion.Wewilllabeltheforward
directionasplusandtheoppositedirectionasminus.
+200km/hr+40km/hr=160km/hr.
Chapter5problem#2
2a)
Ifyoustandnexttoawallonafrictionlessskateboardandpushthewallwithaforceof
30N,howharddoesthewallpushback?
Ans. Thewallwillpushbackonyouwithaforceof30newtons.
b)

Ifyoumassis60kilograms,whatisyouracceleration?
Ans.

F
M

30newtons
m
.5 2
60ki log rams
s

Ch.8ReviewQuestionsp.147
1. Whyisthelinearspeedgreaterforahorseontheoutsideofamerrygoroundthanfora
horseclosertothecenter?
Ans. Thehorseontheoutsideofthemerrygoroundhastogofurtherinthesameamountof
timethantheoneontheinside.
2.
Ans.

Whatismeantbytangentialspeed?
Tangentialspeedisthelinearspeedoftheobject,tangenttothecurve.

3.
Distinguishbetweentangentialspeedandrotationalspeed.
Ans. Rotationalspeed,oftencalledangularvelocity,istherateatwhichanobjectrotates.The
angularvelocityofthecrankshaftofanengineismeasuredinrevolutionsperminute,RPM.Itis
thenumberofrotationsperunittime.Thetangentialspeedisthelinearspeedofanobject,
tangenttothecurve.
8.
Whatisrotationalinertia,andhowdoesitcomparetoinertiaasstudiedinprevious
chapters?
Ans. Rotationalinertia,oftencalledmomentofinertia,isthesumoftheproductsofan
objectsmassmultipliedbytheirdistancetothecenterofrotationsquared.Inertiaisthe
resistanceanobjecthastoachangeinitsvelocityandonlydependsonthemassofanobject.

28

9.
Inertiadependsonmass;rotationalinertia(betterknownasmomentofinertia)depends
onmassandsomethingelse.What?
Ans. Momentofinertia,Idependsonmassanditsdistancefromthecenterofrotation.
I mr

15.
Whatdoesatorquetendtodotoanobject.
Ans. Torquewillchangetheangularvelocityofonobject.Ifitisnotrotating,andunbalanced
torquewillmakeanobjectstarttorotate.
17.
Ans.

Howdoclockwiseandcounterclockwisetorquescomparewhenasystemisbalanced?
Theyareequal.

26.
Whenyouwhirlacanattheendofastringinacircularpath,whatisthedirectionofthe
forcethatisexertedonthecan?
Ans. Theforceisdirectedtowardthecenterofthecircle.
velocity
force

27.
Isitaninwardforceoranoutwardforcethatisexertedontheclothsduringthespincycle
ofanautomaticwasher?
Ans. Inwardforce.
Ch.8ReviewQuestionsp.148continued
28.
Ifthestringbreaksthatholdsawhirlingcaninitscircularpath,whatkindofforcecauses
ittomoveinastraightlinepathcentripetal,centrifugal,ornoforce?Whatlawofphysics
supportsyouranswer?
Ans. Noforce.Newtonsfirstlawofmotion.

29.
Ifyouarenotwearingaseatbeltandyouslideacrossyourseatandslamagainstadoor
whenthecarroundsacurve,whatkindofforceisresponsiblecentripetal,centrifugalorno
force?
Ans. Noforcewasappliedtoyou.Thecarhadacentripetalforceappliedtoitwhichcaused
thecartoslideoutfromunderyou.Askaboutthisinclassplease.
Extra Inwhatdirectionshouldaforcebeappliedtoproducemaximumtorque?
Ans. Atrightanglestoalinethatradiatesoutfromthecenteroftheobject.

29

35.
Distinguishbetweenlinearmomentumandangularmomentum.
Ans. Linearmomentumistheproductofanobjectsmasstimesitsvelocity.Angular
momentumistheproductofanobjectsmomentofinertiaanditsangularvelocity.Angular
momentumdependsontherateatwhichanobjectisrotating,itsmassandthedistanceofthe
massfromthecenterofrotation.

37.
Whatdoesitmeantosaythatangularmomentumisconserved?
Ans. Unlessanunbalancedtorqueisappliedtoanobject,ittotalangularmomentumwillnot
change.Itsmomentofinertiaanditsangularvelocitycanchangebuttheywillchangeinsuch
awaythatthetotalangularmomentumisconstant.
L=Iwwhere I mr 2 andwistheangularvelocityoftheobject.

Chapter8Exercisespg.150
10.
Ifyouwalkalongthetopofafence,whydoesholdingyourarmsouthelpyoutokeep
yourbalance?
Ans. Holdingyourarmsoutincreasesyourmomentofinertia.
18.
Isthenettorquechangedwhenapartneronaseesawstandsorhangsfromherend
insteadofsitting?
Ans. Sincetorqueistheproductofperpendicularcomponentoftheforcemultipliedby
thedistancetothepivot,torqueisnoteffectedbecauseneitheroneofthesethingschanges.
36.
Whenalongrangecannonballisfiredtowardtheequatorfromanorthernorsouthern
latitude,itlandswestofitsintendedtarget.Why?

30

Ans.

Askthisoneinclassfor+2points.

37.
Whenyouareinthefrontpassengerseatofacarturningtotheleft,youmayfind
yourselfpressedagainsttherightsidedoor.Whydoyoupressagainstthedoor?Whydoesthe
doorpressagainstyou?DoesthecorrectanswerinvolveacentrifugalforceorNewtonslawsof
motion?
Ans. Askthisoneinclassfor+2points.

Ch.9Gravity
ReviewQuestionsp.172
4.
StateNewtonslawofuniversalgravitationinwords.Thendothesamewithone
equation.
Ans. Theattractiveforceofgravitybetweentwoobjectsindirectlyproportionaltothemassof
theobjectsandinverselyproportionaltothetheirseparationdistancesquared.

31

2
m1 m 2
11 Nm

6.67
X
10
; where
Justrememberthatthisisasmall
F
kg 2
d2

number.

6.
Whatisthemagnitudeofthegravitationalforcebetweentheearthanda1kilogram
object?
Ans. Weight=mg=1kg(10m/s/s)=10newtons.
7.
Whatisthemagnitudeofthegravitationalforcebetweentheearthandyourbody?
Ans. Thisisanotherwayofaskingwhatyourweightis.Formetheansweris160pounds,
whichequalsabout730newtonsinthemetricsystem.
9.
Howdoestheforceofgravitybetweentwoobjectschangewhenthedistancebetween
themisdoubled?
Ans. Theforceofgravityisinverselyproportionaltothedistancebetweenthetwoobjects.
Thatmeansifyoudoublethedistancebetweentheobjects,theforceofgravitypullingthem

togetherwillbe 2 ofitspreviousvalue.
4
2
Extra. Howdoestheforceofgravitybetweentwoobjectsdependontheirmasses?
Ans. Theforceofgravityisdirectlyproportionaltothemassofeachobject.Thatmeansif
youdoublethemassofoneoftheobjects,youwilldoubletheforceofgravityontheobject.

Ch.9Exercisesp.174
3,
Whatwouldbethepathofthemoonifsomehowallgravitationalforcesonitvanishedto
zero?

32

Ans. Themoonwouldmoveinastraightlineatconstantspeed.Itwouldnotbeasatelliteof
theEarth.
9.
Afriendsaysthatastronautsinorbitareweightlessbecausetheyrebeyondthepullof
Earthsgravity.Correctyourfriendsignorance.
Ans. Askaboutthisoneinclassfor+2points.
12.
Theearthandthemoonareattractedtoeachotherbygravitationalforce.Doesthemore
massiveearthattractthelessmassivemoonwithaforcethatisgreater,smallerorthesameas
theforcewithwhichthemoonattractstheearth?
Ans. Theforcesareequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirection(Newtons3rdlaw).
20.
Ifyouwereinacarthatdroveofftheedgeofacliff,whywouldyoufeelweightless?
Wouldgravitystillbeactingonyouinthisstate?
Ans. Gravitywouldstillbeactingonyou.Thesensationofhavingweightrequiresthatyoube
incontactwithsomethingthatdoesnthavethesameaccelerationthatyoudo.Bothyouandthe
carareacceleratingdownatthesamerate,10m/s/sdown.
22.
Ifyouwereinafreelyfallingelevatorandyoudroppedapencil,youwouldseethe
pencilhovering.Isthepencilfalling?Explain.
Ans. Yes,thepencilisfallingwiththesameaccelerationandvelocitythatyouare.Because
youandthepencilarealwaysfallingatthesamerate,itneverreachesyourfeet.Thisisvery
similartocarsonthehighway.Iftheyareallgoingatthesamespeedinthesamedirectionthen
theykeeptheirsameposition,justastheywouldiftheywereallatrest.
24.
Ifthemasstotheearthsomehowincreased,withallotherfactorsremainingthesame,
wouldyourweightalsoincrease?
Ans. Yes.Theforceofgravityisdirectlyproportionaltothemassoftheobjectsinvolved.
Increasingthemassofoneoftheobjectsincreasestheforceofgravitypullingtheobjects
together. F

m1 m 2
d2

Extra: Whatarethemagnitudeanddirectionofthegravitationalforcethatactsonamanwho
weights700newtonsatthesurfaceoftheearth?
Ans. Magnitude=700newtons;Directionistowardthecenteroftheearth.

Problemsch.9pg176
33

1.
Findthechangeintheforceofgravitybetweentwoplanetswhenthedistancebetween
themisdecreasedbyafactoroffive.
Ans. Ifthedistancesis1/5oftheoriginalseparation,thenewforceis25timestheoriginal
force.Askinclassifyoudontunderstandthis.
3.
Thevalueofgattheearthssurfaceisapproximately10m/s2.Whatisthevalueofg
atadistancefromtheearthscenterthatis4timestheearthsradius?
Ans. 10/16=5/8m/s2
IfyoudontknowwhyIdividedby16,askinclass.Thanks.

34

Things to know by heart---Review for test 1---Physics for Today

Equation
Displacement - an objects distance and direction from
an earlier location. The symbol that we use for displacement
is X. If you know an objects starting velocity and acceleration,
you can calculate its displacement with the following formula:
Speed- The rate at which an object changes its position.
Vector- Something that has both magnitude and direction.
Average Velocity- ( V ) An objects speed and direction.

Metric Units

X X 2 X 1 meters

1
X Vo t at
2

average V

meters/sec;

meters; m
meters/sec
m/s

Instantaneous Velocity- ( Vf)An objects speed and direction

Vf V0 a t meters/sec;

Acceleration- ( A )The rate at which an objects

at a particular time.

m/s

V
T

m /sec

m/s/s
velocity changes. You can change an objects velocity by changing
its speed or direction.
The acceleration of all objects in freefall (g), near the Earths surface,
when we disregard air friction, is always 10 m/s/s down.
Inertia- An objects resistance to a change in its velocity. The more inertia
an object has, the harder it is to change its speed or direction.
Mass- ( m) A measure of an objects inertia. If an object has
a large mass, it has a lot of inertia.

kilogram; kg

Force-(F) A push or pull.

Newton;

m 1m 2

kg m
sec 2

Force of gravity- The force of attraction that all objects have

for each other.

Torque-The turning effect of a force.

torque F d meter-newtons;

Angular velocity- ( )The rate at which an object is spinning.

35

d2

Newton

foot-pounds
rotations
second

Moment of inertia- ( I ) An objects resistance to a change in

its angular velocity.
Angular momentum- ( L ) The product of an objects moment
of inertia and its angular velocity. Angular momentum is conserved.
Newtons Three laws of motion :

I m d

kg m

L I

1. An object at rest will remain at rest, an object in motion will remain in motion at a
constant velocity, unless an unbalanced force is applied to it.
2. The acceleration of an object is directly proportional to the unbalanced force applied
F
to the object and inversely proportional to the objects mass. A
M
3. For every force applied to an object, there is another force that is exactly equal in
magnitude but opposite in direction applied to the other object.

Here is an example of one of the more mathematical questions that may be asked on
test 1:
A fast moving radio controlled car enters the room and is moving with a velocity
of 6 m/sec. After 2 seconds it is moving at 10 meters per second and
is 16 meters from the place where it first entered the room. In two more seconds it is
moving at 14 m/s.
Determine the following: a) its initial velocity b) its acceleration c) distance traveled
after 4 seconds.

Part (a)
Initial velocity is the velocity of an object at the beginning of the problem.
From reading the problem, we determine that the initial velocity of the object is 6 m/sec.
Acceleration is defined as the rate at which an objects velocity changes.

Part(b)

10

m
m
m
6
4
m
s
s
s

2 2
2 sec
2 sec
sec

Part(c)
Use the displacement formula to determine how far the object has gone.
Note that the initial velocity of the car is 6 m/s and that we determined in part b that

36

the acceleration of the car is 2m/s/s. Also notice that we want the distance traveled in
4 seconds.
Vo= 6m/s
a= 2m/s2
t= 4 seconds
1 2
Therefore, since X Vo t at
2
1
2
X 6 4 2 4 40 meters
2

Study hard and good luck on the exam.

Hewitt, 9th edition

Section 2-Answers by R.E.Tremblay
Ch.6ReviewQuestionsp.100
1.
Whichhasagreatermomentum,aheavytruckatrestoramovingskateboard?
Ans. Theskateboard.Momentum=massxvelocity.Sincethetruckisnotmoving,ithas
zerovelocityandthereforehaszeromomentum.
2.
Ans.

Howdoesimpulsedifferfromforce?
Impulseistheproductofforceandtime.Itisnotjustforce.

3.
Ans.

Whatarethetwowaystoincreaseimpulse?
Increaseforceorincreasethetimethattheforceisapplied.

7.

Forthesameforce,whichcannonimpartsthegreaterspeedtoacannonballalongbarrel
orshortbarrelcannon?
Ans. Alongbarrelcannonimpartsmorespeedthanashortbarrelbecausetheprojectileisin
thebarrelformoretime.Remember,impulse=Ft.Moretimemeansmoreimpulse,which
meansalargerchangeinmomentum,whichmeansafastermovingcannonball.
9.
Whymightawineglasssurviveafallontoacarpetfloorbutnotontoaconcretefloor?
Ans. Thecarpetprovidesalargerstoppingtimethanaconcretefloor.Thiswillresultina
smallerforceforanygivenchangeinmomentum.
FromFt=pwegetF=p/t.ThereisaninverserelationshipbetweenForceand
time.Alargestoppingtimeresultsinasmallforceappliedtotheglass.
11.
Whywoulditbeabadideatohavethebackofyourhandagainsttheoutfieldwallwhen
youcatchaflyball?
Ans. Thewallwouldpreventyourhandfrommovingbackwardasitappliestheforcetostop
theball.Theresultisashortstoppingtime,whichwouldproducealargeforceonyourhand.It
wouldprobablystingandmaypoptheballoutofyourglove.
FromFt=pwegetF=p/t.ThereisaninverserelationshipbetweenForceandtime.A
smallstoppingtimeresultsinalargeforceappliedtothehand.
37

18.
Whatdoesitmeantosaythataquantityisconserved?
Ans. Aquantityisconservedwhenitstotalamountneverchanges.Evenifyoucan'tfindall
thepieces,youknowthattheyaresomewhere.
19.
Whycanwesaythatwhenwefireabulletfromagun,thatmomentumisconserved.
Ans. Thetotalmomentumofthegunandbulletbeforethetriggerispullediszero.Ifweadd
themomentumofthebullettothemomentumofthegunafterthetriggerispulled,weexpectto
getzero.Rememberthatmomentumisavector,meaningthatithasbothmagnitudeand
direction.Asanexample,pretendthatthebullethasmomentumof
+2kgm/sec.Thegunwillhave2kgm/sec.+22=0
Ch.6Exercisesp.101
1.
Tobringasupertankertoastop,itsenginesaretypicallycutoffabout25kmfromport.
Whyisitsodifficulttostoporturnasupertanker?
Ans. Amovingsupertankerwillhavealotofmomentumevenwhenitismovingslowly
becauseithasalotofmass.Momentumisfoundbymultiplyingtheobjectsmasstimesits
velocity.
2.
Intermsofimpulseandmomentum,whydopaddeddashboardsmakeautomobilessafer?
Ans. Paddeddashboardsaresaferthanunpaddeddashboardsbecausethepaddeddashboard
willincreasethetimerequiredtostopyourheadfrommovingforwardduringanaccident.The
increasedstoppingtimeresultsinasmallerforcebeingappliedtotheperson'shead.
Algebraicallywecanseethattheforce'F'isinverselyproportionaltothestoppingtime.
P
FT PthereforeF
T
3.
Intermsofimpulseandmomentum,whydoairbagsincarsreducethechancesofinjury
incaraccidents?
Ans. Theairbagincreasesthestoppingtimeandthereforedecreasestheforceappliedtoyour
face.
5.
Intermsofimpulseandmomentum,whyarenylonropes,whichstretchconsiderably
undertension,favoredbymountainclimbers?
Ans. Iftheclimberfalls,hehopesthattheropewillapplytheforcethatstopshim.The
stretchingofthenylonropeincreasesthestoppingtime,whichdecreasestheforceonhisbody.
P
FT PthereforeF
T
Again,wecansaythattheforceisinverselyproportionaltothetimethattheforceisapplied.
9.
Itisgenerallymuchmoredifficulttostopaheavytruckthanaskateboardwhenthey
moveatthesamespeed.Stateacasewherethemovingskateboardcouldrequiremorestopping
force.(Considerrelativetimes.)

38

Ans. Theskateboardcouldrequirealargerstoppingforcethanthetruckifthestoppingtime
fortheskateboardwasverysmall.
FT PthereforeF

P
T

Ch.6Exercisesp.101continued
14.
Ifaballisprojectedupwardfromthegroundwith10kgm/sofmomentum,whatisthe
momentumofrecoiloftheworld?Whydowenotfeelthis?
Ans. Theearthmustrecoilwith10unitsofmomentum.Theearthhassomuchmassthatit
wouldhaveaverytinychangeinitsvelocity.
P
M
Theearth'schangeinvelocityisinverselyproportionaltoitsmass.
P MVthereforeV

23
Afullydressedpersonisatrestinthemiddleofapondonperfectlyfrictionlessiceand
mustgettoshore.Howcanthisbeaccomplished?
Ans. Thepersoncouldtakeofftheirshoeandthrowitintheoppositedirectionthattheywant
togoin.Conservationofmomentumdemandsthattheywillmoveslowlyintheopposite
directiononthefrictionlessice.
39.
Whenyouaretravelinginyourcarathighwayspeed,themomentumofabugis
suddenlychangedasitsplattersontoyourwindshield.Comparedtothechangeinmomentumof
thebug,byhowmuchdoesthemomentumofyourcarchange?
Ans. Thecarhasthesameamountofchangeinmomentumasthebugdoes.Askforamore
detailedexplanationinclass.Sowhydoesthebugdie?
40.
IfaMacktruckandaFordEscorthaveaheadoncollision,whichvehiclewillexperience
thegreaterforceofimpact?Thegreaterchangeinmomentum?Thegreateracceleration.
Ans. SamesizeforceonthetruckandtheFordEscort.Samesizeimpulseonthetruckand
FordEscort.SamesizechangeinmomentumofthetruckandFordEscort.
TheFordEscortwillhavealargeraccelerationthanthetruck.Accelerationkills!
f
a
m
FromNewton'ssecondlawofmotion,wecanseethataccelerationisinverselyproportionalto
theobject'smass.

39

41.
Wouldaheadoncollisionbetweentwocarsbemoredamagingtotheoccupantsifthe
carsstucktogetherorifthecarsreboundeduponimpact?
Ans. Theoccupantsinaheadoncollisionwillexperienceanimpulseequaltotheirchangein
momentum.Ifthevehiclesbounce,thereisalargerchangeinmomentumandthereforealarger
impulse.

Ch.6Problems.Pg.103
1.

Whatistheimpulsetostopa10kgbowlingballmovingat6m/s?

FT P MV

Ans.

10kg(6

m
kgm
) 60
=60kgm/secbackward
s
sec

2.
Acarwithamassof1000kg,movesat20m/s.Whatbrakingforceisneededtobring
thecartoahaltin10seconds?
Ans.

Usingtheimpulseequalsthechangeinmomentumequation

weseethat,

FT P MV

MV 1000kg 20m / s

2000 newtons backward

T
10sec.
6.
Lillian(mass40kg)standingonslipperyicecatchesherleapingdog(mass15kg)
movinghorizontallyat3m/s.WhatisthespeedofLillianandherdogafterthecatch?
9.
Askinclass.
F

40

Hewitt9thedition
Ch.7ReviewQuestionsp.120
2.
Whatdowecallthequantityforcexdistance,andwhatquantitydoesitchange?
Ans. WorkbydefinitionequalsForcexdisplacement.Whenworkisdonetoanobject,the
objectgainssomeformofenergy.
3.
Citeanexamplewhereaforceisexertedonandobjectwithoutdoingworkontheobject.
Ans. Iftheobjectisnotdisplaced,thennoworkisdonetoit.Anexamplewouldbeyou
pushingonawallthatdoesnotmove.Althoughyouappliedaforce,therewaszero
displacementandthereforenoworkwasdonetothewall.
4.
Howmanyjoulesofworkaredonewhenaforceof1Nmovesabook2meters.
Ans.Sincework=forcexdisplacement,1Nx2meters=2joulesofwork.
5.
Whichrequiresmoreworkliftinga50kgsackaverticaldistanceof2morliftinga25
kgsackaverticaldistanceof4m.
Ans.Firstnotethatkilogramsarenotunitsofforce.The50kgsackactuallyweighs500
newtons,therefortheforcerequiredtoliftitwillbe500newtons.Likewise,theforcerequiredto
liftthe25kgsackwillbe250newtons.
Theworkdoneliftingthe50kgsackwillbe:W=FX=500nx2m=1000joules
Theworkdoneliftingthe25kgsack4mwillbe:W=FX=250mx4m=1000joules.
Equalamountsofworkaredoneinbothcases.
7.
Howmanywattsofpowerareexpendedwhenaforceof1newtonmovesabook2
metersinatimeintervalof1second?
Ans.
41

Power

work 1n(2m) 2 joules

2watts
time 1sec ond second

9.
Acarisliftedacertaindistanceinaservicestationandthereforehaspotentialenergy
withrespecttothefloor.Ifitwereliftedtwiceashigh,howmuchpotentialenergywouldit
have?
Ans.G.P.E.=mgh.Becauseyoudoubledtheheighth,youmustalsohavedoubledthe
gravitationalpotentialenergyofthecar.
10.
Twocarsareliftedtothesameheightinaservicestation.Ifonecaristwiceasmassive
astheother,howdotheirgravitationalpotentialenergiescompare?
Ans. G.P.E.=mgh.Thecarthatistwiceasmassivemustalsogaintwiceasmuch
gravitationalpotentialenergyastheotherone.ThismustbetruebecauseG.P.E.is
directlyproportionaltothemassoftheobject.
Ch.7ReviewQuestionsp.120continued
11.
Howmanyjoulesofpotentialenergydoesa1kgbookgainwhenitiselevated4m?
Whenitiselevated8m?
Ans. G.P.E.=mgh=1kgx10m/s/sx4m=40joules.
G.P.E.=mgh=1kgx10m/s/sx8m=80joules.
13.
Howmanyjoulesofkineticenergydoesa1kgbookhavewhenitistossedacrossthe
roomatatspeedof2m/s?
1
1
m
kg m
Ans. K.E. mv 2 1kg(2 ) 2 2
=2joules
2
2
s
sec 2
14.
Amovingcarhaskineticenergy.a)Ifitspeedsupuntilitisgoingfourtimesasfast,
howmuchkineticenergydoesithaveincomparison?b)Comparedtoitsoriginalspeed,how
muchworkmustthebrakessupplytostopthefourtimesasfastcar?
Ans. a.Itwillhave16timesasmuchkineticenergy.

b.Thebreakswillhavetodo16timesasmuchwork.Askinclassaboutthis.
15.
Comparedtosomeoriginalspeed,a)howmuchworkmustthebrakesofacarsupplyto
stopafourtimesasfastcar?b)Howwillthestoppingdistancecompare?
1
Ans. a)Lookingattheequation: KE mv 2 weseethatthekineticenergyisproportionalto
2
thevelocitysquared.Sincethecarisgoing4timesfaster,itwillhave 42=16timesmore
kineticenergyandtherefore,thebrakeswillhavetodo16timesmorework.
b)
Sincework=FXwereXisthedisplacement,inordertodo16timesasmuch

workthecarwillhavetogo16timesfurther.Weareassumingthattheforceisconstant.
Extra: Whatwillbethekineticenergyofanarrowshotfromabowhavingapotentialenergyof
40joules?

42

Ans. Ifthebowtransfersallofitsenergytothearrow,thearrowwillhave40joulesofkinetic
energyasitleavesthebow.Thetotalenergyofthearrowwillcontinuetobe40joulesforthe
entireflight.
22
Ans.
Ans.
Ans.

a)
Canamachinemultiplyinputforce?
Yesitcan.
b)
Canamachinemultiplyinputdistance?
Yesitcan.
c)
Canamachinemultiplyinputenergy?
No.No.No.Amachinewillnever,everproducemoreenergythanissuppliedtoit.

25.
Ifthemaninfig.7.15pulls1meterofropedownwardwithaforceof100newtons,and
theloadrises1/7ashigh,whatisthemaximumloadthatcanbelifted?
Ans. Workin=Workout.Work=FX
Sincethedistanceoutis1/7thofthedistancein,theforceoutwillbe7timeslargerthan
theforcein.Thereforetheforceoutwillbe700newtons.Askaboutthisoneinclass.
Ch.7ReviewQuestionsp.120continued
33.
Ifamovingobjectdoublesitsspeed,howmuchmoremomentumdoesithave?
Ans. Sincemomentumisdirectlyproportionaltovelocity,twillhavetwiceasmuch
momentum.
34.
Ifamovingobjectdoublesitsspeed,howmuchmoreimpulsedoesitprovideto
whateveritbumpsinto?
Ans. Double.
Howmuchmoreworkdoesitdoasitisstopped?
Ans. Kineticenergyisproportionaltovelocitysquared.Doublingtheobjectsvelocitywill
increaseitskineticenergyfourtimessoitwillhavetodofourtimesasmuchworkinorderto
stop.

43

Chapter7,Exercises(pg.121)
4.
Whenariflewithalongerbarrelisfired,theforceoftheexpandinggaspushesthebullet
foralongerdistance.Whateffectdoesthishaveonthevelocityoftheemergingbullet?Why?
Ans. Thebulletwillbemovingfasterthanitwouldiffiredfromagunwithashorterbarrel.
Sincetheworkdoneonthebulletequalstheforceappliedmultipliedbythedisplacement,a
longerbarrelmeansthatmoreworkisdonetothebullet.Thekineticenergygainedbythebullet
equalstheworkdonetoit.
Work=FX=K.E.=1/2mv2
Moreworkdonetothebulletmeansthatitgainsmorekineticenergy.Whenanobjectgains
kineticenergy,itgainsvelocity.
13.
a.
AtwhatpointinitsmotionistheKEofapendulumboborachild'sswing,at
maximum?
Ans. Atthebottomofitspath.Canyouexplainwhy?Ifyoucan't,askinclass.
b.
AtwhatpointisitsPEatmaximum?
Ans. Atthetopofitsswing.
c.
WhenisKEhalfofitsmaximumvalueandwhatpercentageofitsPEdoesit
have?
Ans. Whenthecenterofmassoftheswingishalfwaybetweenthehighestandlowest
points,onehalfofitsenergywillbeintheformofgravitationalpotentialenergyandtheother
halfofitsenergywillbeintheformofkineticenergy.
44

Chapter7,Exercisescontinued
14.
Aphysicsinstructordemonstratesenergyconservationbyreleasingaheavypendulum
bob,allowingittoswingoutandback.Whatwouldhappenifinhisexuberancehegavethebob
aslightshoveasitlefthisnose?Explain.
Ans. Ifhepushesthebobaway,hewilldoworktothesystemandputextraenergyinto
it.Thependulumbobwouldswingoutandbackhigherthanthereleasepointandwouldhithis
nose,ifhedidn'tmoveoutoftheway.
20.
Onaslideachildhaspotentialenergythatdecreasesby1000jouleswhileitskinetic
energyincreaseby900joules.Whatotherformofenergyisinvolved,andhowmuch?
Ans.100joulesofenergyaremissing.The100joulesofenergywereusedtodowork
againsttheforceoffriction.
21.
Someonewantstosellyouasuperballandclaimsthatitwillbouncetoaheightgreater
thantheheightatwhichitwasdropped.Canthisbe?
Ans. No,itisnotpossible.Conservationofenergywouldnotallowit.Idobelievein
theconservationofenergyIdobelieve.
24+25. Discussthedesignofarollercoasterintermsofwork,gravitationalpotentialenergyand
kineticenergy.Doeseachhillhavetobelowerthantheprecedinghill?Canthecoasterevergo
higherthanthefirsthill?

45

Ans. Workindonetothecoasterwhenitispulledupthefirsthill.Thatiswherethe
coastergetsallofitsenergy.Atthetopofthefirsthill,theenergyismainlyintheformof
gravitationalpotentialenergy.Thisiswherethe'h'inmghisthelargest.Asthecoastergoes
downahill,itsgravitationalpotentialenergydecreasesanditskineticenergyincreases.The
kineticenergyisatmaximumwhenthecoasterisatitslowestpoint.Thisisalsowherethe
coastermustbemovingthefastest.
Max.potential
energy
Force

Workdone
tocoaster

Max.kinetic
energy

Chapter7,Exercisescontinued
Ans.ex.24+25continued
Thetotalenergywouldremainconstant.Iftherewerenofriction,thetotalenergywould
alwaysbeequaltotheworkdoneonthecoaster.Becausewebelieveintheconservationof
energy,weknowthatwhenthecoastergoesupahillanditsGPEincreases,itskineticenergy
mustdecrease.Whenacoastergoesdownahill,itsGPEwilldecreaseanditskineticenergy
mustincrease.Thehillscanhaveanyheightlessthanthatofthefirsthill.Thecoasterwillnot
beabletogoupahillthatishigherthanthefirstwithouthavingextraenergyaddedsomehow.
Thiswouldviolatethelawofconservationofenergy.
35.
Intheabsenceofairresistance,aballthrownverticallyupwardwithacertaininitial
velocityandkineticenergy,willreturntoitsoriginalpositionwiththesamespeedandkinetic
energy.Whenairresistanceisconsidered,willitreturntoitsoriginallevelwiththesame,less,
ormorekineticenergy?Areanylawsofphysicsviolated?
Ans.Whenweconsiderairresistance,theballwillreturntoitsoriginalheightmoving
slowerthanwhenitwasthrownupward.Thisiscausedbythefactthattheballdidworkwhenit

46

pushedairmoleculesoutofitsway.Becauseitdidwork,itusedupsomeofitsenergyand
thereforehaslesskineticenergythanwhenitstarted.Allisasitshouldbe.
45.
Anexcitingdemonstrationinvolvesaphysicsinstructorlyingonabedofnailswitha
cinderblockonhischest.Theblockisthensmashedwithasledgehammerandtheteacheris
unharmed.Whymusttheteachermakesurethatheislyingonalotofnailsandthattheblockis
massiveandwillbreakfairlyeasily?
Ans. Thenailswillpuncturetheteacher'sskinifthepressureistoogreat.Since
pressureisForce/Area,thelargertheareaofcontactisthesmallerthepressurewillbe.More
nailsmeanmorearea,whichmeanssmallerpressure.Workisdonetotheblockwhenitis
broken.Thisusesupsomeoftheenergyinthesledgehammer.Also,iftheblockismassive,it
willhavealotofinertiaandwillnotbedrivenintotheteacherschest.Thatwouldbeabad
thingouch.

Problems,chapter7
2.
Acarmovingat50km/hrrequires15metersofstoppingdistance.Predictthestopping
distanceforthesamecar,withidenticalroadconditions,ifitismovingat150miles/hr.Usethe
conceptofconservationofenergytoanswerthisquestion.

friction

K.E.=1/2mv2

Velocity

X=stoppingdistance

47

Ans.Thecar'svelocityhastripled.FromKE=1/2mv2weseethatitskineticenergyis
9timesitsoriginalvalue.Itmustdo9timesasmuchworkinstopping.
Work=FXandsinceFisconstant,thestoppingdistancemustbe9timesfurther.
9(15m)=135meters
3.
Inthehydraulicmachineshown,thesmallpistonispusheddown10cmwhilethelarge
pistononlyrises1cm.Ifthesmallpistonispusheddownwithaforceof100N,howmuch
forcewillthelargepistonexert?

Forcein

Forceout

Ans.Becausewebelieveintheconservationofenergy,weknowthattheworkdonetothe
machinewillequaltheworkthatwegetoutofthemachine.FXin=FXout.Sincethe
distanceoutis1/10thedistancein,theforceoutmustbe10timestheforcein.
Workin=Workout

ForceinxDistancein=ForceoutxDistanceout

Forceout=ForceinxDistancein=100Nx10cm=1000Newtons
Distanceout
1cm
Ifthisconfusesyou,askinclass.

Pg.200Exercise49
Atwhichoftheindicatedpositionsdoesthesatelliteinellipticalorbitexperiencethe
greatest:
a)
gravitationalforce
b)
speed
c)
velocity
d)
momentum
e)
kineticenergy
f)
gravitationalpotentialenergy
g)
totalenergy
48

h)

acceleration
B

Askandanswerinclassfor+4points

Ch.13ReviewQuestionspg.262
1.
Ans.

Givetwoexamplesofafluid.
Liquidsandgassesarefluids.Therefore,airandwaterareexamplesoffluids.

2.
Ans.

Distinguishbetweenforceandpressure.
Correctlyaskandanswerthisquestioninclassfor+2points.

49

3.

Whatistherelationshipbetweenliquidpressureandthedepthofaliquid?
Ans. Pressureatdepth'h'=densityoffluidxgxh.
Pressureisdirectlyproportionaltodepth.Ifyoutriplethedepth,youtriplethe
pressure.
Whatistherelationshipbetweenliquidpressureandtheitsdensity?
Ans. Pressureisdirectlyproportionaltothedensityoftheliquid.Ifyouuseafluid
withdoublethatoftheoriginal,thepressurewilldouble.

4.

Ifyouswimtwiceasdeepunderwater,howmuchmorewaterpressureisexertedonyour
ears?
Ans. Becausefluidpressureisdirectlyproportionaltodepth,youwouldexperience
twiceasmuchpressureifdepthweredoubled.
Howdoespressurebeneathsaltwatercomparetopressurebeneathfreshwateratthe
samedepth?
Ans. Saltwaterisdenserthanfreshwater.Thereforepressurewillbegreaterbeneath
thesaltwaterthanthefreshwateratthesamedepth.

5.

Howdoeswaterpressureonemeterbelowthesurfaceofasmallpondcomparetowater
pressureonemeterbelowthesurfaceofalargelake?
Ans.

7.

Thepressureswillbeequal.Thepressureonanobjectsubmergedinafluiddoes
notdependonthesurfaceareaofthefluidorobject.
Whydoesbuoyantforceactupwardonanobjectsubmergedinafluid?
Ans. Thebuoyantforceonanobjectsubmergedinafluidiscausedbythepressure
differencebetweenthetopandbottomoftheobject.Thelargerpressureatgreaterdepth
pushesupwardontheobject.
P1

Increasingdepth'h'

P=gh
P2
9.

Howdoesthevolumeofasolid,insolubleobjectsubmergedinafluidcomparetothe
volumeofthefluiddisplaced?
Ans. Theirvolumesareequal.Archimedeswasthefirsttorealizethis.

Ch.13ReviewQuestionspg.262continued
16.

Doesthebuoyantforceonasubmergedobjectdependonthevolumeoftheobject?
Ans. Yes!Yes!Yes!

50

21.
Ans.

Whathappenstothepressureinallpartsofaconfinedfluidifthepressureinonepartis
increased?
Itincreaseuntilthepressureisequalinallplaceswithintheconfinedfluid.

Extra: Howdoesthebuoyantforceactingonaboatfloatingatrestcomparetotheweightof
theboat?
Ans. Theyareequalinmagnitudeandoppositeindirection.

51

Hewitt,9thedition
Ch.13 Exercisespg.263
1.
Standonabathroomscaleandreadyourweight.Whenyouliftonefootoffsoyoure
standingononefoot,doesthereadingchange?Doestheforcereadforceorpressure?
Ans. Thereadingdoesnotchangebecausethescalereadsforceandnotpressure.
2.

Whyarepersonsconfinedtobedlesslikelytodevelopbedsoresontheirbodiesifthey
useawaterbedratherthananordinarymattress?
Ans.Askinclass.

3.

Whydoesasharpknifecutbetterthanadullknife?
Ans.Asharpknifeproducesmorepressurethanadullknifewhenthesameforceis
applied.Pressureisinverselyproportionaltotheareaofcontact.
P=F/AAsharpknifeappliestheforceoverasmallerarearesultinginalarger
pressure.

6.

Anexcitingdemonstrationiswalkingonglasswithbarefeet.AlthoughIdon't
recommendthatyoutrythisathome,itisbasedonasoundphysicsprinciple.Canyou
explaintheconcept?
Ans. Ifyouusetherightglass,youcanbreakitupintoalotofsmallpiecesthatdon't
havenarrowpoints.Whenyouwalkontheglass,thetotalareaofcontactislargeand
becausepressureisinverselyproportionaltoarea,thepressureonyourfeetwillbesmall.

9.

Whyisawatertowerelevated?
Ans. Waterpressureisdirectlyproportionaltotheheightordepthofthewater.P=
ghThehigherthetowerisabovethefaucet,thegreaterthewaterpressurewillbe.If
youdoubletheheight,youwilldoublethepressure.

Whyarethehoopsclosertogethernearthebottomofthewatertower?

52

Ans. Theincreasepressureatdepthproducesalargerforcepushingoutonthewallsof
thetower.

Ch.13

Exercisespg.264

10.

Analuminumblockandaleadblock,eachwiththeexactsamevolumeof10cm3are
submergedinwater.Howdoesthevolumeofwaterdisplacedcompare?
Ans. Theyhavethesamevolume,sotheydisplacethesameamountofwater.Volume
isameasureoftheamountofspacethatanobjectoccupies.

18.

Whydoyouappeartoweighlesswhenyouwadeoutintothewater?
Ans. Thereisabuoyantforcepushingyouup.Itiscausedbythelargerwaterpressure
atdepthpushingyouupward.

19.

Ifyoucutyourfinger,whydoesitbleedlesswhenyouholditaboveyourhead?
Ans. Whenyouholdyourfingeraboveyourhead,youhaveincreasetheheightofthe
blood.Thisincreasesthepressurepushingbackagainstthatcausedbytheheart.

26.

Isitalwaystruethatheavyobjectssinkandlightobjectsfloat?
Ans. No.Aboatthatistooheavytoliftwillfloatwhileacointhatisnotveryheavy
willsink.Inorderforanobjecttofloat,thebuoyantforcemustequaltheobjectsweight
beforetheobjectiscompletelysubmerged.Thisisagoodonetoaskaboutinclass.

28.

AsStyrofoamisloadedintoaboat,willitsinkdeeperintothewaterorrise?
Ans. TheStyrofoamhasweightandwillcausetheboattosinkdeeperintothewater
untilthebuoyantforceincreasestoequalthelargertotalweightoftheboatandfoam.

32.

Anairfilledballoonisweighteduntilitisjustbarelysubmerged.Iftheballoonisthen
placedalittledeeperinthewater,willitfloatup,remainatthenewlocationorsink?
Ans. Itwillsink.Whenyouplacetheballoondeeper,theincreasedwaterpressure
surroundingtheballooncompressesit,reducingitsvolume'V'andthereforereducesthe
upwardbuoyantforceonit.Theobject'sweightremainsconstantandpullstheballoon
down.
Buoyantforce=gV

53

Weight

GasesandPlasmas:

Chapter14,pg.285Reviewquestions

9.

Howdoesthepressureatthebottomofa76centimetercolumnofmercuryina
barometercomparetoonestandardatmosphericpressure.
Ans. Theyareequal.Ifairpressureincreases,itwillpushthemercuryhigher.Ifair
pressuredecreases,themercurycolumnwillfall.

10.

Howdoestheweightofmercuryinabarometercomparetotheweightofacolumnofair
fromsealeveltothetopoftheatmospherewhichhasanequalcrosssectionalarea?
Ans. Theymustbethesameweight.ThiscomesfromsolvingP=F/Aforforce.F=
PAThesamepressuremultipliedbythesameareamustexertthesameforce.

11.

Whywouldawaterbarometerhavetobe13.6timeshigherthatamercurybarometer?
Ans. Becausewaterisonly1/13.6thedensityofmercury,acolumnofwaterwould
havetobe13.6timeshighertoproducethesamepressure.
P=gh

12.

Issodasuckedupastraw?
Ans. No.Itispushedupbythesurroundingairpressure.Remember:Pressurepushes.
Vacuumsdon'tsuck!

13.

Ashallowwellpump,alsoknownasavacuumpump,willnotworkifthewellismore
than10.3meter(33feet)deep.Whynot?
Ans. Avacuumpumpdependsonairpressuretopushthewaterup.Thepump
removesairfromthepipethatleadstothewell.Theatmosphericpressurethenpushes
waterupthepipe.Acolumnofwater10.3metersdeephasthesamepressureasthe
atmosphere,soairpressurecannotpushthewateranyhigherthanthat.

16.

Whathappenstothedensityofanairmassifitsvolumeiscutinhalf?
Ans. Youcanseefromthedensityequation,=m/vthatdensityisinversely
proportionaltovolume.Ifthevolumeofairiscutinhalf,itsdensitymustdouble
becausedouble(2)istheinverseof1/2.

19.

Aballoonthatweighs1newtonisdriftinginair.Itisnotmovingupordown.
Buoyantforce

54

Weight=1newton
Howmuchbuoyantforceisactingontheballoon?
Ans. 1newton.Sincetheballoonisnotacceleratingupordown,weknowfrom
Newton's1stlawofmotionthatthenetupdownforcemustbezero.Ifthebuoyantforce
increasestheballoonwillaccelerateup.Ifthebuoyantforcedecreases,theballoonmust
acceleratedow

Chapter14,pg.285Reviewquestionscontinued
23.

26.

Whathappenstotheinternalpressureinafluidflowinginahorizontalpipewhenits
speedincreases?
Ans. Conservationofenergytellsusthatifthefluid'svelocityincreases,itsinternal
pressuremustdecrease.Althoughthismayseemcounterintuitive,Bernoulli'sprinciple
provideslifttoairplanewingsandsoaringbirds.Youmightwanttoaskaboutthisone
inclass.
HowdoesBernoullisprincipleapplytotheflightofairplanes?
Ans. Astheplanemovesforward,windrushesoverthetopofthewingfasterthanthe
bottom.Bernoullisprincipletellsusthatasthevelocityofafluidincreases,itspressure
decreases.Therefore,theairpressureoverthetopofthewingislessthantheairpressure
overthebottomofthewing.Thewingispushedupbythehigherairpressureunderthe
bottomofthewing.

Ch.14pg.286Exercises
7.

Whenanairbubblerisesinwater,whathappenstoitmass,volumeanddensity?
Ans. Massremainsconstant,itsvolumewillincreaseandthereforitsdensitywill
decrease.Ifyouareconfusedbythis,askinclass.

15.

Woodavacuumcleanerpickupdustonthesurfaceofthemoon?Pleasenotthatthe
moondoesnothaveanatmosphere.
Ans.Itwouldnotpickupdustonthemoonssurface.Doyouknowwhy?

25.

Whyisitsodifficulttobreathewhensnorkelingatadepthof1m,andpractically
impossibletobreatheatadepthof2m.Whycantadiver10mbelowthesurface,
breathefromatubeextendingtothesurface?
Ans. Thepressureonanobjectsubmergedinafluidisgivenbytheequation:
P=gdepth.Thepressureatjust1meterbelowthesurface=1000kg/cm3(10
m/s2)1m=10,000N/m2.Whenyoubreaththroughatubefrom1meterbelowthesurface,
yourchestwouldhavetoexertapressureof10,000Pascals.

55

45.

Whatphysicsprincipleunderliesthesethreeobservations?Whenpassinganoncoming
truckonthehighway,yourcartendstoswaytowardthetruck.Thecanvasroofofa
convertibleautomobilebulgesupwardwhenthecaristravelingathighspeeds.The
windowsofoldertrainssometimesbreakwhenahighspeedtrainpassbyonthenext
track.
Ans. Bernoullisprinciple.Thefastmovingairhaslowerinternalpressure.

Chapter14.Problemspg.288
1.

2.

Whatchangeinpressureoccursinapartyballoonthatissqueezedtoonethirditsvolume
withnochangeintemperature?
Ans. Itspressuretriples.
Airinacylinderiscompressedtoonetenthitsoriginalvolumewithnochangein
temperature.Whathappenstoitspressure?
Ans. Itspressureisincreasedbyafactoroften.

Temperature,HeatandExpansion: Ch.15pg.303Reviewquestions

2.WhatarethefreezingandboilingtemperaturesofwaterinCelsius,FahrenheitandKelvins?
Ans. Waterfreezesat0C=32F=273K
Waterboilsat100C=212F=373K
5.Whydoesn'ttheKelvinscalehaveanynegativenumbers?
Ans. Whenthemoleculesandatomsofasystemhaveanaveragekineticenergyof
zero,theycannotgiveanynetenergytotheirsurroundings.Thesystemcannotloseany
energyandisatitscoldestpossibletemperature.Byagreement,thesystemisatzero
Kelvinsandcannotgetanycolder.
7.Whenyoutouchacoldsurface,doescoldtraveltoyourhand?Explain.
Ans.No.Heatalwaystravelsfromhightemperatureobjectstolowtemperatureobjects.
Heatflowfromyourhandtowardthecoldobject.
8.Distinguishbetweentemperatureandheat.
Ans.Temperatureisameasureoftheaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesandatoms
ofasystem.Heatistheamountofenergythatistransferredfromoneplacetoanother
becauseofatemperaturedifference.
9.Distinguishbetweenheatandinternalenergy.
Ans.Internalenergyisthesumofallenergiesstoredinasubstance.Heatistheenergy
thatistransferredbecauseofatemperaturedifference.
10.Whatdeterminesthedirectionofheatflow?
Ans.Heatalwaysflowfromhightemperatureobjectstolowtemperatureobjects.
12.DistinguishbetweencalorieandCalorie.

56

Ans.OneCalorieequals1000calories.NutritionistsusethetermCalorieinsteadof
kilocalorie.
15.Doesasubstancethatheatsupquicklyforitsmass,haveahighorlowspecificheat
capacity?
Ans.Ithasalowspecificheatcapacity.
17.Howdoesthespecificheatcapacityofwatercomparetoothercommonsubstances.
Ans.Waterhasoneofthehighestspecificheatcapacitiesknown.Therearehowevera
fewsubstanceswhosespecificheatcapacityishigher.

ExercisesCh.15pg.302
Extra:Whatistemperatureameasurementof?
Ans.Temperatureisameasureoftheaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesandatoms
ofasubstance.
12.Whydoesthepressureofgasenclosedinarigidcontainerincreaseasthetemperature
increases?
Ans.Onaverage,themoleculesofahighertemperaturesubstancearemovingfasterand
impartagreaterforceperunitareatothewallsofthecontainerastheyrandomlycollide
withit.
18.Whydoesthepresenceoflargebodiesofwatertendtomoderatetheclimateofnearby
land?
Ans. Askandanswerthisoneinclassforplustwopoints.
20.Intheolddays,onacoldwinternightitwascommontobringagotobjecttobedwithyou.
Whichwouldbebettertokeepyouwarma10kilogramironbrickora10kilogramjugofhot
wateratthesametemperature?Explain.
Ans. Askandanswerthisoneinclassforplustwopoints.
21.Desertsandisveryhotduringthedayandcoolduringthenight.Whatdoesthistellyou
aboutitsspecificheatcapacity?
Ans.Thesandmusthavealowspecificheatcapacity.

ProblemsCh.15pg.304
2.

57

Ifyouwishtowarm100kgofwaterby20Cforyourbath,howmuchheatisrequired?
Giveyouranswerincaloriesandjoules

Ans.

Q mcT 100,000g(1

cal
)20c 2,000,000 calories
gc

Sinceapproximately4.2joules=1calorie,wewouldneed8,400,000joulesofenergy.

HeatTransfer:Ch.16ReviewQuestions;pg.320
1.

Whatarethethreemethodsofheattransfer?
Ans.Conduction,convection,andradiation.

8.

Howisheattransferredfromoneplacetoantherbyconvection?
Ans. Thefluidmoves.Thefluidsdensitychangeswithachangeintemperature,and
gravitypullsthedenserportionofthefluidbeneaththelessdenseportion.

16.

Whatexactlyisradiantenergy?
Ans. Radiantenergyisactuallyelectromagneticradiationlight.

58

ChangeofPhase:Ch.17ReviewQuestionspg.336
1.

Whatarethefourcommonphasesofmater?
Ans. Solid,liquid,gasandplasma

2.

Doallofthemoleculesinaliquidhavethesamespeed?
Ans. No.Theyhavealargevarietyofspeeds.

4.

Whydoeswarmerwaterevaporatefasterthancoolerwater?
Ans. Theaveragekineticenergyofthewarmerwatermoleculesisgreaterthanthatof
thecoolerwatermolecules.
Whatissublimation?
Ans. Askandanswerthisquestioninclassforplustwopoints.
Whyisasteamburnmoredamagingthanaburnfromboilingwaterofthesame
temperature?
Ans. Whenwatergoesfromgastoliquid,itmustgiveoffthestoredheatof
vaporization.Soyougetanextra540calories/gramofenergydepositedonyourskin.
Ouch!
Whydoyoufeeluncomfortablywarmonahotandhumidday?
Ans. Askinclassfor+1point

5.
7.

8.

59

14

Whydoesntwaterboilat100Cwhentheairpressureaboveitssurfaceisincreased?
Ans. Water,oranyliquid,willonlyboilwhenthevaporpressurefromitsmoleculesis
equaltothepressureoverthesurface.Whenweincreasethepressureoverthesurface,
themoleculesmustonaverage,havemorekineticenergy(highertemperature)inorder
toboil.

15.

Whyistheboilingtemperaturelowerathigheraltitudes?
Ans. Thereislessairpressureathigheraltitudes.Water,oranyliquid,willonlyboil
whenthevaporpressurefromitsmoleculesisequaltothepressureoverthesurface.
Whenwedecreasethepressureoverthesurface,theliquidmoleculeswillproduce
enoughvaporpressuretoescape(boil)atlowertemperatures.

16.

Whydofoodscookfasterinapressurecooker?
Ans. Theboilingwaterinthepressurecookerisatahighertemperaturethannormal.

18.

Whathappenstothepressureatthebottomofageyserwhensomeofthewaterabove
gushesout?
Ans. Sincethepressureatthebottomofacolumnofwaterisdirectlyproportionalto
thedepth,whenwatergushesout,pressureatthebottomisreduced.

19.

Thetemperatureofboilingwaterdoesntincreasewhenyouaddmoreheat.Whynot?
Ans. Inordertoboil,watermustreceive540caloriesofenergypergramthatboils.So
insteadofcontinuingtowarmtheliquidwater,theenergygoesintotochangingitsstate
fromliquidtogasboiling.

ChangeofPhase:Ch.17ReviewQuestionspg.337continued
20.

Whenwillwaterboilatlessthan100C?
Ans. Whentheairpressureaboveitisreduced.

31.

Howmanycaloriesareneededtochangethetemperatureof1gramofwaterby1C?
Ans. 1calorie.
Tomelt1gramofice?
Ans. 80calories.
Tovaporizeonegofboilingwaterat100C?
Ans. 540calories.

33.

Citetworeasonsfirewalkersdontburntheirwettedfeetwhenwalkingbarefootonred
hotcoals?
Ans. Askandanswerinclassforplustwo.

Pg.339Problem1Askinclass.

60

ThermodynamicsChapter18Pg.357Reviewquestions
6.Statethelowestpossibletemperatureincelsiusandinkelvins.
Ans.ThelowestpossibletemperatureontheCelsiusscaleis273.15C,whichwewill
roundoffto273C.
Thelowestpossibletemperatureinkelvinsis0kelvins.Nothingcanbecolderthanthis.
Thisisthetemperaturewheretheaveragekineticenergyofthemoleculesandatomsof
thesubstanceiszero.
9.Howdoesthelawofconservationofenergyrelatetothefirstlawofthermodynamics?
Ans. Thefirstlawisaconservationofenergystatement.Ifenergyflowsoutofa
systemitsenergygogoesdown.Ifenergyflowintoasystemitsenergygoesup.Ifa
systemdoeswork,itsenergygoesdown.Ifworkisdonetoasystem,itlosesenergy.

61

10.Whathappenstotheinternalenergyofasystemwhenmechanicalworkisdoneonit?What
happenstoitstemperature?
Ans.Itsinternalenergyincreasesanditstemperatureincreases.
11.Whatistherelationshipbetweenheataddedtoasystem,changeinitsinternalenergy,and
externalworkdonebythesystem?
Ans. Thefirstlawofthermodynamicsstatesthat:
U=QW
where
Uistheinternalenergyofthesystem
Qistheheatthatmayflowintooroutofthesystem
Wistheworkdonetoorbythesystem
Ifheatisaddedtoasystemthenitsinternalenergywillincrease.
Ifworkisdonebythesystemthenitsinternalenergymustdecrease.
Thereisnofreelunch!
12.Whatconditionisnecessaryforaprocesstobeadiabatic?
Ans.Aprocessisadiabaticwhenagasiscompressedorexpandedandthereisnoheat
exchangewiththeenvironment.Therewillhoweverbeatemperaturechange.
13.Whathappenstotheinternalenergyofasystemwhenworkisdonetoasystem?Work
donebyasystem?
Thefirstlawofthermodynamicsstatesthat:
U=QW
where
Uistheinternalenergyofthesystem
Qistheheatthatmayflowintooroutofthesystem
Wistheworkdonetoorbythesystem
Ans.Thisquestionillustratesthereasonforthe+andsymbolsinfrontoftheW
Itsinternalenergymustincrease.

Whenworkisdonebyasystemitsinternalenergymustdecrease.

ThermodynamicsChapter18Pg.357Reviewquestionscontinued
1517Whatgenerallyhappenstothetemperatureofrisingandsinkingair?Explain.
Ans.Thisisanexampleofadiabaticcoolingandwarmingandfollowstherulesinthe
firstlawofthermodynamics.Risingairissurroundedbyairoflowerpressureandittherefor
expands.Becauseitexpands,itdoeswork.Sinceitdoesworkitmustlooseenergy.Therefor
itstemperaturedecreases.Whenairsinks,itissurroundedbyairofhigherpressure.The
surroundingaircompressesit,doingworktothesinkingair.Sinceworkisdonetoit,the
sinkingairgainsenergyanditstemperatureincreases.

62

21.Howdoesthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrelatetothedirectionofheatflow?
Ans.Thesecondlawofthermodynamicsstatesthatlefttoitself,asystemsentropywill
increase.Aconsequenceofthisisthatnetheatflowisfromhighertemperatureobjectstolower
temperatureobjects.Thishappensbecauseofthetransferofkineticenergyduringtherandom
collisionsofatomsandmolecules.
29.

Whatisthephysiciststermformeasureofamountofdisorder?
Ans. Entropy

Chapter18;Exercisespg.358
5.Whenairisquicklycompressed,whydoesitstemperatureincrease?
Ans.Firstlawagainfolks.Whentheairiscompressedworkisdonetoit.Thereforeits
internalenergywillincrease.Sinceitiscompressedquickly,verylittleheatcanleavethe
system,soitstemperatureincreases.

Things to know by heart---Review for test 2

Equation

Momentum = Mass x Velocity;

Momentum is a vector;
Change in momentum = Mass x change in velocity;
Impulse=Force x time the force is applied; The only way to change
an object's momentum is to apply an Impuse. Impulse is a vector.
Impulse=changeinmomentum;

63

p=mv;

Units

kgm/sec

p=mv
Impulse= Ft

kgm/sec
kgm/sec

Ft=mv

kgm/sec

kgm2/sec2, joules

Work = Force x displacement in the direction of motion;

Gravitational potential energy is the energy an object has because of
the work that was done in lifting it against the force of gravity.

W=Fx

Gravitational Potential Energy = mass x g x height;

Kinetic energy is the energy that an object has because of its motion.
The faster it moves, the greater its kinetic energy. An object's mass
also contributes to its kinetic energy.

GPE= mgh

1
mass x velocity 2 ;
2

kgm2/sec2, joules

1
mv 2
2

Kinetic Energy =

K.E.=

Pressure is force per unit area;

kgm2/sec2, joules

F
A

2
m

Pressure caused by the weight of a fluid

equals the density of the fluid x g x depth of fluid
The density of water is

1000

P gh

2
m

kg
g
1 3
3
m
cm

A buoyant force is caused by the difference in

pressure on the top and bottom of an object
that is submerged in a fluid. The buoyant force

equals the density of the fluid x g x submerged volume

of the object.
Temperature is a measure of an object's average kinetic energy.
Heat is the amount of energy that is transferred between
substances because of their temperature difference.
When there is a temperature change, the heat can be
calculated by multiplying the object's mass by its specific
heat capacity and by the temperature change.
When a solid is melted, or a liquid frozen, the heat required
can be calculated by multiplying its heat of fusion by
its mass. When a liquid is turned to a gas or a gas changes
to a liquid, the energy transferred is found by multiplying
its heat of vaporization by its mass.

B. F . gV

,pascals

,pascals

N, newtons

celsius, kelvins
calories, joules

Q=mct

joules, calories

Q Hfm

joules, calories

Q Hv m

joules, calories

Some important constants for water are: ; ;

Things to know by heart---Review for test 2

Some important constants for water are:

Equation

Units

64

calorie
cl iquid 1
gram C

First Law of Thermodynamics indicates that energy is conserved.

U= W + Q
joules, calories
- There is no free lunch.
The Second Law of Thermodynamics
states that the natural tendency of a system is to have its entropy increase. A consequence of the second law
is that heat flows from objects of higher temperature to those of lower temperature.

Here is a 10 point sample question for test 2:

How much heat is required t change 2 grams of ice at -10 degrees celsius to water vapor
at 130 degrees
celsius?
Step 1. Warm the ice to the melting point. The melting point of water is 0 degrees celsius.
When warming from -10 to 0 degrees, t = 10 degrees.

. 5cal
Q mct 2g
10 C 10calories
g
C

Step 2.

Melt the solid.

cal
Q H f m 80
2g 160calories
g

Step 3. Warm the liquid to the boiling point. The boiling point of water is 100 degrees celsius.
The liquid's temperature rises from 0 to 100 degrees celsius, therefore t = 100 degrees celsius.

1cal
Q mct 2g
100 C 200calories
g
C

Step 4.

Boil the liquid.

cal
Q H v m 540
2g 1080calories
g

Step 5. Warm the vapor. The vapor's temperature will rise from 100 to 130 degrees celsius,
therefore t=30 degrees.

. 5cal
Q mct 2g
30 C 30calories
g
C

The total energy required is found by taking the sum of all the individual steps.
10 calories
160 calories
200 calories
1080 calories
+
30 calories

65

1480 calories

Total heat = 1480 calories

Study hard and good luck on the exam.

Electrostatics; Ch. 22 pg. 343 Review questions

Extra: Whichisstronger,theelectricalforcebetweenanelectronandaprotonorthe
gravitationalforcebetweentheseparticles?Isthedifferencelargeorsmall?
Ans. Theelectricalforceismuchstronger.
1.
Intermsofattractionandrepulsion,howdonegativeparticlesaffectnegativeparticles?
Howdonegativesaffectpositives.
Ans. Negativeparticlesrepelnegativeparticlesandattractpositiveparticles.
2.
Whydoesgravitationalforcepredominateoverelectricalforceforastronomicalbodies?
Ans. Thestars,planets,moonsinterstellardustetc.haveanevendistributionofprotonsand
electronsandarethereforeelectricallyneutral.Sincethenetchargeiszero,theelectricalforceis
zero.
3.
Namethepositiveandnegativechargecarriers
Ans. Theprotonsarepositivelychargedandtheelectronsarenegativelycharged.Theyeach
havethesameamountofcharge,buthaveoppositetypes.
4.
Howdoesthechargeofoneelectroncomparethechargeofanother?
Ans. Ifyouseenoneelectron,youseenthemall.Theyallhaveexactlythesamemassand
charge.
Extra: Whatkindofchargedoesanatomacquirewhenelectronsarestrippedawayfromit?
Ans. Theatombecomespositivelychargedwhenitloseselectrons.
6.Whatisapositiveion?Anegativeion?
Ans. Apositiveionisanatomthatispositivelychargedbecauseitlostanelectron.Anegative
ionisanatomthatisnegativelychargedbecauseithasgainedanelectron.
11.
Ans.

HowisCoulomb'slawsimilartoNewton'slawofgravitation?Howisitdifferent?
Coulomb'slaw
F=kq1q2/d2
Lawofgravity

Similarities:

F=m1m2/d2

a)theybothareforcelaws
b)Forceisinverselyproportionaltodistancesquared.
c)Theybothhaveconstants

Differences:

a)Chargescomeintwotypeswhilemassonlycomesinonetype.
b)Gravityonlyattractswhiletheelectricforcecanattractorrepelobjects.
c)Theelectricforceismuch,muchlargerthantheforceofgravity.
Extra: Whathappenstotheelectricalforcebetweentwochargedobjectswhenthedistance
betweenthemisdoubled?Tripled?
66

Ans. Theforceisinverselyproportionaltotheseparationdistancesquared.Thereforeifthe
distanceisdoubled,thenewforceis1/2squared=1/4ofitsoriginalvalue.Ifthedistanceis
tripled,thenewforceis1/3squared=1/9oftheoriginalvalue.Therearetwostepshere.Invert
andsquare.
36.
WhenaVandeGraaffgeneratorchargesaperson,thehairontheirheadstandsup.Why
doesthishappen?
Ans. Likechargeobjectsrepeleachother.Theperson'sheadandstrandsofhairhavethesame
charge.Theperson'sheadrepelshisorherhairandthestrandsofhairrepeleachother.
Coulomb'slawdescribesthis.

Chapter22:Exercisespg.435
3.
Whydoclothesoftenclingtogetherwhentumblingintheclothesdryer?
Ans. Theelectronsfromoneareaoftheclothingaretransferredtoanother.Thepartsofthe
clothingthatlostelectronsareleftpositivelychargedwhilethepartsthatgainedelectronsare
negativelycharged.Unlikechargedareasoftheclothingattracteachother.
5.
Whencombingyourhair,electronsaretransferredfromyourhairtothecomb?Whatis
thechargeofyourhair?ChargeoftheComb?
Ans. Sinceyourhairlostelectrons,itispositivelycharged.Thecombgainedelectronsandis
therefornegativelycharged.
11.
Strictlyspeaking,whenanobjectacquiresapositivechargebythetransferofcharge,
whathappenstothemass?Whathappenstoitsmasswhenitacquiresanegativecharge?
Ans. Anobjectbecomespositivelychargedwhenisloseselectrons.Thereforeitsmassmust
decreaseatiny,tinybit.Whenitbecomesnegativelycharged,ithasgainedelectronsand
thereforitsmassmustincreaseatiny,tinybit.
19.
Howdoesthemagnitudeofelectricalforcebetweenapairofchargedobjectschange
whentheobjectsaremovedtwiceasfarapart?
Ans. Thenewforcewillbe1/4oftheoldforce.
20.
Howdoesthemagnitudeofelectricforcecomparebetweenapairofchargedparticles
whentheyarebroughttohalftheiroriginaldistanceofseparation?
Ans. 4timesgreater.Dotheotherpartsyourselfandaskinclassifyouareunsure.
23.
TheproportionalityconstantkinCoulomb'slawisverylargewhiletheproportionality
constantinNewton'slawofgravityisalmostzero.Whatdoesthismeanfortherelative
strengthsofthesetwoforces?
Ans. Theelectricforceisfundamentallymuchlargerthantheforceofgravity.
67

Extra: Comparetheforceandaccelerationofanelectronandaprotonplacedseparatelyinan
electricfield.
Ans. Themagnitudeoftheforceoneachwillbethesamebutthedirectionoftheforceapplied
tothemwillbeopposite.Sincetheprotonisabout1840timesmoremassivethattheelectron,its
accelerationwillonlybe1/1800ththatoftheelectron.

Chapter22:Problemspg.437
1.
Twopointchargesareseparatedby6cm.Theattractiveforcebetweenthemis20N.
Findtheforcebetweenthemwhentheyareseparatedby12cm.
Ans. Sincetheseparationdistanceisdoubled,theforcewillbe1/2squared=1/4ththeoriginal
value.1/4(20N)=5newtons.Remember,thereisaninversesquarerelationshipbetweenthe
distanceandtheforce.
7.
Thepotentialdifferencebetweenastormcloudandthegroundis100millionvolts.Ifa
chargeof2CoulombsflashesinaboltfromthecloudtoEarth,whatisthechangeofpotential
energy?
Ans.

Fromthedefinitionofvoltage, V

E
ifwesolveforenergyweget:
q

E Vq 100million volts(2Coulombs) 200million joules

Chapter 23: Review Questions;

pg. 453

4.

Whatisanampere?
Askandcorrectlyanswerthisoneinclassforplus2points.

7.
Howmuchenergyissuppliedtoeachcoulombofchargethatflowsthrougha12Volt
battery?
Ans. SinceVoltageistheamountofenergyinjoulespercoulombofcharge,12Voltswill
yield12joulesofenergypercoulombofcharge.
11.
Iftheresistanceinacircuitisdoubledwhilethevoltageiskeptconstant,whathappensto
thecurrent?
Ans. WecanseefromOhm'slaw(I=V/R)thatthecurrentIisinverselyproportionaltothe
resistanceR.Therefore,iftheresistanceisdoubledwhilethevoltageiskeptconstant,the
currentwillbe1/2ofitsoriginalvalue.
12.
Iftheresistanceofacircuitremainsconstantwhilethevoltageacrossthecircuitis
changedto1/2ofitsoriginalvalue,whathappenstothecurrent?

68

Ans. FromOhm'slaw(I=V/R)weseethatcurrentisdirectlyproportionaltovoltage.
Cuttingthevoltageinhalfwillcutthecurrentinhalf.
Extra: Whatroledoresistorsnormallyplayinanelectriccircuit?
Ans. Resistorsareusedtoregulatetheamountofcurrentandthereforethepowerinvarious
partsofanelectricalcircuit.Whenyouturnthevolumeuponyourradio,youareactually
decreasingtheresistanceandincreasingthecurrentintheportionofthecircuitthatproducesthe
sound.

Chapter23:ReviewQuestions;pg.453continued
13.
Ans.

Howdoeswatermoistureonyourskinaffectyourskin'selectricalresistance?
Yourskin'sresistancegoesdownasitbecomesmoremoist.

14.
Foragivenvoltage,whathappenstotheamountofcurrentthatflowsinyourskinwhen
youperspire?
Askandanswerthisonecorrectlyinclassforplus2points.
19.
Whatdoesitmeantosaythatacertaincurrentis60HZ?
Ans. Itmeansthatthecurrentischangingdirectionatarateof60completecyclespersecond.
ThisisanexampleofalternatingcurrentwhichisabbreviatedAC.
27.

Whenyoupayyourhouseholdelectricbill,whichofthefollowingareyoupayingfor:
voltage,current,powerorenergy?
Ans. Youarebilledforacertainnumberofkilowatthrs.Kilowattsareunitsofpower.Power
timestime=Energy.

Chapter23:ReviewQuestionsp.454
29
Whatistherelationshipbetweenelectricalpower,currentandvoltage?
Ans, TherelationshipisgivenbyP=IV:
WecanseethatpowerisdirectlyproportionaltothecurrentI,aswellasthevoltageV.
Ifthecurrentismeasuredinampsandthevoltageisinvolts,thenthepowerwillbeinwatts.

69

30.
Whichoftheseisaunitofpowerandwhichisaunitofenergy:awatt;akilowatt;a
kilowatthour?
Ans.

Wattsandkilowattsareunitsofpower.
Kilowatthourisaunitofenergy.Lookingattheequationforpower:
Power=Energy/time
Ifyoumultiplypowerbytime,youareleftwithenergy.
Energy
time Energy
Power(time)=
time
33.
Inacircuitoftwolampsinseries,ifthecurrentthroughonelampis1amp,whatisthe
currentthroughtheotherlamp?
Ans. Sinceresistorsinseriesallhaveexactlythesamecurrentthroughthem,thecurrentisthe
secondlampmustalsobe1amp.

Chapter23:Exercisesp.455
4.
Whathappenstothebrightnessoflightemittedbyalightbulbwhenthecurrentthat
flowsinitincreases?
Ans. Sincethepowerinadeviseisproportionaltothecurrent, PIV ,thelargerthecurrent,
thebrighterthebulb.
6.
Yourtutortellsyouthatanampereandavoltarethesamething.Arethey?

Ans. No.Anampisameasureofthechargeperunittimethatflowthroughadevise.Voltage
istheamountofenergyperunitcharge.Theyarerelatedbutareverydifferentthings.
16.
Onlyasmallpercentageoftheelectricenergyfedintoacommonlightbulbis
transformedintovisiblelight.Whathappenstotherest?
Ans. Itcomesoffasinvisiblelightintheinfraredpartofthespectrum.
20.
Whatistheeffectoncurrentinawireifboththevoltageacrossitandtheresistanceare
doubled?Bothhalved?
V
Ans. Thecurrentremainsunchanged. I baby.
R
21.
Willthecurrentinalightbulbconnectedtoa220Vsourcebegreaterorlessthanwhen
thesamebulbisconnectedto110Vsource?
V
Ans. Greater.CurrentisdirectlyproportionaltoVoltage. I
R
24.
Wouldyouexpecttofinddcoracinthefilamentofalightbulbinyourhome?How
aboutintheheadlightofanautomobile?
Ans. ACinyourhomeandDCinyourcar.

70

25.
Ans.

Areyourcarheadlightswiredinparallelorseries.
Parallel.Whenonebulbburnsouttheotherkeepsonshining.

Electriccurrent: Chapter23problems;pg.457
V
toexpressresistanceintermsofcurrentandvoltage.The
R
solvethefollowing:Acertaindeviceina120Vcircuithasacurrentratingof20amps.Whatis
theresistanceofthedevice?
V
Ans. R
I
Rearrangetheequation I

2.

120volts
6ohms
20amps

Extra: Solvetheformula P IV ,forI,andthenfindthecurrentdrawnbya1200watthair

dryerconnectedto120voltsource.ThenusingOhm'slaw,findtheresistanceofthehairdryer.
P
1200W
10amps
Ans. SinceP=IVthen I .Thereforethecurrent I
V
120V
Theresistance R

V
120V
12ohms
therefore R
I
10A

4.
Thetotalchargethatanautomobilebatterycansupplywithoutbeingrechargedisgiven
intermsofamperehours.Atypical12Vbatteryhasaratingof60ampere=hours.Supposeyou
forgettoturnofftheheadlightsinyourparkedcar.Ifeachofthetwoheadlightsdraws3amps,
howlongwillitbebeforeyourbatteryis"dead"?
Ans.

71

Charge=currentxtimethereforetime=

charg e 60amp hrs

10hours
current
6amps

Chapter24magnetism;Reviewquestions,pg.474
6.
Anelectricfieldsurroundsanelectriccharge.Whatadditionalfieldsurroundsanelectric
chargewhenitismoving?
Ans. Amagneticfield.
16.
a)
Inwhatdirectionrelativetoamagneticfielddoesachargedparticlemovein
ordertoexperiencemaximumdeflectingforce?
Ans. Thechargedparticlemustmoveatrightanglestothefield.
b)
Inwhatdirectionrelativetoamagneticfielddoesachargedparticlemovein
ordertoexperiencemimimumdeflectingforce?
Ans. Thechargedparticlemustmoveparalleltothefield.
24.
WhatistheevidencefortheEarthhavingamagneticfield?
Ans. Compassneedle,whichisactuallyamagnetthatisfreetorotate,linesupwiththeEarths
magneticfield.

Ch.24Exercisespg.476
7.
Ans.

a)
Whatsurroundsastationaryelectriccharge?
Anelectricfield.
b)
Whatsurroundsamovingelectriccharge?
72

Ans.

Amagneticfieldandanelectricfield.

8.
Anelectronalwaysexperiencesaforceinanelectricfieldbutnotalwaysinamagnetic
field.Defendthisstatement.
Ans. Anelectronalwayshasitsownelectricfieldarounditbutonlyhasamagneticfieldwhen
itismoving.
17.
ThenorthpoleofacompassisattractedtothenorthpoleoftheEarth,yetlikepolesrepel
eachother.Canyouresolvethisapparentdilemma?
Ans. Yes.TheEarthsnorthmagneticpoleisreallythesouthpoleofamagnet.
22.
MagnetAhastwicethemagneticfieldstrengthofmagnetB(atequaldistance)andata
certaindistancepullsonmagnetBwithaforceof50newtons.Withhowmuchforce,then,does
magnetBpullonmagnetA?
Ans. 50newtonsofcourse.Newtons3rdlawneverails.
30.
Twochargedparticlesareprojectedintoamagneticfieldthatisperpendiculartotheir
velocities.Ifthechargesaredeflectedinoppositedirections,whatdoesthistellyouaboutthem?
Ans. Theymusthaveoppositecharges.

Chapter19VibrationsandWaves
ReviewQuestionspg.377
9.
Howmanyvibrationspersecondarerepresentedinaradiowaveof101.7MHZ?
Ans. TheMrepresentsmillionandHZrepresentsvibrationspersecond,thereforewehavethe
frequencyis101.7millionvibrationspersecond.
10.

Howdofrequencyandperiodrelatetoeachother?

Ans.

Theyareinverselyproportionaltoeachother.Frequency=

period.

1
whereTrepresentsthe
T

13.
Whatistherelationshipamongfrequency,wavelength,andwavespeed?
Ans. V=frequencyxwavelength,thereforethewave'sspeedisdirectlyproportionaltoits
frequencyandwavelength.
Extra: Asthefrequencyofawaveofconstantspeedisincreased,doesthewavelengthincrease
ordecrease.

73

Ans.

V f ; solving for we get

V
f

Sincethereisaninverserelationshipbetweenfrequencyandwavelength,asthefrequency
increasesthewavelengthmustdecrease.
14.
Inatransversewave,inwhichdirectiondoesthemediumvibratewhencomparedtothe
directionthatthewaveis"moving"?
Ans. Thewavevibratesatrightangles(90)tothedirectionofwavepropagation.
15.
Inwhatdirectionarethevibrationsrelativetothedirectionofwavetravelina
longitudinalwave.
Ans. Thevibrationsareinthedirectionofpropagation.
18.

Define:a)constructiveinterference
b)destructiveinterference
Ans. a)Constructiveinterferenceistheincreaseinwaveamplitudecausedbythe
superpositionofwaves.Thisoccurswhenthecrestandtroughofonewaveisinthesamespace
asthecrestandtroughofanotherwave.
b)Destructiveinterferenceisthedecreasedinwaveamplitudecausedbythe
superpositionofwaves.Thisoccurswhenthecrestofonwaveisinthesamespaceasthetrough
ofanotherwave.
Extra: Whatdoesitmeantosaythatonewaveisoutofphasewithanother?
Ans. Itmeansthattheircrestsandtroughdon'toccuratthesameplaceatthesametime.This
resultsindestructiveinterference.Iftheyare180outofphase,completedestructive
interferenceoccurs.

Chapter19VibrationsandWaves
ReviewQuestionspg.377continued
22.
IntheDopplereffect,doesfrequencychange?Doeswavelengthchange?Doeswave
speedchange?
Ans. Boththefrequencyandwavelengthchange.Thewavespeedremainsconstant.
24.
Whatismeantbyablueshiftandaredshiftforlight?
Ans. Blueshiftforlightindicatesanincreaseinfrequencyandtellsyouthattheobjectsare
approachingoneanother.Redshiftisadecreaseinfrequencyandindicatesthattheobjectsare
movingapart.

Ch.19Vibrationsandwaves;Exercisespg.378
12.
Ifwedoublethefrequencyofavibratingmedium,whathappenstotheperiodofthe
wave?
74

Ans. Sincetheperiodisinverselyproportionaltothefrequency,theperiodwillbeonehalfits
originalvalueifitsfrequencyisdoubledwhilekeepingwavevelocityconstant.
16.
Youdipyourfingerrepeatedlyintoapuddleofwaterandmakewaves.Whathappensto
thewavelengthifyoudipyourfingermorefrequently?
Ans. Fromtheequationforwavevelocity( V f ),increasingthefrequencymustdecrease
thewavelengthinordertomaintainaconstantvelocity.
25.
WhyisthereaDopplereffectwhenthesourceofsoundisstationaryandthelistenerisin
motion?Inwhichdirectionshouldthelistenermovetohearahigherfrequency?Alower
frequency?
Ans. TheDopplereffectisproducedbytherelativemotionofthewaveemitterandreceiver.
Ifthecrestsarrivesoonerthanthesourceemittedthemtherewillbeanincreaseinfrequency.If
thecrestsarrivelessfrequentlythanthesourceemittedthemtherewillbeadecreasein
frequency.
29.
HowdoestheDopplereffectaidpoliceindetectingspeedingmotorists?
Ans. Thepoliceradarunitsendsoutwavesofinvisiblelightataspecificfrequency.Someof
thewavesbounceoffthevehicleandreturnbacktotheofficer.Thefasteryourrelativemotion,
thelargerthefrequencyshift.Theunitthencalculatesyourspeedanddisplaysitonascreen.

Ch.19.Problemspg.379
3.
Askipperonaboatnoticeswavecrestspassinghisanchorchainonceevery5seconds.
Heestimatesthedistancebetweenwavecreststobe15meters.Whatisthespeedofthewave?
1
m
(15m) 15
Ans. V f
sec
s

Ch.26

PropertiesofLight;Exercisespg.512

Doradiowavestravelatthespeedofsound,oratthespeedoflight,orsomewherein
11.
between?
Ans. Radiowavesarelightandthereforetravelatthespeedoflight.
13.
Whatisthesameaboutradiowavesandvisiblelight?
Ans. Thebothareelectromagneticradiationandtravelasbundlesofenergycalledphotons,at
thespeedoflight.
b)
Whatisdifferentaboutthem?
Ans. Theyhavedifferentfrequenciesandwavelengths.
20.

75

Whatdetermineswhetheramaterialistransparentoropaque?

Ans. Theresonantfrequencyoftheelectronsinthematerial.Ifthefrequencyofthelightis
thesameastheresonantfrequencyoftheelectrons,thematerialisopaque.
38.
Whenyouarelookingatadistantgalaxythroughatelescope,howisitthatyouare
lookingbackintime?
Ans. IttakesmanyyearsforthelightfromthegalaxytoreachEarth.Weseethegalaxyasit
waswhenthelightleftit.

Ch.27Color;ReviewQuestionspg.529
1.
Whatistherelationshipbetweenthefrequencyoflightanditscolor?
Ans. Differentfrequenciesofvisiblelightaredifferentcolors.Inorderofincreasing
frequencywehave:
Red,orange,yellow,green,blueandviolet.
Increasingfrequency

76

3.
Ans.

Whenouterelectronsaresetintovibration,whatdotheyemit?
Light.

4.
Whathappenstolightthatfallsonamaterialthathasanaturalfrequencyequaltothe
frequencyofthelight?
Ans. Thelightisabsorbedduetoresonance.
5.
Whathappentolightthathasanaturalfrequencyaboveorbelowthefrequencyofthe
light?
Ans. Thelightisscattered.
6.
Ans.

Whatcolorlightistransmittedthroughapieceofredglass?
Red.

22.
Ans.

Whichinteractsmorewithhighfrequencylight,smallparticlesorlargeparticles?
Smallparticlesscatterhighfrequencylightthebest.

25.
Ans.

Whydoesthesunlookreddishatsunriseandsunsetbutnotanoon?
Askandanswerinclassforplus2points.

27.
Whatistheevidenceforavarietyofparticlesizesinacloud?
Ans. Thecloudappearswhitebecauseitisscatteringallcolors.Thisonlyhappensbecauseof
thepresenceofdifferentsizeparticles.

Chapter 28 Reflection and Refraction Review questions pg. 557

1.

Distinguishbetweenreflectionandrefraction.
Reflectedray

77

Incidentray

Airwithindexofrefraction
n=1.00
Glasswithindexofrefractionn=
1.5

Refractedray
Ans. Thereflectedrayoccurswhentheincidentraybouncesoftheinterfacebetweenthetwo
media.Theangleofincidenceequalstheangleofreflection.Therefractedrayisthepart
ofthewavethatentersamediumthathasadifferentindexofrefractionthanthemediumthatit
iscomingfrom,andchangesdirection.Theangleofrefractionwillbesmallerthantheangleof
incidenceifthesecondmediumhasalargerindexofrefractionthanthefirst.Allthreeraypaths
inthediagramabovearereversible.
5.
Whatisthelawofreflection?
Ans. Whenawavereflectsoffofasmoothsurface,theangleofincidenceequalstheangleof
reflection.
6.
Relativetothedistanceofanobjectinfrontofaplane,flatmirror(liketheoneinyour
bathroom),howfarbehindthemirroristhevirtualimage?
Ans. Thevirtualimageisasfarbehindthemirrorastheobjectisinfrontofit.

Chapter28ReflectionandRefraction
13.

Reviewquestionspg.558

Whatisamirage?
78

Ans.Whenlightpassesmediahavingdifferentindicesofrefractionitchangesdirection.The
changeindirectionwillmakeobjectsappeartobelocatedsomeplacewheretheyarenot.The
apparentdislocationofanobjectcausedbytherefractionoflightiscalledamirage.
Refractedlightrays

Apparentlocation
Object

Actuallocation

16.
Doesrefractionmakeaswimmingpoolseemdeeperorshallowerthanitreallyis?
Ans. Refractionmakesobjectsappearclosertothesurfacethantheyactuallyare.Thepool
seemstobeshallowerthanitreallyis.Thatcanbedangerousfornonswimmers.
21.
Doesasingleraindropilluminatedbysunlightdeflectlightofasinglecolorordoesit
disperseaspectrumofcolors?
Ans. Asingleraindropdispersesarainbowofcolors.Becausethecolorsgoindifferent
directions,youonlyseeonecoloratatimefromaparticularraindrop.

red

violet

red
allothercolorsareinbetweentheredandviolet

Chapter28ReflectionandRefraction
79

Reviewquestionspg557

24.
Whatismeantbycriticalangle?
Ans. Thecriticalangleistheangleofincidencethatresultsinanangleofrefractionof90.
Whenlightmovingfromamediumofhigherindexofrefractiontooneoflowerindexof
refractionstrikestheinterfaceatanangleequaltoorlargerthanthecriticalangle,itwillnotexit
intonewmedium.Instead,allofthelightisreflectedbacktotheoriginalmedium.Thisis
calledtotalinternalreflection.

Mediumwithlowerindexofrefraction

Mediumwithhigherindexofrefraction

Reflectedray

Wherecisthecriticalangle

27.
Lightnormallytravelsinastraightlinebutitbendsinanopticalfiber.Explainwhy.
Ans. Thefiberhasahigherindexofrefractionthanitssurrounds.Lightissentdownthefiber
atananglelargerthanthecriticalangle.Thelightthenundergoestotalinternalreflectioninthe
fiberasexplainedinquestion24.
Glassfiber

Lightentershere

80

Chapter11:PropertiesofMatter
Reviewquestionspg.222
1.
WhatcausesdustparticlesandtinygrainsofsoottomovewithBrownianmotion?
Ans. Thedustparticlesandtinygrainsofsootmovewhenatomsthatarevibratingwithkinetic
energycollidewiththem.
2.
WhofirstexplainedBrownianmotionandmadeaconvincingcasefortheexistenceof
atoms?
Ans. AlbertEinstein.
20.
Whydowesaythatmaterialsinourworldaremostlyspace?
Ans. Theatomsthatmakeuptheworldaroundusaremostlyspace.Askinclassforfurther
information.
21.
Howdoesthemassandelectricchargeofaprotoncomparewiththemassandchargeof
anelectron?
Ans. Theprotonismuchmoremassivethananelectron.Itrequiresmorethat1800electrons
toequalthemassofjustoneproton.Theirchargeshowever,areexactlythesameamount;1.6
X1019Coulombs.Theprotonhasthepositivetypeofchargeandtheelectronhasthenegative
type.
22.
Whatdoestheatomicnumbertellyouabouttheelement?
Ans. Theatomicnumbertellsyouthenumberofprotonsinthenucleusoftheatomand
determinewhichelementitis.
23.
Thenucleusofaneutralironatomcontains26protons.Howmanyelectronsdoesa
neutralironatomcontain?
Ans. 26electrons.
24.
Howdoesthemassandchargeofaprotoncomparewiththoseofaneutron?
Ans. Theirmassesarealmostidentical.Theprotonhasa+1.6x1019Coulombchargewhile
theneutronhasnocharge.
25.
Whatisanisotope?
Ans. Anisotopeofanelementhasthesamenumberofprotonsandotherisotopesofthat
element,buthasadifferentnumberofneutrons.
26.
Whatdoestheatomicmassnumbertellyouabouttheelement?
Ans. Theatomicmassnumbertellsyouthetotalnumberofprotonsandneutronsinthe
nucleusoftheatom.

81

Chapter11Exercisespg.224continued
16.
Theatomicmassesoftwoisotopesofcobaltare59and60.
a)Whatisthenumberofprotonsandneutronsineach?
Ans. Theybothhavethesamenumberofprotons.Fromtheperiodictableoftheelementson
page215weseethattheywillhave27protons.Theywillhave32and33neutronsrespectively.
b)Howmanyelectronswilltheyeachhavewhentheyareelectricallyneutral?
Ans. Theywillhave27electronswhentheyareelectricallyneutral.
17.
Aparticularatomcontains29electrons,34neutronsand29protons.Whatistheatomic
numberofthiselement,andwhatisitsname?
Ans. Itisatomicnumber29andfromthetableofelementsonpage215,weseethatitis
copper.

82

Chapter33:TheAtomicNucleusandRadioactivity
Reviewquestionspg.658
5.

Howdotheelectricchargesofalpha,betaandgammaraysdiffer?

Ans.

Thealpha'ray'consistsofalphaparticles.Eachalphaparticlehasa+2charge.
Thebeta'ray'consistsofelectrons.Eachelectronhasa1charge.Amagneticfieldwill
pushtheoppositelychargedparticlesinoppositedirections.
Thegammarayconsistsofphotonsoflight.Theyarenotchargedatall.
6.
HowdoesthesourcedifferforabeamofgammaraysandabeamofXrays.
Ans. Gammarayscomefromthenucleiofsomeatoms.Xrayscomefromthereconfiguration
ofelectronssurroundingthenucleusofanatom.Theymayalsobeproducedwhenanelectron
undergoesalargeacceleration.
7.
Ans.

Givetwoexamplesofanucleon.
Protonsandneutronsarefoundinthenucleiofatomsandarethereforcallednucleons.

11.
Givetheatomicnumberfordeuteriumandfortritium.
Ans. Deuteriumandtritiumarebothisotopesofhydrogen.Deuteriumhasoneprotonandone
neutronwhiletritiumhasoneprotonandtwoneutrons.Thebothhaveatomicnumber1.
Extra: Howdoesthemassofanucleoncomparewiththemassofanelectron.
Ans. Onenucleonisapproximately1800timesmoremassivethananelectron.
Extra: Whenbetaemissionoccurs,whatchangetakesplaceinanatomicnucleus?
Ans. Betaemissionoccurswhenaneutronemitsanelectron.Theneutronchangesintoa
protonintheprocess.Theatomicnucleusnowhasonemoreprotonthatbeforetheemissionand
thusisnowanatomofadifferentelement.
13.
Distinguishbetweenanisotopeandanion.
Ans. Anisotopeofanelementhasadifferentnumberofneutronsthanadifferentisotopeof
thesameelement.Anionisachargedatom.Itischargedbecauseitdoesnothavethesame
numberofprotonsaselectrons.
18.

83

Whatismeantbyradioactivehalflife?

Ans. Radioactivehalflifeisthetimerequiredforonehalftheremainingradioactivenucleito
undergoradioactivedecay.
24.
Whenthorium,atomicnumber90,decaysbyemittinganalphaparticle,whatisthe
atomicnumberoftheresultingnucleus.Whathappenstoitsatomicmass?
Ans. Analphaparticleconsistsoftwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.Whenthoriumundergoes
alphadecay,theremainingnucleuswillhave88protonsinsteadof90.Thenewatomwillbe
atomicnumber88,whichisradiumadifferentelementthanbefore.Thealphaparticleconsists
oftwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.Alphadecayreducestheatomicmassbyfour.

Ch. 33 Review questions continued. Pg. 658-659

25.
Whenthoriumdecaysbyemittingabetaparticle(anelectron),whatistheatomicnumber
oftheresultingnucleus?Whathappenstoitsatomicmass?
Ans. Whenanucleusundergoesbetadecay,oneofitsneutronschangesintoaprotonasit
emitsanelectron.Therefore,theatomicnumberincreasesbyone.Thenewatomicnumberwill
be91.Althoughthefleeingelectroncarriesatinybitofmassawaywithit,theatomicmassof
theatomdoesnotchange.
26.
Howdoestheatomicmasschangeforquestions24and25?
Ans. Iincludedthisanswerintheanswersto#24and#25.
Chapter33:TheAtomicNucleusandRadioactivity
27.
Whatistheeffectonthemakeupofanucleuswhenitemitsanalphaparticle?Abeta
particle?Agammaray?
Ans. Whenthenucleusofanatomemitsanalphaparticle,itlosestwoprotonsandtwo
neutrons.Whenthenucleusofanatomemitsabetaparticleaneutronchangestoaproton.When
thenucleusofanatomemitsagammaraythenucleusreconfiguresitselftoalessenergeticstate.
35.
Ans.

Whichisotopeofcarbonisradioactive?Carbon12orCarbon14
Carbon14isaradioactiveisotopeofcarbon.

37.
WhyistheremoreC14innewbonesthanthereisinoldbonesofthesamemass?
Ans. Carbon14changestoNitrogen14withahalflifeof5,730years.Sotheamountof
Carbon14presentinasubstanceisreducedovertime

84

Chapter33:TheAtomicNucleusandRadioactivity
Exercisespg.659
1.
Xraysaremostsimilartowhichofthefollowing:alpha,beta,orgamma?
Ans. Xraysandgammaraysaremostsimilarbecausetheyarebothphotonsoflight.The
othersarenot.
3.
Somepeoplesaythatallthingsarepossible.Isitatallpossibleforahydrogennucleusto
emitanalphaparticle?Explainyouranswer.
Ans. Ahydrogennucleuscontainsonlyoneprotonandzero,oneortwoneutrons.Analpha
particleconsistsoftwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.Thereforeahydrogenatomcannotemitan
alphaparticle.Itcannotemitwhatitdoesn'thave.
4.
Whyarealphaandbetaraysdeflectedinoppositedirectionsinamagneticfield?Why
aren'tgammaraysdeflected?
Ans. Alpharaysconsistofpositivelychargedheliumnuclei.Betaraysconsistofnegatively
chargedelectrons.Gammaraysareunchargedphotonsoflight.Amagneticfieldwillapplya
forcetoamovingchargedparticle.Positivelychargedparticlesareacceleratedinonedirection
andnegativechargedparticlesareacceleratedintheoppositedirection.Becausegammaraysare
notcharged,theyareunaffectedbythemagneticfield.
5.
Thealphaparticlehastwicetheelectricchargeofthebetaparticlebut,forthesame
velocity,accelerateslessthanthebetainamagneticfield.Why?
Ans. FromNewton'ssecondlawofmotionweknowthataccelerationisdirectlyproportional
tothenetforceappliedtoanobjectandinverselyproportionaltotheobjectsmass.Althoughthe
forceappliedtothealphaparticleistwicethatappliedtothebetaparticle,thealphaparticleis
approximately3600timesmoremassivethanthebeta.

85

6.
Howdothepathsofalpha,betaandgammaradiationcompareinanelectricfield?
Ans. Thepositivelychargedalphaparticlewillaccelerateinthedirectionofthemagneticfield,
thenegativelychargedbetawillaccelerateintheoppositedirectionofthefieldandthegamma
photonwillnotbeeffectedbytheelectricfield.
Electricfielddirection

Forceonpositivelychargedalphaparticle
Forceonnegativelychargedbetaparticle

7.
Whichtypeofradiationresultsinthegreatestchangeinatomicmass?Atomicnumber?
Ans. Alpharadiation.Alpharadiation.Theresultingnucleuswillbemissingtwoprotonsand
twoneutrons.Theatomicmasswillbefourlessthantheoriginalandtheatomicnumberwillbe
twofewerthantheoriginal.

Chapter33:TheAtomicNucleusandRadioactivity
Exercisespg.659continued
8.
Whichtypeofradiationresultsintheleastchangeinatomicmass?Theleastchangein
atomicnumber?
Ans. Gammaradiation.Thereisnochangeinmassnumberoratomicnumberbecausea
gammarayisaphotonoflight.
10.
Inbombardingatomicnucleiwithproton"bullets",whymusttheprotonsbeaccelerated
tohighenergiesiftheyaretomakecontactwiththetargetnuclei?
Ans. Atomicnucleiarepositivelycharged.Theproton"bullets"arepositivelycharged.They
willberepelledawayfromeachotherbytheelectromagneticforce.
20.
Theamountofradiationfromapointsourceisinverselyproportionaltothedistancefrom
thesource.IfaGeigercounter1meterfromasmallsamplereads360countsperminute,what
willbeitscountingrate2metersfromthesource?3metersfromthesource?
Ans. Doublingthedistancewillresultinacountof(1/2)2=1/4theoriginalcount.1/4of360
=90countsperminute.Triplingthedistancewillresultin(1/3)2=1/9theoriginalcount.1/9of
360=40countsperminute.
226

24.
When 88 Ra decaysbyemittinganalphaparticle,whatistheatomicnumberofthe
resultingnucleus?Whatisthenameoftheelement?

86

Ans. Whenthenucleusofanatomemitsanalphaparticle,itlosestwoprotonsandtwo
neutrons.Theremainingnucleuswillbeatomicnumber86anditsmassnumberwillbe222.
Thereactioncanbewrittenasfollows:
226
88

Ra

222
86

Ra + 24 He

218

25.
When 84 Po emitsabetaparticle,ittransformsintoanewelement.A)Whatarethe
atomicnumberandatomicmassofthisnewelement?B)Whatareatomicnumberandatomic
massifthepoloniuminsteademitsanalphaparticle?
Ans. A)Betaemissionoccurswhenaneutronemitsanelectronasitchangesintoaproton.
218
When 84 Po emitsabetaparticle,itsatomicnumberincreasesbyoneanditsatomicmass
remainsunchanged.Theresultingatomwillbeatomicnumber85anditsatomicmassis218.
Thereactioncanbewrittenasfollows:
218
84

Po

218
85

At + 10 where 10 representstheemittedelectron.

B)Whenthenucleusofanatomemitsanalphaparticle,itlosestwoprotonsandtwoneutrons.
218
If 84 Po emitsanalphaparticleitsnewatomicnumberwillbe82anditsnewatomicmasswill
be214.Thereactioncanbewrittenasfollows:
218
84

Po

214
82

Pb + 24 He

Chapter33:TheAtomicNucleusandRadioactivity
Exercisespg.660continued
26.
Statethenumberofprotonsandneutronsineachofthefollowingnuclei:
2
12
56
197
90
238
1 H, 6 C, 26Fe, 79Au, 38Sr, and 92 U.
Ans. Hydrogen2has1protonand1neutron.
Carbon12has6protonsand6neutrons.
Iron56has26protonsand30neutrons.
Gold197has79protonsand118neutrons.
Strontium90has38protonsand52neutrons.
Uranium238has92protonsand146neutrons.
27.
Howisitpossibleforanelementtodecayforwardintheperiodictablethatis,todecay
toanelementofhigheratomicnumber?
Ans. Whenthenucleusofanatomofanelementundergoesbetadecay,oneofitsneutrons
changestoaprotonasitemitsanelectron.Thiswillincreasethenumberofprotonsandtherefor
theatomicnumber,byone.

87

Prob.1
Ifasampleofaradioactiveisotopehasahalflifeof1year,howmuchofthe
originalsamplewillbeleft:
Attheendofoneyear?
Ans. 1/2
Attheendoftwoyears?
Ans. 1/4
Attheendofthreeyears?
Ans. 1/8
Prob.2
AsampleofaparticularradioisotopeisplacednearaGeigercounter,whichis
observedtoregister160countsperminute.Eighthourslaterthedetectorcountsatarateof10
countsperminute.Whatisthehalflifeofthematerial?
Ans. Thehalflifeis2hours.Hereismyreasoning.Ifyoucut160inhalfyouwillhave80.
1/2of80=40.1/2of40=20.1/2of20=10.Werepeatedthisprocess4times.Fourhalf
liveshaveelapsed.Eighthoursdividedby4,equals2hours.

Some things to know by heart--Review for test 3--Physics for Today Equation
Coulomb's Law-The law that describes the electric force 'F'
between two charged objects. It is the electric force that makes
objects solid. The electric force is much stronger than gravity.
'k' is a constant.
'q' represents charge. No one knows exactly what charge is.
Charge comes in two types, positive and negative. Electrons
are charged negatively and protons are charged positively.
Objects become charged when the gain or lose electrons.
Objects that have the same charge repel each other and objects
that have a different charge, attract each other with a force that
can be calculated using Coulomb's law.
'd' is the distance between the two charged objects. Notice that the
electric force is inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between the objects.

qq
F k 1 22
d

Units
Newtons

Coulombs

88

Ohm's Law- The law that describes the relationship

between voltage V, resistance R and electrical current I.

The current I is a measure of the amount of charge that moves
through a conductor per second.
The voltage 'V' is a measure of the amount of energy available per unit
charge.
The resistance 'R' impedes the flow of electrons.
Sound and light have wave properties.
The distance from one crest to the next is the wavelength (

V
R
amps
volts
Joules/sec
ohms
meters,
nanometers

The frequency (f) of a wave the number of waves per second that
pass a fixed position.
The velocity of a wave is constant in a given medium and always
equals its frequency times its wavelength.
v = f
The period (T) of a wave is the time for one complete wave to pass a
fixed position.
There is an inverse relationship between the frequency of a wave
and its period.
f = 1/T
The human ear can detect sound frequencies ranging from 20-20,000 Hz
Sound travels at about 340 m/s in air.
Light comes in bundles of energy called photons and travels at 3 x 10 8 m/s

1/sec or Hz
m/s
seconds

1/sec or Hz

in air. The amount of energy in a photon depends on its frequency,

E = hf
joules
or wavelength.
E = hc/
joules

Some things to know by heart--Review for test 3--Physics for Today

Refraction is the bending of a wave as is it moves from one medium to another.

Diffraction is the bending of a wave through an opening as the wave passes by the opening.
Radio waves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet, x-rays and gamma
rays are the main forms of electromagnetic radiation that are called light. Only visible light
with a wavelength range of 400 to 700 nanometers can be seen by the human eye.
4

Radiation: Alpha (2 He) , Beta ( 1 ) , and gamma (0 ) are three types of radiation.
Alpha occurs when 2 protons and 2 neutrons are ejected from the nucleus of an atom.

89

Beta occurs when a neutron changes into a proton while emitting an electron.
gamma occurs when a nucleus emits a photon of light as it rearranges itself into a less energetic state.
Here is a 10 point sample question for test 3: In the circuit drawn below, R1 = 2 ohms, R2= 3 ohms
and R3 = 1.8 ohms.
Find:
1) The series equivalent of the two parallel resistors.

1 1 1 3 2 5

R 2 3 6 6 6
6
R 1. 2 ohms
5

2) The total resistance in the circuit below.

RT 1. 2 ohms 1.8ohms 3 ohms

3) The current 'I'.

V 12
4amps
R 3

4)Thepowerrequiredbythecircuitis:

P IV 4 A(12V ) 48watts

R1

12 V

2
R3

Study hard and good luck on the exam.

90