Republic of the Sudan

Jumhryat as-Sdn

REPUBLIC OF THE SUDAN POSITION PAPER ON THE NUCLEAR SECURITY SUMMIT 2015
WASHINGTON D. C., THE UNITED STATES
2015

Sudans Brief Introduction

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Sudan is a sovereign country which is located in Africa continent. Sudan is located in
Northern Africa, between Egypt and Eritrea. In 2014, Republic of the Sudan Bureau of
Statistics states that Sudan is populated by 37,289,406 people. The capital city of Sudan is
Khartoum. The climate in Sudan is tropical, which basically is good for farming, but
unfortunately the human resources is not really qualified enough to operate the farming
process. The citizens of Sudan are mostly embrace Moslem as their main religion. The main
resources of Sudan are petroleum, iron ore, copper, chromium ore, zinc, tungsten, mica,
silver, gold, and hydropower. Even though the non-renewable natural resources in Sudan are
great enough, Sudan does not have the human resources who qualified enough to process
those non-renewable natural resources.
Sudan declared its independence on January 1st 1956. By the early of its independence,
Sudan adopted federal presidential representative democratic republic. However, the Civil
War which occurred within 1983 - 2005 turns the governance of Sudan into Islamic
authoritarian single-party state. Sudan is one of the legitimate members of United Nations.
Sudan is not only registered as legitimate members of United Nations, but also registered as
legitimate members of African Union. Sudan also has a few diplomatic relations with several
countries. One of those countries is United States. The United States established diplomatic
relations with our government in 1956. Diplomatic relations were established on February
15th, 1956, when the United States Liaison Office at Khartoum was elevated to Embassy
status, with Arthur E. Beach.
On June 6th, 1967, The American Embassy in Khartoum was closed due to demonstrations
and rock-throwing at the American Embassy following the outbreak of the Arab-Israeli war.
The diplomatic relations between Sudan and United States was severed on June 7 th, 1967 due
to Arab-Israeli war.
The diplomatic relations between United States and Sudan was re-established as the
American Embassy in Khartoum was reopened on May 23rd, 2002 with Jeffrey Millington as
Charge d Affaires ad interim. The re-establishment of the diplomatic relations between Sudan
and United States is authenticated by the reopening of the United States Embassy in
Khartoum.

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Sudan believes in a policy of non-interference in the internal affairs of other countries,
their autonomy in global politics, the right of nations and people to relations based on
common interest and mutual benefit. It also supports an international order that promotes
justice, equality, human inter-dependence, sustainable development and one that strengthens
and encourages neighborly relations.
Given its dual Africa-Arab heritage, and in view of its strategic geographical position as
the point of confluence for the two identities, Sudan is compelled to play an active role in the
global and regional communities beyond the immediate framework of safeguarding its
interests, principles and commitment to conventions it has ratified.
Nuclear in General Views
Nuclear power is energy contained in atoms. This energy can be released as heat from a
chain reaction in a radioactive element such as uranium. Nuclear power stations use this heat
to produce steam, which drives turbines to generate electricity. It is also produces around 11%
of the worlds energy needs, and produces huge amounts of energy from small amounts of
fuel, (tidak sebanyak polusi yang dihasilkan dari burning fossil fuels)
Nuclear has several impacts that will affect human race and environment. Those impacts
categorized as two categories, long term impact and short term impact. The effects of
exposure to high levels of radioactive fall-out include hair loss, bleeding from the mouth and
gums, internal bleeding and haemorrhagic diarrhea, gangrenous ulcers, vomiting, fever,
delirium, and terminal coma. There is no effective treatment and death follows in a matter of
days. At lower level of exposure, while there is an increased chance of at least short term
survival, the date rate remains high. Pregnant women are likely to miscarry or give birth with
a range of disabilities.
At long term impact, there will be some serious cancer that will affect human. Certain
cancers such as thyroid cancer in children are particularly associated with exposure to
radiation. The children of those exposed to radiation are statistically more likely to be born
with abnormalities. Severe environment damage could also occur. As we all know, the land in
Hiroshima and Nagasaki is no longer fertile, because of the nuclear bombing by United
States. These impacts should be a great consideration for the leaders of states that are
planning to use nuclear.

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Our government believes that nuclear should be used as the renewable energy, as the
energy which is used until now depends on petroleum. Our government also believes that the
world should aware that petroleum is limited natural resources which mean that petroleum is
non-renewable. Petroleum was made from deceased fossils that take million years to create.
Once the petroleum supply in the entire world is collapsed, it has no possibility to re-create
the petroleum since that is impossible to wait for the fossils to deceased. Therefore, our
government believes that nuclear is best used as renewable energy. By the time, petroleum in
the entire world collapsed, nuclear is the best alternative to be used as main raw materials to
create energy. All sectors such as economy, transportation, agriculture, etc., will not be run
properly when there is no longer of availability of fuel.
1. Diskusi topic tentang nuklir
There are more than 16.000 nuclear weapons in the world and enough highly-enriched
uranium and plutonium to make hundreds of thousands more. Several rough nations and even
individuals seek to develop nuclear capabilities who would not think twice about using such
weapons. The economics supply and demand dictate that someone, somewhere, will provide
nuclear material to the highest bidder, and that material will end up in the hands of terrorist.
Nuclear terrorism is one of the most serious and dangerous threats to the security of the
international world. It is a global threat that requires a global response. Few threats in terms
of cheer devastation, damage, loss, and are so appealing to terrorists around the world.
Serious efforts are still urgently needed to prevent a nuclear attack from occurring in the
world.
The world faces the prospect that at some point in the near future, a terrorist will steal,
smuggle, buy, or build a nuclear weapon. In the Non-Proliferation Treaty conference on May
2010, our nation has called for strengthening the IAEAs role in hopes it would be used
instead in the service of all States. The greatest danger for the world is when semua pihak
tidak melakukan apa-apa. Our nation gives its fully support towards the creation of nuclearweapon-free zones as an important non-proliferation step and also looking forward to
bilateral and international agreements that would lead to practical steps, benchmarks, and
timetables for eliminating nuclear weapons. The source is something to be start with, the
loose nuclear material should be secured and the world has to share intelligence about those
who wish to buy and sell such material and has to stop those who do. Our nation also stands

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together in the global initiative and ready to unite in a common cause in sincere hope that in
the years to come, the world will have no need to address this threat.
The main purpose of the creation of nuclear is to be used as security and non-security
issue. The security issue will promote nuclear as a tool to protect the state itself from threat
from other actors (state and non-state actors). The non-security issue will promote nuclear as
a great source of alternative energy. With proper handling, nuclear can be used as a great
renewable energy as we cannot depends on petroleum the entire time.
Making a foreign policy will always consider the domestic issue that happen in the state.
For this case, the separation between Northern Sudan and Sothern Sudan plays an important
role. The separation plays an important role because when the separation occurred, the natural
resources in Northern Sudan decreased drastically since all natural resources located in
Southern Sudan. Fortunately, the uranium mining happens to be located in Northern Sudan.
Considering the facts above, the abundant amount of uranium in Northern Sudan should be
transferred into another energy resource, such as nuclear. Therefore Northern Sudan asks for
some support from IAEA to help Northern Sudan to develop uranium to be safely used as an
alternative energy. When the nuclear is completely achieved, it can be used as energy
resources to prevent lack of energy in Sudan. The agreement between Sudan about preventing
nuclear weapons should be used as legal prevention for Sudan to use nuclear as weapons.
Sudan does not possess any nuclear weapons also indicates how high the expectation
of Sudan to prevent the using of nuclear as weapons. Our government notices that the process
of creating nuclear produces abundant scales of nuclear waste. Although there is not much of
it, its very dangerous and there is no other way to deal with it apart from bury it and wait for
a few thousand years. Therefore, a deep consideration of handling the nuclear waste should
be put as priority.
The Possession of Nuclear

Sudan does not possess nuclear weapons, nor are there any indications that our country is
attempting to acquire nuclear weapons. In addition, there are no nuclear facilities in Sudan. In
2010, our government has announced our intentions to pursue a nuclear power program and
requested assistance from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Sudan has a great
possibility to develop a peaceful nuclear energy program because since 1958, Sudan has been
registered as a legitimate member of IAEA and has had a safeguards agreement with IAEA
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under the assistance of NPT since 1975. Our program calls for a four reactor nuclear power
plant by 2030 to address energy concerns. The need for electricity in our country is increasing
rapidly for both industrial and domestic sectors. The priorities of our country regarding
nuclear energy system sustainability are; economics, waste management, proliferation
resistance, physical protection, environment, safety, and infrastructure. According to
calculations by our government, Sudan may experience an acute lack of power in about 25
years if other power sources are not developed. In the short term, our country aims to build a
research reactor by 2020, and IAEA is assessing this proposal.

Sudans View Towards Nuclear Security Summit (pandangan sudan thd NSS
maksudnya)
Our government sees Nuclear Security Summit a great opportunity and beneficial summit
because the world needs a serious and sustained global effort to cope with security issue.
Therefore, our government assumes that nuclear terrorism is one of the most-concerned
threats in international security that needs full participation of all the representatives of states
in the entire world. Nuclear Security Summit could hopefully put all the interest of the leader
of each state as one. Nuclear Security Summit could also bring together of a broad range of
nuclear and non-nuclear states that might not be included in other nuclear forum such as NonProliferation Treaty or Nuclear Suppliers Group. This could help many states to straighten
border control to limit the illicit cross-border transfer of explosive materials and light
weapons, because our government thinks that even states where those weapons were
manufactured also have the responsibility to prevent sales to non-state actors. Many times,
non-state actors often use those weapons in fulfilling their competition for gaining natural
resources, such as water and grazing land. Those weapons were also used in transnationalborder organized crime and terrorism. Due to our policy, our government is compelled to play
an active role in the global and regional communities beyond the immediate framework of
safeguarding our interest, principles and commitment to conventions we has ratified. Because
of those reasons, Sudan gives its full support for this summit for taking tangible and concrete
steps to secure more of the nuclear material in the world, so that it never take place on the
hands of terrorists.
Our government hopes Nuclear Security Summit will help decrease the number of states
with weapon-usable nuclear materials. This summit process has so far taken a somewhat
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narrow approach to straighten global nuclear security. The effectiveness of Nuclear Security
Summit is proven by the number of states with weapons-usable nuclear materials has dropped
from 32 to 25 in just two years, and we hope the number will continuingly decrease to show
real progress of Nuclear Summit Security in the global effort to prevent nuclear terrorism.
Our government believes this multilateral summit is an excellent opportunity for world
leaders to discuss bilaterally and also amongst smaller of countries various issues which are
high on their aims.
Our government expects there will be more progress in capacity building, regional
nuclear dialogues, and more cooperation about safety and security measures. The next
summit may further elaborate or propose cyber security initiative to counter fifth generation
challenge of technology and advancement. We highly put our expectation to other private
sectors and states to promote nuclear as renewable energy, as well as giving other developing
states to develop nuclear which is properly used as renewable energy.
Our President, Omar Al-Bashir, stated on International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear
Weapons (ICAN) on March 2013 that nuclear weapons should be banned completely and
immediately. This statement represents how high we put our expectation in this summit to
prevent the expansion of nuclear as weapons.
Contribution
Our government believes that nuclear is best used as renewable energy. Therefore our
government believes that our cooperation in the making of Agenda Setting will be responded
well. With all the consideration, our government has decided to participate in all process of
Agenda Setting and Blueprint. Sudan has ratified NPT in 1973 and has become signatories.
Sudan not only had ratified NPT, but also Sudan had gotten abundant support from IAEA to
create nuclear reactor in Sudan itself.

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REFERENCES
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/su.html
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Energy-and-Environment/Renewable-Energy-andElectricity/
http://www.darfurrehab.org/background/sudan/sudan.html
http://www.un.org/press/en/2010/dc3216.doc.htm
http://www.africareview.com/Special-Reports/Is-Africa-ready-for-a-nuclearrevolution/-/979182/1691908/-/10yjkbu/-/index.html
http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article32345
http://disarmament.un.org/treaties/t/npt
http://www.aljazeera.com/news/africa/2010/2010/08/2010822172537392344.html
http://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFJOE67N0IM20100824
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http://www.sudanembassy.org/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article&id=26&Itemid=93
http://www.fas.org/nuke/guide/sudan/nuke/
http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Others/Emerging-Nuclear-EnergyCountries/
http://www.un.org/press/en/2010/dc3216.doc.htm
http://www.edfenergy.com/energyfuture/nuclear
http://www.cnduk.org/campaigns/global-abolition/effects-of-nuclear-weapons

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