Motivation : Motivation may be regarded as something

which prompts, compels, and energizes an individual to

act or behave in a particular fashion at a particular
time for attaining some specific goal or purpose.

It is an internal process that directly cannot be

measured or observed in the situation but which is real
which serves to activate, guide and maintain the actions
of the people.

Theories of Motivation :

Drive Theory: The Various biological needs push us to

actions designed to satisfy the needs.

A Drive is an internal state of tension that motivates an

organism to engage in activities that hopefully reduces
this tension.

Biological needs arising within our bodies create and

unpleasant states of arousal the feeling we describe as
hunger, thirst, fatigue and so on.

Behaviors that work – one that helps to reduce the drive

are strengthened and tend to be repeated. Behaviors
that do not help to reduce the drive will be weakened.

Homeostasis: A balanced physiological state.

It was extended to other drives such as stimulation,
status, achievement, power and forming the stable
social relationships.

AROUSAL THEROY : ( Geen, Beaty and Arkin ) :

Focuses on arousal and the general level of activation.
The theory suggests that human beings seek an optimal
level of arousal not minimal level of arousal.

Ex : Some people find pleasant with the evening with

light music concerts but others might find it with the
rock concert.

Yerkes-Dodson Law : The level of arousal beyond

which performance begins to decline is a function of
task difficulty.
An incentive may be defined as an external goal that has
the capacity to motivate behavior. This does not mean
that it will always motivate behavior, only that it can.
Now, we get to a situation in which we can see a
difference with previous theories:
Drive theory acts by an internal state pushing you in a
specific direction. However, incentive
theory/Expectancy theory acts when an external
stimulus pulls you in a certain direction.
Work motivation by (Locke and Latham ) – the
tendency to expend energy and effort on one’s job.
Expectancy - Work hard will improve their
performance
Instrumentality – performance will be recognized and
rewarded.
Valence- The rewards provided will be ones they want.
Goal Setting Theory: Motivation is strongly influenced
by the goals. It is most effective in boosting performance
when the goals set are highly
Specific – people know just what they are trying to
accomplish )
Challenging – meeting them requires considerable
effort.
Attainable – people believe they can actually reach
them.
Goals are set by someone else and people are expected
to meet these goals aren’t committed to do so then it will
be totally ineffective.
It has both Deficiency needs and the growth needs.

Achievement Motivation : The desire to accomplish

difficult tasks and meet the standards of excellence.
Merit based pay systems – they tend to prefer jobs in
which rewards are closely related to individual
performance.

Affliation motivation – The desire for close and friendly

relations with others.

Power motivation – The desire to exert influence over

others.

Intrinsic Motivation – is basically associated with the

internal pleasure it yields.
Emotions:
• Elements of Emotion
• 1-Physiological changes in the face, brain, and
body
• 2-Cognitive processes such as interpretations of
events
• 3-Cultural influences that shape the experience and
expression of emotion

James –Lang Theory

Stimulus
(Sight of Oncoming Car)

Arousal
(Pounding Heart)

Emotion
(Fear)

Cannon bard Theory:

Stimulus
(Sight of oncoming Car)

Arousal + Emotion
(Pounding Heart) (Fear)

Schachter and Singer’s Two factor theory:

 Stimulus
(Sight of oncoming Car)

Arousal Cognitive Label

(Pounding Heart) (“I’m afraid”)

Emotion
(Fear)

Opponent –Process theory of emotion ( Solomon ):

- Emotional reaction (Stimulus)

- Repeated exposure causes the initial reaction to
weaken and opposite process reaction to
strengthen.
Ex : Drug Addiction.
Initial --
High Pleasure ------- low level Withdrawals. Overtime
of use

Low pleasure ----- High level of with drawals.

The only reason for the addiction