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Background:
# wireless (mobile) phone subscribers now
exceeds # wired phone subscribers!
computer nets: laptops, palmtops, PDAs,
Internet-enabled phone promise anytime
untethered Internet access
two important (but different) challenges
6-1
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-2
network
infrastructure
wireless hosts
laptop, PDA, IP phone
run applications
may be stationary
(non-mobile) or mobile
6-3
network
infrastructure
base station
typically connected to
wired network
relay - responsible
for sending packets
between wired
network and wireless
host(s) in its area
e.g., cell towers
802.11 access
points
6-4
network
infrastructure
wireless link
typically used to
connect mobile(s) to
base station
also used as backbone
link
multiple access
protocol coordinates
link access
various data rates,
transmission distance
6-5
802.11{a,g}
802.11b
802.15
3G
UMTS/WCDMA, CDMA2000
384 Kbps
2G
56 Kbps
Indoor
Outdoor
Mid range
outdoor
Long range
outdoor
10 30m
50 200m
200m 4Km
5Km 20Km
6-6
network
infrastructure
infrastructure mode
base station connects
mobiles into wired
network
handoff: mobile
changes base station
providing connection
into wired network
6-7
6-8
6-9
C
Cs signal
strength
As signal
strength
space
Signal fading:
interferring at B
6-10
6-11
CDMA Encode/Decode
sender
data
bits
code
d0 = 1
d1 = -1
1 1 1
1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
slot 1
-1
-1 -1 -1
slot 0
1
-1
-1 -1 -1
slot 0
channel
output
slot 1
channel
output
1
-1
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
-1 -1 -1
1
-1
Zi,m= di.cm
Di = Zi,m.cm
m=1
received
input
code
receiver
1 1 1 1 1 1
1
-1 -1 -1
-1
1 1 1
1
-1
-1 -1 -1
-1
1 1 1
-1 -1 -1
slot 1
1
-1
-1 -1 -1
slot 0
d1 = -1
slot 1
channel
output
d0 = 1
slot 0
channel
output
6-12
6-13
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-14
802.11b
802.11a
802.11g
6-15
Internet
AP
hub, switch
or router
BSS 1
AP
BSS 2
6-16
6-17
C
A
A
B
C
Cs signal
strength
As signal
strength
space
6-18
sender
receiver
DIFS
data
SIFS
ACK
802.11 receiver
- if frame received OK
return ACK after SIFS (ACK needed due
to hidden terminal problem)
6-19
6-20
AP
RTS(B)
RTS(A)
reservation collision
RTS(A)
CTS(A)
CTS(A)
DATA (A)
time
ACK(A)
defer
ACK(A)
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-21
frame
address address address
duration
control
1
2
3
seq address
4
control
0 - 2312
payload
CRC
6-22
H1
Internet
AP
source address
802.3 frame
AP MAC addr H1 MAC addr R1 MAC addr
address 1
address 2
address 3
802.11 frame
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-23
duration of reserved
transmission time (RTS/CTS)
2
frame
address address address
duration
control
1
2
3
2
Protocol
version
Type
Subtype
To
AP
seq address
4
control
From More
AP
frag
1
Retry
0 - 2312
payload
CRC
Power More
mgt
data
WEP
Rsvd
frame type
(RTS, CTS, ACK, data)
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-24
router
hub or
switch
BBS 1
AP 1
AP 2
H1
BBS 2
6-25
S
P
radius of
coverage
M
S
M Master device
S Slave device
P Parked device (inactive)
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-26
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-27
cell
covers geographical
region
base station (BS)
analogous to 802.11 AP
mobile users attach
to network through BS
air-interface:
physical and link layer
protocol between
mobile and BS
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public telephone
network, and
Internet
Mobile
Switching
Center
wired network
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-28
time slots
6-29
6-30
CDMA-2000 (phase 1)
6-31
CDMA-2000
6-32
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-33
What is mobility?
no mobility
high mobility
6-34
Mobility: Vocabulary
home network: permanent
home of mobile
(e.g., 128.119.40/24)
Permanent address:
address in home
network, can always be
used to reach mobile
e.g., 128.119.40.186
wide area
network
correspondent
6-35
Care-of-address: address
in visited network.
(e.g., 79,129.13.2)
wide area
network
correspondent: wants
to communicate with
mobile
6-36
I wonder where
Alice moved to?
6-37
Mobility: approaches
Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
address of mobile-nodes-in-residence via usual
routing table exchange.
routing tables indicate where each mobile located
no changes to end-systems
Let end-systems handle it:
indirect routing: communication from
correspondent to mobile goes through home
agent, then forwarded to remote
direct routing: correspondent gets foreign
address of mobile, sends directly to mobile
6-38
Mobility: approaches
Let routing handle it: routers advertise permanent
not
address of mobile-nodes-in-residence
via usual
scalable
routing table exchange.
to millions of
routing tables indicate
mobiles where each mobile located
no changes to end-systems
let end-systems handle it:
indirect routing: communication from
correspondent to mobile goes through home
agent, then forwarded to remote
direct routing: correspondent gets foreign
address of mobile, sends directly to mobile
6-39
Mobility: registration
visited network
home network
wide area
network
mobile contacts
foreign agent on
entering visited
network
End result:
Foreign agent knows about mobile
Home agent knows location of mobile
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-40
home
network
visited
network
3
wide area
network
correspondent
addresses packets
using home address
of mobile
4
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-41
6-42
network
6-43
foreign agent
receives packets,
forwards to mobile
home
network
4
wide area
network
2
correspondent
requests, receives
foreign address of
mobile
visited
network
4
mobile replies
directly to
correspondent
6-44
6-45
wide area
network
anchor
foreign
agent
2
4
5
correspondent
correspondent
agent
3
new foreign
agent
new
foreign
network
6-46
Chapter 6 outline
6.1 Introduction
Wireless
6.2 Wireless links,
characteristics
CDMA
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM)
Mobility
6.5 Principles:
addressing and routing
to mobile users
6.6 Mobile IP
6.7 Handling mobility in
cellular networks
6.8 Mobility and higherlayer protocols
6.9 Summary
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-47
Mobile IP
RFC 3220
has many features weve seen:
home agents, foreign agents, foreign-agent
registration, care-of-addresses, encapsulation
(packet-within-a-packet)
three components to standard:
indirect routing of datagrams
agent discovery
registration with home agent
6-48
dest: 128.119.40.186
dest: 128.119.40.186
Permanent address:
128.119.40.186
dest: 128.119.40.186
Care-of address:
79.129.13.2
packet sent by
correspondent
6: Wireless and Mobile Networks
6-49
24
checksum
=9
code = 0
=9
16
standard
ICMP fields
router address
type = 16
length
registration lifetime
sequence #
RBHFMGV
bits
reserved
0 or more care-ofaddresses
mobility agent
advertisement
extension
6-50
foreign agent
COA: 79.129.13.2
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 9999
identification: 714
encapsulation format
.
Mobile agent
MA: 128.119.40.186
registration req.
COA: 79.129.13.2
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 9999
identification:714
.
registration reply
time
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999
Identification: 714
encapsulation format
.
registration reply
HA: 128.119.40.7
MA: 128.119.40.186
Lifetime: 4999
Identification: 714
.
6-51
correspondent
wired public
telephone
network
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
MSC
6-52
6-53
HLR
2
home MSC consults HLR,
gets roaming number of
mobile in visited network
correspondent
home
Mobile
Switching
Center
1
VLR
3
Mobile
Switching
Center
Public
switched
telephone
network
call routed
to home network
mobile
user
visited
network
6-54
VLR Mobile
Switching
Center
old
routing
old BSS
new
routing
new BSS
6-55
VLR Mobile
Switching
Center 2
1
8
old BSS
7
3
6
new BSS
6-56
home network
correspondent
Home
MSC
anchor MSC
MSC
PSTN
MSC
MSC
6-57
home network
correspondent
Home
MSC
anchor MSC
MSC
PSTN
MSC
MSC
6-58
Mobile IP element
Home system
Home network
Gateway Mobile
Switching Center, or
home MSC. Home
Location Register
(HLR)
Home agent
Visited System
Visited network
Visited Mobile
services Switching
Center.
Visitor Location
Record (VLR)
Foreign agent
Mobile Station
Roaming Number
(MSRN), or roaming
number
Care-ofaddress
6-59
6-60
Chapter 6 Summary
Wireless
wireless links:
capacity, distance
channel impairments
CDMA
Mobility
principles: addressing,
routing to mobile users
CSMA/CA reflects
wireless channel
characteristics
cellular access
architecture
standards (e.g., GSM,
CDMA-2000, UMTS)
case studies
impact on higher-layer
protocols
6-61