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Technology Consulting
System Optimisation
Guide
CS-SG-TPP-0042-01
CONTENTS
1.1.1
Optimisation Tips: ................................................................................................. 7
1.2
LOW SIGNAL LEVEL ....................................................................................................... 8
1.2.1
Optimisation tips: .................................................................................................. 8
1.3
ADJACENT AND CO CHANNEL INTERFERENCE ................................................................ 8
1.3.1
Optimisation tips: .................................................................................................. 8
1.4
EXTRANEOUS INTERFERENCE ......................................................................................... 9
1.5
LINK IMBALANCE ........................................................................................................... 9
1.6
HIGH HANDOVER FAILURE RATE:................................................................................. 10
1.7
HIGH NEIGHBOUR INTERFERENCE ................................................................................ 10
1.7.1
Optimisation tips.................................................................................................. 10
1.8
NO DOMINANT SERVER ................................................................................................ 10
1.8.1
Optimisation tips.................................................................................................. 10
1.9
DATABASE PARAMETERS .............................................................................................. 10
1.9.1
Optimisation Tips ................................................................................................ 11
1.10 SDCCH BLOCKING ...................................................................................................... 12
1.11 HIGH PAGING LOAD ...................................................................................................... 12
1.11.1 Optimisation Tips: ............................................................................................... 12
1.12 INCORRECT OR INAPPROPRIATE TIMER VALUES ............................................................ 12
1.12.1 Optimisation Tips: ............................................................................................... 12
1.13 TCH BLOCKING: .......................................................................................................... 13
1.14 HANDOVER MARGIN .................................................................................................... 13
1.14.1 Optimisation tips.................................................................................................. 13
1.15 CELLS TOO LARGE ........................................................................................................ 13
1.16 IMPROPER TIMER .......................................................................................................... 13
1.16.1 Optimisation Tips ................................................................................................ 14
1.17 SDCCH MEAN HOLDING TIME ...................................................................................... 14
1.18 ERLANGS, TOTAL CALLS .............................................................................................. 14
1.19 PROCESSOR LOAD ........................................................................................................ 14
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INTRODUCTION
CS-SG-TPP-0042-01
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INPUTS
PROCESS
OUTPUTS
RF DESIGN
PROCESS
QUALITY OF
SERVICE METRICS
INTERGRATION OF
SYSTEM OR NEW FREQ.
PLAN
DATABASE
PARAMETERS
OPTIMISATION
REPORT
OPTMISATION
RF DESIGN
PARAMETERS
OMC
DRIVE TEST
ROUTES
PERFORMANCE
ENGINEERING
PERFORMANCE
REPORT
SYSTEM
ACCEPTANCE
FIGURE 2.1
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D AILY C OUNTERS :
The following metrics can be used to measure the performance of the network.
These counters should be monitored daily on a per cell basis. These counters are
defined in Optima under the heading of network level .
S.NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
2.1
Standard Thresholds
Above 90 %
Less than 2%
Less than 2 %
Above 85 %
Less than 1 %
Less than 1 %
Less than 1 %
3 seconds
-
The call setup rate should be above 90 % for a healthy network. However a CCSR of
85%-90% is satisfactory. There could be so many reasons for a poor CSSR. Some
are described as follows.
No Access to Sdcch
CM service reject
Tch Failure assignment
Hardware Problems
2.1.1
No Access to SDCCH:
BSS detects Channel Request (in the form of RACH) from a source, requesting
resources for network transactions. After validation of the RACH, BSS will attempt to
allocate a dedicated channel (SDCCH) for the source. Once the availability of
SDCCH channel is confirmed, the BSS will send Immediate Assignment to MS
indicating the dedicated SDCCH sub-channel (via AGCH), whereby subsequent
message exchange will be performed over the dedicated SDCCH.
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2.1.2
Examples of Abnormality :
namely
CM Service Reject:
Page 5
2.1.4
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2.1.5
Hardware Problems:
Hardware failures also play the major role for Poor CSSR. Improper functionality of
any BTS hardware can affect the overall performance of site
2.1.5.1.1 Optimisation Tips:
If there are no capacity or RF issues then equipment needs to be checked. Before
starting the drive test make sure that the cell sites are free of any hardware alarms.
The important parameter to check is the Path balance. If Path balances are not fine
then start checking the power from radio to connected antennas. If we take the
example of GSM 900 scenario, the link budget defines that the radio should transmit
40 watts power and at the top of the cabinet, 20 watts are received (considering the 3
dB loss of combiner). while checking the power, if any components seems to
produce more losses than expected, change that component. Similarly check the
power at antenna feeder ports. Some time due to the water ingress, connectors get
rusty and needs to be replaced.
2.1.6
For a healthy network the drop call rate should be less than 1 %. There are again
number of reasons, which could contribute towards higher dropped call rate.
a-) Drop on Handover
b-) low signal level
c-) adjacent channel interference
d-) Co-channel interference
e-) Extraneous interference
f-) link imbalance
a-) Drop on Handover
The call may drop on handover. Its mostly high neighbor interference on the target cell, which causes
the main problem. Sometime the mobile is on the wrong source cell (not planned for that area but
serves due to the antenna overshoot) which may result in the call drop.
2.1.7
Optimisation Tips:
Within optima, monitor the following statistics. Theses statistics are defined under
the category of BSC level statistics.
1-) Total and successful handovers on up/dl quality.
2-) Total and successful handovers on up/dl signal strength.
3-) Total and successful power budget handovers.
From the above statistics , quality or level issues can be estimated.
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2.2
Optimisation tips:
First of all Path balances should be checked. If Path balances are deviating form the
standard value than Check the BTS transmitted power with the help of wattmeter.
BTS may transmit low power because of the malfunctioning of radio or higher
combiner losses. Also check the feeder losses, antenna connectors. Enable downlink
Power Control. Power control is bi directional. The lower and upper receive level
downlink power control values should be properly defined.
1-) l_ rxlev_ dl_p
defines the lower value for receive level for the power control to be triggered .
Range = 0 to 63
Where 0 = -110 dbm
1 = -109 dbm
63 = -47 dbm
e.g if the value of 20 is set it means that the BTS will start transmitting more if it
senses that downlink receive level is below 90 dbm.
2-) u_rxlev_dl_p
defines the upper threshold value for receive level for the power control to be
triggered. (Range is same as described above)
e.g on setting the value of 50 ( equivalent to 60 dbm ) BTS will lower down the
power .
2.3
Frequency planning plays a major role to combat adjacent channel and Co channel
interference. Co channel is observed mostly when mobile is elevated and receives
signals from cell far away but using the same frequencies.
2.3.1
Optimisation tips:
Page 8
following statistics can also be monitored to confirm that there are interference issues
in the cell. These stats are defined in optima under the category of BSC stats.
1-) TCH interference at level 1
2-) TCH interference at level 2
3-) TCH interference at level 3
4-) TCH interference at level 4
When a tch timeslot is idle it is constantly monitored for an uplink ambient noise.
During a SACCH multiframe an idle time slot is monitored 104 times. These samples
are then processed to produce a noise level average per 480 ms. An interference
band is allocated to an idle slot depending upon the interference level. The
thresholds for these levels can be set in the system parameters, interference level 1
being the least ambient and interference level 4 being the most ambient. While
planning the network care should be taken that the cells do have the proper
frequency spacing.
2.4
Extraneous Interference
2.5
Link Imbalance
Some time the malfunctionality of vendor hardware becomes responsible for high
CDR. One of the possible scenarios could be
Transmit and Receiving antenna facing different direction
Transmit and Receiving antennas with different tilts
Antenna feeders damage, corrosion or water ingress
Physical obstruction
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2.6
High Handover failures rate will probably be due to one or more of the following
reason.
a-) High Neighbour Interference
b-) No Dominant Server
c-) Database Parameters
2.7
While handing off to the best neighbour the interference on the target cell frequency
may result in the hand off failure.
2.7.1
Optimisation tips
When designing the cell frequencies care should be taken that there is proper
frequency spacing between the cells to avoid neighbour interference. In most of the
cases Ping pong Handover starts i.e the mobile hand off to a cell for better level and
due to interference (quality issues) hand off again to original cell. A thorough drive
test can determine the interfering frequencies which should be eliminated from the
frequency plan.
2.8
No Dominant Server
If cell sites are designed poorly there might be areas where neighbour being received
at the same level and some neighbours randomly look good for handoff for a certain
amount of time. Such situation is disastrous because handoff decision will be hard
and mostly it will end up in unsuccessful handovers.
2.8.1
Optimisation tips
Antenna tilts provide the good way to reduce the footprint of the sites. Efforts should
be made that a single dominant server should serve the specific area. Timing
advance limitation ( ms_max_range) is applied to cell areas where there is multiple
servers.
2.9
Database parameters
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Received level, receive quality and Power budget algorithm are set in the system
information to define the criteria for Handover. Improper values for these criteria may
result in poor handoff.
2.9.1
Optimisation Tips
Enable the
Per neighbour feature which displays the successful and
unsuccessful handovers on a per cell basis. In optima monitor the following stats,
which comes under cell statistic category .
HOCNT
period)
HOSUCC
period)
HORET
period)
HODROP
period)
All those cells can be identified which are problematic in terms of hand off so one can
focus only specific cells causing the major contribution towards poor HSSR. Ensure
that handover margins are optimised. Rule of thumb is 4 dB for adjacent frequencies
and 6 dB for cell without adjacent frequencies. The following parameters can be
played for defining the thresholds for imperative and non-imperative handovers.
1-) l_rxqual_up_h (defines the lower threshold for uplink quality handover)
Range: 0 to 1800
Step size: 0.01
e.g. a value of 500 defines the lower threshold value of 5( BER ) for a quality
handover to be triggered for uplink. The optimum value for this threshold is 500
2-) l_rxqual_dl_h (defines the lower threshold for downlink quality handover)
3-) l_rxlev_up_h (defines the lower threshold for received level uplink handover)
e.g. a value of 20 defines the threshold value of -90 dbm for a level handover to be
triggered for uplink.
Range: 0 to 63
Where 0= -110 dbm
1= -109 dbm
47= -63 dbm
The optimum value for this threshold is 15 i.e. 95 dbm. If the signal level goes below
that, a level handover is initiated.
4-) l_rxlev_dl_h
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5-) u_rxlev_dl_ih (defines the upper threshold for downlink interference hand over)
6-) u_rxlev_dl_ih ( defines the upper threshold for uplink interference Handover )
2.11.1
Optimisation Tips:
A location area with a high paging load needs to be reduced in size to relieve
SDCCH blocking. A location area with a low paging load needs to be enlarged in size
to reduce the overall number of location areas.
2.12.1
Optimisation Tips:
The suitable value for this timer is 1200 ms (max being 1500 ms). The timer will
cause the BSS to wait before the channel in question is allocated another
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connection. A lower value of timer will result in higher capacity since the channel is
held for less time before being released.
Optimisation tips
Optimisation tips
Consider reducing antenna height to reduce the footprint of the site. Also increase
the antenna tilt ( the max tilt being 12 )
Page 13
sets the thresholds for the number of lost SAACH messages before a loss of SAACH
is reported on abis.
2.16.1
Optimisation Tips
Setting the lower value rr_t3111 will increase capacity as the channel is held for
some time before being released. The best value for this timer is 1200 ms. The lower
values for radio link timeout and link_fail will result in early disconnection of Tchs.
The optimised value for these timers is 3 which means that BSS will wait for 12 sacch
messages before it declares that the link has been broken.
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