SPE 164868

Some Case Studies of Temperature and Pressure Transient Analysis in

Horizontal, Multi-zone, Intelligent Wells
Khafiz Muradov, Heriot-Watt University, SPE; David Davies, Heriot-Watt University, SPE

Copyright 2013, Society of Petroleum Engineers

This paper was prepared for presentation at the EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition incorporating SPE Europec held in London, United Kingdom, 1013 June 2013.
This paper was selected for presentation by an SPE program committee following review of information contained in an abstract submitted by the author(s). Contents of the paper have not been
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Abstract
Accurate measurement of real-time temperature and pressure across the well completion interval(s) has become standard
in the modern production and injection wells. The data is used for routine production/injection monitoring, well stimulation,
enhanced recovery operations, etc. During the last decade both the number of wells permanently equipped with pressure and
temperature gauges as well as the accuracy and sensitivity of the sensors has increased dramatically. Large volumes of data
are now produced that is often not mined for all the embedded information. Moreover, technology developments are
exacerbating this data management problem with the availability of ever more reliable sensors at a lower cost, let alone the
development of more advanced sensors capable of measuring additional properties of the flowing fluid.
The ambition of the Digital Oilfield is to provide continuous optimisation of field production by real-time, well control
and monitoring. However, the actual level of use made of these large volumes of data is still low.
Downhole temperature measurements are able to provide extensive information for supporting well production
diagnostics and optimisation. Recent publications have demonstrated that transient temperature analysis (TTA) has a high
information potential with the unique advantage of being able to quantify zonal in- or out-flow. This derives from TTA being
less affected by wellbore storage effects while at the same time providing a distinctive build-up or draw-down response
to the performance of an individual reservoir layer. This latter has proven to be a highly productive source of zonal well
production information, either as a stand-alone data source or in combination with pressure measurements, across the
production interval(s).
This paper will present examples of pressure and temperature transient analysis of downhole data from a real, multi-zone,
intelligent well. It will discuss the qualitative aspects of sandface and wellbore pressure and temperature response along with
their quantitative analysis to provide zonal, multi-phase flow rate allocation.
The paper will provide novel insights into downhole data analysis for a horizontal well producing from multiple intervals.
They can be applied to quantitatively interpret either discrete or distributed temperature data, both with and without
accompanying pressure measurements. Application of the workflow proposed here can immediately increase the Added
value derived from intelligent well technology.
1.0 Introduction
Wells with permanent, real-time downhole monitoring systems are becoming more common. The key drivers for this
development include:
Detailed history matching of the reservoir performance in order to reduce production uncertainty and improve
reservoir management;
Monitoring well performance: evaluating the distribution of inflow/outflow rates, detection of the water/gas
breakthrough; detection and location of fractures; sand production detection; etc.
Quantitative prediction of the values of the parameters required for efficient well control. For example,
downhole flowrate data can be used to adjust the flow rates from different well zones or laterals; watercut values
can be used to shut-off watered out layers; etc. This particularly applies to intelligent wells (I-wells) where the
ability for interventionless, real-time downhole control justifies the need for the real-time, downhole flow rate
and phase-cut monitoring across well zones and/or laterals. It also applies, but to a lesser extent, to wells where
rapid light (wireline) or medium (coiled tubing) intervention is possible. The wireline/coiled tubing can be used
to shift sleeves, set bridge plugs, etc. to achieve some of the I-wells inflow management actions.

SPE 164868

1.1 Monitoring Systems in I-wells

High precision PDGs (Permanent Downhole Gauges), often measuring tubing and annulus pressure and temperature near
the ICV, are frequently installed. They have proven to be robust and reliable downhole monitoring devices for I-wells.
Fibre Optics Well Measurement (FOWM) systems (Distributed Temperature/Acoustic/Stress Sensors, Fibre Bragg
Grating sensors, and their derivatives such as FOWM based multi-phase flow-meters) have improved in quality and
reliability in recent years. They provide a range of discrete or distributed measurements with the additional advantage that
they do not require downhole electronics since the interrogating equipment is located at the surface. However, there are still
certain issues such as the quality of the fibre, connectors and difficulties during deployment operations, etc.
Downhole flowmeters, water cut and density meters and tracers are less common due to their cost, installation complexity
and their interpretation/calibration/reliability/sampling difficulties.
The alternative, real-time rate allocation methodology in I-wells relies on pressure sensors that measure the pressure drop
across downhole flow control devices. This data then has to be coupled with a tubing performance model augmented with
periodic well testing for calibration (Konopczynski et al., 2003).
The value of the continuous downhole temperature measurements has been promoted by:
A number of successful installations and applications of FOWM systems
New developments such as Array Temperature Sensors
Situations where there is an insufficient number or quality of pressure measurements from the PDGs; while little or no use
has been made of the available temperature measurements provided by the PDGs at the same time.
A recent overview of downhole monitoring systems, their reliability and application envelopes is provided by (Silva et al.,
2012).
Prediction of downhole flow rate and phase-cuts across various zones or laterals is key to the efficient management of Iwells. Such data analysis enables efficient reservoir monitoring and well control. The continuous availability of Real-time,
downhole pressure and temperature measurements suggests that they should both play a major role in such prediction.
Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) is a mature discipline, both in terms of its theoretical underpinning and the wide
availability of user friendly, high quality software plus a large cadre of trained engineers trained to use it. However, this is
not the case for either Temperature Transient Analysis (TTA) or for integrated Pressure and Temperature Transient Analysis
(PTTA). They are both in the early development stage from an R & D point of view.
(P)TTA methods will be the main subject of this paper with the next section introducing some of the basics of TTA.
1.2 Some Development Stages of Temperature Transient Analysis
Transient, sandface temperature changes caused by the adiabatic fluid expansion/compression were identified as a
potential source of important information by (Bahrami and Siavoshi, 2007, Valiullin et al., 2009). (App, 2009, App, 2010)
published an attempt to describe these changes using the equations for temperature in porous media and an available model
describing heat losses that had been originally developed to describe steam-injection.
However, quantitative temperature analysis requires comprehensive models of heat and mass transfer within porous
media. Explicit formulae were made available by (Maubeuge et al., 1994, Zhu et al., 2008). They were used for the:
Development of an in-house, non-isothermal well and reservoir simulator to calculate and analyze the sandface
pressure and temperature behavior in vertical well models penetrating thermally isolated layers (i.e. radial flow
cases) by (Duru and Horne, 2008, Maubeuge et al., 1994, Sui et al., 2010, Zhu et al., 2008);
Derivation of analytical, asymptotic solutions in order to interpret sandface temperature measurements for
reservoir monitoring studies. (Valiullin et al., 2010) presented the asymptotic solution for vertical wells
penetrating a homogeneous, thermally isolated layer; while (Muradov and Davies, 2011b, Muradov and Davies,
2012a) derived an asymptotic, early-time solution for linear flow period of a horizontal well in a homogeneous
reservoir which is thermally connected to the surrounding formation. A commercially available, scientific
numerical simulator (COMSOL Multiphysics) was used to verify the analytical solutions by (Muradov and
Davies, 2011a).
The radial and linear flow solutions from the latter studies will form the basis of the PTTA methods listed below.
2.0 Pressure and Temperature Transient Analysis: Several Basic Solutions
Definition of the TTA problem starts with a description of the reservoir temperature response. A schematic well model
illustrating flow into a well is presented as Figure 1.

SPE 164868

Figure 1: Schematic view of the heat and fluid flows around a horizontal well

The general equation describing the heat transfer in the reservoir has been made available by (Maubeuge et al., 1994, Zhu et
al., 2008):

T
p
T
v C P T (1 T )v p KT
t
t

Where: T is temperature, p pressure, v fluid velocity, thermal expansion coefficient of the fluid, fluid density,
Cp mass heat capacity at constant pressure, porosity, and K thermal conductivity of the formation.
(A more detailed nomenclature is provided at the end of the paper).
The temperature change (Term 1 on the Left Side, LS) is driven by the sum of the transient fluid expansion or
compression effect (Term 2 on LS), the heat convection (Term 1 on the Right Side, RS), the Joule-Thomson (JT) effect
(Term 2 on RS) and the heat conduction (Term 3 on RS).
A set of assumption and boundary conditions, along with the solution of this multi-dimensional equation was provided in
(Muradov and Davies, 2011a). The Early-, Middle- and Late-Time flow regimes will be addressed here.
2.1 Early-time Regime
At the beginning of the transient regime (build-up or draw-down or any other step-like rate change) the adiabatic
expansion or compression (i.e. Term 2 on RS of Equation 1) dominates all other effects (i.e. Terms 1-3 on LS); hence the
temperature change will follow the pressure change. Generally speaking, this effect will finish once the temperature has
reached its minimum and starts increasing (after an increase in the liquid flow rate) or its maximum and starts decreasing
(after a decrease in the liquid flow rate):
T
2
Twb Ti
pi pwb if t tT min
P
(Muradov and Davies, 2011a) provide a more detailed discussion on the strength and duration of this effect.
2.2 Middle-time Regime
The analytical solution available for the middle time regime for horizontal wells only covers the linear flow regime (see
(Muradov and Davies, 2011a, Muradov, 2010). These publications may be consulted for the derivation and solution
verification procedure and assumptions. The resulting equation describing sandface temperature during the linear flow regime
is:
bt
bt
3
1
1
Ti
L

L
b(t tT min ) Twb,extreme Ti
b(t tT min ) if t tT min and linear flow
Twb Ti
pi pwb
P

16 (t tT min ) ln 2
h2

16 (t tT min ) ln 2
h2

The square root in the denominator is caused by the thermal exchange between the producing layer and the surrounding
formation. This plays an important role when thin laminae or fractures are present (Muradov, 2010), but can be ignored if the
reservoir is relatively thick. Equation 3 results in the temperature having a linear time relationship when the square root is
ignored.

SPE 164868

Figure 2 is an example of a temperature transient for a horizontal, oil production well during the first 10 days of
production after it had been shut-in for sufficient time that it was in equilibrium with the reservoir.
Time, days
-0.05
0.0001

0.001

0.01

0.1

10

100

BHT change, K

-0.15
-0.25
-0.35
-0.45
-0.55
-0.65

analytical, before Tmin

numerical simulation
analytical, after Tmin

Figure 2: Comparison of the complete numerical simulation results and the asymptotic solution for a test model (Muradov and
Davies, 2011a)

The numerical solution of the mass and energy balance in porous media, presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3, was
calculated using COMSOL Multiphysics. The results of a numerical and analytical analysis of a two-flow-rate test are
illustrated in Figure 3.
50

0.2

numerical simulation pressure

T change drawdown1 intial
T change drawdown2 initial

numerical simulation T change

T change drawdown1 increase
T change drawdown2 increase

45

40
-0.2

35

-0.4
30

sandface temperature change, K

sandface pressure, MPa

-0.6
25

20

-0.8
0

10

12

14

16

18

20

time, days

Figure 3: Numerical simulation of a two-rate inflow test with a rate changed at 5.8 days

The linearity of the Equation 1 leads to the applicability of the superposition effect. The temperature response for the
second draw-down incorporates the temperature change initiated by the first alteration in flow-rate plus the temperature
change initiated by the incremental change in flow-rate after 5.8 days:
Twb (t tq change ) Twb (q1 , t ) Twb (q2 q1 , t tq change )
4
More details on the models and calculus are provided in (Muradov and Davies, 2011a, Muradov, 2010)
2.3 Late-time Regime
The flow regime will change from the linear regime into a pseudo-radial flow regime or similar at the later times. An
analytical solution which describes the sandface temperature during this late time flow regime has not yet been published.
However, we suggest that the radial flow solution provided by (Valiullin et al., 2010) can be further modified for this
application.

SPE 164868

We will now illustrate several PTTA methods using a real, horizontal data from an I-well.
3.0 Pressure and Temperature Transient Analysis: a Case Study
We will show in this section how pressure and temperature transient analysis for the toe zone of a real horizontal well can be
used for the rate allocation purpose even when only a very limited well data set is available. It is a well completed with four
zones. Each zone can be controlled with its interval control valve, and is monitored using its pressure/temperature gauge.
The available data included: downhole gauges (installed across all four zones) for pressure and temperature measurements,
well logging data with the reliable net-pay and porosity curves, well completion data, basic PVT properties and the total flow
rate for all phases.The well schematic is presented in Figure 4 below:

Figure 4: A schematic of the I-well providing PTTA data

The transient temperature and pressure changes which will be analysed were created by the closing of the wellhead choke
after a few years of production. All other zones remained open to flow. The zonal pressure and temperature measurements are
presented in Figure 5 and Figure 6 respectively (note that the zone number corresponds to 4=toe and 1=heel):

Zone 1

265

Zone 2
Zone 3
Zone 4

Pressure, bar

255

245

235

225

215
21/08/04

22/08/04

23/08/04

24/08/04

25/08/04

26/08/04

27/08/04

Time

Figure 5: Zonal pressure measurements (zone number corresponds to 4=toe and 1=heel)

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100.6

Zone
Zone
Zone
Zone

Temperature, C

100.4

1
2
3
4

100.2

100

99.8

99.6

99.4
21/08/04

22/08/04

23/08/04

24/08/04

25/08/04

26/08/04

27/08/04

Time

Figure 6: Zonal temperature measurements (zone number corresponds to 4=toe and 1=heel)

The pressure effects taking place in the wellbore are observed in each zone since the zones are hydraulically connected.
These measured zonal pressures do not represent the pressure transient for each individual zone. Instead they are all exhibit a
similar, averaged pressure response representative of the whole completion (i.e. all zones). Multi-layer PTA in such I-well
conditions is not yet available due to the non-linear pressure losses across ICVs; havingnot been included in the previously
published PTA models nor accounted for in available, commercial PTA software simulators.
Note that a good overview and a solution for multi-layer, linear PTA problem in vertical wells has been provided by
(Ehlig-Economides and Joseph, 1987) and others. A build-up test analysis for each zone separately (provided the layers do
not communicate) can be performed after a series of zonal shut-ins using, for example, the methodology provided by
(Kuchuk, 1995).
Zonal temperature measurements are less prone to these perturbations since the fluid temperature downstream of a
particular sensor does not affect the sensors measurement directly. Note that to-days gauge resolution is sufficient to
perform a satisfactory TTA, despite the measured temperature changes having a relatively small value. A more detailed
discussion on the desired sensor and TTA accuracy was provided by (Muradov and Davies, 2012b).
We will now consider the transient draw-down period (mid-22/08/04 to mid-24/08/04); starting by analysing the toe-zone
measurements first.
It is important to note that all the methods discussed here are only applicable to liquid production or injection zones.
3.1 Early-time Regime
Two useful PTTA methods will be illustrated here:
Method 1: Temperature use in the diagnostic plot
All wellbore pressure measurements are affected by after-flow, cross-flow and fluid expansion effects
shortly after a step-like change in the flow rates. The sandface temperature, while following the pressure
initially is less sensitive to the above Wellbore Storage effects (see Equation 2 and the discussion in Section
2.1). This can be explained on the basis of the close thermal contact between the flowing fluid and the rock
which averages any short-term flow rate perturbations. The fluid and rock come into equilibrium
relatively quickly, but not instantaneously. Some minutes are required for this equilibrium to be achieved
(Atkinson and Ramey Jr., 1977).
The diagnostic plot utilising both pressure and temperature can be an invaluable tool to identify the flow
regimes as a result of this time delay. The temperature can thus serve as a pressure measurement processed
by the deconvolution method (unit response) during a variable pressure and flow-rate test (more details
about this deconvolution approach can be found in e.g. (Kucuk and Ayestaran, 1985))
Figure 7 is a diagnostic, log-log plot of the pressure and temperature derivatives with respect to the
logarithm of the equivalent elapsed time. It is clearly seen that the initial pressure response is masked by
the WBS effects and by the differentially depleted zones flow contribution. By contrast, the zonal
temperature response clearly indicates the period of the zones linear flow regime (1/2 slope). The
temperature derivative is no longer informative at times later than 10,000 seconds. This comes about
because the temperature is no longer being directly proportional to the sandface pressure response (see

SPE 164868

Equations 3). It is thus unclear when the linear flow regime stops. However, the linear flow regime is
followed by the pseudo-radial flow regime which can be identified by a zero slope of the pressure
derivative (see Figure 7). Note that this pseudo-radial regime corresponds to the pressure average for the
whole well (as explained above), which might be different from this individual zone regime. The reason
why the pseudo-radial flow regime is reached relatively soon is the short period of well shut-in prior to the
described draw-down.

1.E+06

dBHT/dln(elapsed tim e), K / ln(s)

1.0E+01
0slope

1.E+05

1.0E+00

1/2slope

1.E+04

1.0E-01

d(BHPi -BHP)/dln(elapsed tim e), bar / ln(s)

1.E+07

1.0E+02

1.E+03

1.0E-02
zonal temperature derivative over logarithm of elapsed time

zonal pressure derivative over logarithm of elapsed time

1.0E-03
1000

10000

1.E+02
100000

elapsed tim e, s

Figure 7: Toe zone measurements analyzed by the diagnostic, log-log plot of the pressure and temperature derivatives.

Method 2: Temperature to evaluate either missing pressure or fluid properties.

Equation 2 indicates that there is a coefficient of proportionality between the pressure and the temperature
derivatives with the respect to time at the early time of the transient.
a) The ratio of the measured pressure and temperature derivatives can be used to calculate the coefficient
T . This coefficient may be used for (i) calculating the value of the Joule Thomson (JT) coefficient
P
(Edmister and Lee, 1983) and subsequently for (ii) for the estimation of the oil-water phase cut if the
thermal properties of the oil and water are well known.
Note that the JT coefficient of a mixture cannot be calculated as a simple average (see, for example,
(Muradov and Davies, 2008)). Also that the pressure derivative represents well-averaged properties,
while the temperature derivative represents zonal properties, so the ratio of these two derivatives
should be given a certain degree of uncertainty. It is recommended to evaluate the coefficients T
P
for every zone iteratively, as explained in Section 4 below.
b) Alternatively, the temperature can be used as a substitute for pressure measurements during the initial
time period if this coefficient is known (for instance when a single-phase fluid is being produced). This
can be useful where the pressure is either not measured or if it is suspected that the actual pressure
measurements are not sufficiently accurate.
Figure 8 shows the results of a study using the ratio of pressure to temperature derivatives to estimate the JT coefficient
value. Not that the plots of the pressure restored from temperature (based on the 1st iteration value of T ) and the actual
P
measured pressure exhibit a very good match over a relatively long time period. This matching period covers both the initial
radial flow regime and the beginning of the linear flow regime:

SPE 164868

actualpressurechange

200

pressruechangerestoredformtemperature
Sandface pressurechange, kPa

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Similar trend
1800
1.E+03

1.E+04

1.E+05

Timefromthestartofthedrawdownperiod,s

Figure 8: Pressure change: actual and restored from temperature data. Similar trends are observed during the initial period

3.2 Linear Flow Regime

PTTA method used for the linear flow regime is based on Equation 3 for temperature and basic PTA for pressure. More
details on the assumptions and mathematics of this method were provided in (Muradov and Davies, 2012b, Muradov, 2010).
The method is based on the formula describing the relative, zonal flow rate contribution to the wells total flow rate. This
formula uses the zonal temperature derivative with respect to time and the well pressure derivative with respect to the square
root of time:
T 1

t JTcoef
qzone
5
Yzone

qwell
Y
well total

Where: C is the formation compressibility coefficient and Y length of the perforated interval(s).
For example, this study indicated the relative contribution of the toe zone to be 78% of the total well liquid production
rate. This is close, but higher, than the estimate (66%) made independently by (Muradov and Davies, 2009b) using the flowrate soft-sensing technique. A procedure to improve the zonal flow-rate estimate is described in Section 4 below.
PTTA can be now applied to the next zone downstream once the zonal flow contribution has been calculated.
4.0 PTTA in a Multi-Zone Well
The temperature of the downstream zones is affected by the upstream ones due to the mixing and heat exchange of the
upstream fluids with the downstream flows. This is further complicated by the effects of:
Temperature time delay due to the fluid flowing between zones;
Transient heat losses of the fluid flowing between zones;
Transient, zonal flow rates.
Analysis of these effects and the workflow for the estimation of the sandface zonal temperature from the actually
measured, tubing or annulus, temperature was provided by (Muradov and Davies, 2012c). It is a relatively simple
mathematical procedure, which aims to bring together Equations 6a and 6b until they match:

Tdownstream zone Tustream zone qdownstream zone Y stream zone

t
t
qstream zone Y downstream zone

2
Tsf , zone
qzone
t JTcoef k 2hY
zone

6a,b

The measured temperature of Zones 4 and 3 and the restored, sandface temperature of Zone 3 from our case study have
been plotted in Figure 9:

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Figure 9: PDG Temperature measurements from the 3rd and 4th zones and the recovered sandface temperature for Zone 3

The PTTA analysis for next zone can now be performed as described in Section 3 above. We recommend to first
guesstimate the less well-known parameters and properties and then complete the PTTA for the subsequent zones. The
iteration process is then repeated changing the less well-defined properties until the total zonal flow rate contributions equal
100%. For example, this iteration procedure will result in Zone 4 producing 64% and Zone 3 producing 32% of the total
liquid flow rate. The remaining 4% of liquid flow rate must be produced from Zones 1 and 2. (It is difficult to take the
analysis further due to the excessive gas production from these zones masking the signal required here for our liquid-only
analysis).
Note that the all above methods should also be applicable to a build-up test (or a negative, step-like change in the flow
rate) caused by the well being shut-in. However, after the well shut-in, the fluid within the wellbore (of unknown temperature
distribution) will interact with the zonal PDGs. This effect will mask the actual, sandface temperature response, and it will be
difficult to estimate. This effect can, for example, be observed in Figure 6 where the well shut-in is followed by both negative
and positive temperature changes. This problem might be mitigated if (i) the temperature distribution across the well is
measured (e.g. by a distributed temperature sensor) or (ii) can be relatively accurately predicted (e.g. a model for this
temperature distribution calculation was provided by (Muradov and Davies, 2008, Muradov and Davies, 2009a) for I-wells).
This analysis has shown that only one transient test is sufficient to analyse the zonal performance of all zones using
PTTA. This cannot be achieved by PTA alone. This advantage will be very useful when shutting-in the flow is not possible at
all zonal level, for example when an interval control valve has not been installed or is no longer operational.
5.0 Conclusions
(P)TTA is a relatively new area of research much appreciated in I-wells. It can provide a wealth of additional information
where accurate, transient temperature is measured across wellbores. However, the recent innovations in the downhole
temperature sensing have not yet been complemented by the availability of reliable, quantitative interpretation methods.
We have reviewed the PTTA solutions available for different, transient flow regimes in horizontal, liquid producing
wells. Each of these applications has been illustrated by their application to zonal flow-rate allocation in a real, horizontal,
multi-zone I-well. The examples shown illustrate how the measured:
Temperature can be used as a diagnostic plot
Temperature can be used to calculate either the pressure response or the produced fluids thermal properties

10

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PTTA may be used to estimate zonal flow rates

PTTA can calculate the sandface temperature of downstream zones
The case study was used to show how a single transient test is sufficient to perform the zonal PTTA. It was also shown
that a stand-alone PTA test was not sufficient to discriminate between the zones. This can be useful in the situations where
ICV closure is not possible for each zone and for flow profiling in situations where active zonal flow control devices have not
been installed.
The paper has provided novel insights into downhole data analysis for a horizontal well producing from multiple
intervals. They can be applied to interpret quantitatively either discrete or distributed temperature data, both with and without
accompanying pressure measurements. Application of the workflow illustrated here can immediately increase the Added
value derived from intelligent well technology.

Acknowledgements
We wish to thank the sponsors of the Added Value from Intelligent Well and Field systems Technology Joint Industry
Project at Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK, for providing financial support. The authors wish to thank Line Skarsholt,
yvind Midttveit and Sigurd Erlandsen of Statoil for making the real well data available to us.
Nomenclature
All quantities are in SI units unless otherwise stated
A
thermal relaxation distance

def. b JTcoef

C
Cp
H
h
JTcoef
K
k
L
p
q

volumetric compressibility
mass heat capacity at constant pressure
total enthalpy flow rate
reservoir thickness
Joule-Thomson coefficient
thermal conductivity
permeability
drainage area half-width
pressure
volumetric flowrate

v2

Subscripts
a
annular
d
downstream (of a valve)
i
initial
sf
sandface

Bibliography

Q
r
T
t
v
w
x
Y

total heat flux

radius
temperature
time
velocity
mass flow rate
spatial variable along well axis
well length (open for inflow)
thermal expansion coefficient
dynamic viscosity
density
porosity (fraction)
thermal diffusivity
time

t
u
wb

tubing
upstream (of a valve)
wellbore

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11

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Flow of a Slightly Compressible Fluid in a Porous Layer. Transport in Porous Media, 1-21.
MURADOV, K. & DAVIES, D. 2012a. Early-time Asymptotic, Analytical Temperature Solution for Linear Non-adiabatic
Flow of a Slightly Compressible Fluid in a Porous Layer. Transport in Porous Media, 91, 791-811.
MURADOV, K. & DAVIES, D. 2012b. Temperature transient analysis in horizontal wells: Application workflow, problems
and advantages. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 9293, 11-23.
MURADOV, K. M. 2010. Temperature Modelling and Real-time Flow Rate Allocation in Wells with Advanced Completion.
PhD, Heriot-Watt University.
MURADOV, K. M. & DAVIES, D. R. 2008. Prediction of Temperature Distribution in Intelligent Wells. SPE Russian Oil
and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition. Moscow, Russia: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
MURADOV, K. M. & DAVIES, D. R. 2009a. Temperature Modelling and Analysis of Wells with Advanced Completion.
EUROPEC/EAGE Conference and Exhibition. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
MURADOV, K. M. & DAVIES, D. R. 2009b. Zonal Rate Allocation in Intelligent Wells. EUROPEC/EAGE Conference and
Exhibition. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
MURADOV, K. M. & DAVIES, D. R. 2011b. Novel Analytical Methods of Temperature Interpretation in Horizontal Wells.
SPE Journal, 16, pp. 637-647.
MURADOV, K. M. & DAVIES, D. R. 2012c. Temperature Transient Analysis in a Horizontal, Multi-zone, Intelligent Well.
SPE Intelligent Energy International. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
SILVA, M. F. D., MURADOV, K. M. & DAVIES, D. R. 2012. Review, Analysis and Comparison of Intelligent Well
Monitoring Systems. SPE Intelligent Energy International. Utrecht, The Netherlands: Society of Petroleum
Engineers.
SUI, W., EHLIG-ECONOMIDES, C. A., ZHU, D. & HILL, A. D. 2010. Determining Multilayer Formation Properties from
Transient Temperature and Pressure Measurements in Comingled Gas Wells. International Oil and Gas Conference
and Exhibition in China. Beijing, China: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
VALIULLIN, R. A., RAMAZANOV, A., PIMENOV, V. P., SHARAFUTDINOV, R. F. & SADRETDINOV, A. 2010.
Qualitative and Quantitative Interpretation: The State of the Art in Temperature logging. North Africa Technical
Conference and Exhibition. Cairo, Egypt: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
VALIULLIN, R. A., RAMAZANOV, A. & SHARAFUTDINOV, R. F. 2009. Temperature Logging in Russia: Development
History of Theory, Technology of Measurements and Interpretation Techniques. Kuwait International Petroleum
Conference and Exhibition. Kuwait City, Kuwait: Society of Petroleum Engineers.
ZHU, D., HILL, A. D., SUI, W. & ECONOMIDES, C. 2008. The Effect of Multilayer Formation Properties on Transient
Temperature and Pressure Profiles in Wells. SPE Russian Oil and Gas Technical Conference and Exhibition.
Moscow, Russia: Society of Petroleum Engineers.